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Partitive algorithms, like cluster algorithms, are frequently used methods in data mining. Most of them are static in the sense that they detect pattern in stable data structures, i.e. the data structure remains unchanged over time. However, many real-life situations are characterized by changing data environments that require an adaptation of the respective algorithms. The retail industry, for example, is frequently faced with changes in its customers' buying behavior. Segments of customers that are buying certain goods may vary within one year or even within one single day. Detecting these changes could provide business opportunities for the respective retailer. For such changing data structures, dynamic clustering algorithms have been developed that adapt to changing environments. This paper discusses a class of rough partitive algorithms and introduces their possible dynamic extensions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper discusses a case of syntax/semantics interaction of a characteristically optimality-theoretic kind. Finnish partitive constructions exhibit a case alternation that is partly semantically, partly syntactically driven. The crucial semantic condition that plays a role in case selection is quantitative determinacy, which replaces the definiteness condition familiar from the Partitive Constraint. The crucial syntactic condition is the Case-OCP, which prohibits the assignment of the same case to both the head and its sister. The syntactic and semantic constraints conflict, which leads to various kinds of outcomes, including free variation and ambiguity, as well as preferences in expression and preferences in interpretation. We develop an optimality-theoretic analysis of these facts based on partially ordered optimality-theoretic grammars. In such grammars, conflicts among semantic and syntactic constraints are resolved in terms of ranking. Partial ordering is crucial in deriving preferences in expression as well as interpretation, including blocking effects.

Argument-marking, morphological partitives have been the topic of language specific studies, while no cross-linguistic or typological analyses have been conducted. Since individual partitives of different languages have been studied, there exists a basis for a more cross-linguistic approach. The purpose of this book is to fill the gap and to bring together research on partitives in different languages.

In this article a semantic reanalysis of the Partitive Constraint is given that is based on a distinction between determiners that quantify over entities and determiners that quantify over sets of entities. This leads to a straightforward analysis of problems that arose within earlier analyses of the Partitive Constraint. The reformulated Partitive Constraint simply states that NPs that are allowed in partitives must be entity-denoting if the upstairs determiner quantifies over entities, and set-denoting if the upstairs determiner quantifies over sets. NPs that denote restricted sets of entities satisfy the Partitive Constraint. That explains the presence of a modifying phrase in certain cases where the embedded NP is headed by a weak determiner. All in all, I will argue that the Partitive Constraint can and must be maintained as a semantic condition, and cannot be reduced to some kind of pragmatic principle.

In a multilabel classification problem, each object gets associated with multiple target labels. Graded multilabel classification (GMLC) problems go a step further in that they provide a degree of association between an object and each possible label. The goal of a GMLC model is to learn this mapping while minimizing a certain loss function. In this paper, we tackle GMLC problems from a Granular Computing perspective for the first time. The proposed schemes, termed as partitive granular cognitive maps (PGCMs), lean on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) whose input concepts represent cluster prototypes elicited via Fuzzy C-Means whereas the output concepts denote the set of existing labels. We consider three different linkages between the FCM’s input and output concepts and learn the causal connections (weight matrix) through a Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). During the exploitation phase, the membership grades of a test object to each fuzzy cluster prototype in the PGCM are taken as the initial activation values of the recurrent network. Empirical results on 16 synthetically generated datasets show that the PGCM architecture is capable of accurately solving GMLC instances.

Partitional clustering is an important part of cluster analysis. Cluster analysis can be considered as one of the the most important approaches to unsupervised learning. The goal of clustering is to find clusters from unlabeled data, which means that data belonging to the same cluster are as similar as possible, whereas data belonging to different clusters are as dissimilar as possible. Partitional clustering is categorized as a prototype-based model, i.e., each cluster can be represented by a prototype, leading to a concise description of the original data set. According to different definitions of prototypes, such as data point, hyperplane, and hypersphere, the clustering methods can be categorized into different types of clustering algorithms with various prototypes. Besides organizing these partitional clustering methods into such a unified framework, relations between some commonly used nonpartitional clustering methods and partitional clustering methods are also discussed here. We give a brief overview of clustering, summarize well-known partitional clustering methods, and discuss the major challenges and key issues of these methods. Simple numerical experiments using toy data sets are carried out to enhance the description of various clustering methods. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper describes a system of representation of nouns denoting portions, segments and relative quantities of entities, in order to account for this case of part-whole relationship. The semantics of both constructions denoting portions and nouns used to build them are discussed and eventually formalised in a unification-based formalism (LKB-LRL) in terms of Pustejovsky's Theory of Qualia and Jackendoff's Conceptual Semantics.

