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Chaetoniphargus lubuskensis sp. nov. Figs 1–8 Type material. Holotype, female, 3.9 mm with setose oostegites, cave Lubuška jama, Hajdučki Kukovi, Northern Velebit Mt., Croatia, 26.8.2017, leg. V. Sudar, deposited as NC 340 in Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, Croatia, together with 2 paratypes. Two paratypes are deposited in Karaman`s Collection in Podgorica, Montenegro, same collection data as holotype. Material examined. S-7339 = Cave Lubuška jama, Hajdučki Kukovi, Northern Velebit Mt., Croatia, 26.8.2017, 5 exp. (leg. V. Sudar). Diagnosis (females only). Body inflated in the middle, covered with various single strong setae on dorsolateral side; urosome low, naked. Epimeral plates subrounded. Head with short lateral cephalic lobes, eyes absent. Mouthparts: see diagnosis of the genus. Coxae of moderate size, coxa 4 unlobed; coxae 5–6 bilobed, coxa 5 is larger than coxa 4. Gnathopods 1–2 weak, subchelate, with dactylus bearing one median seta at outer margin. Pereopods 4–7 strong, with dactylus bearing one spine at inner margin; basipodit of pereopods 5–7 narrowed, unlobed. Pleopods biramous, well developed, with 2 retinacula. Uropods 1 and 2 are biramous, rami of uropod 1 equal, inner ramus of uropod 2 is longer than outer one. Uropod 3 is very short, inner ramus scale-like, outer ramus with one short article bearing distal spines. Coxal gills on pereopods 2 and 4 are narrow, linear, coxal gill on leg 3 is very large, ovoid, coxal gills on legs 5–6 are short, ovoid. Oostegites large. Description. Female 3.9 mm with setose oostegites (holotype). Body stout, slightly inflated in the middle (figs 7, 8). Head with short rostrum and short subrounded lateral cephalic lobes, ventroanterior sinus shallow (fig. 1A), eyes absent. Mesosomal segments 1–4 naked; mesosomal segments 5–6 on each dorsolateral side with one strong submarginal seta, mesosomal segment 7 on each dorsolateral side with one submarginal and one mediolateral strong seta (fig. 5B); metasomal segment 1 on each side with 1–2 dorsoposterior and 2 medioposterior setae (fig. 5B); metasomal segment 2 on each dorsolateral and lateral side with one strong seta; metasomal segment 3 naked. Urosomal segments 1–3 are low; urosomal segments 1–3 are dorsally naked. Urosomal segment 1 at ventroposterior corner without spine or seta (fig. 5D). Epimeral plates 1–3 are of subequal size and shape, subrounded, with remarkably convex ventral (distal) margin defined by one weak small seta, posterior convex margin with 1 weak seta; ventral spines absent (fig. 5B). Antenna 1 remarkably shorter than half of body-length (fig. 8); peduncle relatively slender, peduncular articles 1–3 progressively shorter (ratio: 52:36:19), first article distally with 3 long setae; second article at dorsal margin with one median and 2 distal setae; at ventral margin with 2 short setae; third article short (fig. 1B). Main flagellum consisting of 13 slender articles bearing short setae and single aesthetasc of approximately half article lengths (fig. 1B). Accessory flagellum 1-articulate, shorter than half of last peduncular article and provided with 2 distal simple setae (fig. 1C). Antenna 2 remarkably shorter than antenna 1, peduncle with relatively short articles: article 3 very short; article 4 longer than article 5 (ratio: 36:26), both articles almost naked (fig. 1D); flagellum remarkably longer than peduncle, consisting of 7 articles provided with scarce number of very short setae. Antennal gland cone conical, hardly exceeding tip of peduncular article 3 (fig. 1D). Labrum strong, broader than long (ratio: 62:44), poorly convex distally, epistom carinate (fig. 2A). Labium strong, outer lobes are entire and broad, haired distally, with narrowed lateral process; inner lobes are long and narrowed, bearing numerous distomarginal very fine short setae (fig. 3A). Mandible rather asymmetric, molar molar bluntly conical, with strong lateral seta. Right mandible: incisor with 4-teeth, lacinia mobilis not observed (fig. 1F). Left mandible: incisor with 4 teeth, lacinia strong, with 4 teeth (fig. 1E). Behind the incisor appear a large row of over 16 rakers. Mandibular palpus small, obsolete, reduced to one small article, sometimes indistinctly partially separated in two parts (fig. 1E, F) and provided with one shorter or longer distal seta. Maxilla 1: inner plate small, conical, with short distal seta; outer plate with nearly 18 distally compressed pectinate spines sitting in two rows; palpus small, obsolete, reduced to one small article provided with one distal simple seta (fig. 5A). Maxilla 2 very small, outer plate is remarkably larger than inner one, with nearly 10 distal setae, inner plate with 5 distal setae (fig. 1G). Maxilliped: inner plate long and narrow, with one distal spine accompanied by numerous short setae (fig. 1H); outer plate very broad, not exceeding half of outer tip of palpus article 2, provided with 8 distomarginal short spines and numerous very short facial setae (fig. 1H); palpus strong, consisting of 4 articles: first article short, at mesial margin with 4 long setae; article 2 along mesial margin with numerous setae; palpus article 3 in distal part with numerous setae; article 4 at outer margin with one median seta, at inner (mesial) margin with one seta near basis of the nail. Coxae of moderate size, coxa 1 poorly broader than long (ratio: 35:31), with subrounded unproduced ventroanterior corner and provided with 5 unequal marginal setae (fig. 2B). Coxa 2 distinctly larger than coxa 1, nearly as long as broad, with 5 unequal setae along ventral margin (fig. 2E). Coxa 3 square, as long as broad, along ventral margin with 5 unequal setae (fig. 3D). Coxa 4 is hardly broader than long (ratio: 57:54), with 6 marginal unequal setae and without a distoposterior lobe (fig. 3F). Coxa 5 is relatively large, approximately the size of coxa 4, broader than long (ratio: 78:56), with posterior lobe almost as large as anterior one, 7–8 setae are attached at the margin of this coxa (fig. 4A). Coxa 6 remarkably smaller than coxa 5, bilobed, broader than long (ratio: 57:46), along ventral margin with nearly 6 unequal setae; posterior lobe poorly smaller than anterior one (fig. 4C). Coxa 7 much smaller than coxa 6, entire, broader than long (ratio: 47:32), with anterior part broader than posterior one (fig. 4D). Gnathopods 1 and 2 weak and small (fig. 2B, E). Gnathopod 1 is smaller than gnathopod 2, with article 2 provided along anterior and posterior margin with 3 long median setae (fig. 2B). Article 3 at posterior margin with one single or paired short setae; article 4 short, at posterior margin with 4 long setae. Article 5 almost triangular, along posterior convex margin with rows of long setae, along anterior margin with one distal short seta. Propodus subtrapezoidal, longer than broad (ratio: 113:88), proximally slightly narrower than at the palmar angle, along posterior margin with 3 transverse rows of setae (3–2–1) (fig. 2C); palm slightly convex, inclined almost to the half of propodus-length, defined on outer face by one corner S-spine accompanied laterally by one weak L- spine-like seta and 2 facial M-setae, on inner face by one strong subcorner R-spine (fig. 2D). Dactylus reaching posterior margin of propodus, along outer margin with one median seta (fig. 2C). Left gnathopod 2: article 2 along anterior margin with one distal short seta only, along posterior margin with 2 long median setae (fig. 2E); article 3 at posterior margin with one seta; article 4 short, with 2–3 posterior setae; article 5 almost triangular, nearly as long as propodus, along posterior margin with 3 bunches of long setae (each row is consisting of a few setae only), at anterior margin with one short distal seta. Propodus subtrapezoidal, almost subovoid, longer than broad (ratio: 124:93), along posterior margin with 5 transverse rows of setae (fig. 3B). Palm slightly convex, inclined slightly less than half of propodus-length (fig. 3C), defined on outer face by one corner S- spine accompanied laterally by one long seta and 2 facial M-setae, R-spine is not observed (probably aberrant corner of propodus). Dactylus reaching posterior margin of propodus, with one median seta at outer margin (fig. 3B). Right gnathopod 2: propodus longer than broad (ratio: 124:90), along posterior margin with 5 rows of setae (fig. 2F); palm convex, inclined slightly less than half of propodus-length, defined on outer face by one corner Sspine accompanied laterally by one slender L-spine and 2 facial M-setae (fig. 2G), on inner face by one strong subcorner R-spine. Dactylus reaching posterior margin of propodus, along outer margin with one median seta. Pereopods 3 and 4 relatively stout. Pereopod 3: article 2 with 2 distal short setae along anterior margin, along posterior margin attached 2 long median and one short distal seta (fig. 3D). Articles 3–6 of unequal length (ratio: 23:36:27:43), article 3 naked; article 4 at posterior margin with 2 short median and 2 distal short setae, along anterior margin with distal bunch of 3 setae; article 5 at posterior margin with 3 distal setae, along anterior margin with one median and 2 distal setae. Article 6 hardly recurved (distorted), along posterior margin with one median and one distal short seta, at anterior margin with 2 groups of median setae and one distal seta; dactylus strong, shorter than article 6 (ratio: 19:43), slightly recurved, along outer margin with one median plumose seta, at inner margin with one strong spine and short seta near basis of nail (fig. 3E), nail strong, slightly shorter than its pedestal (ratio: 35:42). Pereopod 4 mainly like pereopod 3, but slightly shorter. Article 2 along anterior margin with 3 short setae, along posterior margin with one long median seta and one short distal seta; article 3 naked; article 4 along posterior margin with 2 short setae, along anterior margin with bunch of long distal setae; article 5 at posterior margin with 3 short setae, along anterior margin with single median and 2 distal short setae (fig. 3F). Article 6 at posterior margin with one seta, at anterior margin with 3 median and bunch of distal short setae. Dactylus like that in pereopod 3. Pereopods 5–7 are short and stout. Pereopod 5: article 2 much longer than broad (ratio: 69:40), along anterior margin with 2 distal short setae, along posterior convex margin attached nearly 7 long setae of unequal length, ventro-posterior lobe absent (fig. 4A). Articles 3–6 of unequal length (ratio: 20:42:47:60). Article 3 along anterior margin with 2–3 short distal setae; article 4 at anterior margin with one median and 3 distal short setae, along posterior margin appear one median and 3 distal long setae, as well as one distal spine. Article 5 at anterior margin with one median and one distal group of spines, at posterior margin appear 3 groups of long setae accompanied by single spines. Article 6 shorter than article 2 (ratio: 60:69), provided at anterior margin with one median and one distal group of short spines, along posterior margin appear 3 groups of long simple setae. Dactylus strong, shorter than article 6 (ratio: 25:60), at inner margin with one strong spine and short seta near basis of the nail, at outer margin with one median plumose seta; nail shorter than pedestal (fig. 4B). Pereopod 6 slightly longer than pereopods 5 and 7; article 2 longer than broad (ratio: 75:45), along anterior margin there is one short median seta and one distal short spine and single setae, along posterior margin there are 9 unequally long setae, ventro-posterior lobe absent (fig. 4C). Articles 3–6 of unequal length (ratio: 23:53:52:70). Article 3 at anterior distal margin with one short seta; article 4 at anterior margin with one short median and 3 distal spines, along posterior margin there are 2 groups of long setae and several distal spines; article 5 with one median and one distal group of short spines, along posterior margin with 3 groups of long simple setae as well as one long distal spine. Article 6 shorter than article 2 (ratio: 70:75), at anterior margin with one median and one distal group of short spines, along posterior margin with 4 groups of long simple setae and one distal short spine. Dactylus much shorter than article 6 (ratio: 26:70), at inner margin with one strong spine and short seta near basis of the nail, at outer margin with one median plumose seta; nail shorter than pedestal (fig. 4C). Pereopod 7: article 2 is longer than broad (ratio: 70:44), anterior margin provided with one short median seta and short distal spine, along posterior margin appear 7 unequal setae, ventro-posterior lobe absent (fig. 4D). Articles 3–6 of unequal length (ratio: 27:56:48:67). Article 3 with one distal short seta at anterior margin; article 4 at anterior margin with one median and one distal bunch of short spines, along posterior margin with 3 groups of long setae and 2 distal spines; article 5 along posterior margin with 3 groups of long setae and 2–3 distal spines, along anterior margin with one median and one distal group of short spines. Article 6 shorter than article 2 (ratio: 67:70), along posterior margin with 3 groups of long 1–2 setae and with one median and one distal short spine. Dactylus shorter than article 6 (ratio: 27:70), at inner margin with one strong spine and short seta near basis of the nail, at outer margin with one median plumose seta; nail shorter than pedestal (ratio: 35:44) (fig. 4E). Pleopods 1–3 with rather compressed peduncles bearing 2 retinacula each; peduncles naked, bearing rami of subequal length, composed of 6–8 articles (fig. 5C). Uropod 1 slender, peduncle reaching the end of urosoma; with 2 dorso-external short spines and distal pair of spines, dorso-internal row absent. Outer ramus as long as inner one, provided with distal bunch of 5 unequal spines (figs 5D, 6A); inner ramus with one median spine and distal group of 4 relatively short spines, rami reaching beyond the tips of uropod 2. Uropod 2 slender, peduncle with distal spine; inner ramus distinctly longer than outer one, both rami with one median spine and distal group of 5 spines (figs 5D, 6B). Uropod 3 reduced, much shorter than uropod 2 peduncle, longer than broad (ratio: 50:21), bearing 2 distal spines; inner ramus minute, vestigial, with one simple distal seta. Outer ramus consisting of one article, longer than broad (ratio: 36:15), shorter than peduncle; with 5 distal spines of unequal length (the longest spine only slightly shorter than ramus itself (figs 5E, 6C). Telson short, much shorter than wide (ratio: 20:44), incised distally; lobes subrounded and provided with one distal seta, incision does or doesn`t reach the half length of telson (figs 5E, 6H). Coxal gills present on the legs 2–6; coxal gill on gnathopod 2 and pereopod 4 narrow and recurved (figs 2E, 3F), coxal gill on pereopod 3 is large, ovoid (fig. 3D), coxal gills on pereopods 5 and 6 ovoid, but smaller than that of pereopod 3 (fig. 4A, C). Oostegites appear on legs 2–5, very large, with short marginal setae (figs 2E, 4A). Variability. The number and size of setae on meso- and metasomal segments rather variable, but last metasomal (pleonites) and all urosomal segments (urosomites) without facial setae. Accessory flagellum very small, almost as long as broad (fig. 1C) to twice as long ass broad, with 2 long distal simple setae (fig. 6G). Aesthetascs present in many flagellar articles, nearly half as long as corresponding article of antenna 1 flagellum. Epimeral plates 1–3 without ventral spines or setae. The number of posterior transverse groups of setae on gnathopod-propodus rather variable. Propodus of gnathopod 2 usually with one L-spine sitting laterally from Sspine [exceptionally L-spine is produced into long strong seta, probably aberrant] (fig. 3C). Uropod 1 peduncle with dorsoexternal row of spines, dorsointernal margin with 0–1 distal spine only. Mandibular palpus consisting of one small article, sometimes partially divided into 2 parts, but not distinctly 2- articulated (fig. 1E, F, I). Male is unknown. Ecology. Numerous specimens have been observed walking deep in the cave on the rocky bottom of pools. The entrance of the cave is at elevation of 1495 m a.s.l, the bottom is nearly 500 m below the entrance. The air temperature is very variable and may be periodically close to 0 o C (Bakšić et al. 2018). Derivatio nominis. The name “ lubuskensis ” allude to the type locality of this species, cave Lubuška jama.

Karaman, Gordan S., Sket, Boris (2019): New genus and species of the family Niphargidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Senticaudata), Chaetoniphargus lubuskensis gen. nov., sp. nov. from Croatia. Zootaxa 4545 (2): 249-263, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4545.2.5

Genus Chaetoniphargus gen. nov. Diagnosis of genus (female only). Body rather inflated in the middle, lateral cephalic lobes short, eyes absent. Antennae 1 longer than 2, accessory flagellum consisting of one article; labrum well developed; labium with well developed narrow inner lobes, mandibular molar bluntly conical; left incisor with 4 teeth, lacinia mobilis strong, with 4 teeth; right mandible with toothed molar (4 teeth), lacinia mobilis not observed. Mandibular palpus vestigial, consisting of one article. Maxilla 1 inner plate small, outer plate with numerous serrate flattened spines; palpus vestigial, consisting of one article. Maxilla 2 outer plate larger than inner one, both plates with reduced number of distal setae. Maxilliped: inner plate narrow, outer plate short and strong, palpus 4-articulated, article 4 with distal nail. Coxa 4 unlobed posteriorly, coxa 5 nearly as large as coxa 4. Gnathopods 1–2 weak, propodus subtrapezoid, with dactylus bearing one median seta at outer margin. Pereopods 3–7 with strong dactylus provided with one spine at inner margin. Pereopods 5–7 articles 4–6 with bunches of long setae and single spines. Pleopods with segmented subequal rami. Urosome dorsally naked, uropods 1–2 biramous. Uropod 3 very short, inner ramus scale-like, outer ramus consisting of one short article bearing distal spines. Telson very short, much broader than long, incised in the middle, each lobe with one small short distal seta. Coxal gills occur on legs 2–6; gill on gnathopod 2 and pereopod 4 long and narrow, coxal gill on pereopod 3 very large, ovoid. Oostegites occur on pereopods 2–5. Males unknown Typus generis. Chaetoniphargus lubuskensis, sp. nov. (monotypy). Derivatio nominis. The name Chaetoniphargus alludes to the body of Niphargus provided with some setae (chaetae).

Key to the genera of the family Niphargidae (modified from G. Karaman 2016) 1. Mandibular palpus well developed, consisting of 3 articles.................................................... 2 - Mandibular palpus reduced, consisting of one small article.............. Chaetoniphargus G. Karaman & Sket, gen. nov. 2. Antenna 1, accessory flagellum 1-articulate................................................................ 3 - Antenna 1 accessory flagellum 2-articulate................................................................ 6 3. Maxilla 1 palpus consisting of one article.............................................. Niphargobates Sket, 1981 - Maxilla 1 palpus consisting of 2 articles................................................................... 4 4. Uropod 3 outer ramus consisting of one short article........................................ Carinurella Sket, 1971 - Uropod 3 outer ramus consisting of 2 articles............................................................... 5 5. Mandibular palpus partially reduced, bearing distal E-setae only. Body slender, elongated..................................................................................................... Microniphargus Schellenberg, 1934 - Mandibular palpus well developed, article 3 subfalciform, with at least D and E-setae. Body shaped for rolling into a ball..................................................................................... Karamaniella Sket, 1962 6. Uropod 3 outer ramus consisting of 1 article............................................................... 7 - Uropod 3 outer ramus consisting of 2 articles............................................................... 8 7. Maxilla 1 palpus consisting of 1 shortened article............................... Niphargobatoides G. Karaman 2016 - Maxilla 1 palpus well developed, consisting of 2 articles....................... Haploginglymus Mateus & Mateus 1958 8. Uropod 3 inner ramus well developed, long, exceeding half of outer ramus................ Pontoniphargus Dancau, 1970 - Uropod 3 inner ramus short, more or less scale-like, much shorter than first article of outer ramus..................... 9 9. Maxilliped palpus article 4 with 3 distal nails (maxilla 1 outer plate with numerous pectinate slender spines).......................................................................................... Exniphargus G. Karaman 2016 - Maxilliped palpus article 4 with one, exceptionally 2 distal nails.............................................. 10 10. Maxilla 1 outer plate with over 20 pectinate spine.................................... Niphargopsis Chevreux, 1922 - Maxilla 1 outer plate with 7-8, rarely up to 10 simple or pectinate spines....................................... 11 11. Mandibular palpus article 3 partially reduced, bearing distal E-setae only............... Niphargellus Schellenberg, 1938. - Mandibular palpus article 3 well developed, subfalciform, with at least D and E setae.............................. 12 12. Maxilliped inner and outer plate short and broad; maxilla 2 both plates short and broad; maxilla 1 inner plate strong, broader than palpus, outer plate with 9���10 pectinate spines, palpus short, not exceeding basis of outer plate spine.......................................................................................... Foroniphargus G. Karaman, 1985 - Maxilliped inner and outer plate slender; maxilla 2 both plates slender; maxilla 1 inner plate is slender, narrowed distally, outer plate with 7���9 simple to pectinate spines, palpus longer, exceeding basis of outer plate spines..... Niphargus Schi��dte 1849, Published as part of Karaman, Gordan S. & Sket, Boris, 2019, New genus and species of the family Niphargidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Senticaudata), Chaetoniphargus lubuskensis gen. nov., sp. nov. from Croatia, pp. 249-263 in Zootaxa 4545 (2) on page 262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4545.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/2618811, {"references":["Karaman, G. (2016) Two new genera of the family Niphargidae from Greece (Contribution to the Knowledge of the Amphipoda 287). Agriculture & Forestry, Podgorica, 62 (1), 7 - 27, 8 figs","Sket, B. (1981) Niphargobates orophobata n. g., n. sp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridae, s. l.) from cave waters in Slovenia (NW Yugoslavia). Bioloski Festnik, Ljubljana, 29 (1), 105 - 118.","Sket, B. (1971) Vier neue aberrante Niphargus - Arten (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) und einige Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie der Niphargus-ahnlichen Gruppen. Razprave, Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Ljubljana, 14 (1), 1 - 25.","Schellenberg, A. (1934) Eine neue Amphipoden-Gattung aus einer belgischen Hohle nebst Bemerkungen uber die Gattung Crangonyx. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 106 (9), 215 - 218.","Sket, B. (1962) Karamaniella pupetta, n. g., n. sp., ein neuer Amphipode aus Slovenien. Izdanija, Zavod za Ribarstvo Makedonije, 3 (2), 27 - 32. [1960, Skopje]","Mateus, A. & Mateus, E. (1958) Un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espece d`Amphipode troglobie du Portugal. Publicacoes do Instituto de Zoologia \" Dr. Augusto Nobre \", Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto, Coimbra, 59, 1 - 15, figs. 1 - 11.","Dancau, D. (1970) Sur un nouvel amphipode souterrain de Roumanie, Pontoniphargus racovitzai, n. g., n. sp. Livre de centenaire Emile Racovitza 1868 - 1968. Academie de la Republique Socialiste de Roumanie, 275 - 285.","Chevreux, E. (1922) Sur un nouveau genre d`amphipodes de la faune francaise. Bulletin du Museum National d`Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 7, 487 - 488.","Schellenberg, A. (1938) Niphargellus, eine neue subterrane Amphipodengattung an der Ost- und Westgrenze des Reiches. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 122 (9 - 10), 245 - 248.","Karaman, G. (1985) Foroniphargus pori, new genus and species of family Niphargidae (Contribution to the Knowledge of the Amphipoda 152). Poljoprivreda i sumarstvo, Titograd, 31 (4), 51 - 66.","Schiodte, J. C. (1849) Bidrag til den underjordiske Fauna. Det kongelige danske Fidenskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. Femte Raekke. Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeling. Andet Bind. Kjobenhavn, 2 (5), 1 - 39."]}

