10 results
Search Results
2. Genetic dissection of Lactuca saligna nonhost resistance to downy mildew at various lettuce developmental stages.
- Author
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Zhang, N. W., Lindhout, P., Niks, R. E., and Jeuken, M. J. W.
- Subjects
LETTUCE diseases & pests ,DOWNY mildew of lettuce ,BREMIA lactucae ,ASTERACEAE ,BACTERIAL diseases of plants - Abstract
This study used the pathosystem of lettuce ( Lactuca spp.) and downy mildew ( Bremia lactucae) as a model to investigate the inheritance of nonhost resistance, and focused on the contribution of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to nonhost resistance at various developmental stages in the lettuce life cycle. A set of 28 backcross inbred lines (BILs) of L. saligna CGN05271 (nonhost) introgressions in a L. sativa cv. Olof (host) background identified 16 introgressions that contributed to resistance at various plant developmental stages: seedlings, young plants, adult plants in the greenhouse and adult plants in the field. This paper provisionally considered these introgressions to be 16 QTLs. Of these 16 QTLs, seven were identified previously and nine were new. For 15 QTLs ( Rbq1, Rbq2, rbq3–7 and Rbq8–15), the resistance alleles were derived from the nonhost L. saligna; the resistance allele of the other QTL ( Rbq16) was from the susceptible L. sativa cv. Olof. Of the 15 QTLs in L. saligna, only two, rbq5 and rbq7, were found to be effective at every plant developmental stage; the other 13 QTLs were only effective at certain developmental stages. Experiments with seven B. lactucae races did not provide evidence that any QTL was race-specific. The data suggest that nonhost resistance in L. saligna is the result of cumulative effects of many resistance QTLs operating at various developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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3. Assisted selection of eating quality progeny of indica (O. sativa L. ssp. indica) and japonica (O. sativa L. ssp. japonica) hybrids using rice starch properties.
- Author
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Mao, Ting, Zhang, Zhan, Ni, Shan Jun, Zhao, Yi Zhou, Li, Xin, Zhang, Li Li, Liu, Yan, Zhong, Cheng Shun, Huang, He, Wang, Shao Lin, and Li, Xu
- Abstract
Eating quality (EQ) of rice is mainly determined by sensory evaluation using tasting, which is affected by the taster's geographic residential area, gender, and age. The sensory evaluation protocol also requires rice samples (usually > 500 g) larger than the amount harvested from the early generations of breeding in many cases, thereby hindering the sensory tasting practices. The characteristics of rice starch have a significant impact on EQ; however, information on starch assisted-selection of EQ is insufficient. In this study, the recombinant inbred lines and backcross recombinant inbred lines constructed by the hybridization of japonica (O. sativa L. ssp. japonica) rice (cv. Toyonishiki) and indica (O. sativa L. ssp. indica) rice (cv. Qishanzhan) were used as test materials to analyze and explore the relationships between the amylose content (AC), rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile characteristics, and the EQ score obtained from sensory tasting assessment. We provided a feasible solution to use rice starch properties to assist in selection of EQ. The results indicated that AC and RVA profile characteristics including trough viscosity (TV), final viscosity (FV), breakdown (BD), and setback (SB) were closely related to the EQ values. Furthermore, an integrated indicator—i.e., starch properties quality (SPQ)—that represented a more comprehensive characterization of rice starch, was derived based on the EQ evaluation hierarchy and weighted AC, TV, FV, BD, and SB values. The correlation between SPQ and EQ was significant (p < 0.001), and was significantly higher compared with using individual indicators. Moreover, the SPQ method requires less rice samples (i.e., 3 g of milled rice flour) and can be applied to assisted-selection for EQ in early generations of breeding. This study provid esessential technical support for the rapid and accurate identification of the EQ of progeny of indica–japonica hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A rapid real‐time PCR assay for detecting columnar growth in apples (Malus × domestica).