An evolutionary rough c -means clustering algorithm is proposed. Genetic algorithms are employed to tune the threshold, and relative importance of upper and lower approximations of the rough sets modeling the clusters. The Davies–Bouldin clustering validity index is used as the fitness function, that is minimized while arriving at an optimal partitioning. A comparative study of its performance is made with related partitive algorithms. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on real and synthetic datasets, including microarray gene expression data from Bioinformatics.

In certain cases, images of different scenes can be mixed to produce an image of a novel scene. For example, an image of a pink sphere can be additively mixed from suitable images of a red and a white sphere. Three ways in which scenes can differ are considered: in the spectral composition of the illuminant and in the spectral and the geometric reflectance of scene objects. Sufficient conditions are given for mixing to produce images that correspond to possible scenes. Examples illustrate ways that mixtures can be used as stimuli in psychophysical experiments concerned with pictorial perception.

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

On the basis of data retrieved from the Corpus of Historical American English, this paper provides a multivariate analysis of diachronic change in collocations of the sequence a bunch of followed by a noun in the Late Modern and contemporary English periods. Our results show that (1) the partitive semantics shifts in the period from the 1910s to the 1960s from the original dominant meaning ‘bundle’ to ‘group,’ while the quantifier function/‘large quantity’ meaning of bunch becomes more entrenched from the 1970s onwards, though the three meanings continue to co-exist in the contemporary language; and (2) there exist statistically significant correlations between semantic, pragmatic, and discourse properties of the noun collocates in the partitive and quantifier constructions. While much work on diachronic construction grammar is concerned with the question of how new constructions come into being, the present article complements such research by providing a detailed account of the nature of persistence of the earlier partitive construction and the embedding and gradual entrenchment of the newer quantifier construction. It therefore addresses the consequences of “constructionalization” on a source construction, and the nature of frequency effects in “post-constructionalization” changes.

Korean is a generalized classifier language where classifiers are required for numerals to combine with nominals. This paper presents a number construction where the classifier is absent and the numeral appears prenominally. This construction, which I call the classifier-less number construction (Cl-less NC), results in a definite or a partitive reading where the referent must be familiar: ‘the two women’ or ‘two of the women’. In order to account for this, I argue that Korean postnominal number constructions are ambiguous between a plain number construction and a partitive construction. After motivating and proposing an analysis for the partitive structure, I argue that Cl-less NC is derived from the partitive construction, explaining its distributional restriction and the interpretation. Keywords: number construction, classifiers, partitives, Korean., ZAS Papers in Linguistics, Bd. 60 (2018): Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 22, 1

A prevalent, but to date untested, assumption about lexicalized scalar implicatures such as those from some to not all, is that they fall into the class of GCIs and as such, constitute a homogeneous class of highly regularized and context-independent implicatures. This paper reports a test of this assumption in which linguistically untrained participants’ implicature strength judgments were collected for naturally occurring utterances containing the word some in a large-scale corpus-based web study. The results indicate that implicature strength is highly variable and systematically dependent on features of the linguistic context such as the partitive, determiner strength, and discourse accessibility. These results call into question the GCI status of scalar implicatures from some to not all and demonstrate the usefulness of corpora and web-based methods for challenging received wisdom, enriching the empirical landscape, and informing theory in pragmatics. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.8.11 BibTeX info

We expand upon a previous proposal by Bloom and Wynn (1997) that young children learn about the meaning of number words by tracking their occurrence in particular syntactic environments, in combination with the discourse context in which they are used. An analysis of the Childes database (MacWhinney, 2000) reveals that the environments studied by Bloom and Wynn (specifically, the partitive frame x of the y) do not on their own distinguish between number terms and those terms that are more generally quantity denoting. A set of novel word-learning experiments reveals that children (and adults) are aware of the semantic constraints of two of the syntactic environments targeted by Bloom and Wynn (the partitive frame and modification by very) but either rely upon or benefit from contextual information supporting learning where a number word can but need not be used in a sentence. We propose that children most likely combine their knowledge of counting principles (Gelman & Gallistel, 1978) with the discourse co...

