Search

Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C., Cruz, J. L. (2007): A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa. African Invertebrates 48 (1): 87-101, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7667626, {"references":["ARCHANGELSKY, S. & CUNEO, R. 1984. Zonacion del Permico continental argentino sobre la base de sus plantas fosiles. In: Memoria del III Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia. Mexico:APA, pp. 143-153.","ARCHANGELSKY, S., ARRONDO, O.G. & LEGUIZAMON, R.R. 1995. Floras Palaeozoicas. In: Stipanicic, P.N. & Hunicken, M.A., eds, Revision actualizacion de la obra paleobotanica de Kurtz en la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 11: 85-125.","ARCHANGELSKY, S., SABATTINI, N., ACENOLAZA, F., BUATOIS, L., GONZALEZ, C., GARCIA, G., CESARI, S., OTTONE, E., CUNEO, R., HUNICKEN, M., MAZZONI, A. & GUTIERREZ, P. 1996. Capitulo X. Paleontologia bioestratigrafia de las Cuencas Paganzo, Calingasta-Uspallata San Rafael. In: Archangelsky, S., ed., El Sistema Permico en la Argentina en la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Cordoba, Argentina: Academia Nacional de Ciencias, pp. 177-201.","AZCUY, C.L. & JELIN, R. 1980. Las palinozonas del limite Carbonico-Permico en la Cuenca de Paganzo. In: 2do Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia y 1er. Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia, Buenos Aires 1978. Actas 4: 52-68.","AZCUY, C.L., ANDREIS, R.R., CUERDA, A., HUNICKEN, M.A., PENSA, M., VALENCIO, D.A. & VILAS, J.F. 1987. Cuenca Paganzo. In: Archangelsky, S., ed., El Sistema Carbonifero en la Republica Argentina. Cordoba, Argentina: Academia Nacional de Ciencias, pp. 41-99.","BENEDEN, VAN, P.J. & COEMANS, E. 1867. Un insecte et un gasteropode pulmone du Terrain houiller. Bulletins de l'Academie Royal des sciences, de lettres, et des beaux-arts de Belgique (series 2) 23: 384-401.","BETHOUX, O. & NEL, A. 2002. Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Othoptera sensu nov. Zootaxa 96: 1-88.","------2005. Some Palaeozoic 'Protorthoptera' are 'ancestral' Orthopteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new split among the 'Protorthoptera' (Insecta). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2 (4): 285-309.","BRAUCKMANN, C., BRAUCKMANN, B. & GRONING, E. 1996. The stratigraphical position of the oldest known Pterygota (Insecta, Carboniferous, Namurian). Annales de la Societe geologique de Belgique, Hommage a Maurice Streel 117 (1): 47-56.","BRAUCKMANN, C. & KOCH, L. 1982. Neue Insekten aus den Vorhalle-Schichten (oberes Namurium B) von Hagen-Vorhalle. Dortmunder Beitrage zur Landeskunde, Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen 16: 15-26.","CARPENTER, F.M. 1943. Carboniferous insects from the vicinity of Mazon Creek, Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Scientific Papers 3: 1-20.","DUTRA, T.L., CHAVES, R., SILVA, S., BOARDMAN, D., FALLGATTER, C., MEUCCI, N., LIMA, L. & MARTINS- NETO, R.G. In press. Taiophlebiidae n. fam. (Grylloblattida, Narkeminidea n. sensu), a new insect family for Itarare Formation (Parana Basin, Upper Carboniferous), Taio locality (Santa Catarina State, Brazil): systematic and phylogenetical implications. Gaea.","FLORES, M.A. 1969. El Bolson de las Salinas en la provincia de San Luis. Actas de las Cuartas Jornadas Geologicas Argentinas 1: 311-327.","GOROCHOV, A.V. 2001. On the higher classification of the Polyneoptera. Acta Geologica Leopoldensia 52/53: 11-56.","GUTIERREZ, P. 2006. Bajo de Veliz. In: Gutierrez, P.R., Ottone, E.G. & Japas S.M., eds, Lexico Estratigrafico de la Argentina. Volumen VII. Permico. Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Serie B (Didactica y Complementaria) 28: 202-203.","GUTIERREZ, P. & CESARI, S., 2000. Palinologia de la Formacion Bajo de Veliz (Permico Inferior), San Luis, Argentina: revision sistematica y consideraciones bioestratigraficas. Ameghiniana 37 (4): 439-462.","Handlirsch,A. 1906-08. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Leipzig: Engelmann.","------1911. New Palaeozoic insects from the vicinity of Mazon Creek, Illinois. American Journal of Science 4 (31): 297-326.","HUNICKEN, M.A. & PENSA, M. 1975. Estratigrafia y tectonica de los depositos gondwanicos del Bajo de Veliz (provincia de San Luis, Republica Argentina). Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Seccion C Geologia 3: 1-37.","HUNICKEN, M.A., AZCUY, C.L. & PENSA, M. 1981. Sedimentitas paleozoicas. In: Geologia de la Provincia de San Luis. VIII Congreso Geologico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Relatorio, pp. 55-77.","ICZN, 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Third edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.","------1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.","KUKALOVA- PECK, J. 1991. Fossil History and the Evolution of Hexapod Structures. In: Naumann, I.D., Carne, P.B., Lawrence, J.F., Nielsen, E.S., Spradbery, J.P., Taylor, R.W., Whitten, M.J. & Littlejohn, M. J., eds, The Insects of Australia. Vol. 1. Melbourne: University Press, pp. 141-179.","KURTZ, F. 1895. Contribucion a la Palaeophytologia Argentina II. Sobre la existencia del Gondwana inferior en la Republica Argentina (Plantas fosiles del Bajo de Veliz, provincia de San Luis). Revista del Museo de La Plata 4: 125-139.","MARTINS- NETO, R.G., DUTRA, T.L., NOWATZKI, C.H., SILVA, S.M. DA, CHAVES, R.C., STRANZ, A., FALLKATTER, C.,. BOARDMAN, D.R., LIMA, L. & NETO, N.M. 2004. Novo registro de insetos do Carbonifero Superior (Grylloblattida, Narkeminoidea) na regiao de Taio, SC, em niveis da Formacao Rio do Sul. Paleo 2004, Porto Alegre, RS, SBP. Resumo das Comunicacoes, p. 45.","MARTYNOV, A.V. 1930. On Palaeozoic insects of Kuznetsk Bassin. News of the Geological Exploration Head Office [Izvestiya Glavnogo Geologo-razvedochnogo upravleniya] 49 (10): 1221-1248. (in Russian)","MENENDEZ, C.A. 1971. Estudio palinologico del Permico del Bajo de Veliz, provincia de San Luis. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \"Bernardino Rivadavia\" e Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de las Ciencias Naturales, Paleontologia 2: 1-30.","PINTO, I.D. 1990. A new Upper Carboniferous paraplecopteran insect from South Brazil. Pesquisas 17 (1-2): 7-10.","PINTO, I.D. &ADAMI- RODRIGUES, K. 1995.A new Upper Carboniferous insect from Itarare Subgroup, Parana Basin, Brazil. Pesquisas 22 (1-2): 53-57.","------1999. A revision of South American Palaeozoic insects. In: Proceedings of the First International Palaeoentomological Conference, Moscow, 1998. Bratislava: AMBA Projects, pp. 117-124.","PINTO, I.D. & HUNICKEN, M.A. 1980. Gondwanarachne: a new genus of the order Trigonotarbida (Arachnida) from Argentina. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba 53 (3-4): 308-315.","PINTO, I.D. & ORNELLAS, L.P. 1978. Upper Carboniferous Insects from Argentina, I - Family Diaphanopteridae (Megasecopteroidea). Pesquisas 10: 87-95.","------1980. Upper Carboniferous Insects from Argentina, II - Family Narkemocacurgidae (Paraplecoptera). Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba 53 (3-4): 287-291.","------1991. Substitute names for the extinct families Narkemocacurgidae Pinto & Ornellas, 1978 and Cacurgonarkemidae Pinto, 1990. Pesquisas 18 (1): 93.","------1994. A new species of palaeodyctiopteran insecta from Piedra Shotle Formation, Upper Carboniferous, Argentina. Pesquisas 21 (2): 107-111.","------1995. Paleobotanical and Paleozoological age divergences ion South America strata. Pesquisas 22 (1-2): 46-52.","PINTO, I.D., PINEIRO, G. & VERDE, M. 2000. First Permian insects from Uruguay. Revista Pesquisas em Geociencias 27 (1): 89-96.","PINTO, I.D. & SEDOR, F.A. 2000.A new Upper Carboniferous blattoid from Mafra Formation, Itarare group, Parana Basin, Brazil. Pesquisas 27 (2): 45-48.","PRUVOST, P. 1927. Sur une aile d'insecte fossile trouvee au sondage de Gulpen. Jaarsverstag van voor het nederlandsche mijingebied Heerlen 1926: 76-77.","RASNITSYN, A.P. 2002. Subclass Scarabaeona Laicharting, 1781. The Winged Insects (= Pterygota Lang, 1888). In: Rasnitsyn, A.P. & Quicke, D.L.J., eds, History of Insects. Dordrecht etc.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 75-82.","STOROZHENKO, S.YU. 1996. New Upper Carboniferous grylloblattids (Insecta, Grylloblattida) from Siberia. Far Eastern Entomologist 26: 18-20.","------1997a. Fossil history and phylogeny of orthopteroid insects. In: Gangwere, S.K., Muralirangan, M.C. & Muralirangan, M., eds, The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids and their kin. Oxton & New York: CAB International, pp. 59-82.","------1997b. Classification of the order Grylloblattida (Insecta), with description of new taxa. Far Eastern Entomologist 42: 1-20.","------1998. Systematics, phylogeny and evolution of the grylloblattids (Insecta: Grylloblattida). Vladivostok: Dalnauka. (in Russian)","WHALLEY, P.E.S. 1979. New species of Protorthoptera and Protodonata (Insect) from the Upper Carboniferous of Britain with a comment on the origin of wings. Bulletin of the British Museum of National History (Geology) 32 (1): 85-90."]}