- Author
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Cmejlova, Jana, Vavra, Radek, Cmejla, Radek, and Flachowsky, Henryk
- Subjects
APPLES ,APPLE varieties ,TREE breeding ,PHENOTYPES ,PRODUCE markets ,GENOTYPES ,BREEDING - Abstract
Columnar growth in apples can have considerable positive consequences for orchard maintenance, but the lack of columnar cultivars producing fruits with desired market quality prevents their broader utilization in orchards. New crossings focused on their breeding are therefore conducted throughout the world every year. Unfortunately, the reliable discrimination between columnar growth and normal phenotype is difficult until seedlings are 2–3 years of age. However, molecular marker–assisted selection (MAS) can be used in seedlings several weeks old providing immense help in breeding programmes focused on columnar apple production. Here, we describe a rapid and reliable method for the detection of both wild‐type (WT) and columnar (Co) alleles originating from 'McIntosh Wijcik' in a single reaction using a real‐time PCR allelic discrimination approach. Our assay was tested in 130 genotypes (80 normal and 50 columnar habit) from various crossings and their parents, and in all cases, genotype corresponded to phenotype. The assay is thus suitable for laboratories interested in high‐throughput MAS for columnar tree habit breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Metabolomics: Creating new potentials for unraveling the mechanisms in response to salt and drought stress and for the biotechnological improvement of xero-halophytes.
- Author
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Ruan, Cheng-Jiang and Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A.
- Subjects
HALOPHYTES ,PLANT genetics ,GENOMICS ,PHENOTYPES ,PLANT germplasm ,GENETIC markers ,DROUGHT tolerance - Abstract
Breeders have long been interested in understanding the biological function and mechanism of xero-halophytes and their ability for growth in drought-stricken and salinized environments. However, the mechanisms in response to stress have been difficult to unravel because their defenses require regulatory changes to the activation of multiple genes and pathways. Metabolomics is becoming a key tool in comprehensively understanding the cellular response to abiotic stress and represents an important addition to the tools currently employed in genomics-assisted selection for plant improvement. In this review, we highlight the applications of plant metabolomics in characterizing metabolic responses to salt and drought stress, and identifying metabolic quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We also discuss the potential of metabolomics as a tool to unravel stress response mechanisms, and as a viable option for the biotechnological improvement of xero-halophytes when no other genetic information such as linkage maps and QTLs are available, by combining with germplasm-regression-combined marker-trait association identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. QTL analysis of fruit quality traits in two peach intraspecific populations and importance of maturity date pleiotropic effect.
- Author
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Eduardo, Iban, Pacheco, Igor, Chietera, Giorgiana, Bassi, Daniele, Pozzi, Carlo, Vecchietti, Alberto, and Rossini, Laura
- Abstract
Two intraspecific peach breeding populations have been used to conduct a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of fruit quality traits: an F from the cross Bolero (B) x OroA (O) and an F from the cross Contender (C) x Ambra (A). A total of 344 Prunus simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were analyzed in B, O, C, A parents and CxA F hybrid. Eight SSR were mapped for the first time in peach. A multiplex-ready polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol has allowed considerable time and cost saving during genotyping steps. Two maps ( B map and O map) were produced for BxO population following the pseudo-test cross strategy and one for CxA. No marker could be mapped on G6 for the B map, on G4 and G8 for the O map and on G5 for the CxA map. Both populations were phenotyped over 2 years for maturity date (MD), fruit weight, external fruit skin overcolor, juice total soluble solids (SSC, Brix degree), juice titrable acidity and juice pH. Data for blooming time and flower type were scored only for BxO in 2007. All traits had a normal distribution, except for MD which was bimodal in BxO and trimodal in CxA, where it was scored as a co-dominant trait. Up to two QTLs per trait were detected in each population, and most of them were located in the same region forming clusters of QTLs, especially on G4. This is likely due to a major pleiotropic effect of MD masking the identification of other QTLs for different traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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7. Assisted Selection by Specific DNA Markers for Genetic Elimination of the Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor and Lectin in Soybean Seeds