In this paper, two views for mentally representing referents of plural expressions are contrasted, (a) the atomic-tokens view, according to which the denotation of a plural expression is represented by a number of distinct tokens, and (b) the assemblage-token view, according to which it is represented as a single whole. Linguistic data suggest that the atomic-tokens view is appropriate for partitive plural NPs (e.g., most of the orphans ; both of the cars) and functionally similar expressions (e.g., most orphans ; both), whereas the assemblage-token view is appropriate for unmarked plural expressions (e.g., the orphans, my cars, they). This conjecture was investigated in two experiments with German participants, contrasting the pronoun sie (they) and the partitive pronoun beide (both). In Experiment 1, off-line tasks were used to investigate whether the interpretation of a sentence's predicate depends on the pronoun used in the grammatical subject position. In Experiment 2, participants read texts contain...

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Malayalam, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chap. “The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Malayalam, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Hindi, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in chapter “The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Hindi, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Cantonese, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in chapter “ The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Cantonese, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Nungon, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in chapter “The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Nungon, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Naxi, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in chapter “The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Naxi, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Quichua, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in “ The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Determiner type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Quichua, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Russian Sign Language, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in chapter “ The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Russian Sign Language, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

This paper examines the syntax and semantics of noun phrases with numeral quantifiers in Korean. Pointing out the syntactic properties of these noun phrases, I propose their syntactic structure and provide some syntactic motivation for the proposed structure. Also I examine the semantic properties of these noun phrases while pointing out their semantic ambiguities, i.e. cardinal vs. partitive reading of the numeral quantifier. Raising some problems of Y-S Jung (1997)`s analysis, I propose the analysis on the basis of Diesing (1992). Depending on the position of the noun phrases at the LF, they can have different interpretations. Noun phrases and CIPs adjoined to the MP (mood phrase) are mapped to the restrictive clause (R)and the operator (Q), respectively, in the tripartite logical representation. Consequently this gives rise to the presupposition of the existence of the entity denoted by the noun and the partitive reading of the numeral classifier. On the other hand, if the noun phrase with the CIP remains VP internally at the LF, the numeral classifier functions as a cardinality predicate, along with no presupposition of the entity denoted by the noun.

Following fundamental minimalist assumptions, this study aims to explain the distribution of nominal ellipsis (NE, henceforth) in Spanish as the result of last resort constraints at different components of the grammar. The current proposal is that NE in Spanish is a special case of trace deletion that results from the creation of an imperfect/defective/smaller copy, which must be interpreted as an anaphora (concretely, as a (definite) pronoun) at the semantic interface (hence, SEM) due to its ‘reduced’ size. Therefore, the structure created in narrow syntax will be interpreted as any other copy at the phonological interface (hence, PHON), where it is not pronounced, but it will be interpreted as a (definite) pronoun at SEM. This approach derives the partitive character of the NE construction and the impossibility of having NE with some Determiners and prenominal Adjectives as the result of an SEM clash between the presence of the anaphora and the meaning of the Determiner

In this paper, we aim to pursue a unified principle by making a close examination of language-specific parameters; especially with regard to English of, Chinese de, Japanese -no, Korean -uy and the classifier phrases within a DP. Following Kayne (2005), we assume that the English of can be reanalyzed as being VP-external. The convention of regarding prepositions or postpositions as Case-assigners, assuming a PP constituency of P DP, will be re-examined, and the derivation will be explained via merge and movement. The pleonastic of and its function as a complementizer will be discussed. Based on the English partitive of, Korean -uy, Japanese -no, and Chinese de are discussed in pursuit of a unified structural derivation through merge and movement.

Adposition phrases in morphologically impoverished languages have a function similar to nouns with morphological cases in morphologically rich languages, leading some researchers to argue that at least some cases belong to the category P. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether all cases can be analysed as Ps. The focus is on partitive case in Finnish. Whilst the ‘local’ cases in many languages appear to be strong candidates for analysis as members of the category P, it will be argued that partitive case (and genitive in languages where there is no distinct partitive) spells out a functional head between P and D, and that it properly belongs to the D-system (quantifiers or determiners), not the P-system. Thus morphological cases do not form a coherent category in syntax. Instead, morphological case paradigms relate to one of three different syntactic items: (i) uninterpretable features (structural cases), (ii) PP structures (cases expressing spatial or thematic relations), and (iii) determiner or quantifier projections (partitive, and partitive uses of genitive). Possible extensions of the analysis to other languages (German, Tongan and English) are explored.