Genus Paranarkemina Pinto & Ornellas, 1980 Paranarkemina: Pinto & Ornellas 1980: 288. Type species: Paranarkemina kurtzi Pinto & Ornellas, 1980, by original designation. Emended diagnosis: Fore wing relatively wide. ScP distally fused with RA. Origin of RP close to the origin of MP. MP +CuA not strongly convergent to MA. Supporting cross vein ma–mp absent. CuP convergent and distally fused with AP. Comparison: Paranarkemina differs from the other known genera of the Proedischiidae, except Argentinonarkemina gen. n., in having the origin of RP close to the origin of MP. See schematic pattern of the main veins in Fig. 6. Constituent species: P. kurtzi Pinto & Ornellas, 1980 (= P. velizensis Pinto & Ornellas, 1981) (Upper Carboniferous, Argentina) and P. martinsnetoi Würdig, Pinto & AdamiRodrigues, 1998 (Upper Carboniferous, Paraná Basin, Brazil). Remarks: Storozhenko (1998) considered Paranarkemina velizensis as a fragment of the hind wing of the last-instar subimago of P. kurtzi and synonymised both species, with which we agree. Genus Argentinonarkemina Martins-Neto, Gallego & Brauckmann, gen. n. Fig. 7 Etymology: After Argentina, where the material comes from, in combination with Narkemina. Gender feminine. Type species: Paranarkemina amosi Pinto, 1992, here designated. Diagnosis: Origin of RP close to origin of MP. MP +CuA strongly convergent to MA, ma–mp present and CuP not distally fused with AP. Comparison: Similar to Paranarkemina in having the origin of RP close to the origin of MP, differing however by having MP +CuA strongly convergent to MA, and ma–mp present, as well as CuP not distally fused with AP. Species included: Argentinonarkemina amosi (Pinto, 1992), comb. n.