Tadzocrangonyx alaicus, sp. n. FIGURES 1D, 12���15 Material examined. HOLOTYPE SPEcImEn NC189: FEmALE, 4.5 mm, OOSTEGITES WEAKLY DEVELOPED, nOn-SETOSE; KYZYL BULAK SPRInG, 40.062972, 71.723139, 1155 m A.S.L., KYZYL BULAK, KADAmjAY DISTRIcT, BATKEn REGIOn, KYRGYZSTAn, LEG. 10 JUnE 2012 bY B. SKET. PARATYPES NC190-NC193: 3 FEmALES, 5.2 mm, cA. 5.0 mm, 4.0 mm, OOSTEGITES WEAKLY DEVELOPED, nOn-SETOSE, 1 PRObAbLE mALE, 4.2 mm; SAmE DATA AS HOLOTYPE. OTHER SPEcImEnS EXAmInED FROm THE SAmE LOcALITY (nOT IncLUDED In THE TYPE SERIES): NC194-NC203: 1 FEmALE (4.2 mm, FRAGmEnT), 3 (SEX UnKnOWn) FRAGmEnTS, 6 jUVEnILES 2.5-3.0 mm. PARTIALLY DISSEcTED, mEASURED AnD DEPOSITED AT THE RESEARcH cOLLEcTIOn OF THE ODDELEK ZA bIOLOGIjO, BIOTEHnI��KA FAKULTETA, UnIVERZA V LjUbLjAnI. Diagnosis. SmALL, EYELESS, PIGmEnTLESS cRAnGOnYcTID SHAPED AmPHIPOD WITHOUT STERnAL GILLS; TELSOn SHORT AnD DEEPLY SPLIT; mAnDIbULAR PALPUS nORmALLY DEVELOPED; cOXAL PLATES II���IV SHORT (SHALLOW) nOT LOnGER THAn WIDE; PROPODUS OF GnATHOPODS ARmED WITH 2 SPInES AT DEFInInG AnGLE; UROPODS I nOT REAcHInG TIPS OF II, UROPOD III EnDOPODITE ScALE-LIKE, EXOPODITE WITH WELL DEVELOPED DISTAL ARTIcLE. GenBank accession number: MG655627 FOR ISOLATE 373TADZOcRKYR. Etymology. SPEcIFIc EPITHET ' alaicus ' FOR THE ALAI MOUnTAInS WHERE THE SPEcImEnS WERE cOLLEcTED. Description. GENERAL BODY MORPHOLOGY (FIGS 1D, 12A, E, H, 15F). Body DORSALLY WITH FEW FInE SETAE; PLEOn nOT ARmED DORSALLY; LEnGTH 4.5 mm. Head AS LOnG AS PEREOnITES I AnD II cOmbInED, ROSTRUm InDISTIncT, EYES (EYE PIGmEnTATIOn) AbSEnT. Epimeral plates I��� III WITHOUT POST-VEnTRAL TEETH, ALTHOUGH PLATE II SLIGHTLY AcUmInATE, cORnERS bEARInG mInUTE SETA OR UnARmED; EPImERA WITHOUT VEnTRAL RObUST SETAE, POSTERIOR mARGInS SInUOUS AnD WITH 1 SETA OR nAKED. Urosomites I��� III WITHOUT DORSAL cUTIcULAR ARmAmEnTS; EAcH ARmED WITH nOTcHED SPInES In THE FOLLOWInG mAnnER: 1���1 // 1���1 // 1���1. Telson: SHORTEnED, HALF SHORTER THAn UROPOD III PEDUncLE, LEnGTH HALF ITS WIDTH; EnTIRELY cLEFT; APIcES WITH 6 SHORT RObUST SETAE In A ROW AnD A PAIR OF SETULES DORSOLATERALLY. ANTENNAE (FIGS 1D, 12A���D). First antenna: LOnG, 0.7 bODY LEnGTH, APPROXImATELY 0.35 AS LOnG AS SEcOnD AnTEnnA; PEDUncULAR ARTIcLES I-III WITH A LEnGTH RATIO OF 1:0.6:0.5, ARTIcLES 1 AnD 2 WITH A FEW SETS OF SETAE On mEDIAL AnD VEnTRAL mARGInS, THE THIRD ARTIcLE bEARInG SPARSE SETAE; PRImARY FLAGELLUm WITH 21 UnIFORm, SPARSELY SETULATE ARTIcLES, LAncEOLATE AESTHETAScS PRESEnT On ARTIcLES 5-19; AccESSORY FLAGELLUm 2-ARTIcULATE, LOnGER THAn AccOmPAnYInG PRImARY FLAGELLAR ARTIcLE. Second antenna: LEnGTH AbOUT 0.35 bODY, PEDUncLE LEnGTH 1.3 FLAGELLUm; PEDUncULAR ARTIcLES 4 AnD 5 In LEnGTH RATIO 1:0.9, bOTH SETOSE WITH STIFF nOTcHED SETAE ALOnG VEnTRAL AnD DORSAL FAcES, ARTIcLE 4 bEARInG bUnDLE OF STIFF SImPLE SETAE On ITS VEnTRO-DISTAL cORnER; GLAnD cOnE SOmEWHAT TAPERED; cALcEOLI AbSEnT; FLAGELLUm WITH 12 WEAKLY SETATE ARTIcLES, 8 DISTAL OF THEm WITH SInGLE ROD-LIKE AESTHETASc EAcH. MOUTH PARTS (FIGS 13A���I). Upper lip ObLOnG, ROUnDED, WITH mInUTE SETAE AT APEX. MAnDIbLES SUbEqUAL, mAnDIbULAR bODY SmALL, SLIGHTLY cOmPRESSED. Left mandible: PALP ARTIcLE 2 LOnGER THAn ARTIcLE 3 (DISTAL), WITH 3 InnER mARGInAL SETAE, ARTIcLE 3 WEAKLY FALcATE, bEARInG 12 D-SETAE AnD 3 E-SETAE; IncISOR PROcESS WITH 7 TEETH; LAcInIA mObILIS WITH 6 TEETH AnD 4 STIFF PLUmOSE SETAE In A ROW. Right mandible: IncISOR PROcESS bEARInG 7 TEETH; LAcInIA mObILIS bIFID WITH FEW SETULES AnD 3 STIFF PLUmOSE SETAE In A ROW, mOLAR PROcESS WITH GRInDInG SURFAcE bEARInG LOnG POSTERIOR PLUmOSE SETA. Lower lip: OUTER LObES mODERATE, SLIGHTLY AnGULATED, DEnSELY SETOSE WITH SETULES; mAnDIbULAR PROcESS DISTIncT (nARROW); InnER LObES PRESEnT, VESTIGIAL. Maxilla I, PALPS A LITTLE ASYmmETRIcAL: LEFT maxilla: PALP LOnG AnD SLEnDER, ARTIcLE 1 HALF SHORTER THAn ARTIcLE 2 WITH 4 SHORT SPInES AnD 2 SImPLE RObUST SETAE On ITS APIcAL AnD SUb-APIcAL mARGIn; OUTER PLATE WITH 9 THIcK SPInES (2 bIDEnTATE, 7 mULTI-DEnTATE); InnER PLATE nARROW, WITH 4 PLUmOSE APIcAL SETAE; RIGHT maxilla I, PALP ARTIcLE 2 WITH 5 RObUST SETAE (1 OF THEm SERRATE) On APIcAL mARGIn. Maxilla II WITH bOTH PLATES nARROW, OUTER PLATE APIcAL mARGIn WITH 21 LOnG SImPLE SETAE In TWO ROWS; InnER PLATE WITH ObLIqUE ROW OF 7 PLUmOSE SETAE AnD bEARInG 25 LOnG SImPLE SETAE In TWO ROWS On APIcAL mARGIn. Maxilliped: InnER PLATE ObLOnG, nARROW, WITH 3 FORKED SUbTLE SPInES, 1 SImPLE SPInE AnD 2 nAKED SETAE APIcALLY, 11 PLUmOSE SETAE On InnER VEnTRAL FAcE; OUTER PLATE LOnG, SUb-OVOID, WITH A ROW OF 11 STROnG, KnIFELIKE SPInES AnD 3 PAPPOSE SETAE ALOnG OUTER mARGIn, AnD 10 STIFF SETAE SUb-mARGInALLY; mAXILLIPED PALP ARTIcLE 2 LInEAR, WITH A ROWS OF AbOUT 35 THIn SETAE ALOnG InnER VEnTRAL FAcE AnD 1 ELOnGATE APIcOLATERAL SETA; PALP ARTIcLE 3 nARROW, WITH SET OF 4 LOnG SETAE On OUTER mARGIn, 4 SETAE On InnER mARGIn, mEDIOVEnTRAL AREA WITH A ROW OF LOnG SImPLE SETAE (2 OF THEm STROnG, SERRATED); PALP ARTIcLE 4 (DISTAL), 0.3 SHORTER THAn PALP ARTIcLE 3, nAIL SLEnDER, bEARInG 6 SETAE AT ITS bASE. Lateralia WITH 12 STROnG, SImPLE SPInES AnD A ROW OF LOnG SETAE. COXAL PLATES, GILLS AND OOSTEGITES (FIGS 1D, 14A, B, 15A���E). Coxal plates I��� IV OF DISSImILAR SHAPE, ROUGHLY SqUARE OR REcTAnGULAR, WITH A SPARSE ROW OF SHORT SETAE ALOnG VEnTRAL mARGIn OF EAcH; cOXAL PLATES V AnD VI WITH DISTIncT AnTERIOR LObES, POSTERIOR mARGIn SLIGHTLY nOTcHED bEARInG 1 SETA; cOXAL PLATE VII SmALLEST, SEmILUnAR, WITH 1 SETA On POSTERIOR mARGIn; EAcH PLATE II ���VI bEARInG SInGLE, SAc-LIKE coxal gill WITH LOnG STALK. Sternal gills AbSEnT. Oostegites II ���V nOT WELL DEVELOPED, ObLOnG, nARROW (nOT GAmmARID). GNATHOPODS (FIGS 14A, B). First gnathopod: bASIS WITH 1 LOnG AnD 4 SHORT SETAE On AnTERIOR AnD 3 LOnG SETAE On POSTERIOR mARGInS; cARPUS STOUT, POSTERIOR mARGIn WITH 2 SETAE AnD POSTERIOR AnGLE bEARInG 1 SETA, 2 GROUPS OF STIFF SETAE On VEnTRAL mARGIn, A ROW OF STIFF SETAE On InnER FAcE; PROPODUS SUb-TRAPEZOIDAL, LOnGER THAn WIDE, bEARInG 3 LOnG SETAE On AnTERIOR mARGIn, A GROUP OF 7 SETAE On AnTERO-DISTAL cORnER, 3 GROUPS OF STIFF SETAE On InnER FAcE AnD 3 GROUPS OF SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR mARGIn, PALm AS LOnG AS POSTERIOR mARGIn, bEVELED, STRAIGHT WITH cUTTInG mARGIn SmOOTH, PALmAR mARGIn WITH 10 SHORT SETAE ALOnG OUTER AnD InnER FAcES, PALmAR AnGLE DEFInED AnD ARmED WITH 2 DISTALLYnOTcHED SPInES AccOmPAnIED WITH A GROUP OF LOnG SETAE On InnER FAcE; DAcTYLUS cREScEnT-SHAPED, nAIL LOnG, 0.37 OF TOTAL LEnGTH OF DAcTYLUS, 1 SETA ALOnG AnTERIOR mARGIn, InnER mARGIn SmOOTH, WITH A GROUP OF 3 mInUTE SETULES AT HInGE. Second gnathopod GEnERALLY SImILAR TO GnATHOPOD I, bUT A LITTLE LARGER; cARPUS FEEbLE, WITH 4 GROUPS OF STIFF SETAE On VEnTRAL mARGIn; PROPODUS AnD DAcTYLUS SUb-SImILAR TO THAT OF GnATHOPOD I. PEREOPODS (FIGS 1D, 15A��� E): pereopods III AnD IV SUbEqUAL In LEnGTH, SOmEWHAT LOnGER THAn THE GnATHOPOD II, ARTIcLE IV bEARInG SHORT SETAE POSTERIORLY, ARTIcLES V AnD VI OF THIRD LEG bEARInG 1-1-1 AnD 2-2-2-1 POSTERIOR SPInES cORRESPOnDInGLY, AnD OF THE FOURTH LEG 1-1-1 AnD 1-2-2-1; pereopods V��� VII SImILAR, SEcOnD ARTIcLES SLIGHTLY EXPAnDED POSTERIORLY, POSTERIOR mARGIn SERRATE WITH SHORT mARGInAL SETAE, POSTERIOR mARGInS OF PROPODI ARmED WITH nOTcHED SPInES EXcEPT ARTIcLES VI bEARInG LOnG SETAE, DAcTYLI III AnD IV WITH SInGLE FAcIAL PEnnATE SETULES, DAcTYLI V��� VII WITH ADDITIOnAL FAcIAL SETULES. PLEOPODS AND UROPODS (FIGS 12E���I, 15G���I): pleopods EAcH WITH TWO RETInAcULA; PEDUncULAR ARTIcLES nAKED EXcEPT FOR 3 LOnG STIFF mEDIAL SETAE On THE THIRD; RAmI OF 8-7, 8-7, 7-6 ARTIcLES OF OUTER AnD InnER RESPEcTIVELY. Third uropod EXTEnDInG WELL bEYOnD UROPODS I AnD II In THE InTAcT bODY; UROPOD LEnGTHS RELATIVE TO UROPOD I; UROPOD II 0.8, UROPOD III 1.5; uropod I PEDUncLE LEnGTH 1.4 InnER AnD 1.6 OUTER RAmI, WITH 1 STROnG bASOFAcIAL SPInE, LATERAL mARGIn WITH A ROW OF 3 nOTcHED DORSAL SPInES, mEDIAL mARGIn bEARInG 2 STROnG nOTcHED SPInES; RAmI OF UnEqUAL LEnGTH, InnER RAmUS WITH 2 ROWS OF LATERAL SPInES, AnD 4 APIcAL nOTcHED SPInES; uropod II PEDUncLE 0.2 AS LOnG AS InnER RAmUS, WITH 2 SHORT DORSOLATERAL SPInES IncLUDInG 1 APIcAL SPInE, OUTER RAmUS SLIGHTLY SHORTER THAn InnER, InnER RAmUS WITH 3 mEDIOLATERAL SPInES, bOTH RAmI WITH 4 TERmInAL nOTcHED SPInES; uropod III PARVIRAmOUS, PEDUncLE AS LOnG AS UROSOmITE III, 0.3 LEnGTH OF OUTER RAmUS, bEARInG 3 FAcIAL AnD 5 VEnTRODISTAL nOTcHED SPInES, OUTER RAmUS TWO-ARTIcULATE, PROXImAL ARTIcLE WITH TRAnSVERSE ROW OF SPInES ARRAnGED mEDIALLY 3-3-3, LATERALLY nAKED, WITH 2 GROUPS OF 6-7 TERmInAL SPInES, DISTAL ARTIcLE SHORT, APPROXImATELY 0.38 PROXImAL, bEARInG 2 SPInES mEDIALLY AnD 2 SPInES AccOmPAnIED WITH FInE SETULES APIcALLY, InnER RAmUS VESTIGIAL, SHORT, 0.16 OUTER, WITH 1 APIcAL SPInE AnD 1 SETA OnLY. Sexual dimorphism. OnE PRObAbLY mALE SPEcImEn WITH bODY LEnGTH 4.2 mm IS SImILAR TO FEmALE bUT WITH A SmALLER bODY SIZE AnD SLIGHTLY DIFFERInG In mORPHOLOGY OF GnATHOPODS (SEE FIGS 14C, D). Variability. THE EXAmInED SPEcImEnS HAVE An InSIGnIFIcAnT VARIATIOn In THE SHAPE OF EPImERAL PLATES AnD ARmORInG OF UROPOD 3. Ecology and distribution. Tadzocrangonyx alaicus, sp. n. WAS FOUnD OnLY In THE PAmIR-ALAY mOUnTAIn SYSTEm, AT ELEVATIOn 1155 m A.S.L. OF THE nORTHERn FOOTHILLS OF THE ALAI RAnGE In A KARST SPRInG LOcATED In THE SHAKHImARDAn RIVER bASIn. Remarks. AccORDInG TO mOLEcULAR AnALYSIS THIS AmPHIPOD bELOnGS TO GAmmARIDAE, AS THE mOST bASAL bRAncH OF THE Sarothrogammarus GROUP OF GEnERA (SKET & HOU, 2018). THE Sarothrogammarus GROUP HAS A DISjUncT DISTRIbUTIOn bETWEEn PAmIR PLATEAU FRESHWATERS AnD MEDITERRAnEAn SHORES; WHILE THE GEnUS Tadzocrangonyx IS LImITED TO CEnTRAL ASIA. THESE DISTRIbUTIOn PATTERnS mIGHT bE DRIVEn bY THE TETHYAn RETREAT (HOU ET AL., 2014). ALTHOUGH OF A cRAnGOnYcTID SHAPE, IT DIFFERS FROm cRAnGOnYcTIDS bY THE AbSEncE OF STERnAL GILLS AS WELL AS bY A DEEPLY SPLIT, nOn-cRAnGOnYcTID TELSOn. SIncE WE HAVE nO mOLEcULAR DATA AbOUT bOTH PREVIOUSLY DEScRIbED Tadzocrangonyx SPEcIES, THE TYPE T. schizurus (BIR��TEjn, 1948) AnD T. setiferus (BIRSTEIn ET LjOVUScHKIn, 1972), OUR TAXOnOmIc DEcISIOn IS SUPPORTED bY GEOGRAPHIcAL POSITIOn bETWEEn bOTH AS WELL AS bY mORPHOLOGIcAL SImILARITY OF THREE SPEcIES. THE mOST DISTURbInG cHARAcTER IS A WELL DEVELOPED TERmInAL ARTIcLE OF THE UROPOD III EXOPODITE, WHIcH IS mISSInG AT bOTH PREVIOUS SPEcIES. HOWEVER, THIS IS nOT A PHYLOGEnETIcALLY STAbLE cHARAcTER. In THE RELATED GEnUS Sarothrogammarus, THIS ARTIcLE mAY bE TWIcE THE LEnGTH OF SURROUnDInG SPInES In ATLAnTIc AnD MEDITERRAnEAn RELATIVES (STOcK 1971), OR mORE THAn HALF SHORTER AnD nOT THIcKER THAn SURROUnDInG SPInES (In S. ruffoi KARAmAn, 1971), OR EVEn 'nOT VISIbLE (REDUcED)' (In S. asiaticus MARTYnOV, 1935). In THE LESS RELATED GEnUS Niphargus ScHI��DTE (FAm. NIPHARGIDAE) THIS ARTIcLE mAY bE OF THE SAmE LEnGTH AS THE PROXImAL ARTIcLE, OR mUcH SHORTER, OR EVEn AbSEnT (In N. buturovici S. KARAmAn, 1958). IT IS AbSEnT ALSO In Haploginglymus SPP. WHIcH APPEARED TO bE mOLEcULARLY nESTED WITHIn Niphargus (SEE ALSO MO��KRIč, 2016). THUS, THE DIFFEREncE In THE UROPOD III DOES nOT PREVEnT THE nEW TAXOn OF bEInG A mEmbER OF THE SAmE PHYLOGEnETIc bRAncH, OF THE Sarothrogammarus GROUP AnD OF THE GEnUS Tadzocrangonyx. THE SYSTEmATIcS OF THE CEnTRAL ASIAn SAROTHROGAmmARIDS, Sarothrogammarus, Comatogammarus, Barnardiorum AnD Tadzocrangonyx IS RATHER POORLY DEVELOPED AnD THEIR TAXOnOmIc RELATIOnSHIP IS cOnTROVERSIAL. NEVERTHELESS, In THE cOURSE OF THE cOmPARATIVE mORPHOLOGIcAL AnALYSIS WE DEcIDED THAT THE SUITE OF mORPHOLOGIcAL cHARAcTERS OF THE nEW SPEcIES mOST RESEmbLES Tadzocrangonyx (SEE KARAmAn & BARnARD 1979). TWO PREVIOUSLY DEScRIbED SPEcIES OF THE GEnUS Tadzocrangonyx KnOWn FROm THE CEnTRAL ASIA ARE RATHER DIFFEREnT FROm EAcH OTHER, ESSEnTIALLY DIFFERInG PRImARILY In THE STRUcTURE OF THE UROPOD III. BOTH SPEcIES SIGnIFIcAnTLY DIFFER bY ARmATURE OF bOTH GnATHOPODS AnD bY A SPEcIAL SHAPE OF TELSOn In T. alaicus, sp. n. (SEE TAbLE 1). MAXILLA II IS ALSO VERY DIFFEREnT WITH A VERY nARROW InnER PLATE. HOWEVER, FOR A nUmbER OF SIGnIFIcAnT FEATURES WE cOnSIDER THE nEW SPEcIES cLEARLY RELATES TO THE GEnUS Tadzocrangonyx: I.E., SHORTEnED cOXAL PLATES I��� IV, SUb-SYmmETRIcAL PALPS OF mAXILLA I, STRUcTURE OF GnATHOPODS (PALm nOT ObLIqUE), UnmODIFIED PEREOPODS III AnD IV (SEE ALSO STOcK 1971). Tadzocrangonyx alaicus, sp. n. IS SIGnIFIcAnTLY DIFFEREnT FROm THE KnOWn SPEcIES OF Tadzocrangonyx AnD OTHER SAROTHROGAmmARIDS bY A qUITE UnIqUE STRUcTURE OF UROPOD III WITH THE RELATIVELY WELL DEVELOPED TERmInAL SEGmEnT OF THE EXOPODITE. WE mAY SUPPOSE THAT Tadzocrangonyx REPRESEnTS A STYGObIOTIc RELATIVE OF A mUcH DIVERSIFIED Sarothrogammarus - GROUP In THE REGIOn., Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2018, Three new remarkable amphipod species (Crustacea: Gammaridae) from springs and subterranean waters of Central Asia, pp. 437-461 in Zootaxa 4444 (4) on pages 453-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4444.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1309871, {"references":["Birstejn, J. A. (1948) Bokoplavy Tadzikistana. In: Memorial volume Acad. S. A. Zernov. Publishing house of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Leningrad, pp. 263 - 273. [in Russian]","Birstejn, Ja. A. & Levuskin, S. I. (Birstein, J. A. & Ljovuschkin, S. I.) (1972) Crangonyx setiferus sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from springs of Tian Shan. In: Jankowskaja, A. I. (Ed.), Fauna gruntovyh vod Srednej Azii. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademija Nauk SSSR 51, Leningrad, pp. 139 - 146. [in Russian]","Stock, J. H. (1971) A revision of the Sarothrogammarus - group (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 41, 94 - 129.","Karaman, G. S. (1971) 19. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden. Eine neue Art der Gattung Sarothrogammarus (Gammaridae) aus Afghanistan, S. ruffoi n. sp. Crustaceana, 20, 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854069 X 00222","Martynov, A. V. (1935) Amphipoda Gammaridea of the running waters of Turkestan. Travaux de l'Institute Zoologique de l'Academi des Sciences de l'URSS, 2, 411 ¯ 508. [in Russian with English abstract]","Karaman, S. L. (1958) Weitere Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden und Isopoden Jugoslawiens und Griechenlands. Bioloski glasnik, 11, 11 ¯ 22.","Moskric, A. (2016) Postavitev filogenetskega ogrodja rodu slepih postranic Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) na podlagi molekulskih metod (The formation of a phylogenetic framework for the genus Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) using molecular methods. Doctoral dissertation, Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 153 pp.","Karaman, G. S. & Barnard, J. L. (1979) Classificatory revisions in Gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea), Part I. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92, 106 - 165."]}

Gammarus parvioculatus, sp. n. FIGURES 1B, 6���8 Material examined. HOLOTYPE SPEcImEn NC183: mALE, 9.0 mm; SPRInG-cAVE, 37.94 3889, 66.612500, 1100 m A.S. L., KHODZHAPIL (HODžAPIL', HOjEYPIL), nEAR KOYTEn, K����TEnDAG DISTRIcT, LEbAP PROVIncE, TURKmEnISTAn, LEG. 25 MAY 2015 bY B. SKET. PARATYPE NC184: FEmALE, 9.0 mm, OOSTEGITES DEVELOPED, SETOSE, bEARInG 6 mEDIUm-SIZED EGGS; UnDER SUbmERGED PLAnTS In LImnOcREnE; SAmE DATA AS HOLOTYPE. OTHER SPEcImEnS EXAmInED FROm THE SAmE LOcALITY (nOT IncLUDED In THE TYPE SERIES): NC185-NC188: 4 mALES (4X 11.0 mm). PARTIALLY DISSEcTED, mEASURED AnD DEPOSITED AT THE RESEARcH cOLLEcTIOn OF THE ODDELEK ZA bIOLOGIjO, BIOTEHnI��KA FAKULTETA, UnIVERZA V LjUbLjAnI. Diagnosis. STOUT, mEDIUm SIZED Gammarus WITH SLIGHTLY DImInISHED EYES; ALL APPEnDAGES cOmPARATIVELY SHORT; AnTEnnAE WITH SETAE SHORTER THAn ARTIcLE WIDTHS; mAXILLA I EXTERIOR LObE SPInES WEAKLY TO DEnSELY SERRATED; PEREOPODS III���IV WITH DEnSELY SETOSE ARTIcLES 4-6 POSTERIORLY; UROPOD III EnDOPODITE LOnGER THAn HALF EXOPODITE, ALL mARGInS WITH LOnG SETAE. GenBank accession number: MG655629 FOR ISOLATE 515GPARVIOcTUM. Etymology. SPEcIFIc EPITHET ' parvioculatus ' REFERS TO THE REDUcED SIZE OF EYES (parvus - SmALL In LATIn). Description. GENERAL BODY MORPHOLOGY (FIGS 1B, 7D, H, I). Body STOUT. GEnAL PLATES SHORT, ROUnDED TRIAnGULAR, nEARLY SYmmETRIc UP-DOWn; EYES SmALL, SLIGHTLY SHORTER THAn AnTEnnAL ARTIcLE 1 WIDTH. Coxae I��� IV LOnG (HIGH), I WIDEnED TOWARDS ITS APEX, IV LObATE; APIcAL mARGInS SLIGHTLY cOnVEX, I��� II WITH cA. 5 DISTAnT, SmALL SETAE, III ��� IV WITH SETAE OnLY AT AnGLES. Pleonites WITH SmALL SETAE ALOnG DORSAL AnD LATERAL mARGInS, EPImERAL PLATES WITH 4-5 SmALL SPInES In THEIR APIcAL PARTS, epimeron II POSTERIORLY EnDInG REcTAnGULARLY, epimeron III SLIGHTLY AcUTE. Urosoma WITHOUT nOTIcEAbLE ELEVATIOnS, ITS mEDIAn SPInES AT THE POSTERIOR mARGInS, WIDELY DISTAnT mUTUALLY, WITH SOmE SHORT SETAE AmOnG SPInES; FORmULA FOR UROSOmITES I��� III IS 1���1-1���1 // 2���1-1���2 // 2���2���2. Telson EqUALLY LOnG AS WIDE, DEEPLY SPLIT, EAcH LObE WITH 2 APIcAL AnD 1 bASO-mARGInAL SPInE, mODERATELY nUmEROUS APIcAL AnD FAcIAL SETAE UP TO 4X AS LOnG AS SPInES. ANTENNAE (FIGS 1B, 6A, B). Antenna I 57% bODY LEnGTH. PEDUncLE ARTIcLES In RELATIOn 10:7:5; ARTIcLES 1 AnD 3 WITH SHORT APIcAL SETAE, 2 ALSO WITH A GROUP In ITS mIDDLE; FLAGELLUm OF 27 ARTIcLES WHIcH ARE LOnGER THAn WIDE, WITH ROW OF SHORT (cA. 30% OF ARTIcLE LEnGTHS) SETAE ALOnG APIcAL mARGInS, IncLUDInG ALSO SInGLE EqUALLY SHORT AESTHETAScS. Antenna II cA. 50% PREVIOUS AnTEnnA LEnGTH, WITH LEnGTH RELATIOnS OF 4:5: FLAGELLUm AS 10:10:13; FLAGELLUm OF 9 ARTIcLES; ARTIcLES 4-5 WITH cA. 10 GROUPS OF SETAE EAcH (WITH STIFF nOTcHED SETAE On InnER FAcE), THEIR LEnGTH APPROXImATELY EqUAL THE WIDTH OF ARTIcLES; FLAGELLUm WITH TEnDER TUFTS OF SETAE On LATERAL mARGInS AnD APIcES OF ARTIcLES. MOUTH PARTS (TYPIcAL GAmmARID, FIGS 6C���J). Mandible nORmAL, THE PALP WITH cA. 15 DIFFEREnTLY LOnG SETAE ALOnG THE ARTIcLE 2; ARTIcLE 3 WITH 2 FAcIAL GROUPS OF 2-4 SETAE. Maxilla I ASYmmETRIc, PALPS OnLY DISTALLY ARmED, LEFT PALP WITH cA. 10 SImPLE SETAE, RIGHT WITH 5 TEETH AnD 2 SETAE; OUTER LObE WITH cA. 12 SERRATED SPInES, InnER OnES WITH cA. 10, OUTER OnES WITH 3-4 DEnTIcLES. Maxilla II nORmAL, THE ObLIqUE ROW OF SETAE VERY cLOSE TO THE InnER mARGIn. GNATHOPODS (FIGS 7A, B). Gnathopod I mODERATELY SETOSE, ARTIcLE 5 TRIAnGULAR, WITH cLOSELY PRESSED POSTERIOR GROUPS OF SETAE AnD WITH OnE GROUP OF SETAE In THE mIDDLE OF THE AnTERIOR bORDER; ARTIcLE 6 WITH A VERY STEEP PALmAR mARGIn, PALmAR AnGLE nOT mARKED, WITH cA. 15 SmALL SPInES In THE AREA, nO LARGE SPInES PRESEnT; WITH 5 FAcIAL GROUPS OF 2-6 mODERATELY LOnG SETAE. Gnathopod II ARTIcLE 5 LOnGER, WITH 8 GROUPS OF SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR mARGIn. SPInES In THE PALmAR AnGLE AREA LOnGER, LARGER SPInE In mIDDLE OF PALmAR bORDER, cA. 5 FAcIAL GROUPS OF 5-7 VERY LOnG SETAE. PEREOPODS (FIGS 1B, 8A���E). Pereopods III ��� IV WITH (EqUALLY) DEnSE bRUSHES OF LOnG (FOR DOUbLE ARTIcLE WIDTHS) SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR mARGInS OF ARTIcLES 4-6. Pereopods V��� VII In LEnGTH RELATIOn 100:116:112, VII 50 % OF bODY LEnGTH. WITH bASIPODITES ROUnDED AT AnGLES, V WITH mARKED DISTOPOSTERIOR AnGLE, VII WITH SLIGHTLY cOnVEX LOnGITUDInAL mARGInS, TAPERInG DISTALLY, WITH 3 SmALL SPInES AnD A TUFT OF SETAE ALOnG THE AnTERIOR AnD OVER 15 SmALL SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR mARGIn; ARTIcLES 4-5 WITH 2 PAIRS OF PAIRED SPInES ALOnG mARGInS; DAcTYLUS cA. 25% OF ARTIcLE 6 LOnG, WITH A SHORT nAIL. PLEOPODS AND UROPODS (FIGS 7C, E���G). Pleopods nORmAL, PEDUncLE WITH SOmE GROUPS OF SETAE, RETInAcULA OF 2 HOOKED AnD 2-3 SLEnDER SImPLE SPInES. Uropods I��� II PEDUncLES REAcHInG APPROXImATELY THE EnD OF UROSOmA, RAmI SLIGHTLY bEYOnD THE EnD OF UROPOD III PEDUncLE; PEDUncLES WITH cA. 4 SPInES ALOnG THE EDGES, UROPOD I WITH A bASOFAcIAL SPInE, WITH 1 OR 2 SInGLE OR PAIRED SPInES ALOnG RAmI, THEIR APIcAL SPInES mODERATELY LOnG, 5-6 In nUmbER. Uropod III PEDUncLE WITH A FAcIAL SPInE AnD SOmE SETAE AnD cA. 10 SPInES On THE APIcAL bORDER; EnDOPODITE 60% OF EXOPODITE LEnGTH, bOTH WITH mODERATELY DEnSE mARGInAL bRUSHES OF mODERATELY LOnG WITH mIX OF SImPLE AnD PLUmOSE SETAE. Female. BODY 9.0 mm LOnG. Antenna I WITH 19 ARTIcLES. Gnathopod II PROPODUS SUb-REcTAnGULAR. Pereopods V TO VII WITHOUT SETAE On THE AnTERIOR mARGInS. Uropod III In ALL cHARAcTERS SImILAR AS In mALE, jUST SmALLER AnD LESS RIcHLY SETOSE. Variability. In THE SUbTERRAnEAn bROOK, SOmE SPEcImEnS ARE PIGmEnTED, SOmE WITHOUT bODY PIGmEnTATIOn, bUT nO DIFFEREncE In EYE SIZE. Ecology and distribution. CA. 10 InDIVIDUALS FOUnD WHERE A HOLE OF 2 m 2 OPEnS InTO A nARROW SUbTERRAnEAn cORRIDOR WITH A SHALLOW, WEAK (20 cm WIDE) STREAm. In THIS SmALL ILLUmInATED PART OF THE STREAm WAS FOUnD A DIVERSE EPIGEAn FAUnA: 'HYDRAcARInA', NEmATODA, OLIGOcHAETA, LARVAE OF DIPTERA SImULIIDAE (mAnY), CHIROnOmIDAE (mAnY), EPHEmEROPTERA (cF. Baetis, Caenis, EcDYOnURIDAE). OnLY OnE PIGmEnTED SPEcImEn ObTAInED In A DEnSE LUmP OF SUbmERSE PLAnTS In A LARGE LImnOcREnE. Remarks. ALTHOUGH Gammarus parvioculatus, sp. n. IS ALSO RELATED TO A SUbTERRAnEAn HAbITAT, IT SHOWS nO TROGLOmORPHY EXcEPT THE SLIGHT EYE DImInUTIOn. EVEn In cOmPARISOn TO EPIGEAn SPEcIES IT IS VERY STOUT, WITH cOmPARATIVELY SHORT APPEnDAGES AnD WITH PARTIcULARLY RIcHLY SETOSE PEREOPODS III ��� IV. FROm G. troglomorphus, sp. n. IT ALSO DIFFERS bY ObTUSE EPImERA AnD A SmOOTH UROSOmA. Gammarus parvioculatus, sp. n. POSSESSES An InTERESTInG FEATURE OF AnTERIOR mARGIn OF cOXAE VI AnD VII bEARInG GROUPS OF SETAE AS In Gammarus parthicus STOcK, MIRZAjAnI, VOnK, NADERI ET KIAbI, 1998 (STOcK et al. 1998). WE cAn nOT EXcLUDE THAT THIS SPEcIES WAS REPORTED bY MARTYnOV (1935) UnDER THE nAmES Gammarus turanus subnivalis MARTYnOV, 1935, G. turanus karabasicus excisus MARTYnOV, 1935 AnD/OR G. turanus coxalis MARTYnOV, 1935 WHIcH ARE POORLY IDEnTIFIAbLE cRYOPHILIc SPRInG FORmS; bUT, G. parvioculatus, sp. n. WAS FOUnD PRETTY FAR FROm THE MARTYnOV'S AnImALS, AnD bESIDE THIS IT IS A mOLEcULARLY PROVEn cLOSE RELATIVE OF G. troglomorphus, sp. n.; ITS RELATIOn TO THE SUPPOSED G. subaequalis IS mUcH mORE DISTAnT. THE PAIR G. troglomorphus, sp. n. AnD G. parvioculatus, sp. n. ARE PHYLOGEnETIcALLY cLUSTERED TOGETHER (bUT POORLY SUPPORTED), ALOnG WITH G. decorosus MEnG, HOU ET LI, 2003 FROm XInjIAnG. ALTHOUGH THREE TURKmEn SPEcIES ARE GEOGRAPHIcALLY VERY cLOSE, jUST SOmE KILOmETERS APART, THEY ARE nOT cLOSELY RELATED. Gammarus troglomorphus, sp. n. AnD G. parvioculatus, sp. n. SPLIT FROm THE PROXImAL PART OF THE AGGREGATE cLADE. BOTH SPEcIES ARE mORPHOLOGIcALLY AmOnG THE mOST DISTAnT PAIRS WITHIn THE FORmAL GEnUS Gammarus., Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2018, Three new remarkable amphipod species (Crustacea: Gammaridae) from springs and subterranean waters of Central Asia, pp. 437-461 in Zootaxa 4444 (4) on pages 445-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4444.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1309871, {"references":["Stock, J. H., Mirzajani, A. R., Vonk, R., Naderi, S. & Kiabi, B. H. (1998) Limnic and brackish water Amphipoda (Crustacea) from Iran. Beaufortia, 48, 173 - 234.","Martynov, A. V. (1935) Amphipoda Gammaridea of the running waters of Turkestan. Travaux de l'Institute Zoologique de l'Academi des Sciences de l'URSS, 2, 411 ¯ 508. [in Russian with English abstract]","Meng, K., Hou, Z. & Li, S. (2003) A new species from Xinjiang, China (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 28, 621 ¯ 628."]}

Gammarus troglomorphus, sp. n. FIGURES 1A, 2���5 Material examined. HOLOTYPE SPEcImEn NC181: mALE, 12.4 mm; cOLLAPSE SInKHOLE (SInK-LAKE) SUUV OYUK, 37.596778, 66.405500, 360 m A.S. L., nEAR GARLYK (KARLjUK), K����TEnDAG DISTRIcT, LEbAP PROVIncE, TURKmEnISTAn, LEG. 29 MAY 2015 bY B. SKET, M. PERELADOV AnD B. ZImmERmAn. PARATYPE NC182: FEmALE, 11.5 mm, OOSTEGITES DEVELOPED, SETOSE, bEARInG 19 mEDIUm-SIZED EGGS; SAmE DATA AS HOLOTYPE. Diagnosis. A mEDIUm SIZED, PIGmEnTLESS AnD EYELESS Gammarus WITH cOnSPIcUOUSLY ELOnGATED APPEnDAGES; EPImERA EXPAnDED AcUTE, II SIcKLE SHAPED; UROSOmITES WITH DORSAL LATERALLY cOmPRESSED bULGES; PEREOPOD VII AnD UROPOD I REAcHInG cLOSE TO TIPS OF UROPOD III; SPInES OF mAXILLA I OUTER LObE DEnSELY SERRATED; UROPOD I���II RAmI SmOOTH; UROPOD III, EnDOPODITE LITTLE SHORTER THAn EXOPODITE, ALL mARGInS DEnSELY SETOSE. GenBank accession number: MG655628 FOR ISOLATE 513GTROGLOmTUM. Etymology. SPEcIFIc EPITHET ' troglomorphus ' REFERS TO THE ADAPTIVE cAVERnIcOLOUS mORPHOLOGIcAL FEATURES. Description. GENERAL BODY MORPHOLOGY (FIGS 1A, 3F, G, 4I). A STOUT, WEAKLY SETOSE Gammarus WITHOUT DARK bODY AnD EYE PIGmEnTATIOn. Body LEnGTH UP TO 12.4 mm. Head WITH SHORT AnD ROUnDED, UP-DOWn SYmmETRIc GEnAL PLATES. Pereon AnD pleon nOT ARmED, WITHOUT DORSAL SETAE. Coxal plates I��� IV WITH ROUnDED DISTAL mARGInS, WITH 2-4 SETAE EAcH, cOXAE II ��� III TAPERInG DISTALLY, IV LObATE. Branchia II WIDE, III ��� IV nARROWER, ALL LARGER THAn cOXAL PLATES. Epimeron I DISTO-POSTERIORLY OnLY SLIGHTLY PRODUcED, WITHOUT SPInES OR SETAE. Epimeron II DISTO- POSTERIORLY VERY STROnGLY PRODUcED, THE EnTIRE PLATE nEARLY SIcKLE SHAPED; WITH 2 WEAKLY DEVELOPED SPInES DISTO- AnTERIORLY AnD 2 SmALL SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR mARGIn. Epimeron III STROnGLY PRODUcED, bUT LESS THAn EPImEROn II; OnLY WITH 2 SmALL SPInES On ITS DISTAL mARGIn. Urosomites WITH LATERALLY cOmPRESSED mEDIO-DORSAL ELEVATIOnS, WITH GROUPS OF (1-) 2 SPInES AnD (0-) 1 SETA; mEDIAn GROUPS On TOP OF ELEVATIOnS AnD WITHDRAWn AnTERIORLY; SPInES FORmULA I��� III IS: 2���2���2 // 1���2���1 // 2���2���2. Telson nARROW, ITS WIDTH 75% OF LEnGTH; SPLIT TO 80% OR DEEPER; LObES APIcALLY WITH 2-3 SPInES AnD 3 LOnG SETAE, LATERALLY SInGLE GROUPS OF 2 SETAE. ANTENNAE (FIGS 1A, 2A, B). Antenna I 75% OF bODY LEnGTH, PEDUncLE ARTIcLES In RELATIOn 10:8:5, FLAGELLUm OF 33 ARTIcLES, WHIcH ARE APPROXImATELY TWIcE AS LOnG AS WIDE; AccESSORY FLAGELLUm OF 2 LOnG ARTIcLES. PEDUncLE ARTIcLES WITH SETAE OnLY APIcALLY, THEY ARE LESS THAn 10 AnD VERY SHORT AnD FInE; SUcH IS ALSO THE SETATIOn OF FLAGELLAR ARTIcLES, EAcH FLAGELLAR ARTIcLE bEARInG AESTHETASc, SHORTER THAn SETAE. Antenna II 45% OF AnTEnnA I LEnGTH, ITS LOnG PEDUncLE ARTIcLES AnD FLAGELLUm In RELATIOn 10:11:19; ARTIcLES 4-5 WITH LESS THAn 10 GROUPS OF 2-6 SmALL SETAE (In EAcH GROUP) ALOnG THEIR EnTIRE LEnGTHS; FLAGELLUm mODESTLY EqUIPPED WITH SHORT SETAE; nO cALcEOLI. MOUTH PARTS (TYPIcAL GAmmARID, FIGS 2C���J). Mandibular palp WITH ARTIcLE 2 THE LOnGEST, WITH 2 SHORT AnD 5 LOnGER SETAE, ARTIcLE 3 WITH OnLY 2 InnER GROUPS OF 4 SETAE EAcH. Maxilla I ASYmmETRIc, PALPS nARROW, APIcALLY WITH cA. 5 STROnG SETAE OR SPInES. OUTER LObE WITH 10 SUbEqUAL, DEnSELY PEcTInATE SPInES WITH cA. 20 DEnTIcLES. Maxilla II AnD maxilliped WITHOUT PEcULIARITIES. GNATHOPODS (FIGS 3A, B). Gnathopod I ARTIcLE 6 nARROW AnD POORLY SETOSE, PALmAR AnGLE In ITS mIDDLE, ARTIcLE nOT PEAR-SHAPED; SHORT FAcIAL SETAE In cA. 5 GROUPS OF 1-3, SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR AnD PALmAR mARGInS UP TO TWIcE LOnGER, bUT UP TO 5 GROUPS OF SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR mARGIn WITH OnLY 2-5 SETAE EAcH; PALmAR SPInES WEAK; ARTIcLE 5, DISTAL HALF OF POSTERIOR mARGIn WITH 6 GROUPS OF SHORT SETAE, PARALLEL WITH AnTERIOR OnE. Gnathopod II ARTIcLES 5-6 ELOnGATED, THEIR POSTERIOR mARGInS PARALLEL WITH AnTERIOR OnES; ARTIcLE 5 WITH 8 GROUPS OF POSTERIOR AnD 2 GROUPS OF FAcIAL SETAE, AnTERIORLY OnLY WITH THE DISTAL SETAE; ARTIcLE 6 nARROW, WITH mODERATELY IncLInED PALmAR mARGIn, WITH 8 FAcIAL GROUPS OF 1-5 SETAE; OnE SLEnDER SPInE bETWEEn DAcTYLUS AnD THE SLEnDER PALmAR SPInE, POSTERIOR mARGIn WITH 7 GROUPS OF SETAE WHIcH ARE HALF SHORTER THAn THE ARTIcLE WIDTH. PEREOPODS (FIGS 1A, 4A���E). Pereopods III ��� IV WITH cA. 6-7 OnLY mODESTLY DEnSE GROUPS OF STIFF SETAE On ARTIcLES IV ���VI POSTERIORLY, SETAE LEnGTHS On 4-5 UP TO DOUbLE ARTIcLE WIDTH, On VI SHORTER; DAcTYLUS APPROXImATELY 30% OF ARTIcLE 6 LEnGTH, nAIL cA. 40% OF DAcTYLUS LEnGTH. Pereopods V��� VII ELOnGATED, THEIR LEnGTHS RELATIOn 10:11:11, THE VII IF EXTEnDED, REAcHInG TIPS OF UROPOD III, 70% OF bODY LEnGTH; bASES (ARTIcLES 2) nARROW, OnLY SLIGHTLY TAPERInG DISTALLY; DISTO-POSTERIOR LObES VERY SHORT, AcUTE; POSTERIOR mARGIn In VI��� VII STRAIGHT, In V SLIGHTLY cOncAVE, EnDInG DISTALLY In SmALL REcTAnGULAR AnD AcUTE LObES; AnTERIOR mARGInS WITH 2-3 SPInES In THEIR DISTAL HALVES. ALOnG EAcH, AnTERIOR AnD POSTERIOR mARGInS OF ARTIcLE 4 2-4 PAIRS OF SPInES, In ARTIcLE 5 THERE ARE 4-6 SInGLE OR PAIRED; DAcTYLI cA. 20% OF ARTIcLE 6 LEnGTH, nAILS cA. 35% OF THE EnTIRE DAcTYLUS LOnG. PLEOPODS AND UROPODS (FIGS 3C���E, 4F���H). Pleopods nORmAL, RETInAcLES OF 2 HOOKED AnD 1-3 SHARP SPInES. Uropods I��� II VERY LOnG, PEDUncLES WITH 2 SHORT FAcIAL AnD SOmE APIcAL SPInES, UROPOD I WITH A bASOFAcIAL SPInE; RAmI SHORTER THAn THE PEDUncLE, OnLY WITH VERY SHORT APIcAL SPInES; PEDUncLES REAcHInG cLOSE TO THE UROPOD III PEDUncLE EnD, RAmI bEYOnD THE mIDDLE OF UROPOD III RAmI. Uropod III PEDUncLE TWIcE AS LOnG AS WIDE, OnLY WITH SOmE SPInES DISTALLY; EXOPODITE WITH A mInUTE ARTIcLE 2, WITH mODERATELY LOnG PLUmOSE SETAE ALOnG bOTH mARGInS; EnDOPODITE cA. 85% OF EXOPODITE LOnG, SImILARLY SETOSE, bUT OUTER ROW WITH SImPLE SETAE. Female. BODY 11.5 mm LOnG. Antenna I WITH 31 ARTIcLES. Gnathopods (FIGS 5A, B) SImILAR AS In mALE, jUST SLIGHTLY mORE SETOSE. Oostegites (FIGS 5B���E) cOmPARATIVELY nARROW, II 30 % AS WIDE AS LOnG, III��� V nARROWER, mARGInAL SETAE In POSTERIOR OOSTEGITES AS LOnG AS THE PLATES WIDE. Pereopod V bASIPODITE WITH A SLIGHTLY PRODUcED AcUTE DISTO-POSTERIOR LObE. Uropod III AnD telson (FIGS 5 F, G) In ALL cHARAcTERS SImILAR AS In mALE, jUST SmALLER AnD LESS RIcHLY SETOSE. Ecology and distribution. SUW OYUK (SUUVOYUK) 37.596778, 66.405500, ALT. 360 m nEAR GARLYK (KARLjUK), LEbAP PROVIncE, IS A cOLLAPSE SInKHOLE, An OPEnInG InTO DROWn cAVE SYSTEm. THE LAKE On THE SInK'S 'bOTTOm' IS In FAcT THE UPPER LAYER OF A DEEP SYSTEm OF KARST PHREATIc WATERS. SOmE InDIVIDUALS OF THE TROGLObIOTIc FISH Triplophysa starostini (PARIn) (SYn. Noemacheilus s., Paracobitis s., Troglocobitis s.) WERE ObTAInED SnORKELInG. SOmE InDIVIDUALS OF Gammarus WERE FOUnD PEnDInG On THE nET TRAP FOR cATcHInG FISHES, LEFT THERE OVERnIGHT. COnSIDERInG THE DIVER'S (M. PERELADOV) REPORT, SOmE SPEcImEnS OF THE PRObAbLE SUbTERRAnEAn STEnASELLID ISOPOD Stenasellus asiaticus BIRSTEIn ET STAROSTIn HAVE bEEn ObSERVED DEEPER. ALL OTHER AnImALS ARE REPRESEnTED bY nORmALLY PIGmEnTED EPIGEAn POPULATIOnS. In THE SHALLOWS OF THE bOTTOm LAKE THERE ARE SOmE AqUATIc PLAnTS AnD FILAmEnTOUS ALGAE, AS WELL AS EPIGEAn AqUATIc FAUnA IncLUDInG A SmALL POPULATIOn OF THE TOAD Bufotes cF. oblongus. GASTROPODA OnLY REPRESEnTED bY LYmnAEIDAE (cF. Radix SP.); OSTRAcODA (mAnY), CYcLOPOIDA (mAnY), CLADOcERA, COLEOPTERA DYTIScIDAE, LARVAE OF DIPTERA CHIROnOmIDAE (mAnY), TRIcHOPTERA, AT LEAST 2 SPEcIES OF ODOnATA FLYInG (Ischnura cF. elegans, Orthetrum cF. coerulescens). HOWEVER, GAmmARIDS HAVE nOT bEEn SEEn In THIS LAYER. Remarks. Gammarus troglomorphus, sp. n. IS A RATHER AbERRAnT EYELESS SPEcIES WITH EXTREmELY ELOnGATED APPEnDAGES AnD mODIFIED OUTER PLATE OF mAXILLA I. BY ELOnGATED APPEnDAGES IT RESEmbLES Gammarus microps PInKSTER ET GOEDmAKERS, 1975 KnOWn FROm A cAVE In MOROccO. BY LATERALLY cOmPRESSED AnD ELEVATED UROSOmITES IT RESEmbLES Gammarus syriacus CHEVREUX, 1895, Gammarus laborifer KARAmAn ET PInKSTER, 1977 AnD TO SEVERAL SImILAR SPEcIES KnOWn FROm THE MIDDLE EAST (LEbAnOn, EGYPT, SYRIA AnD OTHER cOUnTRIES) (SEE ZAmAnPOORE et al. 2011). ITS EPImERA II APPEAR TO bE THE mOST PRODUcED In Gammarus. THE cHARAcTERISTIcS DISTInGUISHInG A nEW SPEcIES FROm THE PHYLOGEnETIcALLY cLOSE G. parvioculatus, sp. n. ARE DIScUSSED bELOW., Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2018, Three new remarkable amphipod species (Crustacea: Gammaridae) from springs and subterranean waters of Central Asia, pp. 437-461 in Zootaxa 4444 (4) on pages 438-445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4444.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1309871, {"references":["Pinkster, S. & Goedmakers, A. (1975) On two new freshwater species of the genus Gammarus from North Africa (Crustacea- Amphipoda). Beaufortia, 23, 93 ¯ 103.","Karaman, G. S. & Pinkster, S. (1977) Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (Crustacea-Amphipoda). Part. 1. Gammarus pulex - group and related species. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 47, 1 ¯ 97."]}

Gammarus cf. subaequalis -Garlyk FIGURES 1C, 9���11 probable syn.: Rivulogammarus subaequalis Martynov 1935, p. 440, figs 30-35 (orig. descrip.), non Gammarus (Rivulogammarus) syriacus subaequalis: Bir��tejn 1948, p. 263, fig. 1. Material examined. TURKmEnISTAn: FOUR SPEcImEnS 16/3 - DAS: 3 mALES, 9.5 mm, 2X 11.5 mm, FEmALE, 8.5 mm, OOSTEGITES DEVELOPED, SETOSE, bEARInG 10 mEDIUm-SIZED EGGS DISSEcTED On SLIDES; SmALL STREAm WITH RIcH ImmERSED VEGETATIOn In KARAbULAK RIVER bASIn, 37.589167, 66.340833, 324 m A.S. L., nEAR GARLYK, K����TEnDAG DISTRIcT, LEbAP PROVIncE, LEG. 25 MAY 2015 bY B. SKET. Diagnosis. A mODERATELY STOUT Gammarus WITH SmOOTH bODY, EYES nORmAL; EPImERA DISTO-POSTERIORLY POInTED; UROSOmITES WITH PAIRED DORSAL SPInES, mEDIAn GROUPS I��� II DIVIDED InTO 2 PAIRS OF SPInES EAcH; TELSOn AS WIDE AS LOnG, ITS LObES WITH 2 -3 APIcAL AnD 1 bASOFAcIAL SPInES, SETAE mODERATELY nUmEROUS On THE FAcE; bOTH AnTEnnAE WITH ScARcE AnD SHORT SETAE; GnATHOPODS RIcHLY SETOSE, ARTIcLES 4-6 OF PEREOPODS III���IV WITH DEnSE bRUSHES OF LOnG SETAE; bASIS OF PEREOPOD V DISTALLY WIDE, OF VII bROADLY ROUnDED; UROPOD III EnDOPODITE 86% OF EXOPODITE, ALL mARGInS SETOSE. GenBank accession number: MG655630 FOR ISOLATE 516GGARLYKTUM. Short description. GENERAL BODY MORPHOLOGY (FIGS 1C, 11B, F, G). Body SmOOTH. Coxae I��� IV DISTALLY ROUnDED WITH OnLY FEW SHORT mARGInAL SETAE. Epimera DISTO-POSTERIORLY AcUTE, bUT nOT PRODUcED, cOXAE II ��� III WITH 2-3 SPInES ALOnG DISTAL mARGIn. Urosomites DORSALLY WITH SLIGHT ELEVATIOnS, SPInES AT THE POSTERIOR mARGIn, SPInES WITH SOmE SETAE mAInLY PAIRED, mEDIAn GROUPS OF I��� II DIVIDED InTO TWO SEPARATE PAIRS; III WITH mEDIAn GROUP REPLAcED bY SOmE SETAE. FORmULA FOR UROSOmITES I��� III IS: 3���2���2���2 // 2���2���2���2 // 2���0���3. Telson AS WIDE AS LOnG; LObES WITH 2-3 SPInES APIcALLY AnD 1 SPInE bASOFAcIALLY, WITH UP TO 15 SETAE, UP TO HALF LOnGER THAn APIcAL SPInES, GROUPED In APIcAL AnD SOmE FAcIAL GROUPS. ANTENNAE (FIGS 1C, 9A, B). Antenna I cA. 50% OF bODY LEnGTH, PEDUncLE ARTIcLES LEnGTHS 10:7:5, POORLY SETOSE WITH SOmE DISTAL SHORT SETAE In THE mIDDLE; FLAGELLUm OF 28, AccESSORY FLAGELLUm OF 4 ARTIcLES, FLAGELLAR SETAE UP TO HALF AS LOnG AS ARTIcLES. Antenna II 72% OF AnTEnnA I LEnGTH, LOnG ARTIcLES AnD FLAGELLUm LEnGTHS 10:9:19; FLAGELLUm WITH 15 ARTIcLES AnD WITH cALcEOLI; POORLY SETOSE, SETAE AS LOnG AS WIDTHS OF bEARInG ARTIcLES. MOUTH PARTS (TYPIcAL GAmmARID, FIGS 9C���J). Mandibula WITH cA. 10 SETAE On PALP ARTIcLE 2; ARTIcLE 3 WITH TWIcE 3 B SETAE AnD A GROUP AT OUTER mARGIn. Maxilla I OUTER LObE WITH 11 SPInES, THE InnER HALF FInELY cOmb-SHAPED, OUTER WITH SHORTER AnD THIcKER DEnTIcLES; PALPUS ASYmmETRIc, DISTALLY WITH 5 TEETH AnD 2 SETAE, OR WITH cA. 10 DIFFEREnTLY THIcK SETAE RESPEcTIVELY. GNATHOPODS (FIGS 10A, B). Gnathopods SHAPED AnD SETOSE LIKE In G. parvioculatus, sp. n. PEREOPODS (FIGS 10C���G). Pereopods III ��� IV ARTIcLES 4-5 WITH DEnSE bRUSHES OF SETAE ALOnG POSTERIOR SIDES. Pereopod V bASE DISTALLY nOT mARKEDLY nARROWED, WITH A LARGE, bUT ROUnDED REcTAnGULAR DISTO-POSTERIOR LObE; AnTERIOR mARGIn WITH cA. 10 SPInES. Pereopod VII cA. 52% OF bODY LEnGTH; bASE POSTERIORLY cOnVEX, TAPERInG DISTALLY, WITH mAnY SmALL SETAE, DISTOPOSTERIOR cORnER ROUnDED. PLEOPODS AND UROPODS (FIGS 11A, C���E). Pleopods ORDInARY. Uropods I��� II WITH 1-2 SInGLE OR PAIRED SPInES ALOnG bRAncHES, DISTAL SPInES VERY SHORT. Uropod III EnDOPODITE 86% OF EXOPODITE, ALL mARGInS DEnSELY SETOSE WITH PLUmOSE SETAE, EXcEPT bASALLY; EXOPODITE ARTIcLE 2 WELL DEVELOPED, TWIcE AS LOnG AS SURROUnDInG SPInES. Female. BODY 8.5 mm LOnG. Antenna I WITH 24 ARTIcLES. Pereopods V TO VII WITHOUT SETAE On THE AnTERIOR mARGInS. Uropod III In ALL cHARAcTERS SImILAR AS In mALE, jUST SmALLER AnD LESS RIcHLY SETOSE. Ecology and distribution. THIS POPULATIOn InHAbITS A SmALL EPIGEAn STREAm WITH RIcH VEGETATIOn In THE VILLAGE GARLYK, nOT cLOSE TO AnY SPRInG. A SERIES OF POPULATIOnS, VERY cLOSE TO IT mOLEcULARLY, IS DISTRIbUTED In THE LInE FROm GARLYK In TURKmEnISTAn TILL YSYK K��L (YSSYK KUL) AREA In KYRGYZSTAn (SKET et al. In PREP.). THEY HAVE nOT bEEn mORPHOLOGIcALLY STUDIED. ALTHOUGH InHAbITInG THE SAmE AREA AS bOTH PREVIOUSLY DEScRIbED SPEcIES In THE EXTREmE EAST OF TURKmEnISTAn, IT IS OnLY FEEbLY RELATED TO THEm. Remarks. Gammarus cF. subaequalis - GARLYK SEEmS TO REPRESEnT THE mOST WIDELY SPREAD EPIGEAn TAXOn OF Gammarus In CEnTRAL ASIA bETWEEn E TURKmEnISTAn AnD E KYRGYZSTAn, IT IS mORPHOLOGIcALLY SImILAR TO G. subaequalis MARTYnOV, 1935 AnD G. turanus MARTYnOV, 1935 AnD TO SOmE OTHER TAXA OF MARTYnOV (1935) AS WELL AS TO Gammarus lacustris G.O. SARS, 1863. Gammarus turanus IT RESEmbLES PARTIcULARLY In THE SHAPE OF PEREOPOD V bASE, bUT IT IS VERY DIFFEREnT In TELSOn SHAPE AnD SETATIOn. In TELSOn AnD In UROPOD III DImEnSIOnS AnD SETATIOn, IT IS cLOSER TO G. subaequalis. OUR TAXOn IS VERY DIFFEREnT FROm bOTH In UROSOmAL SPInES. Gammarus lacustris DIFFERS mAInLY In mORE AcUTE EPImERA. THEY ALSO RESEmbLE TO SOmE DEGREE Gammarus pseudosyriacus KARAmAn ET PInKSTER, 1977 In WHIcH, HOWEVER, THE UROPOD III EnDOPODITE IS SHORTER AnD UROSOmE cARInATIOn IS mUcH STROnGER. In THE PHYLOGRAm OF THE AGGREGATE lacustris (SKET et al. In PREP.) THE EnTIRE GROUP OF POPULATIOnS IS POSITIOnED In THE TERmInAL SUbcLADE lacustris-A WHIcH cOnTAInS mAInLY ASIATIc POPULATIOnS OF THE G. lacustris SHAPE, bUT ALSO THE AbERRAnT Gammarus bergi KARAmAn ET PInKSTER, 1977 AnD SOmE NORTH AmERIcAn G. cF. lacustris POPULATIOnS. THE TYPE LOcALITY OF THE MARTYnOV'S G. subaequalis IS A SPRInG In GALKInO nEAR SHImKEnT, 150 Km NE TASHKEnT; G. turanus AT THE SPA In CHImGAn. BOTH LOcALITIES ARE LESS THAn 100 Km APART AnD 400 TO 500 Km NE FROm GARLYK, bUT OnLY cA. 200 Km AWAY FROm THE LInE GARLYK���YSYK K��L, WHIcH IS SPARSELY InHAbITED bY POPULATIOnS OF Gammarus cF. subaequalis - GARLYK., Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2018, Three new remarkable amphipod species (Crustacea: Gammaridae) from springs and subterranean waters of Central Asia, pp. 437-461 in Zootaxa 4444 (4) on pages 449-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4444.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1309871, {"references":["Martynov, A. V. (1935) Amphipoda Gammaridea of the running waters of Turkestan. Travaux de l'Institute Zoologique de l'Academi des Sciences de l'URSS, 2, 411 ¯ 508. [in Russian with English abstract]","Birstejn, J. A. (1948) Bokoplavy Tadzikistana. In: Memorial volume Acad. S. A. Zernov. Publishing house of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Leningrad, pp. 263 - 273. [in Russian]","Sars, G. O. (1863) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1862 foretagen zoologisk Reise i Christianias og Trondhjems Stifter. Nyt Magazin Naturvidenskaberne, 12, 193 - 340.","Karaman, G. S. & Pinkster, S. (1977) Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (Crustacea-Amphipoda). Part. 1. Gammarus pulex - group and related species. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 47, 1 ¯ 97."]}

Turcolana lepturoides sp. nov. (Figs 2–19) Material examined. Holotype: ♂ (10 mm long, 3 mm wide), freshwater stream, the Melissotrypa Cave, 12 km W of village Kefalovryso (Elassona municipality), Larissa prefecture, Thessalía (Thessaly), Greece, 39°52'38" N, 22°02'58" E, 299 m a.s.l., 15. June 2014, coll. C. Fišer & S.M. Sarbu (PMSL-Isopoda-OBBFUL-MO214). Paratypes: 2 ♂ (10.5 mm x 3 mm, 10.7 mm x 2.8 mm), same data as holotype (PMSL-Isopoda-OBBFUL- MO215 and -MO219), non-ovigerous ♀ (11.5 mm x 3.5 mm), same data as holotype (PMSL-Isopoda-OBBFUL- MO216). Diagnosis. Body ca. 10 mm long and ca. 3 mm wide. Pleotelson semicircular posteriorly. Antenna length about 50% of BL, its flagellum with more than 20 articles. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2–3, their length about 80% of propodi. Pereopod 7 length 45% of BL. Pereopods 5–7 with more than 4 SRC along inferior margins of merus, carpus and propodus. Uropod styliform, about 2x as long as pleotelson. Uropod sympodite with 1 robust seta on posteromedial angle and 1 PL on medial margin, endopodite with 5 SRC on medial margin. Description (holotype, male paratype in brackets). Habitus (Figs 2–3): curved body lacking the ability of complete volvation. Body about 3.3x [3.8x] as long as greatest width. Head about 65% as wide as pereonite 1. Coxae 4–7 clearly extending beyond posterior margins of respective pereonites, posterolateral angle produced. Pleonites 1–4 (Fig. 3) of about the same width; posterolateral angles forming acute points; pleonite 5 approximately 85% as wide as pleonite 4 and as wide as pleotelson base, partly concealed by pleonite 4. Pleotelson (Fig. 3) as long as greatest width; anterolateral margins oblique and converging, posterolateral margins strongly convex and forming evenly rounded pleotelson with posterior margin; dorsal surface and margins with short and fine SS. Frons (Fig. 4): clypeus with slightly protruding, clearly rounded median lobe, lateral angles distinctly deflected posteriad, frontal lamina with rounded apex and moderately protruding beyond median lobe of clypeus. Antennula (Fig. 5) short, about 16% [18.4%] of BL, hardly extending to pereonite 1; peduncle with 3 articles and rounded lobe on distodorsal margin of article 3, article 2 and article 3 1.3x and 2.5x as long as article 1, respectively; flagellum with 5 articles [4], article 1 1.3x as long as remaining flagellar articles; aesthetasc formula: 1, 2, 2, 1, 0 [1, 2, 3, 0]. Antenna (Fig. 3) peduncle article 4 4x as long as wide, 2x as long as article 3; article 5 1.4x as long as article 4; flagellum with 27 [25] articles, extending to posterior margin of pereonite 4. Mandible (Figs 6 a, 6b) molar process anterior margin with row of 26–28 long and slender teeth; right mandible spine row with 10, left with 14 SR; palp article 2 with 9 SR on lateral margin, article 3 with 10 short SE on lateral margin and 3 longer SR on apex. Maxillula (Fig. 7) lateral lobe with 8 CS, 2 PL and 1 SS. Maxilla (Fig. 8) mesial lobe with 10 long SS, 2 PE and 1 PA; middle lobe 0.7x as long as lateral lobe. Maxilliped (Figs 9 a, 9b) palp article 2 medial margin distally with 3 SS, distolateral angle with 1 SS; article 3 medial margin with 19 SS, lateral margin with 3 SS; article 4 distomedial angle with 8 SS, distolateral angle with 2 SS; article 5 distal margin with 7 SS, lateral margin with 2 SS; endite distal margin with 4 PA, medial margin with 5 PL and 2 coupling setae. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 17) long, 30% of BL; basis 2.5x as long as greatest width; merus inferior margin with 3 molariform CS and 3 [2] acute SRC (called spurs in Botosaneanu & Notenboom 1989). Pereopods 2–7 long, 35%, 37%, 39%, 41%, 43% and 45% of BL, respectively. Pereopod 2 (Fig. 18) basis 4x as long as greatest width; ischium without SRC on inferior margin; merus, carpus and propodus with 6, 5 and 7 SRC on inferior margin, respectively. Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 19) basis 4x as long as greatest width; ischium with 3 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; merus with 5 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; carpus with 5 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 2 SRC on superior distal angle; propodus with 7 SRC on inferior margin, 1 SRC on inferior distal angle and 2 SS on superior distal angle. Pereopod 7 basis 4.2x as long as greatest width; ischium with 2 SRC on inferior margin, 2 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; merus with 2 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; carpus with 5 SRC on inferior margin, 2 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; propodus with 9 SRC on inferior margin, 1 SRC on inferior distal angle and 1 SS on superior distal angle. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 10) sympodite rectangular; endopodite 1.3x as long and as wide as exopodite, lateral and medial margin straight, endopodite distally with 3 [5] PL and narrowly rounded; exopodite 2.4x as long as wide, distally with 2 PL and narrowly rounded. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 11) endopodite 0.6x as long as exopodite; endopodite distally with 3 [4] PL, exopodite distally with 5 PL; appendix masculina 2x as long as endopodite. Pleopods 3–5 (Figs 12–14) endopodites distally without PL, exopodites distally with 6 [3] PL, 5 [2] PL and 4 [1] PL, respectively; all PL delicate and extremely short. Uropod (Figs 3 and 16) sympodite 3x as long as greatest width, basal width 64% of apical width; medial margin strongly produced, posteromedial angle with 1 robust seta and 1 [2] PL; posterolateral angle with 2 [1] SRC and 1 long SS. Endopodite 1.1x as long as exopodite; endopodite basal width 4x apical width; medial margin with 3 PL proximally and 5 [6] SRC distally; endopodite lateral margin with long slender setae. Exopodite with parallel margins, narrowly rounded apically; margins without SRC, with numerous slender setae. Female. Similar to male except: a ntennula aesthetasc formula: 1, 2, 2, 1. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 15) endopodite 0.8x as long as exopodite; endopodite distally with 5 PL, exopodite distally with 3 PL; appendix masculine absent. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. Turcolana lepturoides, sp. nov. is most similar to T. adaliae Botosaneanu & Notenboom, 1989 which has the longest appendages within other Turcolana species known so far. As no measurements are available in the description, we rely on the approximate estimates of lengths derived from the available drawing (Botosaneanu & Notenboom 1989: p. 9, fig. 36). Uropods are shorter than pleotelson in T. adaliae (twice as long as pleotelson in the new species) and with broad and short endopodite (slender and long in the new species). Also, antenna of T. adaliae is 0.3x as long as BL (almost half of BL in the new species) and pereopod 6 is 0.36x as long as BL (0.43x in the new species). Although the new species closely resembles its congeners in generic diagnostic characters, proportions of some appendages reveal some striking similarities with Botolana leptura (Botosaneanu, Boutin & Henry, 1985), belonging to the Typhlocirolana phyletic line (Baratti et al. 2010). Also in this case we rely on the approximate estimates of lengths derived from the available drawing (Botosaneanu et al. 1985: p. 188, fig. 1). The most conspicuous are long styliform uropods that protrude far beyond the pleotelson and most certainly restrict the ability of both species to roll into a ball. Despite similar proportions and shape, uropods of Botolana differ from the uropods in the new species in the chaetotaxy: there are at least 7 distinct long PL situated in a row on a sympodite medial margin (1 PL and 1 robust spine in the new species) and up to 3 SRC on endopodite medial margin (5–6 SRC in the new species). The additional similarities are slender and elongated pereopods and antennae. Pereopods 5–7 in Botolana leptura are about 0.4x, 0.42x and 0.47x as long as BL (0.41x, 0.43x, 0.45x in the new species) and the antennae are 0.47x as long as BL. Clearly, the two species are markedly convergent. The elongation of the mentioned appendages is well known progressive troglomorphy present in the inhabitants of spacious subterranean habitats in contrast to the interstitial (Coineau 2000). Moreover, it turned out that both species have shorter antenullae: 0.13x as long as BL in B. leptura, 0.16x as long as BL in T. lepturoides sp. nov. while 0.18x as long as BL in T. adaliae. The same phenomenon was observed in troglobiotic Asellus aquaticus races (Prevorčnik et al. 2004) and may in fact represent a lag behind the elongation of the body and antennae rather than the shortening per se. While it is evident that the habitat of T. lepturoides sp. nov. in the Greek cave is spacious, for B. leptura such habitat could be inferred not only from the shape of its body but also from its gastropod cohabitants (Botosaneanu et al. 1985). Namely, they resemble more the Dinaric cave snail fauna than the interstitial snail fauna. A comparatively large body size may be either an additional evolutionarily convergent trait or a symplesiomorphy. Etymology. The species “ lepturoides ” name alludes to the long and slender uropods: λεπτός for “thin” (Ancient Greek) and oura is “tail” (Greek). As similar uropods are typical of Botolana leptura, a Greek suffix oides is added, meaning "resembles". Molecular results. We managed to amplify both rRNA fragments only from the female paratype. The 12S nucleotide sequence (Table 2) of T. lepturoides sp. nov. differs the most (K2P = 0.8) from the sequence obtained from the unidentified Turcolana from Turkey (Baratti et al. 2010), which differs from all other analysed taxa (K2P = 0.71–0.75). Both gene fragments of the new Turcolana show closer similarity to the genera Typhocirolana and Botolana than to Saharolana seurati Monod, 1930 (Table 2). The intrageneric genetic distances in Typholocirolana and Botolana are comparable to those obtained by Baratti et al. (2004), revealing higher intergeneric than intrageneric distances. Our results suggest that the previous exclusion of the genus Turcolana from the monophyletic Sphaeromides group (sensu Botosaneanu et al. 1986) was probably due to the amplification of a pseudogene in the unidentified Turcolana from Turkey, as already suspected by the authors (Baratti et al. 2010), or the specimen might have been misidentified. The Sphaeromides group now includes Turcolana with the peri-Mediterranean Sphaeromides Dollfus, 1897, Botolana and Typhlocirolana, as well as 6 American genera. For better resolved phylogeny of the genus and its evolutionary relationships, however, sequences from other Turcolana species are needed.