A crucial component of a medical concept representation system is the classifier. It requires features that are not sufficiently supported by current logic based formalisms like description logics and conceptual graphs. Those features are, for instance, the representation of partitive and spatial relations and their impact on sUbsumption. This paper introduces graph oriented classification operators for a concept representation language with normal forms. Emphasis is on the separation of generic and partitive relations and on the mutual interdependence of sUbsumption and part-whole. For that purpose operators are given for formal subsumption, formal part-whole, subsumptive part-whole and part-sensitive subsumption. These operators are based on the formal structure of concept descriptions and on explicitly introduced generic and partitive relationships between their constituents.

The part-whole relation has significant effect on classification in the medical domain, since diagnoses, medical procedures and findings commonly relate to anatomical objects and their parts. The paper analyses conventional medical terminology and classification systems with respect to part-whole relations, it investigates how languages of the KL-ONE-family approach the complexity of part-whole relation and subsumption, and it outlines recent developments in medical concept representation. Conventional systems used for medical documentation, indexing of clinical data or bibliographical retrieval are weak for several reasons. Partitive and generic relations are often incompletely represented and both relations are often mixed. This is due to the common combination of a concept system with a coding schema, which often constrains the hierarchical organization of concepts. Terminological languages in the tradition of KL-ONE approach the part-whole relation by different ways: Partly, they use the transitivity of subsumption for representing the transitivity of part-whole. On the other hand, there are arguments for keeping the part-whole relation outside the classifier and for modelling the effect of part-whole on subsumption in the axiomatic component of a terminological reasoning system. GRAIL and BERNWARD are approaches which focus on formal concept representation in the medical domain. GRAIL considers part-whole relations by the classifier and allows for the specification of roles to be refinable along partitive criteria. BERNWARD is based on conceptual graphs and follows a different approach. The transitivity of part-whole is represented by explicit ordering of concepts through a partonomy and by transitive chaining of part-of roles in composite concept descriptions. Both approaches allow for partitive nesting in concept representation and consider the effect of partitive attributes on subsumption by the classifier, but lack a deeper theory of the part-whole relation.

THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY IN 19th CENTURY DIALECT TEXTS COLLECTED BY A. BARANAUSKAS AND K. BRUGMANNSummaryAll the measure nouns found in the Eastern and Western High Lithuanian Kauniškiai dialect texts were divided into five subtypes. The abstract quantity nouns and the conventionalized measures usually govern the postposed partitive genitive. The placement of the partitive genitive may vary in the phrases with the nouns that have the meaning of containers and fractions (parts). The partitive genitives are usually postposed in complex phrases (tukstantis baczku smałos ‘(one) thousand barrels of pitch’; szventįto vandenio butelis ‘a bottle of sanctified water’). Words such as pusantro ‘one and a half’, pusė ‘a half’ are closely connected with numerals in their meaning and usage. The nouns lysė, ‘a bed’, dirva ‘ground (a field)’, lopinys ‘a piece’ can obtain the meaning of quantifiers when they describe different areas (sectors) of land.The postposition of the partitive genitive predominates (71-78 per cent) in these texts. The use of the preposed genitive in sequences with nouns denoting quantity makes up about a quarter of the occurrences, but in some of these the initial position is conditioned not by the quantity meaning, but rather by the meaning of purpose or definition. For Kauniškiai dialect texts the meaning of purpose in sentences with preposed genitives is in general not usual. That is, the position of the genitive in such sentences is not always connected with differences of meaning. The variation in the position of the genitive (especially in the Kauniškiai texts) is more closely connected with neutral or marked word order in the phrase. Therefore the use of preposed genitives is stipulated by three factors, namely, (a) the attributive meaning of the phrase (denoting purpose, definition, possession); (b) the marked word order in the phrase; (c) the alternation of the intonation in the sentence.Phrases with a postpositive genitive in the Kauniškiai texts can have a partitive meaning which is not significant. In these phrases the naming of the object expressed by the postpositive genitive as an entirety is more important.The content of quantity in the texts studied can be described as having three different possible sequences: (a) noun of quantity and postpositive genitive (maišas linų ‘bag of flax’); (b) noun of quantity and preposed genitive (linų maišas ‘bag of flax’ [literally *’of flax a bag’]); noun of quantity and a construction with su ‘with’ (maišas su linais ‘bag with flax’).The position of the attributive genitives and the genitives of quantity did not differ much as the word order in the attribute phrase of this period was not strictly defined.

