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Planetary defense efforts rely on estimates of the mechanical properties of asteroids, which are difficult to constrain accurately from Earth. The mechanical properties of asteroid material are also important in the interpretation of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) impact. Here we perform a detailed morphological analysis of the surface boulders on Dimorphos using images, the primary data set available from the DART mission. We estimate the bulk angle of internal friction of the boulders to be 32.7 ± 2. 5° from our measurements of the roundness of the 34 best-resolved boulders ranging in size from 1.67–6.64 m. The elongated nature of the boulders around the DART impact site implies that they were likely formed through impact processing. Finally, we find striking similarities in the morphology of the boulders on Dimorphos with those on other rubble pile asteroids (Itokawa, Ryugu and Bennu). This leads to very similar internal friction angles across the four bodies and suggests that a common formation mechanism has shaped the boulders. Our results provide key inputs for understanding the DART impact and for improving our knowledge about the physical properties, the formation and the evolution of both near-Earth rubble-pile and binary asteroids. Planetary Defense efforts rely on estimates of asteroids' mechanical properties, which are difficult to obtain accurately from Earth. Here, authors compare images from space missions to the rubble-pile asteroids Dimorphos, Itokawa, Ryugu, and Bennu and study such properties through boulders on their surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The extremely porous structure and low strength of most comets and their fragments is opposed to the properties observed in relatively pristine chondritic asteroids, even although both are sharing important chemical similitude. Laboratory experiments and observational evidence suggest that the original extremely porous aggregates that were born from the protoplanetary-disk-forming materials were highly retentive of water and organic compounds present in their forming environment. After consolidation, many of them experienced a particular dynamic history. Some bodies, quickly scattered during the formation of the giant planets and later stored in the Kuiper Belt (KB) or the Oort Cloud (OC) regions, would have suffered a lower degree of impact processing than previously thought. In such category would be comet 81P/Wild 2, whose materials have not experienced aqueous alteration. Other bodies originally volatile-rich that were transiting other regions with higher impact rate were experiencing progressively significant compaction processing, together with subsequent aqueous alteration and loss of volatiles. The release of water from hydrated minerals or interior ices, participated in soaking the forming materials, and transforming their initial mineralogy and physical properties. As a consequence of the physico-chemical evolution promoted by impact processing of undifferentiated bodies, most of the bodies present in the inner solar system are not representative of the planetesimals. Thus, highly porous progenitors and their fragments are the preferential sources of water and organics to the early Earth, even in higher amounts than previously thought. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Using high-resolution, low-scan-rate, all-sky CCD cameras and high-level CCD video cameras, the SPanish Meteor and fireball Network (SPMN) recorded the 2007 κ Cygnid fireball outburst from several observing stations. Here, accurate trajectory, radiant and orbital data obtained for the κ Cygnid meteor are presented. The typical astrometric uncertainty is 1–2 arcmin, while velocity determination errors are of the order of 0.3–0.6 km s−1, though this depends on the distance of each event to the station and its particular viewing geometry. The observed orbital differences among 1993 and 2007 outbursts support the hypothesis that the formation of this meteoroid stream is a consequence of the fragmentation of a comet nucleus. Such disruptive process proceed as a cascade, where the break up of the progenitor body leads to produce small remnants, some fully disintegrate into different clumps of particles and other remaining as dormant objects such as 2008ED69, 2001MG1 and 2004LA12 which are now observed as near-Earth asteroids. In addition to the orbital data, we present a unique spectrum of a bright Cygnid fireball revealing that the main rocky components have chondritic abundances, and estimations of the tensile strength of those fireballs that exhibited a catastrophic disruption behaviour. All this evidence of the structure and composition of the κ Cygnid meteoroids is consistent with being composed by fine-grained materials typically released from comets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current statistics on the flux of impactors on the Earth reveal that asteroids with a diameter larger than few hundreds of meters are unlikely to reach the Earth's orbit, although their potential effects on the life of our planet could be quite catastrophic. The present article assesses a set consisting of four deflection approaches, namely: kinetic impactor, ion beam deflection, enhanced gravity tractor, and laser ablation to be applied to mitigate a hypothetic impact with an asteroid smaller than 250 meters in diameter. This size range corresponds to the most common impactors that occur in timescales of less than 100.000 years. With the current discovery rate for small asteroids, such a range of diameters could be of interest to assess a future impact forecast, and quantify our capacity to react in time. To achieve this, a set of eight criteria are used: build time; active deflection duration; asteroid rotation; asteroid composition; asteroid structure; asteroid shape; level of maturity of a NEA deflection technique; and mission risk. This assessment is carried out with a combination of Multi-Criteria Decision Making tools and fuzzy logic, which enables proper management of imprecise criteria. The valuable knowledge provided by a group of experts enabled the importance of each attribute and the evaluation of these NEA deflection techniques to be quantified. Our results suggest that the kinetic impactor is the best option to deflect mid-size NEAs, whereas for larger asteroids, enhanced gravity tractor, and laser ablation become to be more appropriate. • Four deflection techniques for asteroids are assessed. • A combination of MCDM methods with fuzzy logic is carried out. • Linguistic labels and fuzzy numbers characterize the qualitative criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]