Superfamily Ischnoneuroidea Handlirsch, 1906, stat. n. Diagnosis: Fore wing with ScP distally fused with RA. CuA short, distally fused with the basal part of MP+CuA. Constituent families: Ischnoneuridae Handlirsch, 1906; Proedischiidae Pinto & Ornellas, 1978; Taiophlebiidae fam. n.; Spanioderidae Handlirsch, 1906., Published as part of Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C. & Cruz, J. L., 2007, A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa, pp. 87-101 in African Invertebrates 48 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667626, {"references":["Handlirsch, A. 1906 - 08. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Leipzig: Engelmann.","PINTO, I. D. & ORNELLAS, L. P. 1978. Upper Carboniferous Insects from Argentina, I - Family Diaphanopteridae (Megasecopteroidea). Pesquisas 10: 87 - 95."]}

Taiophlebia ferreirai (Pinto, 1994), comb. n. Archaemegaptilus ferreirai Pinto, 1994: 107–108, fig. 1 (holotype BA-PB-638, studied). Remarks: A. ferreirai from the Upper Carboniferous (Piedra Shotle Formation, Chubut) of Argentina, was originally attributed to the palaeodictyopterans but clearly exhibits characters typical for Taiophlebia, and can be therefore transferred to the latter genus., Published as part of Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C. & Cruz, J. L., 2007, A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa, pp. 87-101 in African Invertebrates 48 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667626

Family Taiophlebiidae Martins-Neto, fam. n. Type genus: Taiophlebia Martins-Neto, gen. n. Diagnosis: Fore wing with ScP and RA distally fused and RP multi-branched. RP origin at 1/5 of the wing base. Genus Taiophlebia Martins-Neto, gen. n. Taiophlebia: Martins-Neto et al., 2004: 45. Etymology: From the type locality and phlebia = vein (latinized form of Greek phleps). Gender feminine. Type species: T. niloriclasodae Martins-Neto, sp. n., by present designation. Diagnosis: Fore wing with more than 100 mm long. Costal margin straight. Sc branching in ScA and ScP. ScP with at least two strong secondary branches. ScP/RA fused circa 1/ 4 of the wing apex. CuA most proximal branch reaches the anal margin after the wing midlength. Species included: The type species and Taiophlebia ferreirai (Pinto, 1994), comb. n. Remarks: T. niloriclasodae from the upper part of the Rio do Sul Formation at the Taió municipality, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Upper Carboniferous, Paraná Basin) is a key taxon for the understanding of the Ischnoneuroidea – Cacurgoidea complex. Particular characters of the venation such as the distal fusion of ScP and RA, and RP originating close to the basal fifth of the wing support a closer relationship to the representatives of the Ischnoneuroidea (Grylloblattida sensu Storozhenko), rather than to the Cacurgoidea (“ Paraplecoptera ” s.l. or Orthoptera). The Taiophlebiidae differ from the Proedischiidae as well as from their closest related families by the lack of the typical convergence of MP+CuA and thus represent the most basal group within the Ischnoneuroidea – Cacurgoidea complex.Another genus, Cacurgulopsis Pinto & Adami-Rodrigues, 1995 from Boituva, São Paulo (Paraná Basin, Upper Carboniferous) was originally included in the family Cacurgidae. However, in Cacurgus Handlirsch, 1911, the type genus of this family, ScP is not distally fused with the multibranched RA, originating in the basal third of the wing. Cacurgulopsis and Taiophlebia seem to be sister genera and are therefore included in the family Taiophlebiidae (Dutra et al. in press).

Taiophlebia ferreirai (Pinto, 1994), comb. n. Archaemegaptilus ferreirai Pinto, 1994: 107–108, fig. 1 (holotype BA-PB-638, studied). Remarks: A. ferreirai from the Upper Carboniferous (Piedra Shotle Formation, Chubut) of Argentina, was originally attributed to the palaeodictyopterans but clearly exhibits characters typical for Taiophlebia, and can be therefore transferred to the latter genus.

Paganzophlebia polyclada Martins-Neto, Gallego & Brauckmann, sp. n. Figs 8, 9 Etymology: From Greek poly (many) and clados (branch), after the rich venation of the holotype specimen; here used as an adjective. Description: Preserved length, 53 mm. ScP slightly sigmoidal, not distally fused with RA. RP two-branched, each branch distally dichotomising. Origin of RP very close to the wing base. MA simple, MP two-branched, with MP2 short, distally fused with CuA1. CuA long, slightly curved: CuA1 long and parallel to MP2; CuA2 shorter than CuA1, oblique to the anal margin. Holotype: MHIN-UNSL-GEO-I 485, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Geología; hindwing fragment, CuP not preserved. ARGENTINA: Bajo de Véliz locality; Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian, Pallero Member, Bajo de Véliz Formation.

