1. Technical note: Unexpected external markers artifact in 3D k-space based parallel imaging turbo spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging.
- Author
-
Crop F, Mouttet-Audouard R, Mirabel X, Ceugnart L, and Lacornerie T
- Subjects
- Fourier Analysis, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Artifacts, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Abstract
Purpose: MRI for radiotherapy planning requires spatial referencing using immobilization devices and markers. Clinical images of a difficult-to-interpret artifact are presented, resembling a metastasis, which occurs when combining CAIPIRINHA k-space-based parallel imaging (PI), 3D distortion correction, and external markers., Methods: A 3D variable flip angle Turbo Spin Echo sequence was used on a 1.5 T and 3 T MRI using flexible and head and neck coils. Two types of markers were tested: Liquimark LM1 and Spee-D-Mark. A silicone oil phantom was used that represents low signal intensity, such as gray matter. 3D Fourier transforms were also used to show the issue's origin., Results: The markers can appear in an unexpected region of a patient, not in the same original or reconstructed slice nor in a rectilinear direction in a slice, especially when using CAIPIRINHA acceleration with 3D distortion correction. The probability of occurrence was respectively 13% and 80% for distances of <=2 mm and >2 mm between marker and patient, for example when using thermoplastic masks. Clinical cases are shown where this semi-randomly occurring artifact appears post contrast only, and thus can be interpreted as metastases. The artifact did not appear when using compressed sensing acceleration., Conclusion: Markers used for radiotherapy MRI application can introduce additional artifacts that can be interpreted as metastases. However, other high signal intensity structures on the surface of a patient, such as the ear, can lead to an equivalent error., (Copyright © 2021 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF