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Second, maps are demonstrated by Wood and Fels to be texts, whose ideologies are conveyed by way of the ‘‘stuff’’ around and within the map. In this way, an ‘‘epimap’’ is added to a ‘‘perimap’’ to make a ‘‘paramap,’’ which fixes perception upon the second-order message of the map, not just the map itself. The early work of Roland Barthes makes an appearance here: the structural Barthes interested in structural analyses of texts, narratives, and photographs (Saper 1997).