Family Taiophlebiidae Martins-Neto, fam. n. Type genus: Taiophlebia Martins-Neto, gen. n. Diagnosis: Fore wing with ScP and RA distally fused and RP multi-branched. RP origin at 1/5 of the wing base. Genus Taiophlebia Martins-Neto, gen. n. Taiophlebia: Martins-Neto et al., 2004: 45. Etymology: From the type locality and phlebia = vein (latinized form of Greek phleps). Gender feminine. Type species: T. niloriclasodae Martins-Neto, sp. n., by present designation. Diagnosis: Fore wing with more than 100 mm long. Costal margin straight. Sc branching in ScA and ScP. ScP with at least two strong secondary branches. ScP/RA fused circa 1/ 4 of the wing apex. CuA most proximal branch reaches the anal margin after the wing midlength. Species included: The type species and Taiophlebia ferreirai (Pinto, 1994), comb. n. Remarks: T. niloriclasodae from the upper part of the Rio do Sul Formation at the Taió municipality, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Upper Carboniferous, Paraná Basin) is a key taxon for the understanding of the Ischnoneuroidea – Cacurgoidea complex. Particular characters of the venation such as the distal fusion of ScP and RA, and RP originating close to the basal fifth of the wing support a closer relationship to the representatives of the Ischnoneuroidea (Grylloblattida sensu Storozhenko), rather than to the Cacurgoidea (“ Paraplecoptera ” s.l. or Orthoptera). The Taiophlebiidae differ from the Proedischiidae as well as from their closest related families by the lack of the typical convergence of MP+CuA and thus represent the most basal group within the Ischnoneuroidea – Cacurgoidea complex.Another genus, Cacurgulopsis Pinto & Adami-Rodrigues, 1995 from Boituva, São Paulo (Paraná Basin, Upper Carboniferous) was originally included in the family Cacurgidae. However, in Cacurgus Handlirsch, 1911, the type genus of this family, ScP is not distally fused with the multibranched RA, originating in the basal third of the wing. Cacurgulopsis and Taiophlebia seem to be sister genera and are therefore included in the family Taiophlebiidae (Dutra et al. in press)., Published as part of Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C. & Cruz, J. L., 2007, A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa, pp. 87-101 in African Invertebrates 48 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667626

Genus Paranarkemina Pinto & Ornellas, 1980 Paranarkemina: Pinto & Ornellas 1980: 288. Type species: Paranarkemina kurtzi Pinto & Ornellas, 1980, by original designation. Emended diagnosis: Fore wing relatively wide. ScP distally fused with RA. Origin of RP close to the origin of MP. MP +CuA not strongly convergent to MA. Supporting cross vein ma–mp absent. CuP convergent and distally fused with AP. Comparison: Paranarkemina differs from the other known genera of the Proedischiidae, except Argentinonarkemina gen. n., in having the origin of RP close to the origin of MP. See schematic pattern of the main veins in Fig. 6. Constituent species: P. kurtzi Pinto & Ornellas, 1980 (= P. velizensis Pinto & Ornellas, 1981) (Upper Carboniferous, Argentina) and P. martinsnetoi Würdig, Pinto & AdamiRodrigues, 1998 (Upper Carboniferous, Paraná Basin, Brazil). Remarks: Storozhenko (1998) considered Paranarkemina velizensis as a fragment of the hind wing of the last-instar subimago of P. kurtzi and synonymised both species, with which we agree. Genus Argentinonarkemina Martins-Neto, Gallego & Brauckmann, gen. n. Fig. 7 Etymology: After Argentina, where the material comes from, in combination with Narkemina. Gender feminine. Type species: Paranarkemina amosi Pinto, 1992, here designated. Diagnosis: Origin of RP close to origin of MP. MP +CuA strongly convergent to MA, ma–mp present and CuP not distally fused with AP. Comparison: Similar to Paranarkemina in having the origin of RP close to the origin of MP, differing however by having MP +CuA strongly convergent to MA, and ma–mp present, as well as CuP not distally fused with AP. Species included: Argentinonarkemina amosi (Pinto, 1992), comb. n., Published as part of Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C. & Cruz, J. L., 2007, A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa, pp. 87-101 in African Invertebrates 48 (1) on pages 93-94, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667626