Sentences involving a directional preposition and 2 nouns (e.g., "The dog is under the table") were sampled from 1 corpus in Spanish and 1 in German. Several sensory-motor features of the entities denoted by the nouns (animacy, countability, solidity, etc.) were coded. These features were then submitted to analyses using pairs of prepositions as binary dependent variables (e.g., above vs. below). In both languages, nouns naming objects with particular characteristics tended to occur with particular prepositions. For example, nouns such as pedal (inanimate and partitive characteristics) and snow (inanimate and uncountable) were much more likely in sentences such as "The bicycle pedal was above the snow" than "The bicycle pedal was in front of the snow." Furthermore, the sets of nouns associated with prepositions belonging to different spatial dimensions (e.g., front vs. above) differed in more features than the sets of nouns associated with prepositions belonging to the same spatial dimension (e.g., front ...

Three experiments investigated the processing of the implicature associated with some using a "gumball paradigm." On each trial, participants saw an image of a gumball machine with an upper chamber with 13 gumballs and an empty lower chamber. Gumballs then dropped to the lower chamber and participants evaluated statements, such as "You got some of the gumballs." Experiment 1 established that some is less natural for reference to small sets (1, 2, and 3 of the 13 gumballs) and unpartitioned sets (all 13 gumballs) compared to intermediate sets (6-8). Partitive some of was less natural than simple some when used with the unpartitioned set. In Experiment 2, including exact number descriptions lowered naturalness ratings for some with small sets but not for intermediate size sets and the unpartitioned set. In Experiment 3, the naturalness ratings from Experiment 2 predicted response times. The results are interpreted as evidence for a Constraint-Based account of scalar implicature processing and against both two-stage, Literal-First models and pragmatic Default models.

Contents PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1 THE NOUN AND ITS MODIFIERS 1. Introduction 2. The noun 2.1. Parameters for a description of nouns 2.2. Specific - generic - referential 2.3. The typology of nouns 2.4. Noun valency 3. Modifiers 3.1. The types of modifiers 3.2. The frequency of modifiers 3.3. The typology of modifiers and hierarchic levels 3.4. Determiners, quantifiers, and identifiers 3.5. Adjectives 3.6. Genitive complements 3.7. Dative, ablative, and accusative complements 3.8. Prepositional phrases 3.9. Embedded predications 4. Conclusions CHAPTER 2 THE NOUN PHRASE 1. Introduction 1.1. Pragmatic functions of noun phrases and their components 1.2. Values of modifiers 1.3. The referent 1.4. Special arrangements 1.5. The placement of modifiers: problems of analysis 1.6. An overview of the nouns examined 2. Quantifying a referent 2.1. Count nouns 2.2. Non-count nouns 3. Specifying a referent 3.1. Classifying adjectives 3.2. Adjectives derived from proper names 4. Describing a referent 4.1. Inanimate concrete entities 4.2. Animate entities 5. Evaluating a referent 5.1. Attribution of an abstract quality 5.2. Evaluations of extent or importance 6. Identifying a referent 6.1. Adjectives expressing a relative position 6.2. Ordinal numerals 7. Expressions of possession 7.1. Adjectives derived from proper names 7.2. Possessive genitives 8. Valency complements 8.1. Subjective and objective genitives 8.2. Possessive pronouns 8.3. Prepositional phrases with cum 8.4. Prepositional phrases with de 8.5. Completive clauses 9. Other complements 9.1. Genitives with dies and liber 9.2. Prepositional phrases with de 10. Complex noun phrases 10.1. Framing of noun phrases 10.2. Memoria and opinio 11. Conclusions CHAPTER 3 THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 1. Objective 2. Prepositional phrases: the ordering of their components 2.1. Integration of modifiers and framing 2.2. The method 2.3. Quantifiers 2.4. Adjectives 2.5. Multiple modifiers 2.6. Genitive complements 3. Adnominal prepositional phrases 3.1. Problems of attachment 3.2. Nouns governing prepositional phrases 3.3. Adjectives governing prepositional phrases 3.4. Partitive expressions 4. Conclusions CHAPTER 4 APPOSITIONS 1. Introduction 2. Two types of apposition: close apposition and free apposition 2.1. First overview 2.2. Close appositions 2.3. Free appositions 2.4. Problems with the description of appositions 2.5. Sp. Albinus consul vs. consul Albinus 2.6. Distribution of appositions in a sample 3. Close appositions 3.1. Appositions with consul and praetor 3.2. Appositions with urbs and oppidum 3.3. Appositions with flumen / fluvius 3.4. Agreement 4. Free appositions 4.1. General properties 4.2. Free appositions with official functions 4.3. Free appositions with urbs, oppidum, and flumen 4.4. Free appositions with homo and familiaris 4.5. Agreement 4.6. The use of prepositions in free appositions 4.7. Discontinuity 5. Other appositions 5.1. Kinship nouns 5.2. Rex 5.3. Status and activity 5.4. Two common nouns 5.5. Explicit indicators of appositions 6. Right dislocation (Tail constituents) 6.1. Tail constituents related to a noun or a pronoun 6.2. Right dislocated constituents expressing subjective evaluation 7. Conclusions CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX REFERENCES GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS INDEX

