13 results
Search Results
2. The Kuznets Curve of Education: A Global Perspective on Education Inequalities. CEE DP 116
- Author
-
London School of Economics & Political Science, Centre for the Economics of Education, Morrison, Christian, and Murtin, Fabrice
- Abstract
Education is recognized to be a key factor of economic development, not only giving access to technological progress as emphasized by the Schumpeterian growth theory, but also entailing numerous social externalities such as the demographic transition (Murtin, 2009) or democratization (Murtin and Wacziarg, 2010). If the evolution of world distributions of income and longevity over the last two centuries have been described by Bourguignon and Morrisson (2002), changes in the world distribution of education have remained unexplored until now, despite their major importance. How has global education inequality evolved over the twentieth century? How should it be measured? Up to now, existing studies on education inequality have had limited spatial and time coverage. For example, Castello and Domenech (2002) and Thomas et al. (2001) provide a descriptive analysis of years of schooling inequality for a broad panel of countries, but their study starts only in 1960. Also, they remain at the country level and do not consider the world distribution of years of schooling, which takes into account educational differences both within and between countries. In contrast, this paper depicts the world distribution of education over 140 years, improving and extending the database recently released by Morrisson and Murtin (2009), which focuses on average years of schooling. The authors provide both average years of schooling and the distribution of education as summarised up by four quantiles in each country. Importantly, this new database is cross-validated by historical data on illiteracy rates. Then, they describe average stocks of primary, secondary and tertiary schooling by region since 1870, and estimate world inequality in years of schooling, which has been dramatically reduced since 1870. Focusing on the measurement of education inequality, this paper raises an important methodological issue. The authors show that a substantial share of inequality in years of schooling can be mechanically explained by a single component of the distribution of education, namely the population that has not attended school, subsequently called the illiterate population. Actually, they find that the observed decrease in inequality in years of schooling over the XXth century is almost entirely explained by the decline in illiteracy. They believe that this result, derived both theoretically and empirically, could help to reconsider an empirical fact discussed in the literature on education inequality (see Berthelemy (2006)), namely the cross-country negative correlation between the average of and the inequality in years of schooling. This correlation mainly reflects the negative and mechanical correlation between average schooling and the illiteracy rate. In line with a recent macroeconomic literature (see for instance Hall and Jones (1999)), the authors then turn to human capital as defined by Mincer (1974), in order to confer a monetary dimension to education. They propose estimates of the world inequality in human capital, examining several definitions for human capital. They focus on one functional form in particular, which accounts for the existence of diminishing returns to schooling. It is the only one that can account for the cross-country negative correlation between Mincer returns to schooling and average years of schooling, as described by Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004). At the national level, they find that that human capital inequality within countries has increased then stabilized or even decreased in most regions of the world. When plotted against average years of schooling, human capital inequality within countries has clearly followed an inverted U-shape curve, namely a "Kuznets curve of education". At the global level, they also find that human capital inequality has increased from 1870 to approximatively 1970, then has decreased. They interpret these findings as a consequence of mass education and the existence of diminishing returns to schooling. (Contains 6 tables, 6 figures and 14 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2010
3. Cultural Conceptions of Flipped Learning: Examining Asian Perspectives in the 21st Century
- Author
-
Skelcher, Shannon
- Abstract
The use of flipped learning as a pedagogical approach has increased in the 21st century. While there is an existing survey of literature regarding the development in American educational institutions--and fewer in an Asian context--there are some unique cultural considerations that may need to be examined regarding flipped learning's adoption and adaptation in Asia. This paper serves as a literature review focusing on several Asian nations with respect to three major considerations in comparison to the United States: geographical, educational, and cultural. After the comprehensive review, which comments on the number of relevant publications available per nation, this paper concludes that there is no significant barrier to the implementation of flipped learning in Asia beyond the existing considerations apparent in the United States (access, time, and institutional support). Additionally, the prevalence of flipped learning in Asia, and the purposes of various studies surveyed, indicate that cultural barriers, at least in this area, are becoming less notable or authoritative as national or historical distinctions are diminishing through Millennials' tendencies toward globalization.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Questioning Centre-Periphery Platforms
- Author
-
Postiglione, Gerard A.