Velizphlebia cruzi Martins-Neto, Gallego & Brauckmann, sp. n. Figs 3–5 Etymology: In honour of Lic. Jorge Cruz (Mendoza, Argentina) who collected the specimen. Description: Preserved length, 50 mm. Costal area relatively wide and filled with anastomosed cross-veins (Fig. 4). ScP1 conspicuous at the wing base and ScP distally fused with RA which is slightly curved. Origin of RP near mid-length of wing, apparently unbranched.MA two-branched.MP+CuA strongly convergent to MA. CuA short, distally fused with MP. CuP not directly branching from distal part of CuA. Holotype: MHIN-UNSL-GEO-I 484, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Geología; fragment of fore wing. ARGENTINA: Bajo de Véliz locality; Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian, Pallero Member, Bajo de Véliz Formation., Published as part of Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C. & Cruz, J. L., 2007, A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa, pp. 87-101 in African Invertebrates 48 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667626

Taiophlebia niloriclasodae Martins-Neto, sp. n. Fig. 10 Etymology: Anagram derived from Nilson, Lorelai, Rita, Claus, Sonis, and Daiana, dynamic students of Geosciences Department, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos– UNISINOS, leadered by Dr Tania Lindner Dutra, the team that collected the holotype. Description: Fore wing 104 mm long and 34 mm wide, as preserved, with straight costal margin and slightly acuminate apex. Subcostal area notably wide close the base, progressively narrowing toward the apex. ScA well-defined with numerous secondary veinlets and anastomosed pattern of cross-veins. ScP long with at least two strong secondary branches and several, relatively long, distally dichotomous veinlets, unbranched. RP origin at 1/5 of wing base. RP slightly sigmoid, with five secondary branches. MA long, slightly sigmoid, three-branched. MP+CuA origin little before RP origin level with at least eight terminal branches, clade-like. CuP two-branched with CuP1 being the smallest, converging to MP+CuA, fusing distally; CuP partially preserved, oblique to anal margin, reaching it at about 1/3 of wing base. AP1 fuses to AP2 close to the wing base, Y-shaped.AP1+2 parallel to CuP2. Intense pattern of crossveins forming mosaics of heterogeneous cells in the whole preserved wing. No ornamentation pattern. Holotype: BRAZIL: Santa Catarina State: Taió municipality; Upper Carboniferous, Itararé Subgroup, upper part of the Rio do Sul Formation. Housed at Geosciences Department, UNISINOS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Published as part of Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C. & Cruz, J. L., 2007, A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa, pp. 87-101 in African Invertebrates 48 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667626

Paganzophlebia polyclada Martins-Neto, Gallego & Brauckmann, sp. n. Figs 8, 9 Etymology: From Greek poly (many) and clados (branch), after the rich venation of the holotype specimen; here used as an adjective. Description: Preserved length, 53 mm. ScP slightly sigmoidal, not distally fused with RA. RP two-branched, each branch distally dichotomising. Origin of RP very close to the wing base. MA simple, MP two-branched, with MP2 short, distally fused with CuA1. CuA long, slightly curved: CuA1 long and parallel to MP2; CuA2 shorter than CuA1, oblique to the anal margin. Holotype: MHIN-UNSL-GEO-I 485, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Geología; hindwing fragment, CuP not preserved. ARGENTINA: Bajo de Véliz locality; Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian, Pallero Member, Bajo de Véliz Formation., Published as part of Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F., Brauckmann, C. & Cruz, J. L., 2007, A review of the South American Palaeozoic entomofauna Part I: the Ischnoneuroidea and Cacurgoidea, with description of new taxa, pp. 87-101 in African Invertebrates 48 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7667626