- Author
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Alves de Moraes, Rita Maria, Bastos Soares, Tais Cristina, Colombo, Lucinete Regina, Spegiorin Salla, Maria Fernanda, Gomes de Almeida Barros, Josie, Deniz Piovesan, Newton, Gonçalves de Barros, Everaldo, and Alves Moreira, Maurilio
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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8. Genetic Progress in Multistage Dairy Cattle Breeding Schemes Using Genetic Markers
- Author
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C. Schrooten, H. Bovenhuis, Piter Bijma, and J.A.M. van Arendonk
- Subjects
Genetic Markers ,Male ,Breeding program ,Quantitative Trait Loci ,Animal Breeding and Genomics ,Breeding ,Quantitative trait locus ,Biology ,multivariate ,milk-yield ,assisted selection ,Genetic variation ,Genetics ,Animals ,Fokkerij en Genomica ,Selection, Genetic ,improvement ,Crosses, Genetic ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Dairy cattle ,trait loci ,Models, Genetic ,business.industry ,Genetic Variation ,holstein cattle ,Marker-assisted selection ,populations ,Explained variation ,Pedigree ,Biotechnology ,Dairying ,WIAS ,Trait ,identification ,normal probability integrals ,Cattle ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business ,programs ,Food Science - Abstract
The aim of this paper was to explore general characteristics of multistage breeding schemes and to evaluate multistage dairy cattle breeding schemes that use information on quantitative trait loci (QTL). Evaluation was either for additional genetic response or for reduction in number of progeny-tested bulls while maintaining the same response. The reduction in response in multistage breeding schemes relative to comparable single-stage breeding schemes (i.e., with the same overall selection intensity and the same amount of information in the final stage of selection) depended on the overall selection intensity, the selection intensity in the various stages of the breeding scheme, and the ratio of the accuracies of selection in the various stages of the breeding scheme. When overall selection intensity was constant, reduction in response increased with increasing selection intensity in the first stage. The decrease in response was highest in schemes with lower overall selection intensity. Reduction in response was limited in schemes with low to average emphasis on first-stage selection, especially if the accuracy of selection in the first stage was relatively high compared with the accuracy in the final stage. Closed nucleus breeding schemes in dairy cattle that use information on QTL were evaluated by deterministic simulation. In the base scheme, the selection index consisted of pedigree information and own performance (dams), or pedigree information and performance of 100 daughters (sires). In alternative breeding schemes, information on a QTL was accounted for by simulating an additional index trait. The fraction of the variance explained by the QTL determined the correlation between the additional index trait and the breeding goal trait. Response in progeny test schemes relative to a base breeding scheme without QTL information ranged from +4.5% (QTL explaining 5% of the additive genetic variance) to +21.2% (QTL explaining 50% of the additive genetic variance). A QTL explaining 5% of the additive genetic variance allowed a 35% reduction in the number of progeny tested bulls, while maintaining genetic response at the level of the base scheme. Genetic progress was up to 31.3% higher for schemes with increased embryo production and selection of embryos based on QTL information. The challenge for breeding organizations is to find the optimum breeding program with regard to additional genetic progress and additional (or reduced) cost.
- Published
- 2005
9. Effects of the number of markers per haplotype and clustering of haplotypes on the accuracy of QTL mapping and prediction of genomic breeding values
- Author
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Theo H E Meuwissen, Egbert F Knol, Chris Schrooten, Roel F. Veerkamp, Addie Vereijken, Mario P. L. Calus, and Jack J. Windig
- Subjects
Genetic Markers ,Male ,Linkage disequilibrium ,Animal breeding ,lcsh:QH426-470 ,Biology ,Quantitative trait locus ,Breeding ,Animal Breeding and Genomics ,descent ,information ,Polymorphism (computer science) ,assisted selection ,Genotype ,Genetics ,Animals ,Genetics(clinical) ,Fokkerij en Genomica ,Allele ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,identity ,lcsh:SF1-1100 ,parameters ,Genome ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Models, Genetic ,Research ,Haplotype ,Chromosome Mapping ,General Medicine ,lcsh:Genetics ,Haplotypes ,Genetic marker ,Evolutionary biology ,Animals, Domestic ,quantitative trait loci ,WIAS ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Female ,lcsh:Animal culture ,Wageningen Livestock Research ,linkage disequilibrium ,Onderzoek - Abstract
The aim of this paper was to compare the effect of haplotype definition on the precision of QTL-mapping and on the accuracy of predicted genomic breeding values. In a multiple QTL model using identity-by-descent (IBD) probabilities between haplotypes, various haplotype definitions were tested i.e. including 2, 6, 12 or 20 marker alleles and clustering base haplotypes related with an IBD probability of > 0.55, 0.75 or 0.95. Simulated data contained 1100 animals with known genotypes and phenotypes and 1000 animals with known genotypes and unknown phenotypes. Genomes comprising 3 Morgan were simulated and contained 74 polymorphic QTL and 383 polymorphic SNP markers with an average r2 value of 0.14 between adjacent markers. The total number of haplotypes decreased up to 50% when the window size was increased from two to 20 markers and decreased by at least 50% when haplotypes related with an IBD probability of > 0.55 instead of > 0.95 were clustered. An intermediate window size led to more precise QTL mapping. Window size and clustering had a limited effect on the accuracy of predicted total breeding values, ranging from 0.79 to 0.81. Our conclusion is that different optimal window sizes should be used in QTL-mapping versus genome-wide breeding value prediction.
- Published
- 2009
10. Diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers in apple for genetic linkage maps
- Author
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Steven J. McKay, Andrzej Kilian, Damian Jaccoud, Zhongshan Gao, Jason Carling, Yolanda Noordijk, Herma J. J. Koehorst-van Putten, Alexander H. J. Wittenberg, Sabaz Ali Khan, Henk J. Schouten, Michael J. Considine, Maria M. Van Dyk, Martijn van Kaauwen, W. Eric van de Weg, and D. Jasper G. Rees
- Subjects
malus-pumila mill ,scab resistance ,Genetic mapping ,Computational biology ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Quantitative trait locus ,Bioinformatics ,Article ,Gene mapping ,PRI Biodiversiteit en Veredeling ,Genetic linkage ,assisted selection ,ssr markers ,Genetics ,DArT ,Genotyping ,Molecular Biology ,computer.programming_language ,Dart ,Diversity ,Diversity Arrays Technology ,venturia-inaequalis ,Consensus map ,consensus map ,x-domestica borkh ,Apple ,Molecular markers ,fire-blight resistance ,PRI Biodiversity and Breeding ,Plant Breeding ,wild relatives ,quantitative trait loci ,Polymorphic locus ,computer ,human activities ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) provides a high-throughput whole-genome genotyping platform for the detection and scoring of hundreds of polymorphic loci without any need for prior sequence information. The work presented here details the development and performance of a DArT genotyping array for apple. This is the first paper on DArT in horticultural trees. Genetic mapping of DArT markers in two mapping populations and their integration with other marker types showed that DArT is a powerful high-throughput method for obtaining accurate and reproducible marker data, despite the low cost per data point. This method appears to be suitable for aligning the genetic maps of different segregating populations. The standard complexity reduction method, based on the methylation-sensitive PstI restriction enzyme, resulted in a high frequency of markers, although there was 52-54% redundancy due to the repeated sampling of highly similar sequences. Sequencing of the marker clones showed that they are significantly enriched for low-copy, genic regions. The genome coverage using the standard method was 55-76%. For improved genome coverage, an alternative complexity reduction method was examined, which resulted in less redundancy and additional segregating markers. The DArT markers proved to be of high quality and were very suitable for genetic mapping at low cost for the apple, providing moderate genome coverage. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-011-9579-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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