- Abstract
How much is hegemony and how much is self-determination in the higher education systems in Southeast Asia? This paper argues that while the question of centre and periphery is still relevant to the analysis of international university systems, the analytical frameworks from which it has arisen may lose viability in the long term. Southeast Asian states are making use of higher education to act in ways that will contribute to the altering of their peripheral position in the global economic and political system. While changes in Southeast Asian higher education are closely tied to global markets and follow what sometimes appears to be a dependent pattern of adaptations driven by Western developed economies, the paper argues that there is also a significant amount of resistance. As Southeast Asian countries adapt in ways that help embed economic globalisation within their national landscape, the manner in which the adaptation occurs is more selective, open, and democratic than before. Moreover, while global communication with core (centre) university systems has been more open and transparent, the system is closed to direct intervention from the outside, making hegemony a less plausible explanation for the manner in which the system is reacting within the new global environment of financial interdependency.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. An Overview of Management Education for Sustainability in Asia
- Author
-
Wu, Yen-Chun Jim, Shen, Ju-Peng, and Kuo, Tsuang
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to explore the holistic picture of sustainability curricula in Asian higher education. Design/methodology/approach: Content analysis was conducted based on Asian management education for sustainability in higher education. Online courses arrangement, teaching methods, instructors' educational background and cross-referencing data between triple bottom line and sustainability courses have been investigated. Findings: The paper provides empirical insights about the current state of sustainability education in Asia. The results show that there is an opportunity for interdisciplinary integration, as there are imbalanced sustainability courses offered by business, science and engineering schools. It also suggests that Asian universities should add an international connection and active promotion of sustainability education on their Web sites. Research limitations/implications: Findings are based on web-based sustainability-related courses. Future research could apply method of case study to do a deeper study. Practical implications: The paper provides an overview of Asian management education for sustainability and curricula analysis through our research, and that this will further assist in the development of interdisciplinary integration in Asian management education for sustainability. Originality/value: This paper is the first attempt to gain better understanding of sustainability-related courses offered in leading business/management colleges in Asia.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. A Report to the Australian Development Assistance Bureau. Regional Symposium on Distance Teaching in Asia (Penang, Malaysia, May 1981).
- Author
-
Office of Research in Librarianship, Wagga Wagga (Australia). and Reid-Smith, Edward R.
- Abstract
Reports and summaries of papers presented at the 1981 Regional Symposium on Distance Teaching in Asia are presented. The symposium, which was represented by 22 countries, was organized by the Universiti Sains (University of Science) Malaysia as part of the activities associated with the completion of 10 years of off-campus program facilities. The symposium was designed to promote information exchange among scholars involved in distance teaching, extension education, and external degree programs; to promote understanding of the problems involved in the teaching and learning process of self-learning programs; and to identify approaches to raise the effectiveness of distance teaching programs in the various countries. Reports on distance education in the following countries are presented: South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Malaysia. Selected papers on the following topics are summarized: philosophy, goals, and objectives of distance educational systems; infrastructure, staff training, and educational technology; problems in distance education; research on distance education; and attainment of regional cooperation in Asia. Information on the University of Science Malaysia and the opening and closing sessions of the symposium are included. (Author/SW)
- Published
- 1981
7. Distance Education in Asia and the Pacific. Volume II. Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Distance Education (Bangkok, Thailand, November 26-December 3, 1986).
- Author
-
Asian Development Bank, Manila (Philippines).
- Abstract
The paper presented in this three-part conference report trace the growth and development of distance education in the Asian and Pacific region. Part 1 provides a general review. Part 2 contains the following case studies: "Distance Education in India" (S. P. Mullick); "Distance Education in Indonesia" (Professor Setijadi); "Distance Education in Pakistan" (Shaukat Ali Siddiqui); "Distance Education in the Republic of Korea" (Kwon Soonchan and Chandong Kim); and "Distance Education in Thailand" (Iam Chaya-Ngam). The following country papers are included in part 3: "Distance Education in Australia" (Vernon White); "Distance Education in Bangladesh" (K. M. Sirajul Islam); "Distance Education in Bhutan" (Zangley Dukpa); "Distance Education in Burma" (Kyaw Sein); "Distance Education in Fiji" (Hari Ram); "Distance Education in Hong Kong" (Michelangelo Pagliari and John Anthony Frost); "Distance Education in Japan" (Yoshiya Abe); "Distance Education in Malaysia" (G. Dhanarajan); "Distance Education in New Zealand" (Douglas Gunn and Peter McMechan); "Distance Education in Papua New Guinea" (John Paul and Howard Van Trease); "Distance Education in the Philippines" (Remigio Romulo); and "Distance Education in Sri Lanka" (D.A. Kotelawele). (MN)
- Published
- 1987
8. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (78th, Washington, DC, August 9-12, 1995). International Communications Division.
- Author
-
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
- Abstract
The International Communication section of the proceedings contains the following nine papers: "Mobile Satellite Communications--From Obscurity to Overkill" (Patricia T. Whalen); "Does Television Cultivate the Image of America in Japan?" (Shinichi Saito); "Linking International News to U.S. Interests: A Content Analysis" (Daniel Riffe); "Colonial Interventions and the Postcolonial Situation in India: The English Language, Mass Media, and the Articulation of Class" (Radhika E. Parameswaran); "Recent Developments in Freedom of Information in Great Britain: A Preliminary Appraisal of the Government's 'Code of Practice'" (Wallace B. Eberhard); "Insurgent Technology: The Political Ramifications of the Internet in Africa" (David N. Dixon); "Japan's Clouded Window: News on NHK and TBS Television, 1993" (Anne Cooper-Chen); "Media Imperialism Revisited: The Countercase of Asia" (Kalyani Chadha); and "Media and the Politics of Citizens' Press Movement in Korea, 1985-1993" (Yung-Ho Im). (RS)
- Published
- 1995
9. The Emergence of For-Profit E-Learning Providers in Asia
- Author
-
Jung, Insung
- Abstract
In recent years, local and global for-profit e-learning providers have expanded in Asia. A combination of factors has encouraged such development: The accelerating roll-out of technology, the availability of sophisticated learning management systems, and the high growth rates of Internet usage by the 510 million or so Asians who now represent 39% of the world's users (Internet usage in Asia, 2007) is leading to the belief that there is a huge un- or under-exploited market for e-learning. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in 1995, has created increasing pressure for augmented efforts in opening up the existing education market (Jung, 2005a). Many Asian governments are eager to introduce market principles, constrain expenditures, widen access to higher education and professional development, and improve quality via competition. It is recognized that for-profit providers may better meet rapidly changing educational needs. This paper examines the emergence of new for-profit e-learning providers in Asia. (Contains 28 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Exploring New Directions in Teacher Education. Experiments in the Preparation and Training of Teachers in Asia.