Key to the species of Turcolana 1. Uropod styliform, about 2x as long as pleotelson, both rami subequaly long. Pleotelson semicircularly rounded, posterior mar- gin without apical excision. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2���3........................... T. lepturoides sp. nov. - Uropod not styliform, up to 1.2x as long as pleotelson........................................................ 2 2. Pleotelson apical excision (sinus) 0.06���0.1x as deep as pleotelson length.......................................... 3 - Pleotelson posterior margin rounded, exceptionally with slight emargination or shallower sinus....................... 5 3. Pleotelson antero-lateral margins straight, postero-lateral margins strongly converging. Apical sinus as deep as broad. Uropod exopodite slender, more than 0.5x as long as endopodite. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2���3............. T. adaliae - Pleotelson antero-lateral margins convex, postero-lateral margins not strongly converging. Apical sinus less deep than broad. Uropod exopodite broad, less than 0.5x as long as endopodite. No propodial organs................................ 4 4. Uropod sympodite broad at base, medial margin not convex, medial angle not protruding beyond endopodite medial angle............................................................................................ T. pamphyliae - Uropod sympodite narrow at base, medial margin convex, medial angle protruding beyond endopodite medial angle..................................................................................................... T. cariae 5. Pleotelson posterior margin almost straight. Uropod endopodite about 0.6x as long as sympodite, exopodite about 0.6x as long as endopodite................................................................................. T. rodhica - Pleotelson posterior margin rounded or with slight emargination or shallow sinus. Uropod endopodite more than 0.8x as long as sympodite, rami both of about same length.............................................................. 6 6. Pereonal coxae 2���7 clearly extending beyond posterior margins of respective pereonites............................. 7 - Pereonal coxae 2���3 not extending beyond posterior margins of respective pereonites............................... 8 7. Uropod length up to 16% of BL, sympodite short (compact), apically more than 2x as wide as basally, endopodite about 2x as wide as exopodite. Propodial organs on male pereopods................................................ T. steinitzi - Uropod length about 18% of BL, sympodite long, apically less than 2x as wide as basally, endopodite up to 1.8x as wide as exopodite, tapering. No propodial organs........................................................... T. smyrnae 8. Uropod length 25% of BL, sympodite 2x as long as wide, endopodite 3.6x as long as wide and 1.3x as wide as exopodite. Pleotelson shape variable. No propodial organs......................................................... T. detecta - Uropod length 20���23% of BL, sympodite up to 1.8x as long as wide, endopodite up to 2.7x as long as wide and more than 1.6x as wide as exopodite. Pleotelson rounded. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2���3........................... T. reichi, Published as part of Prevor��nik, Simona, Konec, Marjeta & Sket, Boris, 2016, The first Turcolana Argano & Pesce, 1980 (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from the Greek mainland, pp. 125-136 in Zootaxa 4170 (1) on pages 129-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4170.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/257305

Genus Turcolana Argano & Pesce, 1980 Turcolana Botosaneanu, Bruce & Notenboom, 1985: 412.��� Botosaneanu et al., 1985: 205 ���206.��� Botosaneanu & Notenboom, 1989: 2 ���4, 13���14; 1992: 221. Typhlocirolana p. p.: Strouhal, 1960: 245 ���256.��� Por, 1962: 247 ���252. Type species. Turcolana cariae Argano & Pesce, 1980; by monotypy. Type locality, well near ��etibeli, between Ula and K��ycegiz, Mugla province, SW Anatolia, Turkey. Species included. Turcolana rodhica Botosaneanu, Boutin & Henry, 1985, from the underflow (hyporheal) of a spring brook in R��dos (Greek islands), T. steinitzi (Strouhal, 1960) (= Typhlocirolana steinitzi Strouhal, 1960) from a water drill and springs in N Israel, T. reichi (Por, 1962) (= Typhlocirolana reichi Por, 1962) from a small well in the Sinai Peninsula and wells and springs in S Israel, T. detecta Botosaneanu & Notenboom, 1992, from small brackish springs on the west shore of the Dead Sea (Israel), unveiled by small-scale regression of the sea, T. adaliae Botosaneanu and Notenboom, 1989, from a well in Antalya province, SW Anatolia (Turkey), T. pamphyliae Botosaneanu & Notenboom, 1989, from the underflow of a river and a well in Antalya province, SW Anatolia (Turkey), T. smyrnae Botosaneanu & Notenboom, 1989, from the underflow of a river in Izmir province, SW Anatolia (Turkey) and T. lepturoides sp. nov., described here. Diagnosis (male). Depigmented and anophtalmic cirolanid. Body elongate, 3.3���4.2x as long as wide, convex. Appendage cuticular surfaces scale-like, consequently some margins serrate. Cephalon anterior margin smoothly rounded. Pereonite 1 and coxae 2���3 (pereonite epimera in previous references) each with posterolateral angle rounded; coxae 4���7 with distinct oblique carina, posterolateral margins posteriorly produced, posterolateral angle extending beyond (most species) or reaching (T. reichi) respective pereonites. Pleon with 5 visible unfused pleonites. Pleotelson apex never produced; posterolateral and posterior margins with short SS. Antennula (antenna 1) peduncle longer than flagellum; flagellum with 3���5 (most species), exceptionally 6 (single specimen of T. pamphyliae) articles. Antenna (antenna 2) peduncle shorter than flagellum. All pereopods with secondary unguis on dactylus. Pereopod 1 subchelate, pereopods 2���7 ambulatory, increasing gradually in length posteriorly. Pleopod 1 largest and forming operculum; endopodite tapering, 1.3���1.4x as long and 1���1.2x as wide as exopodite; rami both with up to 7 PL. Pleopod 2 with appendix masculina inserted basally; endopodite 0.5���0.6x as long and 0.6���0.7x as wide as exopodite; rami both with up to 8 PL. Pleopods 3���5 endopodites shorter and narrower than exopodites, with 0 and up to7 PL, respectively; exopodites each with transverse suture. Uropods inserted ventrolaterally; sympodite posteromedial angle with 0���1 PL or medial margin with 1 PL and robust seta on posteromedial angle (only T. lepturoides, sp. nov.) Description (male). Body about 3.3���4.2x as long as wide, with ability of at least strong curvation (most species) or complete volvation (alleged but not proven for T. cariae, T. rodhica), Head 0.6���0.8x as wide as pereonite 1, enclosed laterally by pereonite 1. Body surfaces unornamented; pereonites 2���3 shortest, pereonites 5��� 6 longest, pereonite 6 widest. Pleon with equally visible pleonites along dorsal margin, pleonite 5 (most species) and pleonite 4 (T. pamphyliae, T. adaliae, T. rodhica) narrowest and without epimera. Pleotelson with tendency towards medio-apical sinus, emargination or rounded; pleotelson lateral margins directed ventrally to form spacious pleonal cavity. Antennula peduncle articles collinear, article 3 with large uniarticulate rounded lobe on distodorsal margin (not reported only in T. cariae), interpreted either as scale (W��gele 1983, Brusca and Wilson 1991) or as fourth peduncular article (Bruce 1986); article 1 short, article 2 longer, article 3 longest; flagellum with 3���5 (most species), exceptionally 6 articles (one specimen of T. pamphyliae), about 0.7���0.75x (most species) or 0.55x (T. lepturoides, sp. nov.) as long as peduncle, with 6 (most species) or 5 (some T. reichi) aestethascs. Antenna peduncle articles 1���3 short, subequal, articles 4���5 long and slender; flagellum longer than peduncle, with 11���17 (most species) or 25���27 articles (T. lepturoides, sp. nov.); antenna length about 0,3x (most species) up to 0,5x BL (T. lepturoides, sp. nov.). Frontal lamina protruding beyond or completely hidden behind median lobe of clypeus. Clypeus with differently protruding (strongly to moderately) median lobe of different shape (triangular, rounded). Mandible incisor 3-cuspidate; molar process anterior margin with 10���27 teeth; spine row with 7���14 SR; palp with 3-articles, article 3 distally tapered. Maxilla with 3 endites; lateral and middle lobe subequal (most species) or middle lobe little shorter (T. lepturoides, sp. nov.); lateral lobe with 2 PE; middle lobe with 3 PE; mesial lobe with numerous setae. Maxilliped endite with 4���6 setae and 1 coupling hook (most species) or 9 setae and 2 coupling hooks (T. lepturoides, sp. nov.). Pereopod 1 dactylus haptorial; merus inferior margin with single row of molariform CS and acute SRC; carpus inferior distal angle with single SRC and single SS. Pereopods 2���7 slender; basis superior margin with 2���5 slender plumose setae; merus inferior margin without molariform CS; pereopods 5���7 merus, carpus and propodus inferior margins with 0���3 SRC (most species) or more than 4 SRC (T. lepturoides, sp. nov.); pereopods 2���3 with (T. adaliae, T. steinitzi, T. reichi, T. detecta, T. lepturoides) or without propodial organs. Pleopod 1 sympodite rectangular; tapering endopodite with 3���7 PL and exopodite with 2���6 PL. Pleopod 2 appendix masculina moderately curved, slender, distally acute, 2���2.9x as long as endopodite; endopodite and exopodite with 1���8 and 2���6 PL, respectively. Pleopods 3���5 shape subequal, size increasing posteriorly; endopodites shorter than exopodites, with 0 and 2���7 PL, respectively. Uropods extending beyond pleotelson; endopodite medial margin with 0���1 SRC (most species) or 5���6 SRC (T. lepturoides, sp. nov.). Female. Non-ovigerous females are similar to males but for the sexual characters: pleopod 2 without appendix masculina. Pereopods 2���3 without propodial organs. Remarks. Argano & Pesce (1980) emphasized the extraordinary modification of the uropods (i.e. large, flattened, completely withdrawing into the telson cavity), pleonite length ratio and the complex adaptation of the body of rolling into a perfect ball, as the most peculiar characters of the genus Turcolana, separating it from the west Mediterranean Typhlocirolana Racovitza, 1905. While describing Turcolana rodhica, however, Botosaneanu et al. (1985) discarded lengths of pleonites and the distinctive shape of the uropods from the generic diagnosis due to the observed deviations and used ���a terminal incisure receiving the cephalon when the body is rolled��� as the sole character permitting the inclusion of the new species in the genus. Later, Botosaneanu & Notenboom (1989) disputed also the complete volvation as the alleged characteristic of all Turcolana species and prepared a list of characters distinguishing them from Typhlocirolana: a) stronger volvational tendency (vs. slight tendency towards curving the body), b) antennular flagellum with up to 6 articles (vs. with at least 7 flagellar articles), c) 1st pleopods larger than remaining ones, with tapering endopodite longer and wider or at most as wide as exopodite, rami both with reduced number of PL (vs. 1st pleopods not forming operculum, endopodite distally rounded, exopodite longer and wider than endopodite, both with numerous PL), d) uropod sympodite with at most one PL on medial margin (vs. mostly many but never less than 3 PL) and e) strongly ventrally directed lateral margins of pleotelson determining spacious pleonal cavity, pleotelson never forming medio-apical point and always with simple and short marginal setae (vs. less spacious pleonal cavity, pleotelson with medio-apical point, marginal setae long and plumose). Based on these characters, they reallocated Typhlocirolana steinitzi and T. reichi to the genus Turcolana. Just recently, another Typhlocirolana was reallocated, but the new genus Botolana Coineau & Boutin, 2015 was erected to accommodate Typhlocirolana leptura Botosaneanu, Boutin & Henry, 1985. Examination of the descriptions of Turcolana, Typhlocirolana and Botolana species, as well as the features of the new Turcolana, indicate that this genus can be defined by several unique characters, i.e. antennula flagellum mostly 4���5-articulate (exceptionally 6); pleopod 1 large and forming operculum, their endopodite tapering, much longer and wider or as wide as the exopodite, rami both with up to 7 PL; pleopod 3���5 endopodite without PL and exopodite with 2���7 PL; and uropod sympodite with less than 3 plumose setae on the medial margin. It has to be noted, however, that according to the drawings from the descriptions, all Turcolana species have 1 PL situated on the sympodite posteromedial angle (on the tip of the protuberance, not on the medial margin), except for the new species, with 1 PL situated a little above the tip, while on the tip, a robust seta is situated. Other characters previously used in defining Turcolana, however, may not be shared by all members of the genus and/or may be shared by species from other two mentioned genera. For example, two ambiguous characters are: pleotelson apex not produced���also in Typhlocirolana tiznitensis Boulal, Boulanouar, Boutin & Yacoubi- Khebiza, 2009); and pleotelson only with short and simple marginal setae���also in Typhlocirolana tiznitensis and T. haouzensis Boutin, Boulanouar, Coineau & Messouli, 2002. Distribution and ecological notes. Turcolana is distributed around the eastern Mediterranean basin (Fig. 1), the Sinai Peninsula and central Greece representing the westernmost border of its distribution area. Based on the known distribution and the habitat preferences of Turcolana, Botosaneanu & Notenboom (1989) made several suppositions of its potential presence that may now be discarded. Due to the last finding in the cave stream of peninsular Greece, the potential distribution area of the genus may be considerably expanded as the potential localities seem to be restricted neither to phreatic and hyporheic groundwater nor the areas close to the actual shores of the eastern Mediterranean (valid also for all three Levantine species: T. reichi, T. steinitzi and T. detecta)., Published as part of Prevor��nik, Simona, Konec, Marjeta & Sket, Boris, 2016, The first Turcolana Argano & Pesce, 1980 (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from the Greek mainland, pp. 125-136 in Zootaxa 4170 (1) on pages 126-128, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4170.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/257305, {"references":["Argano, R. & Pesce, G. L. (1980) A cirolanid from subterranean waters of Turkey (Crustacea, Isopoda, Flabellifera). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 87 (2), 439 - 444. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 85525","Botosaneanu, L., Boutin, C. & Henry, J. P. (1985) Deux remarquables cirolanides stygobies nouveaux du Maroc et de Rhodes. Problematique des genre Typhlocirolana Racovitza 1905 et Turcolana Argano e Pesce 1980 (Isopoda). Stygologia, 1 (2), 186 - 207.","Botosaneanu, L. & Notenboom, J. (1989) Eastern Mediterranean freshwater stygobiont Cirolanids (Isopoda, Cirolanidae). With description of three new species. Zoologische Jahrbucher Systematik, 116, 1 - 19.","Strouhal, H. (1960) Eine neue, ostmediterrane Typhlocirolana - Spezies (Isopoda, Cirolanidae). Annalen die Naturhistorisches Museums in Wien, 64, 178 - 184.","Por, F. D. (1962) Typhlocirolana reichi n. sp., un nouvel isopode cirolanide de la Depression de la Mer Morte. Crustaceana, 4 (4), 247 - 252. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854062 X 00229","Botosaneanu, L. & Notenboom, J. (1992) The stygobiont Cirolanidae (Isopoda) of Israel and Sinai. Israel Journal of Zoology, 37, 213 - 224.","Botosaneanu, L., Bruce, N. L. & Notenboom, J. (1986) Isopoda: Cirolanidae. In: Botosaneanu, L. (Ed.), Stygofauna mundi, a faunistic, distributional and ecological synthesis of the world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters, including the marine interstitial. E. J. Brill / W. Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 412 - 422.","Coineau, N. & Boutin, C. (2015) Botolana, a new genus of groundwater cirolanid isopod (Crustacea) from Morocco. Bulletin de la Societe Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 151, 29 - 34."]}

Turcolana lepturoides sp. nov. (Figs 2���19) Material examined. Holotype: ♂ (10 mm long, 3 mm wide), freshwater stream, the Melissotrypa Cave, 12 km W of village Kefalovryso (Elassona municipality), Larissa prefecture, Thessal��a (Thessaly), Greece, 39��52'38" N, 22��02'58" E, 299 m a.s.l., 15. June 2014, coll. C. Fi��er & S.M. Sarbu (PMSL-Isopoda-OBBFUL-MO214). Paratypes: 2 ♂ (10.5 mm x 3 mm, 10.7 mm x 2.8 mm), same data as holotype (PMSL-Isopoda-OBBFUL- MO215 and -MO219), non-ovigerous ♀ (11.5 mm x 3.5 mm), same data as holotype (PMSL-Isopoda-OBBFUL- MO216). Diagnosis. Body ca. 10 mm long and ca. 3 mm wide. Pleotelson semicircular posteriorly. Antenna length about 50% of BL, its flagellum with more than 20 articles. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2���3, their length about 80% of propodi. Pereopod 7 length 45% of BL. Pereopods 5���7 with more than 4 SRC along inferior margins of merus, carpus and propodus. Uropod styliform, about 2x as long as pleotelson. Uropod sympodite with 1 robust seta on posteromedial angle and 1 PL on medial margin, endopodite with 5 SRC on medial margin. Description (holotype, male paratype in brackets). Habitus (Figs 2���3): curved body lacking the ability of complete volvation. Body about 3.3x [3.8x] as long as greatest width. Head about 65% as wide as pereonite 1. Coxae 4���7 clearly extending beyond posterior margins of respective pereonites, posterolateral angle produced. Pleonites 1���4 (Fig. 3) of about the same width; posterolateral angles forming acute points; pleonite 5 approximately 85% as wide as pleonite 4 and as wide as pleotelson base, partly concealed by pleonite 4. Pleotelson (Fig. 3) as long as greatest width; anterolateral margins oblique and converging, posterolateral margins strongly convex and forming evenly rounded pleotelson with posterior margin; dorsal surface and margins with short and fine SS. Frons (Fig. 4): clypeus with slightly protruding, clearly rounded median lobe, lateral angles distinctly deflected posteriad, frontal lamina with rounded apex and moderately protruding beyond median lobe of clypeus. Antennula (Fig. 5) short, about 16% [18.4%] of BL, hardly extending to pereonite 1; peduncle with 3 articles and rounded lobe on distodorsal margin of article 3, article 2 and article 3 1.3x and 2.5x as long as article 1, respectively; flagellum with 5 articles [4], article 1 1.3x as long as remaining flagellar articles; aesthetasc formula: 1, 2, 2, 1, 0 [1, 2, 3, 0]. Antenna (Fig. 3) peduncle article 4 4x as long as wide, 2x as long as article 3; article 5 1.4x as long as article 4; flagellum with 27 [25] articles, extending to posterior margin of pereonite 4. Mandible (Figs 6 a, 6b) molar process anterior margin with row of 26���28 long and slender teeth; right mandible spine row with 10, left with 14 SR; palp article 2 with 9 SR on lateral margin, article 3 with 10 short SE on lateral margin and 3 longer SR on apex. Maxillula (Fig. 7) lateral lobe with 8 CS, 2 PL and 1 SS. Maxilla (Fig. 8) mesial lobe with 10 long SS, 2 PE and 1 PA; middle lobe 0.7x as long as lateral lobe. Maxilliped (Figs 9 a, 9b) palp article 2 medial margin distally with 3 SS, distolateral angle with 1 SS; article 3 medial margin with 19 SS, lateral margin with 3 SS; article 4 distomedial angle with 8 SS, distolateral angle with 2 SS; article 5 distal margin with 7 SS, lateral margin with 2 SS; endite distal margin with 4 PA, medial margin with 5 PL and 2 coupling setae. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 17) long, 30% of BL; basis 2.5x as long as greatest width; merus inferior margin with 3 molariform CS and 3 [2] acute SRC (called spurs in Botosaneanu & Notenboom 1989). Pereopods 2���7 long, 35%, 37%, 39%, 41%, 43% and 45% of BL, respectively. Pereopod 2 (Fig. 18) basis 4x as long as greatest width; ischium without SRC on inferior margin; merus, carpus and propodus with 6, 5 and 7 SRC on inferior margin, respectively. Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 19) basis 4x as long as greatest width; ischium with 3 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; merus with 5 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; carpus with 5 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 2 SRC on superior distal angle; propodus with 7 SRC on inferior margin, 1 SRC on inferior distal angle and 2 SS on superior distal angle. Pereopod 7 basis 4.2x as long as greatest width; ischium with 2 SRC on inferior margin, 2 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; merus with 2 SRC on inferior margin, 3 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; carpus with 5 SRC on inferior margin, 2 SRC on inferior distal angle and 3 SRC on superior distal angle; propodus with 9 SRC on inferior margin, 1 SRC on inferior distal angle and 1 SS on superior distal angle. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 10) sympodite rectangular; endopodite 1.3x as long and as wide as exopodite, lateral and medial margin straight, endopodite distally with 3 [5] PL and narrowly rounded; exopodite 2.4x as long as wide, distally with 2 PL and narrowly rounded. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 11) endopodite 0.6x as long as exopodite; endopodite distally with 3 [4] PL, exopodite distally with 5 PL; appendix masculina 2x as long as endopodite. Pleopods 3���5 (Figs 12���14) endopodites distally without PL, exopodites distally with 6 [3] PL, 5 [2] PL and 4 [1] PL, respectively; all PL delicate and extremely short. Uropod (Figs 3 and 16) sympodite 3x as long as greatest width, basal width 64% of apical width; medial margin strongly produced, posteromedial angle with 1 robust seta and 1 [2] PL; posterolateral angle with 2 [1] SRC and 1 long SS. Endopodite 1.1x as long as exopodite; endopodite basal width 4x apical width; medial margin with 3 PL proximally and 5 [6] SRC distally; endopodite lateral margin with long slender setae. Exopodite with parallel margins, narrowly rounded apically; margins without SRC, with numerous slender setae. Female. Similar to male except: a ntennula aesthetasc formula: 1, 2, 2, 1. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 15) endopodite 0.8x as long as exopodite; endopodite distally with 5 PL, exopodite distally with 3 PL; appendix masculine absent. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. Turcolana lepturoides, sp. nov. is most similar to T. adaliae Botosaneanu & Notenboom, 1989 which has the longest appendages within other Turcolana species known so far. As no measurements are available in the description, we rely on the approximate estimates of lengths derived from the available drawing (Botosaneanu & Notenboom 1989: p. 9, fig. 36). Uropods are shorter than pleotelson in T. adaliae (twice as long as pleotelson in the new species) and with broad and short endopodite (slender and long in the new species). Also, antenna of T. adaliae is 0.3x as long as BL (almost half of BL in the new species) and pereopod 6 is 0.36x as long as BL (0.43x in the new species). Although the new species closely resembles its congeners in generic diagnostic characters, proportions of some appendages reveal some striking similarities with Botolana leptura (Botosaneanu, Boutin & Henry, 1985), belonging to the Typhlocirolana phyletic line (Baratti et al. 2010). Also in this case we rely on the approximate estimates of lengths derived from the available drawing (Botosaneanu et al. 1985: p. 188, fig. 1). The most conspicuous are long styliform uropods that protrude far beyond the pleotelson and most certainly restrict the ability of both species to roll into a ball. Despite similar proportions and shape, uropods of Botolana differ from the uropods in the new species in the chaetotaxy: there are at least 7 distinct long PL situated in a row on a sympodite medial margin (1 PL and 1 robust spine in the new species) and up to 3 SRC on endopodite medial margin (5���6 SRC in the new species). The additional similarities are slender and elongated pereopods and antennae. Pereopods 5���7 in Botolana leptura are about 0.4x, 0.42x and 0.47x as long as BL (0.41x, 0.43x, 0.45x in the new species) and the antennae are 0.47x as long as BL. Clearly, the two species are markedly convergent. The elongation of the mentioned appendages is well known progressive troglomorphy present in the inhabitants of spacious subterranean habitats in contrast to the interstitial (Coineau 2000). Moreover, it turned out that both species have shorter antenullae: 0.13x as long as BL in B. leptura, 0.16x as long as BL in T. lepturoides sp. nov. while 0.18x as long as BL in T. adaliae. The same phenomenon was observed in troglobiotic Asellus aquaticus races (Prevorčnik et al. 2004) and may in fact represent a lag behind the elongation of the body and antennae rather than the shortening per se. While it is evident that the habitat of T. lepturoides sp. nov. in the Greek cave is spacious, for B. leptura such habitat could be inferred not only from the shape of its body but also from its gastropod cohabitants (Botosaneanu et al. 1985). Namely, they resemble more the Dinaric cave snail fauna than the interstitial snail fauna. A comparatively large body size may be either an additional evolutionarily convergent trait or a symplesiomorphy. Etymology. The species ��� lepturoides ��� name alludes to the long and slender uropods: ��ε������ς for ���thin��� (Ancient Greek) and oura is ���tail��� (Greek). As similar uropods are typical of Botolana leptura, a Greek suffix oides is added, meaning "resembles". Molecular results. We managed to amplify both rRNA fragments only from the female paratype. The 12S nucleotide sequence (Table 2) of T. lepturoides sp. nov. differs the most (K2P = 0.8) from the sequence obtained from the unidentified Turcolana from Turkey (Baratti et al. 2010), which differs from all other analysed taxa (K2P = 0.71���0.75). Both gene fragments of the new Turcolana show closer similarity to the genera Typhocirolana and Botolana than to Saharolana seurati Monod, 1930 (Table 2). The intrageneric genetic distances in Typholocirolana and Botolana are comparable to those obtained by Baratti et al. (2004), revealing higher intergeneric than intrageneric distances. Our results suggest that the previous exclusion of the genus Turcolana from the monophyletic Sphaeromides group (sensu Botosaneanu et al. 1986) was probably due to the amplification of a pseudogene in the unidentified Turcolana from Turkey, as already suspected by the authors (Baratti et al. 2010), or the specimen might have been misidentified. The Sphaeromides group now includes Turcolana with the peri-Mediterranean Sphaeromides Dollfus, 1897, Botolana and Typhlocirolana, as well as 6 American genera. For better resolved phylogeny of the genus and its evolutionary relationships, however, sequences from other Turcolana species are needed., Published as part of Prevor��nik, Simona, Konec, Marjeta & Sket, Boris, 2016, The first Turcolana Argano & Pesce, 1980 (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from the Greek mainland, pp. 125-136 in Zootaxa 4170 (1) on pages 130-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4170.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/257305, {"references":["Botosaneanu, L. & Notenboom, J. (1989) Eastern Mediterranean freshwater stygobiont Cirolanids (Isopoda, Cirolanidae). With description of three new species. Zoologische Jahrbucher Systematik, 116, 1 - 19.","Botosaneanu, L., Boutin, C. & Henry, J. P. (1985) Deux remarquables cirolanides stygobies nouveaux du Maroc et de Rhodes. Problematique des genre Typhlocirolana Racovitza 1905 et Turcolana Argano e Pesce 1980 (Isopoda). Stygologia, 1 (2), 186 - 207.","Baratti, M., Filippelli, M., Nardi, F. & Messana, G. (2010) Molecular phylogenetic relationships among some stygobitic cirolanid species (Crustacea, Isopoda). Contributions to Zoology, 79 (2), 57 - 67.","Coineau, N. (2000) Adaptations to interstitial groundwater life. In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C. & Humphreys, W. F. (Eds.), Subterranean ecosystems, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 189 - 210.","Prevorcnik, S., Blejec, A. & Sket, B. (2004) Racial differentiation in Asellus aquaticus (L.) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 160 (2), 193 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1127 / 0003 - 9136 / 2004 / 0160 - 0193","Baratti, M., Yacoubi Khebiza, M. & Messana, G. (2004) Microevolutionary processes in the stygobitic genus Typhlocirolana (Isopoda Flabellifera Cirolanidae) as inferred by partial 12 S and 16 S rDNAsequences. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 42, 27 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0469.2004.00232. x","Botosaneanu, L., Bruce, N. L. & Notenboom, J. (1986) Isopoda: Cirolanidae. In: Botosaneanu, L. (Ed.), Stygofauna mundi, a faunistic, distributional and ecological synthesis of the world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters, including the marine interstitial. E. J. Brill / W. Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 412 - 422."]}

Prevorčnik, Simona, Konec, Marjeta, Sket, Boris (2016): The first Turcolana Argano & Pesce, 1980 (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from the Greek mainland. Zootaxa 4170 (1): 125-136, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4170.1.6

Key to the species of Turcolana 1. Uropod styliform, about 2x as long as pleotelson, both rami subequaly long. Pleotelson semicircularly rounded, posterior mar- gin without apical excision. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2–3........................... T. lepturoides sp. nov. - Uropod not styliform, up to 1.2x as long as pleotelson........................................................ 2 2. Pleotelson apical excision (sinus) 0.06–0.1x as deep as pleotelson length.......................................... 3 - Pleotelson posterior margin rounded, exceptionally with slight emargination or shallower sinus....................... 5 3. Pleotelson antero-lateral margins straight, postero-lateral margins strongly converging. Apical sinus as deep as broad. Uropod exopodite slender, more than 0.5x as long as endopodite. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2–3............. T. adaliae - Pleotelson antero-lateral margins convex, postero-lateral margins not strongly converging. Apical sinus less deep than broad. Uropod exopodite broad, less than 0.5x as long as endopodite. No propodial organs................................ 4 4. Uropod sympodite broad at base, medial margin not convex, medial angle not protruding beyond endopodite medial angle............................................................................................ T. pamphyliae - Uropod sympodite narrow at base, medial margin convex, medial angle protruding beyond endopodite medial angle..................................................................................................... T. cariae 5. Pleotelson posterior margin almost straight. Uropod endopodite about 0.6x as long as sympodite, exopodite about 0.6x as long as endopodite................................................................................. T. rodhica - Pleotelson posterior margin rounded or with slight emargination or shallow sinus. Uropod endopodite more than 0.8x as long as sympodite, rami both of about same length.............................................................. 6 6. Pereonal coxae 2–7 clearly extending beyond posterior margins of respective pereonites............................. 7 - Pereonal coxae 2–3 not extending beyond posterior margins of respective pereonites............................... 8 7. Uropod length up to 16% of BL, sympodite short (compact), apically more than 2x as wide as basally, endopodite about 2x as wide as exopodite. Propodial organs on male pereopods................................................ T. steinitzi - Uropod length about 18% of BL, sympodite long, apically less than 2x as wide as basally, endopodite up to 1.8x as wide as exopodite, tapering. No propodial organs........................................................... T. smyrnae 8. Uropod length 25% of BL, sympodite 2x as long as wide, endopodite 3.6x as long as wide and 1.3x as wide as exopodite. Pleotelson shape variable. No propodial organs......................................................... T. detecta - Uropod length 20–23% of BL, sympodite up to 1.8x as long as wide, endopodite up to 2.7x as long as wide and more than 1.6x as wide as exopodite. Pleotelson rounded. Propodial organs on male pereopods 2–3........................... T. reichi

