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To enhance the operational efficiency and fault detection accuracy of hydroelectric units, this paper proposes a parallel convolutional neural network model that integrates the Gramian angular summation field (GASF) with an Improved coati optimization algorithm–parallel convolutional neural network (ICOA-PCNN). Additionally, to further improve the model's accuracy in fault identification, a multi-head self-attention mechanism (MSA) and support vector machine (SVM) are introduced for a secondary optimization of the model. Initially, the GASF technique converts one-dimensional time series signals into two-dimensional images, and a COA-CNN dual-branch model is established for feature extraction. To address the issues of uneven population distribution and susceptibility to local optima in the COA algorithm, various optimization strategies are implemented to improve its global search capability. Experimental results indicate that the accuracy of this model reaches 100%, significantly surpassing other nonoptimized models. This research provides a valuable addition to fault diagnosis technology for modern hydroelectric units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]