This paper is concerned with the role of context on the processing of inflected nouns in Finnish. Identification of partitive plurals with the homonymic suffix -jA was studied by presenting the target nouns in a sentence context and by recording durations of readers' eye fixations and self-paced reading times for these targets. A recent visual lexical decision study indicated that the same inflected words with -jA were sensitive to surface frequency manipulations, but not to base frequency manipulations. The authors interpreted these results to suggest that these inflectional forms are stored and processed by means of their whole-word representations. In contrast, the present context study shows both a surface frequency effect and a lagged base frequency effect. We argue that syntactic cues prior to the target word prime the inflectional reading of the -jA suffix, and as a consequence the base is reinstated as an effective unit in processing these nouns with a homonymic suffix.

This article examines the relation between aspect and object case in Estonian and establishes a verb classification that predicts many facets of object case behavior. It is demonstrated that the aspectual opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity correspond to the morphological opposition between genitive/nominative case marking and partitive object case marking. However, case marking of Estonian objects is shown to be an unreliable indicator for aspectual verb class membership. The verb classification proposed here is established on the basis of tests that involve only the partitive object case. These tests employ the Estonian progressive. The tests distinguish verb classes from each other according to the situations they typically describe and predict several conditions of case assignment of patterns.

In the literature several theoretical analyses of nominal ellipsis of various languages have been proposed. In this exploratory and comparative study the L1 French and Dutch acquisition of noun ellipsis is analyzed. The L1 data suggest that a theoretical analysis of the licensing mechanisms of nominal ellipsis should take the following observations into account. First, the acquisition of nominal ellipsis by French and Dutch children proceeds essentially in the same way, even though the adult languages differ. Second, as proposed in previous studies, not the presence of a determiner or inflection but the presence of an element with a partitive meaning seems to be a crucial factor in the licensing mechanism.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about German this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definited and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in German, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

This chapter illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Hungarian, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic about Italian this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Italian, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical, and typological information about Telugu, this chapter outlines its quantification patterns. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers: generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite, and partitive, which are all defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial-type quantifiers and Nominal- (or Determiner-) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers, it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. In summary, the chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Telugu, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

This chapter illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Taiwan Mandarin, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Basque this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Basque, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Adyghe this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Adyghe, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic syntactic information about Standard Russian this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Standard Russian, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Japanese this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definited and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Japanese, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.

This article confirms that two classes of psych-verbs in French, amuser-type ("accusative") and manquer-type ("unaccusative"), involve movement into the subject position. However, the two classes are distinguished by their ability to assign accusative Case: the former assign accusative Case and thereby mimic the syntactic behavior of transitive verbs; the latter assign only partitive Case, thus precluding accusative clitics, passive and WH extraction. The existence of different syntactic configurations of thematic roles with different psych-verb classes indicates a lack of direct correlation between syntactic position and thematic role.