Melita mirzajanii n. sp. Type material. Holotype: male 8 mm, MVRCr in alcohol, in Amphibalanus cf. improvisus (Darwin 1854) growth, Bandar-e-Anzali port, Gilan P., IRA, leg. A. Mirzajani & B. Sket, 29 Sept. 2009. Paratypes: 1 ovigerous female, 5 mm, dissected, slide MVRCr 7713; anterior part of a male, 8 mm, dissected, slide MVRCr 7712. Locality as above; male 6.5 mm, in alcohol; 6 males 5–8 mm, in alcohol. Type locality. Bandar-e-Anzali port, Caspian Sea. Etymology. Dedicated to Alireza Mirzajani, an Iranian marine biologist (see acknowledgement). Diagnosis. Maxilla 2 lobes with marginal setae; mandible palp densely setose; lower lip with inner lobe. Gnathopod 1, 2 sexually weakly dimorphic. Gnathopod 2 male propodus with wide and scarcely pronounced palmar corner, hind margin regularly convex; dactylus partly hidden on inner face when folded. Coxa 6 female anterior lobe as long as width of coxa, posteriorly excavated. Pleon smooth, urosome segments smooth except of two spines posterolaterally on urosomite 2. Uropod 3 exopodite twice as long as peduncle, with one article. Telson entirely cleft, lobes distally acute, with 3 strong spines subdistally and one shorter on inner margin. Description. Head: Eyes well developed, irregularly rounded. Head anteroventrally with small notch, lateral cephalic lobe broad, apically rounded. Antenna 1> Antenna 2, weakly setose; peduncular article 1 ≤ article 2, with several spines along hind margin; peduncle article 2 clearly longer than article 3; accessory flagellum 2 + 1 (female), 3 + 1 (male) articles, flagellum with 16–19 articles. Antenna 2 weakly setose, peduncle article 4> 5, flagellum with 7 or 8 articles. Mandibular molar weak (female) to strong (male), palp well developed, 3 articles, article 2 subequal with article 3, both beset with long setae laterally and terminally. Maxilla 1 long inner plate, subrectangular, with plumose setae mostly apically. Maxilla 2 setae only marginally, no oblique setal row on inner plate. Lower lip with inner lobes. Maxilliped palp with 3 articles, ratio article 1: article 2 = 2. Pereon: Coxa 1 rectangular, much longer than wide, anterior margin straight; both gnathopods weakly sexually dimorphic. Gnathopod 1 merus without posterodistal tooth, densely beset with stiff spines; carpus about twice as long as wide, longer than propodus; gnathopod 1 propodus rectangular, anterodistally lobed, excavated at basal part of palm on inner surface; palmar margin short, transverse, with bifurcated thin terminal spines and minute subterminal setae; posterior margin with groups of simple setae; dactylus short, basally bulged, attached at 2 / 3 of anterodistal margin of propodus, with 1 seta on outer margin. Female gnathopod 1 propodus somewhat more slender and less spinose than in male, palm defined by posterodistal rectangular corner. Coxa 2 elongate, ratio l:w> 2, with parallel margins, distally rounded. Gnathopod 2 subchelate, carpus only slightly shorter than propodus in female, much shorter in male, not lobate; merus distoventral corner acutely extended; propodus ovoid, hindmargin regularly rounded, palmar corner defined by strong spine in female which is lacking in male; dactylus closing with palm, tip visible from both sides in female, moved to inner side in male. Coxa 3 rectangular, coxa 4 posterior margin excavate, with posteroventral corner lobate. Pereopods 3–4 similar to each other, slender. Pereopods 5–7 bases tapering distally, posterior margin slightly serrate, straight in apical third, with no posterodistal lobe; anterior margin with short spines. Coxa 6 in female anterior margin strongly produced, (in male much less), distally rounded, on distal margin semicircularly excavated in female. Pleon: Pleonites without dorsal teeth, spines or setae. Urosomites lacking teeth, but urosomite 2 on posterodorsal margin a pair of spines, situated a bit laterally. Epimeral plates 1–3 posterodistally rectangular with a small tooth on the corner. Uropod 1 peduncle with one basofacial spine, another stronger one distally, and a row of lateral and marginal spines. Uropod 3 without second article on exopodite; peduncle about half length of exopodite; endopodite scalelike, short, exopodite about 5 × as long as wide, beset with many groups of strong spines. Telson totally cleft, about as long as wide, lobes acutely ending, subdistally with 3 and laterally with 1 strong spine each. Brood plates 2–5 long and narrow, with long marginal setae. Remarks. The here described new species is morphologically similar to M. zeylanica Stebbing, 1904 (Sri Lanka, 7.5 mm), M. kauerti J.L. Barnard 1972 (Western Australia, 8 mm), M. setiflagella Yamato, 1988 (Japan, 7.8 mm) and M. corticis Appadoo & Myers, 2005 (Mauritius, 6 mm). All these species lack strong spines on the outer margin of the telson, have one spine on the inner margin and three terminally. Antenna 2 is weakly setose in our material, matching M. zeylanica, M. kauerti and M. corticis but different in M. setiflagella (densely setose). Gnathopod 2 carpus in M. zeylanica and M. kauerti is compressed, in all other species it is longer than wide. Urosomite 2 has on each side three or four spines in M. kauerti, three spines in M. setiflagella, two or three spines in M. zeylanica and two spines in M. corticis and in the present animals. The similarity to M. corticis from Mauritius is especially striking, but the male antenna 1 flagellum is somewhat longer in M. mirzajanii, the mandibular palp is more densely setose, the gnathopod 2 propodus palm is different and coxa 6 in the female is posteriorly less excavated: these are very tiny morphological differences indeed! It is evident that the new species shows no particular similarity to any of the five species known from the Mediterranean as presented by Karaman (1982). In none of them the distal article of the mandibular palp is (at least slightly) longer than article 2. Only in M. coroninii, the basis of pereopod 7 is similarly shaped, remarkably narrower in its distal part and with distal third of the hind border straight. Only in M. bulla, the dactyli of the hind pereopods are as long (longer than the propodus diameter) as in the Caspian species. Only in M. bulla and M. valesi, both slightly troglomorphic interstitial species, the urosomites are without dorsal teeth. Only in M. hergensis and M. palmata, the hind epimera are not remarkably produced posterodistally, as is also the case in the new M. mirzajanii. Only the very different M. palmata is mentioned (Mordukhai-Boltovskoi et al. 1969; Karaman 1982) from the Black Sea. Its main characteristic is the uniquely shaped male gnathopod 1, but it differs from M. mirzajanii also in the epimera shapes, in urosome armature, in the shape of posterior pereopod bases, and some other details. Ecology, biogeography. Melita mirzajanii n. sp. was common in a dense growth of Amphibalanus cf. improvisus (Darwin, 1854) on concrete piers of the port of Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan province, Iran, at the southwestern corner of the Caspian coast. Nearby was a similar colony of the clam Mytilaster cf. lineatus (Gmelin, 1791). These sessile animals are very recent immigrants to the Caspian Sea. Mytilaster cf. lineatus has been known from the Caspian since the 1920 s (Zenkevich 1947) and Amphibalanus cf. improvisus since the 1950 s (Mordukhai- Boltovskoi 1960), and they probably replaced earlier endemic Dreissena spp. growths as a habitat. Single specimens of the introduced crab Rhithropanopaeus harrisii (Gould) and of the endemic fish Proterorhinus sp. were found in our samples, but no other amphipod species. The type locality is a port on the Caspian shore, exhibiting strong freshwater influence from the Anzali wetlands inland, which may be drenched by the Caspian water during storms. Therefore, the salinity may vary yearly between 0 and 12.7 PSU (= Practical Salinity Units; Mirzajani pers. com.; Mirzajani 2009). Identification. The species actually classified in the genus Melita differ by very slight characters. The groups presented below are prepared for practical purposes only, facilitating comparison and not intending to indicate phylogenetic relations. Melita mirzajanii n. sp. belongs to the Group B 1, for which an identification key is provided. Group A 1: Pleonites and urosomites with prominent dorsal teeth (21 spp.) The presence of teeth on pleonite 1, 2, 3 = Pl 1,2, 3 resp. urosomites 1, 2 = Us 1,2 is indicated in brackets. M. aculeata Chevreux, 1911 (Pl 1,2,3; Us 1); M. bousfieldi García-Madrigal, 2010 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1); M. celericula Croker, 1971 (Pl 3, Us 1,2); M. dentata (Krøyer, 1842) (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. denticulata Nagata, 1965 (P. 1,2, 3, Us 1,2);? M. excavata Ledoyer, 1979 (Pl 1,2, Us 1,2); M. formosa Murdoch, 1866 (Pl 2,3, Us 1,2); M. japonica Nagata, 1965 (Pl 2,3, Us 1,2); M. kodiakensis J.L. Barnard, 1964 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. lignophila J.L. Barnard, 1961 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. machaera K.H. Barnard, 1955 (Pl 3, Us 1,2); M. mucronata Griffiths, 1975 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. obtusata (Montagu, 1813) (Pl 2,3, Us 2); M. pallida Sars, 1879 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. richardi Chevreux, 1900 (Pl. 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. rylovae Bulycheva, 1955 (Pl 2,3, Us 2); M. sexstachya Gamo, 1977 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. subchelata Schellenberg, 1925 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2); M. tuberculata Nagata, 1965 (Pl. 1,2, 3, Us 2); M. unamoena Hirayama, 1987 (Pl 1,2, Us 1,2); M. virgula Krapp-Schickel, Ruffo & Schiecke, 1994 (Pl 1,2, 3, Us 1,2). Group A 2: Only urosomites with dorsal teeth (29 spp.) M. abyssorum Stephensen, 1944 (Us 1,2); M. amoena Hansen, 1888 (Us 1); M. cognata Stock & Vonk, 1992 (Us 1); M. coroninii Heller, 1867 (Us 2); M. desdichada J.L. Barnard, 1962 (Us 1,2); M. dulcicola Stock & Vonk, 1990 (Us 1);? M. festiva (Chilton, 1885) (Us 1,2);? M. gayi (Nicolet, 1849) (Us?); M. hergensis Reid, 1951 (Us 1,2); M. hoshinoi Yamato, 1990 (Us 2); M. inaequistylis (Dana, 1852) (Us 2); M. ophiocola Lowry & Springthorpe, 2005 (Us 1,2); M. oregonensis J.L. Barnard, 1954 (Us 2); M. orgasmos K.H. Barnard, 1940 (Us 1,2); M. palmata (Montagu, 1804) (Us 1,2); M. persona Karaman, 1987 (Us 2); M. pilopropoda Hirayama, 1987 (Us 2); M. planaterga Kunkel, 1910 (Us 1,2); M. plumulosa Zeidler, 1989 (Us 1,2); M. quadridentata Yamato, 1990 (Us 2); M. quadrispinosa Vosseler, 1889 (Us 1,2); M. reidi Hamond, 1965 (Us 1,2); M. setimera Appadoo & Myers, 2005 (Us 1); M. shiodamari Yamato, 1995 (Us 1); M. simplex Myers, 1985 (Us 1);? M. solada J.L. Barnard, 1961 (Us 1,2); M. sulca (Stout, 1913) (Us 1,2); M. tristanensis K.H. Barnard, 1965 (Us 1?, Us 2); M. valida Shoemaker, 1955 (Us 1,2).

Genus Melita Leach, 1814 Type species. Cancer palmatus Montagu, 1804., Published as part of Krapp-Schickel, Traudl & Sket, Boris, 2015, Melita mirzajanii n. sp. (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Melitidae), a puzzling new member of the Caspian fauna, pp. 248-262 in Zootaxa 3948 (2) on page 249, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/239187, {"references":["Leach, W. E. (1814) Crustaceology. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 7, 402 - 403.","Montagu, G. (1804) Description of several marine animals found on the south coast of Devonshire. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London, 7, 61 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1804. tb 00282. x"]}

Krapp-Schickel, Traudl, Sket, Boris (2015): Melita mirzajanii n. sp. (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Melitidae), a puzzling new member of the Caspian fauna. Zootaxa 3948 (2): 248-262, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3948.2.6

GENUS CHAETOGAMMARUS MARTYNOV, 1924 Type species Gammarus ischnus Stebbing, 1899 (synonym Gammarus tenellus Sars, 1896, a homonym). Aditional species Molecularly proven (Hou et al., 2014) members are: Gammarus warpachowskii G.O. Sars, 1894, Gammarus placidus G.O. Sars, 1895, and probably Gammarus behningi Martynov, 1919, Chaetogammarus pauxillus G.O. Sars, 1896, Sovinskya macrocerus Deržavin, 1948, Chaetogammarus hyrcanus Pjatakova, 1962, and Gammarus sowinskyi Behning, 1914. Distribution The natural distribution area of Chaetogammarus are the Black and Caspian seas, and their affluents. All known species are present in the Caspian, and most are found in both the Black Sea and the Caspian drainages. Some species are recent strong invaders all over Europe, and even in North America. Remarks These species are morphologically very similar to Homoeogammarus (although distinguishable by uropod III setation). As it is deeply nested within the group of Ponto-Caspian genera, we cannot fuse it with the peri-Mediterranean relatives. Otherwise, the monophyletic Ponto-Caspian group of genera exhibits great diversity, slightly reminiscent of the Baikalian diversity; Chaetogammarus is a branch between other gammaroid and pontogammaroid branches of the Ponto-Caspian group genera, and along with Trichogammarus and the aberrant Derzhavinella the only Ponto-Caspian gammarids without a distoposterior lobe on bases of pereopod VII., Published as part of Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2016, A review of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera, pp. 323-348 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 334, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12318, http://zenodo.org/record/5357553, {"references":["Hou Z, Sket B, Li S. 2014. Phylogenetic analyses of Gammaridae crustacean reveal different diversification patterns among sister lineages in the Tethyan region. Cladistics: The International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society 30: 352 - 365.","Sars GO. 1895. Amphipoda. An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short descriptions and figures of all the species, l, viii + 711 pp., 240 pls, 8 supplementary pls."]}

GENUS MARINOGAMMARUS SCHELLENBERG, 1937 B Type species Gammarus marinus Leach, 1815. Aditional species Molecularly (conditionally) proven (Hou et al., 2014) taxa are: Gammarus obtusatus Dahl, 1938, Marinogammarus pirloti Sexton and Spooner, 1940; probably also Gammarus finmarchicus Dahl, 1938, and Marinogammarus atlanticus Dahl, 1958. Distribution Marinogammarus spp. inhabit shallow eastern and north-western North Atlantic waters, particularly where influenced by freshwater inflow. If G. olivii belongs here, as supposed by Sexton & Spooner (1940), the genus is also present in the Mediterranean. Remarks Marinogammarus is a sister clade to Homoeogammarus + Ponto-Caspian group of genera, and molecularly very distant from that sister group. It also differs in biogeography., Published as part of Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2016, A review of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera, pp. 323-348 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 335, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12318, http://zenodo.org/record/5357553, {"references":["Hou Z, Sket B, Li S. 2014. Phylogenetic analyses of Gammaridae crustacean reveal different diversification patterns among sister lineages in the Tethyan region. Cladistics: The International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society 30: 352 - 365.","Sexton EW, Spooner GM. 1940. An account of Marinogammarus (Schellenberg) gen. nov. (Amphipoda), with a description of a new species, M. pirloti. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 24: 634 - 682."]}

GENUS TRICHOGAMMARUS GEN. NOV. Type and the only known species Chaetogammarus trichiatus Martynov, 1932 (syn. Chaetogammarus tenellus major Caraus ¸u, 1943). Etymology Named after its hairy uropod III; in ancient Greek thríks, trikhós = hair. Distribution Chaetogammarus trichiatus inhabits affluents of the Black Sea only. Remarks Although very similar to both Chaetogammarus and Homoeogammarus, it can be distinguished by the characteristic setosity of uropod III. Phylogenetically, this clade is also nested within the Ponto-Caspian group, distant from Homoeogammarus, but very close to the Dinaric clade of Homoeogammarus., Published as part of Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2016, A review of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera, pp. 323-348 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 335, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12318, http://zenodo.org/record/5357553

(ECHINOGAMMARUS S. STR.) Echinogammarus in a revised sense was previously named Echinogammarus berilloni group by Pinkster (1973, 1993) and Atlantic Echinogammarus by Hou et al. (2014). Its type species is Gammarus berilloni Catta, 1878. Diagnosis South-west European gammariform amphipods similar to Homoeogammarus, but pereon smooth, pleonites with prominent, numerous, and irregularly disposed stout spines (spiniform setae), and/or tufts of long setae dorsally or/and laterally; no keels or teeths. Gnathopod propodus II longer than propodus I. Uropod III exopodite well developed, biarticulate, with marginal spines and long, straight setae., Published as part of Hou, Zhonge & Sket, Boris, 2016, A review of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera, pp. 323-348 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2) on page 330, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12318, http://zenodo.org/record/5357553, {"references":["Pinkster S. 1973. The Echinogammarus berilloni - group, a number of predominantly Iberian amphipod species crustacea. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 43: 1 - 38.","Pinkster S. 1993. A revision of the genus Echinogammarus Stebbing, 1899 with some notes on related genera (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (serie 2 a) Sezione Scienze della Vita, Verona 10: 1 - 185.","Hou Z, Sket B, Li S. 2014. Phylogenetic analyses of Gammaridae crustacean reveal different diversification patterns among sister lineages in the Tethyan region. Cladistics: The International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society 30: 352 - 365."]}

Hou, Zhonge, Sket, Boris (2016): A review of Gammaridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 323-348, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12318, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12318

Brasileirinidae fam. nov. Diagnosis. Body dorsoventrally depressed, pleon slightly concave. Pleonites I and II small, but not reduced to sternal parts. Pleotelson of pleonite VI and telson, reaching only about 1 / 5 of body and less than 45 % of pleon length. Pleopods I and II absent in females, uniramous and apparently modified for copulatory purpose in males. Respiratory pleopods III–V present in both sexes, mutually similar, ramus small, tumescent, with transverse suture in the middle; other ramus absent or highly reduced (pleopods apparently uniramous).

Calabozoidae Van Lieshout, 1983 Type species. Pongycarcinia xiphidiourus Messana, Baratti & Benvenuti, 2002 Material examined. Juvenile male, 2.8 mm, OBBFUL I0016 and mature female, 3 mm, OBBFUL I0017, both Toca do Gon��alo, Campo Formoso, Bahia State, Brazil, lat: 10 �� 30 ' 41 "S, long: 40 �� 53 ' 39.8 "W, 546 m a.s.l., leg. R. L. Ferreira, 28.12. 2010, partially dissected and mounted on glycerol-gelatine on two slides; 2 juvenile males, ISLA 1505 and 1 mature female, ISLA 1506 all in 96 % ethanol; 6 mature females, OBBFUL I0016, Toca da Jurema, V��rzea Nova, Bahia State, Brazil, lat: 11,0563567S, long: 41,092988W, leg. R. L. Ferreira, 20.07. 2008. Male and female supplementary description (Figs 7 and 8) Mandibles without palp and molar process (pars molaris). Right mandible with bipartite incisor (pars incisiva), each part with 4 sclerotized cusps, lacinia mobilis short, with 3 indistinct cusps and spine row reduced to a single pappose robust seta. Left mandible similar but with one-part incisor and sclerotized lacinoid spine with densely serrated bifid apex. Pleopods in males and females biramous, only pleopods II show strong sexual dimorphism. Juvenile male pleopod I as female pleopod I, protopodite obtusely subtrapezoidal, endopodite narrow ellipsoidal, elongate, about 1.7 times as long as protopodite, with apical plumose seta about 1.7 times as long as endopodite, exopodite lamellar, subtriangular, about 2.6 times as long as endopodite, with 4 plumose setae along distal margin. Juvenile male pleopod II exopodite lamellar, ellipsoid, about half as long as wide, with 7���8 plumose setae on internal and distal margins, both endopodites elongated, blade-like, but left endopodite with obtuse instead of pointed apex, its length about 85 % of right endopodite length. Female pleopod II endopodite elongated oval, with apical plumose seta, lamellar exopodite ellipsoid, about 2 times as wide as long and about 2 times as long as endopodite, with 3 long plumose setae on internal and 5 shorter plumose setae on apical margin. Uropods long styliform, greatly surpassing the pleotelson apex. Habitat. The Toca do Gon��alo cave is one of the most affected caves in the Brazilian Caatinga formation, due to the impact of human utilization. It is located in a small village, representing its only water source. For decades, people are extracting water from the cave using a diesel-water pump which releases smoke into the cave atmosphere and oil into phreatic waters. But the pump is used only once a week, for a short period that allows refilling of the external water reservoirs. That was a compromise between cave conservation principles and socioeconomic issues accepted due to the extreme poverty of villagers. However, in 2010 an additional electric water pump was installed inside the cave, by a farmer from another village. He had turned the pump on early each morning and kept pumping water throughout the day for the purpose of irrigation. This pump caused a severe decrease in the phreatic level of more than 1 m. After our visit to the cave in December 2010, we���ve informed the Brazilian Agency of the Environment about the situation. The Agency negotiated with the Municipal Council to promote the installation of an artesian well outside the cave and enable the removal of both water pumps. More than a decade ago, the pH of water was 6.99, temperature 26.38 ��C, dissolved oxygen 1.06���2.49 mgl - 1 and conductivity 1.47 ��Scm - 1 (Messana et al. 2002). In mid-June 2012 the water parameters were: pH 7.63, temperature 26.5 ��C, dissolved oxygen 2.04 mgl - 1 and conductivity 1.63 ��Scm - 1. Despite the fact that the first measurements were taken with the water pump still operating and the latter were taken after its removal, the values of measured parameters did not change significantly. This could eventually indicate that a ���buffer effect��� of the phreatic water circulation had protected the aquatic cave fauna from the long lasting human effects., Published as part of Prevor��nik, Simona, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes & Sket, Boris, 2012, Brasileirinidae, a new isopod family (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the cave in Bahia (Brazil) with a discussion on its taxonomic position, pp. 47-65 in Zootaxa 3452 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211428, {"references":["Van Lieshout, S. E. N. (1983) Calabozoidea, a new suborder of stygobiont Isopoda, discovered in Venezuela. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 53 (1), 165 - 177.","Messana, G., Baratti, M. & Benvenuti, D. (2002) Pongycarcinia xiphidiourus n. gen. n. sp., a new Brazilian Calabozoidae (Crustacea Isopoda). Tropical Zoology, 15, 243 - 252."]}

Troglocaris (Troglocaris) anophthalmus sontica ssp. nov. Synonymy: Troglocaris (Troglocaris) – the Soča phylogroup Zakšek et al., 2009 Type locality: Slovenia, Vipava, cave Vipavska jama. Type sample: Males: adult male (TA 985, holotype), CL 7.4 mm, Vipavska jama, Vipava, Slovenia, 45 ° 50 ' 40.91 " N, 13 ° 57 ' 52.55 " E, 6 th September 2009, collected by J. Jugovic and M. Kolesnikova, specimen preserved in 70 % ethanol. Other males from the type sample: adult male (TA 983), CL 6.1 mm; adult male (TA 984), CL 6.3 mm; adult male (TA 986), CL 6.6 mm; adult male (TA 987), CL 6.2 mm; adult male (TA 988), CL 5.6 mm; same data as neotype. Females: 5 adult females, TA 990 (CL 7.1 mm); TA 991 (CL 6.1 mm); TA 992 (CL 6.4 mm); TA 993 (CL 6.1 mm); TA 994 (CL 6.2 mm); same data as neotype. Other specimens examined: 9 specimens collected from one other known locality of T. (T.) anophthalmus sontica (Figure 1, Appendix C 5). Males, CL 5.0– 6.8 mm. Females, CL 5.9 –7.0 mm. Molecular analysis only: 6 specimens from two additional localities (Figure 1, Appendix C 5). Voucher numbers and GenBank identification numbers for COI gene are in Appendix C 5. Diagnosis: Subspecies of T. (T.) anophthalmus with completely reduced eye and body pigmentation. Rostrum length variable, rostrum always straight and narrow, with 7 or less ventral teeth. Antenna I article 3 length less than ½ of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite’s distal point weak, usually its length less than 28 % of scaphocerite width. Pereopod III article 4 usually with four spiniform setae along inferior margin and at inferodistal angle, article 6 not or only weakly curved in adult males. Pereopod V exopodite absent. Uropod exopodite width usually less than 32 % of its length. Fully mature males without retinacular hooks on pleopod I endopodite appendix interna. Pleopod I endopodite inner margin with short spiniform setae. Medial margin of pleopod I endopodite with short spiniform setae. Differential description of material examined: Males (average values ± SD and [min, max values] presented, Figure 5; see also Appendix B 1): Small specimens, CL: 5.8 ± 0.5 mm [5.0, 6.8 mm]. Rostrum length and dentition variable, when rostrum longer than 45 % of CL, narrow and never curved upwards. Article 3 of antenna I short (a 13 a 12), its length 39 ± 4 % [33, 46 %] of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite narrow (a 2 s 2 s 1), its width 34 ± 2 % [31, 38 %] of scaphocerite length; distal point of scaphocerite weak and short (a 2 s 3 s 1), its length 7 ± 1 % [5, 10 %] of scaphocerite length. Pereopod I article 7 long (pr 1 da), its length 21 ± 2 % [19, 24 %] of pereopod I length; and pereopod III article 7 short (pr 3 da), its length only 9 ± 1 % [7, 12 %] of pereopod III length. Pereopod I article 6 long (pr 1 che), its length 26 ± 2 % [22, 29 %] of CL. Pereopod III article 3 long (pr 3 ia), its length 9 ± 1 % [8, 11 %] of pereopod III length. The comb on pereopod V article 7 with small number of setae (P 5 D): 36.8 ± 4.3 [32, 47]. Pereopod V article 7 short (p 5 dp), its length only 21 ± 2 % [17, 24 %] of pereopod V article 6 length. Uropod exopodite narrow (u 21, u 2 cl), its width only 29 ± 2 % [27, 32 %] of uropod exopodite length, and 16 ± 1 % [14, 18 %] of CL. Telson long (te 1 s 6), its length 97 ± 5 % [89, 103 %] of pleonite VI length. Adult males generally without a single retinacular hook on appendix interna of pleopod I endopodite. Number of setae on pleopod I endopodite inner margin small (PP 1 ENS): 18.9 ± 2.8 [15, 24]. Females (average values ± SD and [min, max values], Figure 5; see also Appendix B 2): Small specimens, CL: 6.5 ± 0.4 mm [5.9, 7.0 mm]. Rostrum length and dentition variable, when longer than 45 % of CL, narrow and never curved upwards. Article 3 of antenna I short (a 13 a 12), its length only 38 ± 7 % [31, 50 %] of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite narrow (a 2 s 2 s 1, a 2 s 2 cl), its width 36 ± 2 % [30, 38 %] of scaphocerite length, and 17 ± 1 % [16, 19 %] of CL; distal point of scaphocerite weak and short (a 2 s 3 s 1), its length only 8 ± 1 % [6, 9 %] of scaphocerite length. Distal articles of chelate pereopods long; length of article 7 of pereopod I (pr 1 da) 21 ± 1 % [20, 22 %] of pereopod I length, and length of article 7 of pereopod II (pr 2 da) 18 ± 1 % [17, 19 %] of pereopod II length. Pereopod II chelae long (pr 2 che), their length 24 ± 1 % [23, 26 %] of CL. Proximal articles of chelate pereopods long, length of pereopod I article 4 (pr 1 ma) 23 ± 1 % [22, 25 %] of pereopod I length, and length of pereopod II article 5 (pr 2 ccl) 26 ± 2 % [23, 28 %] of CL. Pereopod V article 7 short (p 5 dp), its length only 19 ± 2 % [16, 22 %] of pereopod V article 6. The comb on pereopod V article 7 with small number of setae (P 5 D): 35.9 ± 3.0 [31, 40]. Pleonites V–VI long in relation to CL (s 56 cl), its length 78 ± 3 % [71, 80 %], and short in relation to uropod exopodite length (u 1 s 56), its length 64 ± 3 % [61, 71 %] of uropod exopodite length. Uropod exopodite narrow (u 21, u 2 cl), its width only 31 ± 1 % [29, 33 %] of uropod exopodite length, and only 16 ± 1 % [14, 16 %] of CL. Pleopod II appendix interna short (pl 2 aicl), its length 10 ± 1 % [9, 12 %] of CL. Telson of medium length (te 1 cl, te 1 s 56), its length 50 ± 3 % [47, 55 %] of CL, and 64 ± 3 % [62, 71 %] of pleonites V+VI length. Telson weakly narrowed distally (tes 2 tes 1), its distal width 79 ± 7 % [69, 89 %] of proximal width. Males and females (see also Table 1): pereopod III article 3 with 4–5 spiniform setae along its inferior margin and at inferodistal angle in over 70 % of specimens, otherwise with 3 spiniform setae. Etymology: Sontica is an adjective from Sontius (or Aesontius) which was the Roman name for the river Soča/Isonzo. Distribution: despite the thorough examination of the area (Jugovic and Zakšek, 2008; Prevorčnik, Fišer, Zagmajster, Trontelj, 2009) the subspecies is known only from four localities (Figure 1, Appendix C 5) in the Soča–Vipava rivers system, NW from T. (T.) planinensis. Both taxa seem to be sympatric in the Italian Carso/Kras.