- Author
-
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Bangkok (Thailand). Regional Office for Education in Asia and Oceania. and Asian Centre of Educational Innovation for Development, Bangkok (Thailand).
- Abstract
The twenty case studies presented in these reports are examples of experiments in Asian nations which have been conducted as specific responses to local problems in teacher education. The materials, originally presented in a 1975 conference of the Asian Centre of Educational Innovation for Development, are organized into three basic subject areas: (1) linking teacher education to national development tasks; (2) linking teacher education to equalizing educational opportunities; and (3) institutional and professional development in teacher education. Participating authors presented studies from India, the Philippines, Thailand, Nepal, Iran, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan. (MB)
- Published
- 1976
11. Affiliate Forum: Globalization of College Campuses--Enriching Our Lives
- Author
-
Marino, Judi
- Abstract
According to the Open Doors report from the Institute of International Education, more than a half million international students are currently studying in the United States. Over half of the international students are from Asia, both the subcontinent (India is the leading sending nation of students) and the Far East (China, Korea, and Japan leading in numbers sent). Following Asia, 13% of our international students are from Europe, 12% from Latin America, 6% from Africa, 6% from the Middle East, and 1 % from Oceania. Open Doors reports that international students contribute over $13 billion to the U.S. economy. The author believes that the contributions of these students are much more far-reaching than monetary, however. The author stresses that Americans are blessed to have their lives enriched by other cultures and their minds broadened by insightful students. People might have stories about compelling, perspective-changing experiences by or with international students. In this article, the author shares a few of the students that enrich the author's life every day.
- Published
- 2007
12. From Dependence to Autonomy. The Development of Asian Universities.
- Author
-
Altbach, Philip G., Selvaratnam, Viswanathan, Altbach, Philip G., and Selvaratnam, Viswanathan
- Abstract
A collection of works on the development of Asian universities is presented, focusing on an aspect of higher education not previously analyzed: the contemporary impact of Western academic systems in Asia. Eleven papers fall into three sections following the introduction, "Twisted Roots: The Western Impact on Asian Higher Education," (P. Altabach). The sections are: (1) The Non-Colonial Experience: "China's Universities and Western Academic Models" (R. Hayhoe); "Looking West and East: Thailand's Academic Development" (K. Watson); and "Independence and Choice: Western Impacts on Japanese Higher Education" (S. Nakayama); (2) The European Colonial Tradition: "The Western Impact on Philippine Higher Education" (A. Gonzalez); "The Origin of Modern Indonesian Higher Education" (W. Cummings and S. Kasenda); "Indian Higher Education: Colonialism and Beyond" (A. Basu); "Change Amidst Continuity: University Development in Malaysia" (V. Selvaratnam); and "University Education in Singapore: The Making of a National University" (S. Gopinathan); and (3) The Japanese Colonial Impact: "The Emergence of the Modern University in Korea" (S. Lee); and The Development of Higher Education in Taiwan" (W. Wu, S. Chen, and C. Wu). (SM)
- Published
- 1989
13. China's Defense Technology and Industrial Base in a Regional Context: Arms Manufacturing in Asia.
- Author
-
Bitzinger, RichardA.
- Subjects
DEFENSE industries ,HIGH technology industries ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,MILITARY budgets - Abstract
This paper examines defense industrialization in three leading arms-producing states in Asia - India, Japan, and South Korea - and how their experiences compare to China's recent defense industrial developments. It argues that despite decades of considerable effort and investments in pursuit of a techno-nationalist self-arming strategy, these countries have experienced only modest success when it comes to achieving such self-reliance. Most regional defense industrial bases lack the necessary design skills and technological expertise in order to truly innovate, and at best these countries act as 'late innovators' when it comes to armaments production. The experiences of these countries have lessons for China as it attempts to move into the first tier of arms-producing states. China has over the past 15 years made significant progress in modernizing its defense technological and industrial base. At the same time, China faces the same long-term challenges that currently confront other regional arms industries - that is, making techno-nationalism work at the later stages of innovation. This is particularly critical as China's defense industry strives to move from a basically platform-centric to an increasingly network-centric technological-industrial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.