Troglocaris (Troglocaris) bosnica Sket et Zak��ek, 2009 Synonymy: Troglocaris sp. nov. 2 of the Bosnian clade, Zak��ek et al., 2007 Specimens examined: Suvaja pećina cave, Sanski Most, Bosnia and Hercegovina: 1 juvenile male, CL 6.2 mm; 13 mature females, CL 5.8���7.4 mm; 4 juvenile females, CL 5.0��� 5.5 mm. Dabarska pećina cave, Sanski Most, Bosnia and Hercegovina: 1 adult female, CL 8.8 mm (voucher numbers are in Appendix C 8; for GenBank identification numbers for COI gene see Sket & Zak��ek 2009). Emended diagnosis: Species of Troglocaris sg. Troglocaris with completely reduced eye and body pigmentation. As for the subgenus, rostrum length 55 % of CL or longer, usually with 13 or more ventral teeth (exceptionally 12 ��� 10 teeth); palp of maxilla I with more than three, moderately long setae; male pleopod I endopodite with more than 30 partially grouped, and long, inner marginal setae. Pereopod V exopodite well developed. Remarks: Males: the holotype was the only adult male available. Except for the age dependent characters (pereopod III���IV article 6 differentiation), no other differences from the species diagnosis (Sket & Zak��ek 2009) are present in the only juvenile male. Females: no differences from the species diagnosis (Sket & Zak��ek 2009) present. It should be stressed that not only all adult males and females (in contrast to the vast majority of T. aggr. anophthalmus specimens), but also all juveniles have well developed exopodites on pereopod V. Distribution: The subspecies is known only from two caves in Bosanska Krajina (westernmost Bosnia and Hercegovina, Figure 1). The populations from the Bihaċ region between Lu��ci polje (Bosnia and Hercegovina) and Kukuruzoviċa peċina (Croatia) were available neither for molecular nor for the morphometric study; they could belong to this or to any of the neighbouring taxa., Published as part of Jugovic, Jure, Jal��i��, Branko, Prevor��nik, Simona & Sket, Boris, 2012, Cave shrimps Troglocaris s. str. (Dormitzer, 1853), taxonomic revision and description of new taxa after phylogenetic and morphometric studies, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 3421 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208815, {"references":["Zaksek, V., Sket, B., Trontelj, P. (2007) Phylogeny of the cave shrimp Troglocaris: evidence of a young connection between Balkans and Caucasus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 223 - 235."]}

Troglocaris (Troglocaris) anophthalmus periadriatica ssp. nov. Synonymy: Troglocaris (Troglocaris) – the Adriatic phylogroup Zakšek et al., 2009 incl. Troglocaris schmidti auct. from Vjetrenica, p.p.; incl. T roglocaris schmidti schmidti forma typica Fage, 1937 p.p.; incl. Troglocaris anophthalmus Matjašič, 1960. Type locality: Bosnia and Hercegovina, Popovo polje, Zavala, cave Vjetrenica. Type sample: Male: adult male (TA063, holotype), CL 6.0 mm, lake at the end of Blatni rov, Gornji Absolonov kanal, cave Vjetrenica, Popovo polje, Bosnia and Hercegovina, 42 ° 50 ' 43.21 " N, 17 ° 59 '09.26" E, 18 th August 2005, collected by M. Zagmajster, specimen partly dissected, preserved in 70 % ethanol. Females: 7 adult females, TA 794 (CL 6.9 mm); TA 795 (CL 6.0 mm); TA 796 (CL 6.2 mm), Donja Vjetrenica, 26 th September 1962, collected by J. Matjašič, other data as in holotype; TA 798 (CL 6.0 mm); TA 799 (CL 5.2 mm), TA 800 (CL 7.0 mm), data as in holotype; TA 801 (CL 6.6 mm), lake Duguljasto jezero, Gornji Absolonov kanal, other data as for TA 798 –TA 800; one juvenile female, TA 797 (CL 6.0 mm), data as for holotype (all specimens preserved in 70 % ethanol). Other specimens examined: 29 adult males, CL 4.8–7.3 mm and 53 adult females, CL 5.2–8.7 mm, from 15 samples from the entire distribution area of T. (T.) a. periadriatica (Figure 1, Appendix C 4). Voucher numbers and GenBank identification numbers for COI gene are in Appendix C 4. Diagnosis: Subspecies of T. (T.) anophthalmus with completely reduced eye and body pigmentation. Rostrum length variable, but even when rostrum longer than 45 % of CL, dorsal margin usually straight, ventral margin with 9 or less teeth, but mostly with less than 7 teeth. Antenna I article 3 length usually more than ½ of article 2 length. Pereopod III article 4 usually with three spiniform setae along inferior margin and at inferodistal angle, article 6 weakly or strongly curved in adult males. Pereopod V article 7 length usually more than 21 % (in males) and more than 17 % (in females) of article 6 length. Pereopod V only exceptionally with exopodite. Uropod exopodite width usually more than 32 % of its length. Telson usually strongly narrowed distally. Fully mature males with 2–7 retinacular hooks on pleopod I appendix interna, sometimes with a single retinacular hook or without them. Medial margin of pleopod I endopodite with short spiniform setae. Differential description of material examined: Males (average values ± SD and [min, max values] presented from Figure 5; see also Appendix B 1): Small bulky specimens, CL: 6.0 mm ± 0.6 mm [4.8, 7.3 mm]. Rostrum length and dentition variable, only exceptionally rostrum curved. Article 3 of antenna I long (a 13 a 12), its length 58 ± 6 % [46, 73 %] of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite wide (a 2 s 2 s 1), its width 38 ± 2 % [33, 42 %] of scaphocerite length. Pereopod I article 7 long (pr 1 da), its length 21 ± 1 % [18, 23 %] of pereopod I length; and pereopod III article 7 of medium length (pr 3 da), its length 10 ± 1 % [8, 12 %] of pereopod III length. Pereopod I article 6 long (pr 1 che), its length 25 ± 2 % [22, 27 %] of CL. Uropod exopodite wide (u 21, u 2 cl), its width 35 ± 2 % [32, 39 %] of uropod exopodite length, and 20 ± 2 % [17, 24 %] of CL. Pereopod V article 7 long (p 5 dp), its length 25 ± 2 % [21, 28 %] of pereopod V article 6 length. Telson short (te 1 s 6), its length only 89 ± 6 % [76, 103 %] of pleonite VI length. Adult males generally with at least one (up to 7) retinacular hooks on appendix interna of pleopod I endopodite. Females (average values ± SD and [min, max values] presented from Figure 5; see also Appendix B 2): Small bulky specimens, CL: 6.9 ± 0.7 mm [5.2, 8.7 mm]. Rostrum length and dentition variable, rostrum curved only exceptionally. Article 3 of antenna I long (a 13 a 12), its length 55 ± 6 % [44, 69 %] of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite wide (a 2 s 2 s 1, a 2 s 2 cl), its width 39 ± 3 % [32, 47 %], of scaphocerite length, and 21 ± 2 % [17, 24 %] of CL. Distal articles (article 7) of chelate pereopods I and II long (pr 1 da, pr 2 da), its length 21 ± 1 % [19, 23 %] of pereopod I length, and 17 ± 1 % [15, 19 %] of pereopod II length; chelae of pereopod II relatively long (pr 2 che), their length 23 ± 2 % [19, 28 %] of CL. Proximal articles of chelate pereopods of medium length; length of article 4 of pereopod I (pr 1 ma) 24 ± 2 % [20, 26 %] of pereopod I length, and length of article 5 of pereopod II (pr 2 ccl) 27 ± 2 % [20, 31 %] of CL. Pereopod V article 7 long (p 5 dp), its length 25 ± 2 % [17, 29 %] of article 6 length. Pleonites V–VI long (s 56 cl), their length 85 ± 5 % [73, 97 %] of CL. Uropod exopodite wide (u 21, u 2 cl), its width 37 ± 2 % [32, 43 %] of uropod exopodite length, and 20 ± 2 % [16, 24 %] of CL. Uropod exopodite of medium length (u 1 te 1), its length 108 ± 6 % [98, 121 %] of telson length; telson short (te 1 cl, te 1 s 56), its length 49 ± 3 % [43, 55 %] of CL, and 59 ± 3 % [54, 63 %] of pleonites V+VI length. Telson clearly narrowed distally (tes 2 tes 1): its distal width 56 ± 7 % [43, 70 %] of proximal width. Males and females (see also Table 1): article 3 of pereopod III with 3 or less spiniform setae along its inferior margin and at inferodistal angle in over 80 % of specimens, otherwise with up to 5 spiniform setae. Etymology: Peri- in a composite word comes from a Greek word meaning “near, around”. Accentuating its distribution area along and within the Adriatic coast and resembling the dessignation ‘Adriatic’ in the phylogenetic studies (Zakšek et al. 2007, 2009). Remarks: Vjetrenica is chosen as the type locality, because the population of Troglocaris s. str. living in Vjetrenica has been so often mentioned in literature. It was often regarded as belonging to the 'typical' T. anophthalmus (e.g. Matjašič, 1960) or even explicitly as being T. a. anophthalmus (Fage 1937, as T. s. schmidti; Franjeviċ 2006). Distribution: The subspecies inhabits a contiguous wide area along the Adriatic coast, approximately from Otočac in Lika (Croatia) in NW to SE of Trebinje (Bosnia and Hercegovina) in SE. It seems to be absent from the central Velebit mountains (Croatia), but it is present in the detached peninsula Pelješac and the islands of Brač and Ugljan. The populations W and NW of Otočac were not available for study (Figure 1).

Troglocaris (Troglocaris) anophthalmus legovici ssp. nov. Synonymy: Troglocaris (Troglocaris) ��� the Istra putative phylogroup Zak��ek et al., 2009 Type locality: Croatia, Pula, Nimfej izvor (spring). Type material: Male: adult male (inv. number 1770, holotype), CL 5.7 mm, Nimfej izvor, Pula, Croatia, 25 th January 2011, collected by B. Jalžić, specimen partly dissected and stored in 96 % ethanol. Females from the type locality: 2 juvenile females: TB082 (CL 5.6 mm), TB084 (CL 5.7 mm). Type material stored in Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej in Zagreb (Croatia). Other specimens examined: Kr��an (female, CL 6.2 mm). Molecular analysis only: Opatija, Medveja (juvenile male); Vrsar, Klariča jama (female, only tissue available). Voucher numbers and GenBank identification numbers for COI and ITS 2 genes are in Appendix C 6, where available. Description of the holotype (only characters that are used for differential descriptions of other herein described taxa are included, see also Table 1 and Appendix B 1): Small specimen, CL: 5.7 mm. Rostrum straight and narrow, with 4 ventral teeth. Article 3 of antenna I length (a 13 a 12) 50 % of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite narrow (a 2 s 2 s 1), its width 34 % of scaphocerite length; distal point of scaphocerite 9.5 % of scaphocerite length (a 2 s 3 s 1). Pereopod I article 7 length (pr 1 da) 17 % of pereopod I length; pereopod III article 7 length (pr 3 da) 11.5 % of pereopod III length. Pereopod I article 6 length (pr 1 che) 22 % of CL. Pereopod III article 3 long (pr 3 ia), its length 10.5 % of pereopod III length. The comb on pereopod V article 7 with small number of setae (P 5 D), only 30. Pereopod V article 7 rather short (p 5 dp), its length 18 % of pereopod V article 6 length. Uropod exopodite narrow (u 21, u 2 cl), its width 29 % of uropod exopodite length and 18.5 % of CL. Telson long (te 1 s 6), its length 97 % of pleonite VI length. Pleopod I endopodite without retinacular hooks on appendix interna. Number of setae on pleopod I endopodite inner margin (PP 1 ENS) small, only 21. Article 3 of pereopod III with 4 spiniform setae along its inferior margin and at inferodistal angle. Females: no adult females from the type locality were available, but see Appendix B 2 for scarce morphometric data. Etymology: named after the well known Istrian caver and our friend Silvije Legoviċ. Remarks and distribution: Only populations from W and E coast of the central Istra peninsula (Croatia), S from rivers Mirna and Ra��a, together with a sample from the southern tip of peninsula (near Pula) could be molecularly identified as belonging to the Istra putative phylogroup (Figure 1). In Kr��an (in a spring in the tunnel draining the former lake of Čepiċ), it was found in syntopy with T. (T.) planinensis, where the latter was more numerous. Near Pula, T. (T.) planinensis was also found (but not in the same locality). So these populations might represent separate biological species either on their own or as a member of herein described T. (T.) anophthalmus., Published as part of Jugovic, Jure, Jal��i��, Branko, Prevor��nik, Simona & Sket, Boris, 2012, Cave shrimps Troglocaris s. str. (Dormitzer, 1853), taxonomic revision and description of new taxa after phylogenetic and morphometric studies, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 3421 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208815

Troglocaris (Troglocaris) anophthalmus anophthalmus (Kollar, 1848) Synonymy: Palaemon anophthalmus Kollar, 1848; Troglocaris schmidtii Dormitzer, 1853; see also Holthuis (1956); Troglocaris (Troglocaris) ��� the E-Slo 1 subgroup Zak��ek et al., 2009 Type locality: Slovenia, Dobrepolje, cave Kompoljska jama. Material examined: Neotype: adult male (TA 965), CL 7.6 mm, Kompoljska jama, Kompolje, Videm-Dobrepolje, Slovenia, 45 �� 47 ' 58.23 " N, 14 �� 43 ' 51.39 " E, 3 rd September 2009, collected by J. Jugovic, specimen partly dissected, preserved in 70 % ethanol. Other specimens from the neotype locality: Males: adult male (TA 966; preserved in 96 % ethanol at - 20 ��C), 7.5 mm; adult male (TA 977; preserved in 96 % ethanol at - 20 ��C), 6.5 mm; same data as neotype. Females: 8 adult females, TA 975 (CL 8.4 mm); TA 976 (CL 7.4 mm); TA 978 (CL 8.5 mm); TA 979 (CL 7.1 mm); TA 980 (CL 7.8 mm); TA 981 (CL 7.3 mm); TA 982 (6.9 mm) (all preserved in 70 % ethanol); TA 989 (CL 7.3 mm) (preserved in 96 % ethanol at - 20 ��C); same data as neotype. Other specimens examined: over 60 specimens from 11 samples (Figure 1, Appendix C 1). Males, CL 4.7���8.3 mm. Females, CL 5.8 ���9.0 mm. Voucher numbers and GenBank identification numbers for COI gene are in Appendix C 1. Diagnosis: Subspecies of T. (T.) anophthalmus with completely reduced eye and body pigmentation. Rostrum length variable, when rostrum longer than 45 % of CL, dorsal margin usually curved upwards, ventral margin with 7 teeth or less. Antenna I article 3 length usually more than �� of article 2 length. Pereopod III article 4 usually with three or less spiniform setae along inferior margin and at inferodistal angle, article 6 weakly or strongly curved in adult males. Pereopod V only exceptionally with exopodite. Fully mature males with no or with a single retinacular hook on appendix interna of pleopod I endopodite. Medial margin of pleopod I endopodite with short spiniform setae. Description of male neotype and other [values in parentheses, if different] male material (partly after Fabjan 2001): Body and eye pigmentation completely reduced. CL 7.6 mm [5.3���7.6 mm]. Carapace (Figure 2 B) surface smooth, with supraorbital and suborbital spines only. Anterolateral carapace angle rounded, without pterygostomial angle. Transversal crest posteriorly on the carapace. Rostrum length 59 % [32���78 %] of CL, shape sigmoidal [various], with 25 + 7 / 2 teeth [12���31 + 4���11 / 0���7]. Teeth on carapace along 17 % [14���25 %] of CL. Abdominal somites smooth. Pleonite V length 56 % [45���60 %] of pleonite VI length. Telson (Figure 1 Tel) length 47 % [40���64 %] of CL and 87 % [85���109 %] of pleonite VI length. Telson elongated rectangular, distal margin width 66 % [48���80 %] of proximal margin width, the former 13 % [10���16 %] of CL. Dorsal surface with 3 pairs of dorsolateral spiniform setae [exceptionally 4 setae on one margin], at 0.60, 0.74 and 0.94 of telson length. Rather rounded distal border with 11 [9���14] strong spiniform setae; both distolateral setae approximately 3 times longer, all other 2 times longer than dorsolateral spiniform setae. Antenna I (Figure 2 AI) peduncle length 52 % [46���61 %] of CL. Peduncular article 1 about 1.5 [1.3���1.7] times as long as article 2, the latter 1.6 [1.5 ���2.0] times as long as article 3. Article 1 with nearly straight mesial margin with setose distal part; lateral stylocerite with broad base and slender, acute tip, its length 42 % [37���45 %] of peduncle length and approximately 80 % of article 1 length; distolateral lobe sharply pointed, its length 13 % [13���18 %] of peduncle length. Article 2 length approximately 83 % of article 1 length, mesial and lateral margins setose. Article 3 length approximately 41 % of article 1 length. Upper flagellum uniramous, lower flagellum slender, lengths of both flagella rather exceeding 200 % of CL. Antenna II (Figure 2 AII) with robust basicerite. Peduncle length 34 % [32���43 %] of CL. Scaphocerite 2.7 [2.6���3.2] times as long as wide, approximately 1.7 times [1.4���1.7] as long as peduncle, its length 55 % [51���63 %] of CL, distally broad, ovally produced, lateral margin nearly straight with stout distolateral tooth. Tooth length 10 % [9���13 %] of scaphocerite length. Scaphocerite mesial, distal and distolateral margins fringed with dense row of plumose setae. Flagella length rather exceeding 200 % of CL. Mandibula with rather robust corpus, with small group of plumose setae on lateral margin. Without palp. Mandibular pars incisiva (incisor process; Figure 3 Md) stout, tapering distally, distal margin of 3 [3���6] teeth of different size. Teeth number on left and right mandible often different. Pars molaris stout, U-shaped with triturative surface and numerous short simple marginal setae. Spine row of scarce serrate setae traversing to dense pappose setae. Left maxilla I (Figure 3 MxI(l)) palp truncated, with one long plumose seta at interodistal angle and one [1���2] stout spiniform subdistal seta. Right maxilla I palp (Figure 3 MxI(r)) without plumose seta. Rectilinear outer margin of upper lacinia (basipodial endite) with numerous short strong cuspidate setae, curvilinear inner margin and ventral surface with plumose setation. Lower lacinia (coxal endite) well developed, semicircular; outer margin with dense plumose and serrate setation, submedial line with five rows of shorter pappose and some simple setae. Outer part with sparse group of pappose setae. Maxilla II (Figure 3 MxII) with slender, simple, tapering palp with one simple seta distally. Basipodial endite bilobed; upper lobe subrhomboidal, margins with dense plumose and serrate setation, ventral surface with group of sparse plumose setae. Lower lobe with almost rectilinear outer margin, fringed with densely packed plumose and serrate setae; sparse simple setae are present all over its surface. Coxal endite fan-like, with dense plumose setae along distal margin and scarce plumose setae subdistally. Scaphognatite well developed, broad, margin fringed with plumose setae, anterior lobe large, posterior lobe narrower, subtriangular, with group of plumose setae on lower distal part. Maxilliped I (Figure 3 MxpI) palp clubby, flat distal margin with several plumose setae. Epipodite poorly developed, bilobed. Basipodial endite approximately 2.5 times longer than coxal endite, distal margin and mesial surface with dense rows of long plumose setae, almost rectilinear outer margin with row of shorter papulose setae with scale-like setules. Coxal endite poorly developed, with short serrate and longer plumose setae along outer margin. Exopodite with large caridean lobe approximately 2 times longer than flagellum. Lobe and flagellar margins and lobe ventral surface with plumose setation. Maxilliped II (Figure 3 MxpII) with well developed endopodite. Dactylopropodus broad, with long plumose setae on upper superior margin, densely packed longer pappose and shorter serrate setae along almost rectilinear lower superior margin and some long submarginal plumose setae. Exopodite with well developed flagellum, with plumose distal setae and serrate proximal setae. Well developed comb-like podobranchium with approximately 8 branches. Maxilliped III (Figure 3 MxpIII) with slender endopod, its length 89 % [84���105 %] of CL. Ischiomerus well separated from basis, rather curved, about 5.5 times as long as wide, with sparse pappose setae proximally on superior margin. Penultimate article slender, about 8.2 times as long as wide and 1.1 times ischiomeral length, with spiniform submarginal setae on mesial surface and few long pappose setae at distosuperior angle. Terminal article (dactylopropodus) about 11.5 times as long as wide and 1.3 times ischiomeral length, tapering distally, with strong apical dactylopropodal spine (claw). Distal ⅓ of inferior margin with approximately 9 subequal spiniform setae, proximal ⅔ of mesial surface and superior submarginal surface with transverse series of serrate setae. Exopodite tip reaching beyond ischiomeral distal tip, robust flagellum with serrate proximal setae and long plumose distal setae. Coxa with larger, well developed arthrobranchium upper and smaller, weakly developed (frequently damaged by section) lower arthrobranchium. Pereopod I (Figure 4 PpI) length from base of article 3 (ischium) to apex of article 6 (propodus, unmovable finger of chela) 57 % [53���67 %] of CL. Length relations of above articles (in percentages of pereopod I length): 15 % [11���16 %]: 22 % [22���27 %]: 33 % [27���33 %]: 30 % [29���36 %]. Chela with palm subcylindrical, slightly compressed, fingers with dense tuft of longer pappose and shorter serrate setae apically. Within tufts also shorter setae rounded distally (Figure 4 PpIfin). Article 6 maximal length 22 % [21���26 %] of CL, its length 2.2 [1.9���3.1] times its width. Chela palm well developed, its basal bulge length approximately 23 % [13���26 %] of article 6 maximal length. Article 7 (dactylus, movable finger) length 49 % [49���66 %] of article 6 maximal length. Exopodite with serrate basal setae and plumose distal setae, little overreaching distal end of article 4 (merus). Pereopod II (Figure 4 PpII) longer and thinner than pereopod I, its length (given as in pereopod I) 75 % [69���88 %] of CL. Length relations of above articles (given as in pereopod I): 17 % [14���19 %]: 24 % [23���28 %]: 34 % [31���35 %]: 25 % [24���29 %]. Chela with palm subcylindrical, slightly compressed, fingers with dense tuft of longer pappose and shorter serrate setae apically. Within tufts also shorter, distally rounded setae (as shown for pereopod I on Figure 2 PpIfin). Article 6 maximal length 23 % [21���27 %] of CL, its length 2.4 [2.0��� 3.6] times its width. Chela palm well developed, its basal bulge length approximately 21 % [11���22 %] of article 6 maximal length. Article 7 (dactylus, movable finger) length 60 % [48���66 %] article 6 maximal length. Exopodite with serrate basal setae and plumose distal setae, reaching distal end of article 4 (merus). Pereopod III (Figure 4 PpIII) length from base of article 3 (ischium) to apex of article 7 (dactylus) 153 % [148���205 %] of CL. Length relations of above articles (in percentages of pereopod III length): 9 % [7���10 %]: 34 % [31���36 %]: 18 % [17���20 %]: 31 % [28���33 %]: 8 % [5���12 %]. In fully mature males article 7 inferior margin with 17 [8���40] spiniform setae in two, proximally densely and distally rarely set groups. Article 6 of mature males slightly curved, 13 % [12���20 %] of article 6 length differentiated (i.e. article distally widened, with a group of numerous spiniform setae). Articles 5 and 4 bear 1 and 3 [1���4] large spiniform setae on mesial surfaces, respectively. Article 3 bears 1 smaller [0���1] spiniform seta on mesial surface. Exopodite well developed, with basal serrate setae and plumose distal setae, reaching approximately second half of article 4 (merus). Pereopod IV similar to pereopod III. Pereopod V (Figure 4 PpV) length 157 % [142���171 %] of CL. Length relations of its articles (in percentages of pereopod V length): 8.5 % [8���9 %]: 30 % [28���30 %]: 18 % [16���19 %]: 36 % [35���38 %]: 7.5 % [7���9 %], the latter with 43 [37���54] equally long spiniform setae, formatting a comb-like article 7. Articles 5 and 4 bear 1 and 2 [1���3] large spiniform setae on mesial surfaces, respectively. Article 3 bears no [0 (exceptionally)��� 1] spiniform setae on mesial surface. Pereopods I���IV with pleurobranchia, epipodites and exopodites. Pereopod V with pleurobranchium, without epipodite, exceptionally with exopodite ��� if developed, exopodite short, not/barely exceeding pereopod article 2 (basis) in length. All pereopods with setobranchia. Pleopod I (Figure 2 PlpI) endopodite well developed, with wide basis, tapering apex and slightly bent shallow groove on outer subdistal part. Endopodite length 19 % [17���25 %] of CL and 38 % [34���46 %] of exopodite length. Outer margin with 17 [17���33] spiniform setae. Appendix interna with no [0���1] retinacular hooks distally, not exceeding lamina in length. Exopodite with plumose setae along margins. Pleopod II (Figure 2 PlpII) with well developed shield-like appendix masculina, with numerous spiniform setae on medial and subdistal surface; its length 24 % [24���35 %] of CL and 63 % [62���73 %] of endopodite length. Appendix masculina 2.1 [2.1���3.3] times longer than appendix interna, the latter with 15 [3���23] retinacular hooks apically. Exopodite 1.2 [1.1���1.3] times longer than endopodite. Endopodite and exopodite lengths 39 % [37���51 %] and 44 % [43���60 %] of CL, respectively; their inner and outer margins fringed with plumose setae. Uropod (Figure 4 U) exopodite overreaching tip of endopodite, its width 33 % [29���34 %] of length, its length 60 % [50���71 %] of CL. Exopodite lateral margin almost rectilinear and without setae proximal to distolateral tooth, other margins fringed with plumose setae, sparse setae also subterminally on surface. Diaeresis with 1 [exceptionally 2] movable stout spiniform seta. Endopodite length about 0.9 exopodite length, with plumose setae along margins. Description of females (partly after Fabjan 2001; average values presented): CL 7.4 �� 0.8 mm [5.8 ���9.0 mm], significantly longer than in males (t-test, p appendix interna (according to its location), but without retinacular hooks. Pleopod II (Figure 2 PlpII(f)) without appendix masculina. Distribution. The subspecies is distributed in SE Slovenia, in NW parts of its Dolenjska region, mainly covering the Suha Krajina: from Stična 27 km SE of Ljubljana, along the upper course of the Krka River to Novo mesto and further in the SE direction to the Kolpa/Kupa River near Kostel at the border with Croatia (Figure 1). Remarks. According to Kollar (1848), the type sample (not explicitely designated as such) was brought to the ���k. k. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinet���. The collection is now in possession of the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Vienna, Austria), but the sample couldn���t be found (P. Dworschak, pers. comm.). Both, Kollar and Dormitzer (1853; for its T. schmidtii) mention Kompoljska jama (Kollar also mentioned the nearby cave Potiskavc [���Portiskavcz���]) as the locality of their samples. Since Kompoljska jama is easily accessible, with regularly available shrimps, it was selected as the (neo) type locality (Sket & Zak��ek 2009)., Published as part of Jugovic, Jure, Jal��i��, Branko, Prevor��nik, Simona & Sket, Boris, 2012, Cave shrimps Troglocaris s. str. (Dormitzer, 1853), taxonomic revision and description of new taxa after phylogenetic and morphometric studies, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 3421 on pages 4-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208815, {"references":["Kollar, V. (1848) Uber ein neues sehr merkwurdiges Crustaceum aus den unterirdischen Gewassern von Krain, welches Herr Custos H. Freyer an das k. k. Hof-naturalien-Cabinet eingesendet hat. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschenschaften Wien, 2, 200 - 202.","Dormitzer, M. (1853) Troglocaris Schmidtii. Lotos, 3, 85 - 88.","Holthuis, L. B. (1956) An enumeration of the Crustacea Decapoda Natantia inhabiting subterranean waters. Vie et Milieu, 6, 43 - 76.","Fabjan, E. (2001) Prispevek k taksonomiji jamskih kozic Troglocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Graduation Thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniska fakulteta, 84 p."]}

Troglocaris (Troglocaris) anophthalmus ocellata ssp. nov. Synonymy: Troglocaris (Troglocaris) – the E-Slo 2 subgroup Zakšek et al., 2009; Troglocaris anopthalmus intermedia Gottstein Matočec, 2003 and Franjević, 2006, p.p. (from Kukuruzovića špilja, Croatia). Type locality: Slovenia, Vinica, cave Jama v kamnolomu. Type sample: Males: adult male (TB046, holotype), CL 7.8 mm, Vinica, cave Jama v kamnolomu, Slovenia, 45 ° 27 ' 15.14 " N, 15 ° 14 ' 39.17 " E, June 1977, collected by M. Štangelj, specimen partly dissected, preserved in 70 % ethanol. Other males: adult male (TB045; preserved in 70 % ethanol), 7.5 mm; adult male (TB047; preserved in 70 % ethanol), 8.2 mm; same data as holotype. Females: 2 adult females, TB049 (CL 8.8 mm); TB050 (CL 8.4 mm, collected 27 th May 1974) (all preserved in 70 % ethanol); same data as holotype. Other specimens examined: over 50 specimens from 8 samples (Figure 1, Appendix C 2). Males, CL 4.7–8.3 mm. Females, CL 5.0–9.0 mm. Voucher numbers and GenBank identification numbers for COI gene are in Appendix C 2. Diagnosis: Subspecies of T. (T.) anophthalmus comprising populations with mostly pigmented eye rudiments (in more than 90 % of analysed specimens; see Appendix C 2 for exact localities). In mature males, appendix interna with no retinacular hooks distally, not exceeding lamina in length. Etimology: Ocellata - adjective from Latin ocellus – with a small eye (rudiment in this case). Remarks: In samples from Dolenjske Toplice (cave Sušica, 1 specimen) and Črnomelj (cave Stobe, 4 specimens) no specimen had pigmented eye rudiments, despite their placement in the E-Slo 2 subgroup in the ITS 2 and COI based phylogenetic trees (Zakšek et al., 2009). It should be noted, however, that the discriminant function analysis was run on T. (T.) a. ocellata together with T. (T.) a. anophthalmus and T. (T.) a. intermedia, as a monophylum. Therefore the appropriate differential description for T. (T.) anophthalmus ocellata is missing and only the eye specifics and data on retinacular hooks on male pleopod I are given (see also Material and methods). Distribution: Bela Krajina (extreme SE Slovenia), contiguous to the area of T. (T.) a. anophthalmus (located north westerly). Considering only the exsistence of pigmented eye rudiment also the population of the geographicaly remote Kukuruzoviċa špilja near Rakovica (Croatia, at the NW Bosnian border) should be assigned to T. (T.) a. ocellata (Figure 1). Troglocaris (Troglocaris) anophthalmus intermedia Babi ć, 1922 Synonymy: Troglocaris schmidti var. intermedia Babić, 1922; Troglocaris intermedia d'Udekem d'Acoz, 1999; nec Troglocaris anopthalmus intermedia Gottstein Matočec, 2003 and Franjević, 2006, from Kukuruzovića špilja (Croatia). Type locality: Croatia, Ogulin, Slunj-Tounj, Mikašinovići, Mikašinovića pećina (= pećina Zala). Specimens examined: 29 specimens from Mikašinovića pećina (Figure 1, Appendix C 3). Only specimens collected from Mikašinovića pećina have been attributed to this subspecies. Voucher numbers and GenBank identification numbers for COI gene are in Appendix C 3. Preliminary (see remarks) diagnosis: Specimens from the type locality without pigmented eye rudiments and with rostrum length less than 35 % of CL. In mature males, appendix interna with no retinacular hooks distally, not exceeding lamina in length. Remarks and distribution: Presently certified only from Mikašinoviċa peċina, but morphologically similar populations are known from the vicinity (they were too old to be analysed molecularly): wider Ogulin area, e. g. cave Privis and cave Rudnica (see Figure 1, Appendix C 3). The appropriate morphological characterisation of the subspecies will be possible when fresh samples for the molecular analysis will be obtained from the mentioned area. Since the rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. seems to be dependent on the presence of the predatory Proteus anguinus Laurenti (see Jugovic et al., 2010 b), we can not admit the identification of the subspecies only on the basis of this character (rostral length was used as a key character in original description). The lack of pigment in the eye rudiments distinguishes this population from the geographically closest T. (T.) a. ocellata. In the COI based phylogenetic tree, the population from Mikašinoviċa peċina is separated from T. (T.) a. anophthalmus and T. (T.) a. ocellata, but splits are weakly supported.

Brasileirinho gen. nov. Diagnosis. With characters of Brasileirinidae fam. nov. Antenna II flagellum of less than 10 articles. Long styliform uropods, inserted laterally, their tips slightly surpassing pleotelson apex. Type species. Brasileirinho cavaticus sp. nov.

Brasileirinidae fam. nov. Diagnosis. Body dorsoventrally depressed, pleon slightly concave. Pleonites I and II small, but not reduced to sternal parts. Pleotelson of pleonite VI and telson, reaching only about 1 / 5 of body and less than 45 % of pleon length. Pleopods I and II absent in females, uniramous and apparently modified for copulatory purpose in males. Respiratory pleopods III���V present in both sexes, mutually similar, ramus small, tumescent, with transverse suture in the middle; other ramus absent or highly reduced (pleopods apparently uniramous)., Published as part of Prevor��nik, Simona, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes & Sket, Boris, 2012, Brasileirinidae, a new isopod family (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the cave in Bahia (Brazil) with a discussion on its taxonomic position, pp. 47-65 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211428

Troglocaris (Troglocaris) planinensis Bir��tejn, 1948 Synonymy: Troglocaris schmidti planinensis Bir��tejn, 1948; Troglocaris planinensis d'Udekem d'Acoz, 1999; T. anophthalmus ��� the W-Slovenian phylogroup Zak��ek et al., 2007; incl. Troglocaris anophthalmus anophthalmus, Gottstein Matočec, 2003, p.p. (from Jama pod Krogom); incl. Troglocaris 'forma A 2 ' (Plomin) Franjević, 2006; incl. Troglocaris 'forma AN' (Krog) Franjević, 2006; incl. Troglocaris hercegovinensis Sket, 1992 from Slovenia (Osp); see also Holthuis (1956). Type locality: Slovenia, Postojna, Planina, cave Planinska jama. Type material: Bir��tejn���s sample is supposed to be in his collection in the Zoologičeskij institut, Moskovskyj Gosudarstvennyj Universitet in Moskva (Moscow, Russia). The author of the subspecies did not declare the holotype. Since his only male is evidently juvenile, choosing a lectotype would be of little practical value. Therefore we decided to choose a neotype from a new sample from the topotype population. Neotype: adult male (TA 972), CL 6.3 mm, Planinska jama, Planina, Postojna, Slovenia, 45 �� 49 ' 11.64 " N, 14 �� 14 ' 44.4 " E, 15 th October 2009, collected by J. Jugovic and M. Vittori, specimen partly dissected and stored in 70 % ethanol. Other specimens from the neotype locality: Males: adult male (TA 973), 6.6 mm; adult male (TA 974), CL 7.0 mm; same data as neotype. Females: 3 adult females, TA 969 (CL 7.7 mm); TA 970 (CL 7.4 mm); TA 971 (CL 7.4 mm); same data as neotype. Other specimens examined: over 200 specimens from 32 samples (Figure 1, Appendix C 7). Males, CL 5.1���8.2 mm. Females, CL 4.0��� 9.9 mm. Voucher numbers and GenBank identification numbers for COI gene are in Appendix C 7. Diagnosis: Species of Troglocaris sg. Troglocaris with completely reduced eye and body pigmentation. Rostrum length and dentition variable, when rostrum longer than 45 % of CL, dorsal margin usually curved upwards, ventral margin with less than 13, mostly with less than 7 teeth. Antenna I article 3 length usually less than �� of article 2 length. Pereopod III article 4 usually with 4���5 spiniform setae along inferior margin and at inferodistal angle, article 6 weakly or strongly curved in adult males. Pereopod V only exceptionally with exopodite. Fully mature males with 1���6 retinacular hooks on appendix interna of pleopod I endopodite, only exceptionally without them. Medial margin of pleopod I endopodite with short spiniform setae. Differential description of material examined: Males (average values �� SD and [min, max values] presented, Figure 5; see also Appendix B 1): Large specimens, CL: 6.6 �� 0.8 mm [5.1, 8.2 mm]. Rostrum length and dentition variable, when rostrum longer than 45 % of CL, usually curved upwards. Article 3 of antenna I of medium length (a 13 a 12), its length 44 �� 5 % [33, 57 %] of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite of medium width (a 2 s 2 s 1), its width 35 �� 3 % [28, 41 %] of scaphocerite length. Pereopod I article 7 short (pr 1 da), its length only 20 �� 2 % [16���24 %] of pereopod I length. Pereopod III article 7 of medium length (pr 3 da), its length 11 �� 2 % [6, 14 %] of pereopod III length. Pereopod I article 6 length short (pr 1 che), its length only 23 �� 2 % [19, 28 %] of CL. Uropod exopodite of medium width (u 21, u 2 cl), its width 32 �� 2 % [28, 36 %] of uropod exopodite length, and 18 �� 2 % [15, 23 %] of CL. Pereopod V article 7 of medium length (p 5 dp), its length 22 �� 2 % [18, 26 %] of pereopod V article 6 length. Telson short (te 1 s 6), its length only 91 �� 7 % [75, 106 %] of pleonite VI length. Adult males generally with at least one (up to 6) retinacular hook on appendix interna of pleopod I endopodite. Females (average values �� SD and [min, max values] presented, Figure 5; see also Appendix B 2): Large specimens, CL: 7.8 �� 0.9 mm [5.5, 9.9 mm]. Rostrum length and dentition variable, when rostrum longer than 45 % of CL, dorsal margin usually curved upwards. Article 3 of antenna I short to medium long (a 13 a 12), its length 43 �� 5 % [31, 58 %] of article 2 length. Antenna II scaphocerite of medium width (a 2 s 2 s 1, a 2 s 2 cl), its width 37 �� 3 % [30, 42 %] of scaphocerite length, and 19 �� 2 % [14, 24 %] of CL. Distal articles of chelate pereopods of medium length: length of article 7 of pereopod I (pr 1 da) 19 �� 2 % [14, 25 %] of pereopod I length, and length of article 7 of pereopod II (pr 2 da) 15 �� 2 % [12, 19 %] of pereopod II length. Chelae (article 6) of pereopod II short (pr 2 che), their length only 22 �� 2 % [17, 28 %] of CL. Proximal articles of chelate pereopods rather long: article 4 of pereopod I length (pr 1 ma) 25 �� 2 % [21, 29 %] of pereopod I length, article 5 of pereopod II length (pr 2 ccl) 28 �� 4 % [21, 38 %] of CL. Pereopod V article 7 of medium length (p 5 dp), its length 22 �� 2 % [16, 29 %] of pereopod V article 6 length. Pleonites V���VI short (s 56 cl), their length only 79 �� 5 % [67, 95 %] of CL. Uropod exopodite long (u 1 te 1), its length 110 �� 7 % [97, 130 %] of telson length. Telson short to medium long (te 1 cl, te 1 s 56), its length 48 �� 3 % [40, 57 %] of CL, and 62 �� 4 % [51, 72 %] of pleonites V+VI length. Telson distally narrowed (tes 2 tes 1), its distal width 65 �� 9 % [47, 90 %] of proximal width. Males and females (see also Table 1): Article 3 of pereopod III with 4���5 spiniform setae along its inferior margin and at inferodistal in over 80 % specimens, otherwise 2���3. Distribution: This species inhabits the Planina-Postojna Cave System, its close surroundings, the areas W and SW from the type locality (SW Slovenia), Kras/Carso (SW Slovenia and extreme NE Italy) and the northern part of the Istra peninsula in Slovenia and Croatia. It was also molecularly identified from the southern tip of the Istra peninsula (near Pula/Pola; Zak��ek and Mo��krič, unpublished) (Figure 1)., Published as part of Jugovic, Jure, Jal��i��, Branko, Prevor��nik, Simona & Sket, Boris, 2012, Cave shrimps Troglocaris s. str. (Dormitzer, 1853), taxonomic revision and description of new taxa after phylogenetic and morphometric studies, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 3421 on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208815, {"references":["Birstejn, J. A. (1948) Nahozdenie pescernoj krevetki v gruntovyh vodah Macesty i svjazannye s etim voprosy. Moskovskoe obshchestvo ispytatelei prirody, 53 (3), 3 - 10.","D'Udekem d'Acoz, C. (1999) Inventaire et distribution des crustaces decapodes de l'Antique nord-oriental, de la Mediterranee et des eaux continentals adjacentes au nord de 25 ° N. Patrimoines Naturels (MNHN / SPN), 40, Paris.","Zaksek, V., Sket, B., Trontelj, P. (2007) Phylogeny of the cave shrimp Troglocaris: evidence of a young connection between Balkans and Caucasus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 223 - 235.","Gottstein Matocec, S. (2003) Intraspecijska i interspecijska varijabilnost podzemnih kozica roda Troglocaris (Crustacea, Natantia, Atyidae) u Dinarskom krsu. Sveuciliste v Zagrebu, Prirodoslovno-matematicki fakultet, Bioloski odsjek, doktorska disertacija (Doctoral dissertation), Zagreb, 136 p.","Franjevic, D. (2006) Molekularna filogenija dinaridskih vrsta roda Troglocaris (Crustacea, Caridea, Atyidae). Sveuciliste v Zagrebu, Prirodoslovno-matematicki fakultet, Bioloski odsjek, doktorska disertacija (Doctoral dissertation), Zagreb, 187 pp.","Sket, B. (1992) Rdeci seznam ogrozenih sladkovodnih visjih rakov (Malacostraca aquatica: Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda) v Sloveniji (The Red Data List of endangered freshwater Malacostraca (Isopoda aquatica, Amphipoda, Decapoda) in Slovenia). Varstvo narave, 17, 147 - 156.","Holthuis, L. B. (1956) An enumeration of the Crustacea Decapoda Natantia inhabiting subterranean waters. Vie et Milieu, 6, 43 - 76."]}

Brasileirinho cavaticus sp. nov. (Figs 1 –5, 6A –D) Material examined. Holotype. Male, 1.7 mm, MNRJ 22765, phreatic pond in Baixa Funda cave, Paripiranga, Bahia State, Brazil, lat: 10 º 42 ' 24.8 "S, long: 37 º 55 ' 54.4 "W, 400 m a.s.l., water depth 0.2 m, water temperature 26.5 °C, pH 7.4, conductivity 0.21 S /m, dissolved oxygen 3.3 mg /l, leg. R.L. Ferreira, 10.01. 2009. Preserved in 70 % ethanol. Paratypes. Male, 1.8 mm, prepared for SEM inspection, ISLA 1452; 6 specimens (2–2.7 mm, presumably females) mounted with Hoyer’s medium on 3 slides, ISLA 1453–1455; 15 specimens (no male or ovigerous female) preserved in 70 % ethanol, ISLA 1456; 3 specimens (2.3–2.5 mm, presumably females) dissected and mounted in glycerol-gelatine on slides, OBBFUL I0001–I0003; 10 specimens (no male or ovigerous female) preserved in 70 % ethanol, OBBFUL I0004–I0013, all specimens same collection data as holotype. Other material. Two males, 1.9 mm and 1.6 mm, dissected and mounted in glycerol-gelatine on two slides OBBFUL I0014–I0015, locality as holotype, leg. R. L. Ferreira, May 2010; 16 males, preserved in 96 % ethanol, ISLA 1507; 131 presumable females (no ovigerous), preserved in 96 % ethanol, ISLA 1508–1520, locality as holotype, leg. R. L. Ferreira, May 2010. Diagnosis. Brasileirinho species with oblong-oval body, dorsoventrally depressed, transparent-whitish (Fig. 6 B–D). Head shield semicircular, approximately as long as pleotelson, eyes absent. Body length about 3 times body width; pleonites I–II much smaller than pereonites in length and width, visible dorsally, pleonites III–V as long as pereonites, pleotelson length not exceeding 1 / 5 of body length. Male pleopods I–II uniramous and biarticulate, distal articles almost twice as long as proximal. In pleopod I, distal article, flat and bicuspidate distally; in pleopod II, distal article elongated conical. Female pleopods I–II absent. Pleopods III–V half of length of pleonites, uniramous, circular, with longitudinal suture. Styliform uniramous uropods nearly reaching telson’s tip. Description. Holotype and male paratype (values given in parentheses) description. Body 1.7 mm (1.6–1.9 mm) long, 2.8 (3.0– 3.2) times as long as wide (Fig. 1 Bm); dorsoventrally depressed, with almost flat dorsum, pleon even slightly concave (Fig. 6 B–D), transparent-whitish, surface seemingly smooth, but cephalon and pereonites I–VI dorsally with 4 short setae and pereonite VII and pleonites I–II with two short setae each. Head shield subtriangular, 1.7 (1.8–2.2) times as wide as long; with a short but distinct clypeus. No eye structures visible, neither on the surface, nor within tissue. Pereonites subtrapezoidal, with rounded epimeral angles, pereonite V widest. Lateral and posterolateral margins of pereonites with 4 delicate setae each. Pleon lenght only 38 % (39 %) of body length; pleonites I–II visible dorsally, length of each about 50 % of pereonite VII length and with one seta posterolaterally; pleonite III–V length each of about pereonite VII length and with two setae posterolaterally; pleotelson length 17 % (up to 20 %) of body length, with one shorter and one longer seta submarginally on anterolateral ventral surface and 3 setae at posterolateral telsonic angle, longest seta length 140 % (100–140 %) of pleotelson length. Male genital papilla (Fig. 4 Plm, Fig. 4 Pe-Plm, Fig. 5) placed medially on the articulating membrane between pereonite VII and pleonite I, protected ventrally by sclerotized shield. Antenna I (antennula)(Fig. 1 AI) length about 23 % of body length, length relations of peduncular articles 1–3 (from first to third) 1: 1.8 (1.7–1.8): 1.8 (1.7–1.8); flagellum of single article, 1.4 (from 1.2) times as long as first peduncle article, with one aesthetasc apically, aesthetasc length 90 % (85–90 %) of flagellum length. Antenna II (antenna; Fig. 1 AII) length about 47 % of body length, relations of peduncular articles 1–5 (from first to fifth) 1: 1 (0.9): 1.7 (2): 5.2 (5.4): 6.4 (6); flagellum of 6 articles, its length about 134 % (130–134 %) of peduncular length. Mandibles without palp and molar process (pars molaris). Right mandible (Fig. 2 Mdm(R)) incisor (pars incisiva) with 4 sclerotized cusps, lacinoid spine sclerotized and bifurcate, spine row reduced to a single pappose (with dense setules loosely arranged about the shaft in a seemingly random manner) robust seta. Left mandible (Fig. 2 Mdm(L)) similar, lacinia mobilis 4 -cuspidate. Maxilla I (maxillula; Fig. 2 MxI) lateral lobe from lateral to medial with 4 (4–5) simple robust setae, 4 (4–5) dentate robust setae and 1 simple robust seta with one median denticule on outer side, at the inner basis of the setal row also 2 stocky simple setae, inner margin with 2 simple setae; mesial lobe distally with 1 short and 1 longer pappose robust seta and 1 sclerotized biserrate seta. Maxilla II (maxilla; Fig. 2 MxII) lateral and middle lobe with 6 curved pectinate robust setae each, mesial lobe from lateral to medial with 2 long sclerotized plumose setae and 6 shorter biserrate setae with 2 simple setae at the base of the row, outer margin distally with pseudochaetae. Maxilliped (Fig. 2 Mxlp) with complex endite of two lobes, smaller inner lobe apically with 6 (6–8) simple setae, inner margin and submarginal surface with numerous pseudochaetae, larger outer lobe on inner margin with 3 sclerotised biserrate setae and numerous short simple setae, two pappose robust setae on apex and 5 long plumose setae on outer margin; palp of 5 articles, first article fused with maxilliped body, articles 2–3 with long simple setae at distal medial angles, article 5 smallest, with tuft of setae distally. Pereopods do not display serial gradation of orientation: pereopods I–IV oriented forward, pereopods V–VII oriented backward. Pereopod I (Fig. 3 PeI) ambulatory, but reminiscent of subchelae due to extremely short carpus (article 5) and somewhat widened propodus (article 6); lateral coxal plate large, completely fused with pereonite I; pereopod length 31 % (28–31 %) of body length, length relations of articles from basis (article 2) to dactylus (article 7) 1: 0.22 (0.22–0.24): 0.39 (0.38): 0.22 (0.21–0.22): 0.67 (0.65–0.67): 0.33 (0.32–0.36), unguis length 50 % (50–57 %) of dactylus length; superior distal angle of merus (article 4) with 2 long setae with hairy apical transverse cutting (sensu Messana et al. 2002), inferior margins of basis, ischium (article 3) and merus with one finely serrate seta each, inferodistal angle of carpus with one apically plumose seta with whip-shaped median hair, inferior margin of propodus with 3 biserrate setae, secondary unguis finely serrate. Pereopods II–VII (Fig. 3 PeII, Fig. 3 PeVII) ambulatory, mutually similar in shape and setation, increasing in length; coxae (Fig. 3 C, Fig. 3 C–Pe) expanded laterally into flattened lateral coxal plates (completely fused dorsally with their respective pereonites) and inwardly over sternum, as sternal coxal plates; inferior margins of articles from basis to propodus with one finely serrate seta, on carpus additionally one longer apically plumose seta with whip-shaped median hair, superior distal angles of merus and carpus with two long setae with hairy apical transverse cutting and with one long seta with hairy apical transverse cutting and one long penicillate seta, respectively, superior margin of propodus with longer finely serrate seta and shorter simple seta, superior margin of dactylus with short simple seta; unguis and secondary unguis with acute apices, latter finely serrate. Pereopod II length 41 % (38–41 %) of body length, length relations of articles from basis (article 2) to dactylus (article 7) 1: 0.14: 0.48: 0.67: 0.62: 0.29 and 1: 0.14–0.15: 0.46–0.49: 0.65–0.70: 0.61–0.65: 0.27–0.29 in holotype and other males, respectively, unguis length 67 % (66–68 %) of dactylus length. Pereopod VII length 50 % (48–52 %) of body length, length relations of articles from basis (article 2) to dactylus (article 7) 1: 0.23: 0.50: 0.86: 0.82: 0.36 and 1: 0.22–0.26: 0.51–0.52: 0.83–0.86: 0.81–0.84: 0.34–0.37 in holotype and male paratypes, respectively, unguis length 63 % (60–64 %) of dactylus length. Pleopods I–II uniramous, unipartite, modified for copulatory purposes, with identical ventral and dorsal (Fig. 4 PlpI(d), Fig. 4 PlpII(d)) sides. Pleopod I (Fig. 4 Plm, Fig. 5 B) protopodite subrectangular, its width about 78 % of its length, subrectangular ramus (supossedly exopodite) length about 130 % of protopodite length, thick lamellar, vaulted, with acute lateroapical and obtuse medioapical angles. Pleopod II (Fig. 4 Plm, Fig. 5 B) protopodite obtusely subtrapezoidal, ramus (suposedly endopodite) about twice as long as protopodite, elongated conical and slightly spindle shaped. Pleopods III–V (Fig. 4 Plm, Fig. 4 Plf, Fig. 4 PlpIII, Fig. 5 A) not sexually dimorphic, mutually similar, presumably without or with extremely reduced exopodites, endopodites ellipsoid, tumescent, about 1.25 times as long as wide, with a longitudinal suture. The origin of the subtriangular structures (“scales”) at the basis of each pleopod remains unclear due to the indistinguishable protopodite, hidden in the »vault« formed underneath the distal border of the pleonite. As articulations between structures are vague it is only presumed that structures in question could be exceptionally reduced exopodites. Uropods (Fig. 1 Bm, Fig. 1 U(v)) inserted laterally, slightly surpassing pleotelson apex, uniramous, with no visible suture lines, styliform, with acute apex, their length about 50 % of pleotelson length; lateral margin with 2 setae, their length about 80 % of uropod length, ventral and dorsal surfaces distally with 3 and 5 (4 and 5) shorter setae, respectively. Description of female. Almost identical to males, except mainly larger, up to 2.7 mm long. Body 3–3.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 1 Bf), pleotelson (Fig. 4 Pltf) with almost straigth posterolateral and posterior margins, its length 16–19 % of body length, longer submarginal seta length 60–150 % of pleotelson length. Antenna I length 19–21 % of body length, length relations of peduncular articles 1–3 (from first to third) 1: 1.7–2: 1.8–2; flagellum 1.2–1.4 times as long as first peduncle article, aesthetasc length only 64–76 % of flagellum length. Antenna II length 39–42 % of body length, relations of peduncular articles 1–5 (from first to fifth) 1: 1–1.1: 1.7–2: 5.7–6: 6–6.2; flagellum of 5–6 articles, its length 130–140 % of antenna length. Mouthparts (mandibles: Fig. 2 Md(L), Fig. 2 Md(R)) as in males. Pereopods somewhat shorter than in males, pereopod I, II and VII lengths 24–29 %, 32–36 % and 42–46 % of body length, respectively; length relations of articles from basis to dactylus, as in males. Pleopods I and II absent (Fig. 4 Plf), pleopods III–V as in males. Uropods (Fig. 1 Bf, Fig. 4 Pltf) as in males. Etymology. Brasileirinho is a small Brazilian in Portuguese. The animal is less than 3 mm long. Latin word ' cavaticus ' meaning living in a cave, refers to its troglobiotic status. Habitat, ecology and behavior. The Baixa Funda cave is located in the municipal district of Paripiranga, NE of Bahia. A single, 50 m long rectilinear conduit descends gently from the entrance towards a small pond at the cave’s far end. In January 2010, the length and the width of the pond were about 5 and 1.5 m, respectively. However, water level variation of more than a meter could be inferred from the “tide marks” on the conduit walls. In May 2010, the level of the pond was about 30 cm lower, and water parameters were: temperature, 26.5 °C; pH, 7.4; conductivity, 0.21 S /m; dissolved oxygen, 3.3 mg /l. While some specimens were assembled on a submerged guano patch (Fig. 6 A), countless specimens were walking around in the observable area of the pond. On both occasions, the population consisted of few thousands of individuals. During the first collection the majority of specimens were observed assembling on the bottom of the pond. Nevertheless, due to the extremely fine sediments which would be easily disturbed the sampling and observing were confined to the pond margin. The deepest part of the pond remained uninspected. The individuals were roaming the bottom, stopping randomly. At times they entered small cracks present in the substrate, but they were not observed to bury themselves into the fine sediment. No specimen was caught swimming. Moreover, individuals that accidentally fell off the brush during collection were passively sinking down to the bottom, demonstrating clearly their swimming inability. No agonistic behavior was observed. As the population density was high, specimens were found to bump into each other frequently, changing their direction consequently. Some smaller individuals (maybe immature) were observed to walk over larger individuals. Specimens were exhibiting no phototactic behavior, neither positive, nor the negative. The observed sex ratio was highly biased in Brasileirinho; in the January sample we’ve only got 2 males (4 %) for 49 females while in the May sample, 16 males (12 %) for 131 females have been found. There were no signs of gravidity in the females: neither visible eggs within the body nor developed oostegites in any of 180 sampled female specimens. There were no apparent predators in the pond, which could explain high population density, as well as the absence of agonistic or cryptobiotic behavior in Brasileirinho. The only cohabitants in the pond seem to be oligochaetes, copepods and bathynellaceans. The only visible food resource present at the bottom of the lake was guano and brasileirinhos apparently fed on it. Almost all specimens had their intestine filled with a dark-colored content.

Prevorčnik, Simona, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, Sket, Boris (2012): Brasileirinidae, a new isopod family (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the cave in Bahia (Brazil) with a discussion on its taxonomic position. Zootaxa 3452: 47-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211428

Troglocaris s. str. females The preliminary PCA analysis run on 252 females from phylogroups 1–5 and T. (T.) bosnica (10 specimens without missing data) (Appendix A), using 11 characters (Appendix C, characters as in column A, except carapace length) revealed no grouping of specimens. Based on the shape of the pleopod I endopodite, three female groups may be distinguished: (1) Smaller (and younger) females have a short egg-shaped pleopod I endopodite, which narrows gradually towards its end (Figure 5 a). (2) Non-ovigerous females: endopodite becoming longer, its distal part remarkably elongated and distinctly narrower than the proximal part. Based on its location, the distal endopodite extension may possibly represent appendix interna, although without any retinacular hooks, which may be present in adult males. Distal part of endopodite may curve and setae on the endopodite elongate (Figure 5 b). Not all females, however, have a curved distal endopodite extension (Figure 5 c). The only undisputed difference in the pleopod I endopodite is between the short egg-shaped endopodite (in juvenile females) and the elongated endopodite (in older, but not necessarily fully mature females). Relative endopodite length (versus exopodite length) increases in proportion to carapace length; endopodite is shorter in juvenile females and longer in adults (compare Figures 5 a and b). (3) Ovigerous females: number and length of setae greatly increase on all parts of the pleopod (Figure 5 c). Although the ratio of endo- and exopodite lengths in ovigerous females is highly variable, it is mostly higher than in non-ovigerous adult females (Figure 5 b). The elongation of setae (soies ovigeres) especially on pleopods I–III, changes in shape of the pleon and epimeres (from first to fourth) and elongation of setae on the second article of pereopods III–V have already been described by Juberthie-Jupeau (1974). We tried to find morphometric differences among the three female groups defined above using ANOVA. Of all 12 characters (carapace length and 11 ratios; Appendix C, under A), only carapace length and relative pleopod I endopodite length (pl 1 enex) are significantly different at p The ontogenetic changes found in females are: - increase in the carapace length during maturation; - elongation of pleopod I appendix interna on the endopodite; - transitional elongation of setae during 'gravidity'.

MONOLISTRA (MICROLISTRA) JALZICISP. NOV. (FIGS 3–5) Holotype: Adult male, 7.9 mm, Croatia, Istra Peninsula, springs in the drainage tunnel Čepic´, near Kršan, Labin; leg. B. Sket and S. Legovic´. Inv. No. ‘ Malacostraca 2240 ht’, partly dissected, preserved in ethanol, deposited in the collection of the OB BF UL. Paratypes: Same data as holotype. Three adult females (one ovigerous, two non-ovigerous, 11.6– 6.4 mm). Collection of OB BF UL Inv. No. Malacostraca 2240 pt. One paratype deposited in the Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej (Croatian Natural History Museum), Zagreb, Croatia. Etymology: The species is named after our good colleague Branko Jalzic´, a deserving Croatian caver and cave-fauna researcher. Diagnosis: Microlistra species with short, but stout, densely setulose massive cones on its dorsal surface. Pleotelson irregularly nodular, with large lateral protuberances and uropod rudiments elevated on small elevations (‘socles’), projecting over pleotelson outline (Fig. 4). Anterior coxae truncated; posterior ones blunt and slightly turned up distally. Description of holotype: Male, 7.9-mm long. Body width 44% of body length. Head (cephalothorax) dorsally with transverse row of four conical processes. Pereonites I–VI each with one median and two lateral conical processes. Pereonite I with three, and pereonites II–VI each with two conical paramedian nodules on each side; protuberances on epimeral apex larger, gradually increasing in size from epimeron II–VI; protuberances on epimeron V–VI similar to median and lateral conical processes. Pereonite VII without lateral and epimeral processes. Pleonite I without lateral and epimeral nodules. Pleotelson width 150% of pleotelson length, highly vaulted, and its surface densely and irregularly covered with conical and rounded nodules. Only paired lateral conical processes (resembling those on epimeron VI) protruding remarkably over pleotelson outline, and followed by raised socles carrying uropod rudiments. Pleotelson ventrocaudal border without a groove, with a comparatively narrow dorsocaudal bulge reaching far beyond it. All large dorsal protuberances covered with thick mat of very long setules, except at the very base and apex. Antenna I length 32% of body length; peduncle article 1 bent perpendicularly; 6 flagellar articles, articles 3–6 each with single, long aestethasc. Antenna II length about 40% of body length; 11 flagellar articles. Length ratio of peduncular articles and flagellum in antenna I 100: 73: 80: 135, in antenna II, 68: 100: 123: 191: 653. Left mandible stout, incisor and lacinia mobilis both unicuspidate, bluntly rounded (spatulate); apical spine row of 13 spiniform processes on a long stalk; molar process with prominent serrations around smooth mesial surface. Right mandible without lacinia mobilis. Other mouth appendages and maxilliped as in type species, Monolistra (Monolistra) caeca Garstaecker (Racovitza, 1910). Pereopod I propodus (article 6) width 36% of propodus length; merus (article 4) with two serrate spines at anterodistal angle; carpus (article 5) with two biserrate spines at posterodistal angle; propodus with three biserrate spines on posterior margin and two at posterodistal angle; setulose fringe near continuous on posterior margin of basis (article 2) to beginning of unguis (distal part of article 7, claw); setules lengths on ischium (article 3) about 50% of article width, diminishing towards unguis; setulose fringe also present on anterior margin of basis to merus, length of setules increasing towards merus; secondary unguis finely serrate. Pereopod II basis with three long plumose setae on anterior margin; merus with two serrate spines at anterodistal angle; carpus with one biserrate spine at posterodistal angle, and one on distal margin; propodus with two short serrate spines on posterior margin, one serrate spine at posterodistal angle, and one long plumose seta at anterodistal angle; setulose fringe present on posterior margin of distal third of ischium to beginning of unguis, nearly continuous on anterior margin of basis to unguis; secondary unguis finely serrate. Pereopod VII basis with one long plumose seta on anterior margin; merus with two serrate spines at posterodistal angle; carpus with one serrate spine at posterodistal angle, one biserrate spine at anterodistal angle, and two on distal margin; propodus with one serrate spine on posterior margin, one at posterodistal angle, and one long plumose seta at anterodistal angle; setulose fringe as in pereopod II, except setules shorter; secondary unguis finely serrate. Relative lengths of pereopods I, II, and VII: 33, 41, 48% of body length; length ratio of articles (coxa excluded) in pereopod I 100: 49: 31: 19: 54: 40, in pereopod II 100: 51: 32: 48: 53: 38 in pereopod VII 100: 91: 34: 53: 63: 33. Pleopod I protopodite with fine long setules along internal and external margins, and two strong spines at internal angle; exopodite elliptical, with 7 plumose setae along terminal margin, and setules at proximoexternal angle; endopodite about half as wide and nearly as long as exopodite, parallel sided, with two plumose setae on rounded terminal margin and setules at proximo-internal angle. Pleopod II similar to I, but with more numerous plumose setae; endopodite as wide as exopodite, slightly widened distally, with 17 setae; appendix masculina distally curved and terminally blunt, its length 120% of endopodite length; exopodite with 9 plumose setae. Pleopod III exopodite elongate, subovoid, without respiratory area, with short transverse suture at the external margin, and with a trace of the same suture at the internal margin. Pleopod IV shape similar; respiratory area length 55% of exopodite length, surface 35% of exopodite surface. Pleopod V exopodite irregularly elliptical with thick sclerotized ridge along proximal half of external margin; three patches on intero-distal half densely scaled; respiratory area on intero-proximal half, its length 30% of exopodite length. Uropods vestigial, as in the subgenus type species Monolistra (Microlistra) spinosa Racovitza (1929). Description of paratypes: Females of 11.6, 8.2, and 6.4 mm in length; larger than male if adult; body width 67% of body length. Pleotelson dorsocaudal vault surpassing ventrocaudal pleotelson border to greater extent than in male. Antenna I length 29–39% of body length; of between six and nine flagellar articles, articles 4–6 and 8, or 3–5 and 7, each with single, long aestethasc. Antenna II length 38–43% of body length, flagellum of between 10 and 12 articles. Pereopod I spines and setulose fringe as in male, but propodus with between three and five biserrate spines on posterior margin, and two at posterodistal angle. Pereopod II spines and setulose fringe as in male, but basis with one or two long plumose setae on anterior margin; carpus with one or two biserrate spines at anterodistal angle, and one or two biserrate spines on distal margin; propodus with one or two short serrate spines on posterior margin. Pereopod VII spines and setulose fringe as in male, but basis with between two and five long plumose setae on anterior margin; merus with one or two biserrate spines at anterodistal angle; carpus with between one and three biserrate spines at anterodistal angle, one on distal margin and two at posterodistal angle; propodus with one or two short serrate spines on posterior margin. Relative length of pereopods I, II, and VII, 30–34, 36–40, and 43–50% of body length, respectively; length ratio of their articles (coxa excluded) in pereopod I 100: 47: 28: 13: 48: 35/100: 54: 37: 16: 57: 49/100: 54: 39: 19: 58: 48, in pereopod II 100: 49: 31: 45: 49: 34/100: 55: 34: 53: 61: 35/ 100: 79: 46: 67: 81: 60, in pereopod VII 100: 94: 39: 57: 64: 33/100: 93: 35: 58: 61: 32/100: 101: 39: 62: 64: 38. Pleopods I and II as in male, but with different number of plumose setae: pleopod I with one or two and six or seven plumose setae; pleopod II with 13–18 and 8–11 plumose setae. Pleopods III and IV shapes as in male. Pleopods IV and V respirtory area length 54–63 and 32–42% of exopodite length, pleopod V respiratory area surface 26–41% of exopodite surface. Distribution and ecology: Numerous specimens were found in small freshwater springs, appearing in the tunnel draining the karst polje (a large depression within karst) Čepićko polje, north of Labin, eastern Istra Peninsula, Croatia. They were accompanied by the large cirolanid isopod Sphaeromides virei virei (Brian), and by an atyid cave shrimp Troglocaris sp. In the past, numerous cave salamanders, Proteus anguinus Laurenti (Amphibia: Proteidae), used to be washed up from the springs into the tunnel (Sket, 1997). Some specimens of the new Monolistra were dorsally nearly black, presumably as a result of bacterial iron deposition. Remarks: The pleopods of M. (Microlistra) jalzici sp. nov. are nearly identical to those of M. (Microlistra) pretneri Sket, 1964. In most populations of the latter species, dorsal protuberances are present on pereonites; however, they are all of equal length, and are conical and smooth. We believe that prominent differences in dorsal sculpturing might play the role of a reproductive barrier, and therefore we consider M. (Microlistra) jalzici sp. nov. to be a true species, in accordance with the molecular tree and with the biological species concept.

Prevorčnik, Simona, Verovnik, Rudi, Zagmajster, Maja, Sket, Boris (2010): Biogeography and phylogenetic relations within the Dinaric subgenus Monolistra (Microlistra) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae), with a description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (1): 1-21, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00593.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00593.x

MONOLISTRA (MICROLISTRA) FONGISP. NOV. (FIGS 6, 7) Holotype: Adult male of 13.5 mm in length, Croatia, Kordun, cave Kuruzovića pećina, Vaganac, near Rakovica; leg. B. Sket. Inv. Collection of OB BF UL, Inv. No. ‘ Malacostraca 2245 ht’, partly dissected, preserved in ethanol. Paratypes: Same data as for holotype, two adult males (11.2- and 10.9-mm long) and two adult females (nonovigerous, 13.3- and 11.9-mm long), Inv. No. ‘ Malacostraca 2245 pt’. One paratype deposited in the Hrvatskio prirodoslovni muzej (Croatian Natural History Museum), Zagreb, Croatia. Other material: Croatia, Kordun, spring of the river Slunjčica, Slunj, one ex. leg. B. Jalžic´, deposited in collection of Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Zagreb. Etymology: The species is named after our colleague Daniel W. Fong, a renowned American speleobiologist. Diagnosis: Microlistra species with pairs of sickleshaped lateral processes on pereonites I, II, IV, and VI, and median sickle-shaped process on pereonites I–VII; lateral processes length shorter than distances between their bases. Epimera apically narrowly rounded to bluntly pointed. Pleotelson with pair of long sickle-shaped lateral processes, a pair of shorter, straight, narrowly pointed terminal caudal processes, and a sickle-shaped median process. Uropod rudiments elevated on small bulges, projecting over pleotelson outline. Description of holotype and paratype males (data in parentheses): Holotype male 13.5-mm long (paratype males 11.2- and 10.9-mm long). Body width 45% (48– 53%) of body length. Head (cephalothorax) dorsally with two conical nodules. All pereonites with one median sickle-shaped process; pereonites I, II, IV, and VI each with a pair of longer sickle-shaped lateral processes, gradually increasing in size in caudal direction. Pleonite I without dorsal structures. Pleotelson width 140% (150–157%) of pleotelson length, highly vaulted, with pair of sickle-shaped lateral processes and pair of shorter straight terminal processes; lateral process length 152% (160–182%) of terminal process length. Lateral processes followed by two raised socles with uropod rudiments. Pleotelson ventrocaudal border without a groove, comparatively narrow dorsocaudal bulge projecting far beyond it. All processes remarkably shorter than distances between them. Anterior epimera apically narrowly rounded, posterior ones bluntly pointed. Antenna I length 27% (26–28%) of body length; peduncle article 1 bent perpendicularly; ten (9) flagellar articles, articles 5–7 (3–6 and 8) with single long aestethasc each. Antenna II length about 30% (41%) of body length, seven (13–15) flagellar articles. Length ratio of peduncular articles and flagellum in antenna I 100: 92: 114: 155 (100: 26: 93: 113: 167), in antenna II 100: 110: 113: 233: 453 (100: 114: 140: 211: 703). Mouth parts as in Monolistra (Microlistra) jalzici sp. nov. Pereopod I propodus (article 6) width 33% (39–42%) of propodus length; merus (article 4) with two serrate spines at anterodistal angle; carpus (article 5) with two biserrate spines on posterodistal margin, and one at posterodistal angle; propodus with seven biserrate spines on posterior margin and 2 (1) at posterodistal angle; setulose fringe near continuous on posterior margin of ischium (article 3) to beginning of dactylus (article 7); setules length on ischium only one third article width, diminishing towards dactylus; setulose fringe also present on anterior margin of basis to merus, setules longest on ischium; secondary unguis finely serrate. Pereopod II basis with two medium long plumose setae on anterior margin; merus with two serrate spines at anterodistal angle; carpus with one serrate spine at posterodistal angle, and one on anterodistal angle; propodus with 4 (3) short serrate spines on posterior margin; setulose fringe present on posterior margin of ischium to beginning of unguis (distal part of article 7, claw), near continuous on anterior margin of ischium to unguis; secondary unguis finely serrate. Pereopod VII basis with one short plumose seta on anterior margin and one at anterodistal angle; ischium with one short plumose seta on anterior margin; merus with one serrate and one biserrate spine at anterodistal, angle and one short plumose seta on posterodistal angle; carpus with two serrate spines on posterior margin, one at posterodistal angle, one biserrate spine at anterodistal angle, and two on distal margin; propodus with three serrate spines on posterior margin, one at posterodistal angle and one short plumose seta at anterodistal angle; setulose fringe present from posterodistal angle of ischium to beginning of unguis, anterior margins mainly without setules, except for distalmost parts of ischium, merus, and carpus, setules extremely short; secondary unguis hidden within thick mat of unresolved structure. Relative length of pereopods I, II, and VII: 29, 40, and 55% (30, 52, and 55%) of body length; length ratio of articles (coxa excluded) in pereopod I 100: 63: 45: 20: 76: 46 (100: 61: 41: 23: 64: 35), in pereopod II 100: 56: 38: 57: 62: 36 (100: 62: 40: 56: 67: 37), in pereopod VII 100: 95: 41: 67: 81: 35 (100: 93: 43: 64: 78: 32). Pleopod I protopodite with many fine long setules along external margin, fewer and shorter setules along internal margin, and and two strong spines at internal angle; exopodite elliptical, with six (7) plumose setae along terminal margin, scarce slender short spines on upper surface, and setules at proximo-external angle; endopodite about half as wide and nearly as long as exopodite, proximally almost parallel sided, distally slightly tapering, with three plumose setae on rounded terminal margin, without setules at proximo-internal angle. Pleopod II similar to I, but with more numerous plumose setae; endopodite as wide as exopodite, slightly widened distally, with 29 (28) plumose setae on terminal margin; appendix masculina distally sicle-shaped, apically pointed, its length 120% (116–119%) of endopodite length; exopodite with 15 (13) plumose setae on terminal margin, and slender short spines on the upper distal surface. Pleopod III exopodite elongate subovoid, without respiratory area, with long transverse suture at its external margin and short suture at the internal margin. Pleopod IV of similar shape, transverse suture at the lateral margin almost reaching respiratory area; area length 71% (76%) of exopodite length, surface 50% (54%) exopodite surface. Pleopod V exopodite irregularly elliptical without thick sclerotized ridge, but with three slender spines along proximal half of external margin; three sclerotized patches on mediodistal half differently shaped and less densely scaled than in M. (Microlistra) jalzici sp. nov.; respiratory area on interoproximal half, its length 39% (48%) of exopodite length, surface 30% (36%) of exopodite surface. Vestigial uropods as in M. (Microlistra) jalzici sp. nov. Description of paratype females: Females of 11.9 and 13.3 mm in length; larger than males; body width 43–44% of body length. Pleotelson width 126–128% of pleotelson length, dorsocaudal vault surpassing pleotelson ventrocaudal border to greater extent than in males. Antenna I length 25% of body length; of ten flagellar articles, articles 3–6 and 8, each with single long aestethasc. Antenna II length 34–38% of body length, flagellum of 14 or 15 articles. Pereopod I spines and setulose fringe as in males, but carpus with two biserrate spines at posterodistal angle; propodus with four biserrate spines on posterior margin and one or two at posterodistal angle. Pereopod II spines and setulose fringe as in males, but merus with one or two serrate spine at anterodistal angle. Pereopod VII spines and setulose fringe as in males, but merus with one serrate spine at anterodistal angle; carpus with one serrate spine at posterodistal angle and two biserrate spines at anterodistal angle; propodus with between one and three serrate spines on posterior margin, none or one at posterodistal angle, and one short plumose seta at anterodistal angle. Relative length of pereopods I, II, and VII 27–29, 38–41, and 50–54% of body length, respectively; length ratio of their articles (coxa excluded) in pereopod I 100: 45: 35: 17: 61: 35/100: 52: 34: 17: 58: 35, in pereopod II 100: 57: 34: 51: 62: 35/100: 58: 37: 53: 64: 34 in pereopod VII 100: 77: 35: 57: 73: 30/100: 90: 42: 64: 83: 32. Pleopod I and II as in males, but pleopod II with 24 (25) plumose setae along distal endopodite margin. Pleopods III and IV shapes as in males. Pleopods IV and V respiratory area length 71 and 28% of exopodite length, respectively; pleopods IV and V respiratory area surface 42 and 40% of exopodite surface, respectively. Distribution and ecology: Specimens were found scarcely in the residual pools in deeper parts of the cave Kuruzovića pećina (= Kukuruzovićeva pećina, K. špilja), functioning periodically as a boiling spring, near Vaganac, Kordun, Croatia. They were accompanied by a few specimens of two additional species, M. (Monolistra) caeca and M. (Monolistrella) sp., some shrimps (Troglocaris sp., Decapoda), slightly troglomorphic specimens of Synurella ambulans O.F. Müller (Amphipoda), more numerous unidentified Cyclopoidea (Copepoda), and single specimens of troglobiotic Proasellus sp. (Isopoda) and Niphargus steueri Schellenberg (Amphipoda). Besides crustaceans, numerous snails, Hydrobioidea (Gastropoda), few Oligochaeta and Nematoda, and only three specimens of certainly trogloxene Chironomidae larvae (Diptera) were present in the pools. The other locality is the big karst spring of Slunjčica, ~ 20 km in the north-western, i.e. ‘Dinaric’, direction. Remarks: The anterior and the posterior margins of the pereopod articles are covered with an unidentified layer of varying thickness, considerably hindering the observation and illustration of the pereopods; the lining may represent an extremely dense crust of the interlaced short setulae, and/or mats of bacteria attached to setae, or of something else. Monolistra (Microlistra) fongi sp. nov. is most similar to the related type species Monolistra (Microlistra) spinosa by its appearance: its dorsal processes are similarly arranged, but remarkably shorter. Its epimera are apically blunt, whereas they are sharply pointed in Monolistra spinosa and some other species with long processes. The huge respiratory areas on exopodites of pleopods IV and V are even larger than in Monolistra (Microlistra) spinosa, Monolistra (Microlistra) spinosissima, and Monolistra (Microlistra) sketi., Published as part of Prevorčnik, Simona, Verovnik, Rudi, Zagmajster, Maja & Sket, Boris, 2010, Biogeography and phylogenetic relations within the Dinaric subgenus Monolistra (Microlistra) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae), with a description of two new species, pp. 1-21 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (1) on pages 13-17, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00593.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5439241

TYPHLATYA MIRAVETENSIS SANZ & PLATVOET, 1995 Type locality: Spain, prov. Castellon, Cabanes, Ullal de la Rambla de Miravet cave. Material examined: Sequenced specimens ‘ V41 ’ and ‘ V42 ’, from type locality, leg. S. Herrando-Perez. Diagnosis: A Typhlatya with very short, indistinct, rostrum, no eye pigmentation, ischium and merus of pereopods not fused, exopodite of pereopod V well developed (Sanz & Platvoet, 1995); pereopod-V dactylus with a row of 36 slender marginal spines (Jaume & Bréhier, 2005). Distribution: Known only from the type locality.

Sket, Boris, Zakšek, Valerija (2009): European cave shrimp species (Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae), redefined after a phylogenetic study; redefinition of some taxa, a new genus and four new Troglocaris species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (4): 786-818, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00473.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00473.x

TYPHLATYA ARFEAE JAUME & BREHIER, 2005 Type locality: France, dep. Pyrénées-Orientales, Salses-le-Château, Résurgence de Font Estramar. Material examined: none. Diagnosis: Similar to T. miravetensis, but with rostrum distinct, mostly as long as eye rudiments, pereopod-V dactylus with row of 19–28 stouter marginal spines (Jaume & Bréhier, 2005). Distribution: Known only from the type locality and the nearby Grotte des Fées de Leucate, dep. Aude, France., Published as part of Sket, Boris & Zakšek, Valerija, 2009, European cave shrimp species (Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae), redefined after a phylogenetic study; redefinition of some taxa, a new genus and four new Troglocaris species, pp. 786-818 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (4) on page 792, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00473.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5445539, {"references":["Jaume D, Brehier F. 2005. A new species of Typhlatya (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from anchialine caves on the French Mediteranean coast. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 387 - 414."]}

GENUS TROGLOCARIS DORMITZER, 1853 Diagnosis: A paratyine genus with supra- and suborbital spines developed or absent, pterygostomian carapace border rounded; pereopods I–III or more with exopodites; pereopods III and IV in mature males differentiated or not; male pleopod-I endopodite ‘9-shaped’ or as an open roll with shortened AI; male pleopod II AM longer than AI, with spines or setae much shorter than appendix diameter. All known species are subterranean and eyeless. Type species: Palaemon anophthalmus Kollar, 1848 = Troglocaris schmidtii Dormitzer, 1853. Remarks: Following the description of the type species, some additional cave shrimps were described as belonging to new (separate) genera. These genera were defined by taxonomically highly unreliable characters, and were therefore later synonymized with Troglocaris. Nevertheless, their names are available, and molecular analysis ultimately showed that each belonged to a distinct clade. The generic names will be used here as subgenera: Troglocaris, Troglocaridella, Spelaeocaris, and Xiphocaridinella. Distribution: The newly defined genus is distributed throughout the Dinaric karst and in the western Caucasian karst (Zakšek et al., 2007). SUBGENUS TROGLOCARIS (TROGLOCARIS) DORMITZER, 1853 Diagnosis: Troglocaris with developed supra- and suborbital spines and well-developed, wide, evenly, and densely serrated rostrum and head region of carapace; male pleopod-I endopodite (Fig. 3) plate-like, with outer border folded to form an open roll, AI short to indistinct, hardly surpassing endopodite lamina distally; male pleopod II (Fig. 4 Ta) AM shield-like, convex, several times wider and at least twice as long as AI, with numerous small spines on convex surface; maxilliped I with exopodital lobe obliquely to perpendicularly cut distally, with a long narrow flagellum; pereopods III and IV in mature males well differentiated; exopodites on pereopods I–IV well developed (V developed or missing); pereopod-V dactylus comb-like. Type species: Same as for genus. Distribution: This group exhibits (Fig. 13) a holodinaric distribution (sensu Sket & Zagmajster, 2006): it is distributed along the Dinaric karst from its northwest border at the lower Isonzo/Soča river in Italy, throughout southern Slovenia, and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, up to its extreme south-east (but is not found in Montenegro). Remarks: This clade/subgenus consists of two very distinct subclades; Troglocaris (Troglocaris) bosnica sp. nov. is molecularly and morphologically well defined. The next split within the richer clade is between the molecularly very homogeneous west Slovenian/east Italian group of populations and the molecularly more diversified eastern group, which includes the type population of the species. Some genetic and biogeographical details suggest that this is an aggregate of some independent ‘biological’ species (Mayr & Ashlock, 1991), but their molecular diversity has yet to be studied in more detail (Zakšek et al., submitted). Unfortunately, the racial morphological variability within some of the subclades may be even higher than the differences between representative (topotype) populations that have been described and named as subspecies. Therefore, they cannot at present be taxonomically well defined, and for a detailed taxonomic analysis, further morphometrical study is needed. Here, we will mainly try to elucidate the position of the taxa (subspecies) that have already been named. In an eastern Istrian locality, specimens of two clades named by Zakšek et al. (2007) co-occur: one west Slovenian and one related to east Slovenia. The cladistic analysis placed them in separate lineages, and they differ in sequences in two genes simultaneously. This makes it highly improbable that both specimens belong to the same gene pool, and supports the autonomy of the species T. planinensis. Results of an allozyme study (Cobolli Sbordoni et al., 1990) even suggest a split into a number of intersterile species., Published as part of Sket, Boris & Zakšek, Valerija, 2009, European cave shrimp species (Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae), redefined after a phylogenetic study; redefinition of some taxa, a new genus and four new Troglocaris species, pp. 786-818 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (4) on pages 794-795, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00473.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5445539, {"references":["Dormitzer M. 1853. Troglocaris Schmidtii. Lotos 3: 85 - 88.","Kollar V. 1848. Uber ein neues sehr merkwurdiges Crustaceum aus den unterirdischen Gewassern von Krain, welches Herr Custos H. Freyer an das k. k. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinet eingesendet hat. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien 2: 200 - 202.","Zaksek V, Sket B, Trontelj P. 2007. Phylogeny of the cave shrimp Troglocaris: evidence of a young connection between Balkans and Caucasus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 223 - 235.","Sket B, Zagmajster M. 2006. Subterranean fauna of Montenegro: its biodiversity and biogeographical character. In: Pesic V, Hadziablahovic S, eds. II international symposium of ecologists of the Republic of Montenegro, Kotor, 20 - 24. 09. 2006. Book of abstracts and programme. Podgorica: Centre for biodiversity of Montenegro, 23 - 24.","Mayr E, Ashlock PD. 1991. Principles of systematic zoology. Singapore: Mcgraw-Hill College.","Cobolli Sbordoni M, Mattoccia M, Rosa GL, Matthaeis E, Sbordoni V. 1990. Secondary sympatric occurence of sibling species of subterranean shrimps in the Karst. International Journal of Speleology 19: 9 - 27."]}

TROGLOCARIS (SPELAEOCARIS) KAPELANA SP. NOV. (FIGS 11 Ska) Synonymy: Troglocaris ‘forma L’, Gottstein Matočec, 2003; Franjevic´, 2006. Holotype (dissected): Croatia, Jezerane, Obajdini, Obajdinova pećina cave, ‘Spc-Jezerane-130m’. Description of holotype male: Body very robust, approximately 26 mm long, CL 8.5 mm, carapace bulged dorsally. Rostrum more than 30% of CL (damaged at the tip), thin and gradually narrowed in distal direction, with long and slightly irregular dorsal teeth > 10+6/0. Eyestalks very small, rounded– conical, with no trace of pigment or facets. Pleon with epimera III–V slightly ventroposteriorly produced, apically rounded; pleonite VI twice as long as pleonite V, 45% of CL, and slightly shorter than telson. Telson relatively wide, proximal width almost 40% of telson length, and only slightly narrower in distal region; with two pairs of dorsal spines close to the margins and approximately (damaged) 13 spines at the slightly convex distal edge; median spines shorter. Antenna-I basal articles short, less than twice as long as wide; stylocerite very wide, very distant, its sharp tip reaching the top border of article; exterodistal projection of article 1 scale-like and pointed, depressed, reaching beyond one-third of the length of the next article; two distal peduncular articles together shorter than basal article. Antenna-II peduncle not reaching the middle of scaphocerite, which is slightly more than twice as long as it is wide, and with a long outer tooth. Maxilla I with its larger endite slightly tapering, nearly oval, the spinose part 1.3 times as long as wide; palp with one long and one very short seta. Maxilla II with scaphognathite very wide, asymmetrically oval, with ~15 long setae. Maxilliped I with exopodital lobe wide, slightly obliquely cut apically, the narrow flagellum only ~60% as long as the lobe. Pereopods II, III, and V, long as 68, 130, and 127% of CL, respectively. Exopodites and epipodites well developed on pereopods I–IV. Chelipeds stout, carpus (article 5) distally widened and deeply excavated, chelae moderately thick, propus (article 6) with a large proximally oriented bulge, palmar part as long as fingers, chela in pereopod I longer, and in pereopod II as long as, carpus. Pereopods III and IV with propus only slightly widened at its distal quarter, which is irregularly densely set with short spines; dactylus slightly curved inside, one-quarter of the length of the propus, with its nail one-third of the article length, and with nine inner spines. Pereopod V with long articles that are rod shaped (not differentiated); dactylus moderately wide, length three times the width, less than one-fifth of the propus length, with a comb of ~30 densely packed spines. Pleopod-I sympodite in distal quarter of its inner side with a row of very short and thick spines; endopodite with its AI more than half as long as the peduncle; lamina elliptical, slightly longer than it is wide, row of 15 long setae along outer border, and ten shorter setae along mesial border; lamina distally produced into a narrow lobe (with only one marginal seta) surpassing half the length of AI. AI finger-like, originating on the mesial side of the endopodite lamina, at its tip, and approximately half of its length; with about five retinacular hooks distally. Pleopod-II appendages two-thirds as long as the sympodite; AM flat, knife-shaped, with densely set small and sharp spines on distal quarter, a row of five setae along the surface and ~15 setae along its mesial border; AI a little shorter than AM, rod-shaped, subdistally slightly widened, its apical surface oblique and excavated, with approximately 30 hooks. Uropod exopodite nearly three times as long as it is wide, longer than endopodite, with a small tooth and without a spine at the diaeresis. Variability: In specimens from the cave Rokina bezdana (Gottstein Matočec, 2003), rostrum has some ventral teeth, with formula (6–13)+(0–4)/(0–3), and stylocerite is somewhat shorter. Remarks: Pereopods III and IV and pleopod II in specimens from Obajdinova pećina gave the impression of not being fully mature males. However, the high body size and the completed new stage of the pereopod within the old cuticula, which seems very similar to the preceeding one, speak in favour of maturity. The specimens seem to lack a spine at the uropod diaeresis as no trace of its socket could be found. The male pleopod-I endopodite is very similar to that shown by Gottstein Matočec (2003: 103) for an immature male from Rupečica (‘forma-L’), which is ~ 4 km away, on the other side of the same mountain., Published as part of Sket, Boris & Zakšek, Valerija, 2009, European cave shrimp species (Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae), redefined after a phylogenetic study; redefinition of some taxa, a new genus and four new Troglocaris species, pp. 786-818 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (4) on pages 806-807, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00473.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5445539, {"references":["Gottstein Matocec S. 2003. Intraspecijska i interspecijska varijabilnost podzemnih kozica roda Troglocaris (Crustacea, Natantia, Atyidae) u Dinarskom krsu. Doctor thesis, Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematicki fakultet."]}

GENUS ATYAEPHYRA F. DE BRITO CAPELLO, 1866 Diagnosis: A (supposedly) paratyine genus with supra- and suborbital spines, without a pterygostomial spine; only pereopods I–II with exopodites; mature male pereopods III–IV distally not widened, dactylus not pectinate; pereopod-V dactylus pectinate; male pleopod I endopodite with an indistinct lobe, extended apically into a long and twisted AI; male pleopod II AM sausage shaped, with long spines; telson with more than two pairs of dorsomarginal spines. The known species is epigean with normal eyes. Distribution: With A. desmarestii as its only recognized species, it is widely distributed in the greater Mediterranean area, including south-western Asia, and western to central Europe, as well as northwestern Africa (Morocco); the species as conceived now can not be characterized as endemic, and will not be discussed further here. The topotypical population was redescribed recently by Anastasiadou et al. (2006)., Published as part of Sket, Boris & Zakšek, Valerija, 2009, European cave shrimp species (Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae), redefined after a phylogenetic study; redefinition of some taxa, a new genus and four new Troglocaris species, pp. 786-818 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (4) on page 791, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00473.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5445539, {"references":["Anastasiadou C, Kitsos MS, Koukouras A. 2006. Redescription of Atyaephyra desmarestii (Millet, 1831) (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) based on topotypical specimens. Crustaceana 79: 1195 - 1207."]}

Sawicki, Thomas R., Holsinger, John R., Sket, Boris (2005): Redescription Of The Subterranean Amphipod Crustacean Flagitopisa Philippensis (Hadzioidea: Melitidae), With Notes On Its Unique Morphology And Clarification Of The Taxonomic Status Of Psammogammarus Fluviatilis. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53 (1): 59-68, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4619049, {"references":["Barnard, J. L. & C. M. Barnard, 1983. Freshwater Amphipoda of the World, Parts I & II. Hayfield Associates, Mt. Vernon, Virginia. Pp. 1-830.","Chilton, C., 1920. Niphargus philippensis, a new species of amphipod from the underground waters of the Philippine Islands. The Philippine Journal of Science, 17: 515-523.","Gauthier, H., 1936. Eriopisa seurati, nouvel amphipode du Sud- Tunisien. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle du l'Afrique du Nord, 27: 133-143.","Karaman, G. S., 1984. Revision of the Eriopisa -Complex of genera (Gammaridea) (Contribution to the Knowledge Contribution to the Knowledge of the Amphipoda 139). Poljopriveda I Sumarstvo, 30: 39-72.","Karaman, G. & J. L. Barnard, 1979. Classificatory revision in gammaridean Amhipoda (Crustacea), part 1. Proceedings of the Biological Station of Washington, 92: 106-165.","Monod, T., 1938. Sur un localite nouvelle d'Eriopisa seruati H. Gauthier, 1936. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 63: 244-247.","Ng, P. K. L. & B. Sket, 1996. The freshwater crab fauna (Crustacea: Brachyura) of the Philippines. IV. On a collection of Parathelphusidae from Bohol. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 109(4): 695-706.","Sawicki, T. R., J. R. Holsinger & T. M. Iliffe. 2004. Four new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Hadzia (Hadziidae) from caves in the western Pacific, with a re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of the genus. Subterranean Biology, 2: 65- 90.","Sawicki, T. R., J. R. Holsinger & T. M. Iliffe, 2005. New species of amphipod crustaceans in the genera Tegano and Melita (Hadzioidea: Melitidae) from subterranean groundwaters in Guam, Palau, and the Philippines. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 25(1): 49-74.","Sket, B. 1995. Aquatic hypogean fauna in Bohol (Philippines) (abstract). Resumes du XII Colloque International De Biospeologie, p. 38.","Sket, B., 1997. Podzemeljska vodna favna na otoku Bohol, Filipini (Hypogean aquatic fauna in Bohol Island, Philippines). Nase ˇ jame, 39 (Suppl.): 62-67.","Stock, J. H., 1980. The right generic names of some Amphipoda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5(6): 192-194.","Stock, J. H., 1987. Psammogammarus initialis n. sp., a new mediolittoral interstitial amphipod crustacean from Tenerife. Stygologia, 3: 264-277.","Stock, J. H., 1991. A new species of Psammogammarus (Amphipoda, Melitidae) from river alluvia in Luzon, Philippines. Stygologia, 6: 227-233.","Stock, J. H. & H. Nijssen, 1965. Eripoisa longiramus n. sp. a new subterranean amphipod from a Red Sea island. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station state of Isreal, 38: 28-39.","Urich, P., G. Madronero, T. Vedenik & J. Prestor, 1997. International caving expedition Philippines 1995. Nase ˇ jame, 39 (Suppl.): 15- 21.","Van Der Ham, J. L & R. Vonk, 2003. A phylogenetic analysis of the Eriopisa complex (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Melitidae) and a new species from beach interstitial in Venezuela. Journal of Natural History, 37: 779-796.","Vedenik, T. 1997. 1. Slovenska mednarodna jamarska odprava Filipini 1995 (1st Slovenian international caving expedition Philippines 1995). Nase ˇ jame, 39 (Suppl.): 7-14."]}

Flagitopisa fluviatilis (Stock), new combination Psammogammarus fluviatilis Stock, 1991:227-233. [type-locality: Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna Province, Luzon Island, Philippines]. Material Examined. – PHILIPPINES. 6 paratypes (Zoological Museum, Amsterdam University, ZMA AMPH. 108811) from interstices in coarse sand on bank of Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna Province, Luzon Island. Diagnosis. – Flagitopisa fluviatilis is morphologically closely similar to F. philippensis and distinguished from the latter primarily by overall smaller body size and length and spination of uropod 3. Otherwise corresponding to the diagnosis given by Stock (1991). Remarks. – Stock (1987) questioned the diagnosis of the monotypic genus Flagitopisa by Karaman (1984) on the premise that this genus was described largely on the basis of plesiomorphic characters. Stock (1991) described the new species Psammogammarus fluviatilis and noted the presence of a large "coxal" gill on pereopod 7. Examination of the paratypes of P. fluviatilis during this study indicates that the gill is attached to the ventral surface of the first pleonal segment (pleonite 1), just anterior to pleopod 1. Psammogammarus fluviatilis and F. philippensis are synapomorphic for this highly unusual character and are otherwise morphologically very similar. Based on its overall morphological similarity to F. philippensis and possession of this highly unusual pleonal gill, P. fluviatilis is reassigned to Flagitopisa. Despite the rejection of the genus Flagitopisa by Stock (1987), the name Flagitopisa is available according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is therefore used here for this unique genus.