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With the growing demand for the bearing capacity of columns, large-section angle steel (LAS) columns have been widely adopted. Q345 is the most commonly used steel, but research on the axial compression stability of LAS columns mainly focuses on steels with 420 MPa and above. In order to study the buckling behavior of Q345 LAS columns, a total of 96 specimens are subjected to axial compression tests. The test results are compared with the specification and analyzed. Based on test data, an accurate finite element model of the Q345 LAS column is established, and the parametric analysis is carried out through the model. The results show that the buckling mode of Q345 LAS columns is flexural buckling, and local buckling is not observed. The axial compression stability coefficient of Q345 LAS short columns is significantly higher than the result of the specification. The reasons come from the constitutive model and the buckling mode, and the influence of section size can be ignored. The curve a in GB50017-2017 and Eurocode 3 can be used to calculate the axial compression stability of Q345 LAS columns. Finally, a new column curve is proposed to calculate the axial compression stability of Q345 LAS columns.

19. yüzyılın ortasında düzenlenmeye başlanmış olan Dünya Fuarları (Expo) mimari öğelerle desteklenen zengin iletişim tasarımı ortamlarıdır. Katılımcı ülkelerin farklı alanlardaki başarılarının uluslararası arenada sunumu görevini üstlenen bu fuarlar zamanla küresel gelişmenin de bir kaydı haline gelmişlerdir. Dünya Fuarlarında ülkeleri temsil eden ulusal pavyonlar ise ulusların kendilerini uluslararası ortamda nasıl tanımladığını görmek açısından önemli yapılardır. Dünya Fuarlarında öncelikli amaç tanıtım yoluyla geniş kitlelere ulaşmak olduğu için, mimari öğeler olarak ulusal pavyonlar hem kendileri hem de içlerinde sergilenen nesneler ve düzenlenen etkinliklerle birer imaj tasarımı olarak nitelendirilebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 21. yüzyıl Dünya Fuarlarındaki mimari temsilini incelemek ve tasarım yaklaşımlarını değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda Türk Pavyonlarının mimari ve iç mimari tasarım özellikleri belirlendikten sonra konuya ilişkin mimarlık medyasında yer alan eleştirilere de değinilerek, yapıların fuarlar bağlamındaki niteliği yorumlanmaktadır. Türkiye, incelenen Dünya Fuarlarında farklı pavyon tasarımları ile yer almış olsa da tasarım yaklaşımları ve sergilenen nesneler genellikle benzer olmuştur. Pavyonlar bu açıdan Türkiye’nin imajının görselleştirildiği yapılar değil, daha çok turizme yönelik pazarlama etkinliklerin yapıldığı mekânlardır. Ülkenin fuar katılımlarında, pavyonlar sadece içi doldurulması gereken yapılar olarak ele alınmış, anlatılmak istenen asıl mesajı ziyaretçilere vermek için kavramsal arka plana dayalı bir çalışma yapılmamıştır., Beginning from the middle of the 19th century World’s Fairs (Expo) are mediums of rich communicational design which are organized with architectural elements. Undertaking the international presentation of achievements of participant nations, these fairs also became the record of global development with time. National pavilions representing countries in the World’s Fairs are important buildings in terms of seeing how nations define themselves internationally. As the primary purpose of World’s Fairs is to reach large masses through promotion, national pavilions as architectural elements, can be described as an image design with objects and events displayed in. The aim of this study is to examine the architectural representation and evaluate the design approaches of Turkey in the 21th century World’s Fairs. In this context, after defining the architectural and interior design features of the Turkish Pavilions, also with mentioning the criticisms in the architectural media about the subject, the quality of the buildings are reviewed in the context of the fairs. Although Turkey has been featured with different pavilion designs in the examined World’s Fairs, design approaches and the exhibition objects are often similar. In this respect, the pavilions are not the buildings where the image of Turkey is visualized but are places where tourism marketing activities are performed. Turkish Pavilions are considered as buildings that need to be filled in and no study is made based on the conceptual background to give the principal message to the visitors.

Актуальність теми: У багатьох випадках мобільні застосунки розробляються для вирішення бізнесових задач, і в свою чергу для бізнесу важливі часові дедлайни, швидкість та якість. Зазвичай ці мобільні за стосунки є частиною клієнт-серверної архітектури, де клієнтом виступає як раз мобільний за стосунок. Такий тип за стосунків є найпопулярнішим в наш час серед українських iOS розробників, і в тому саме для цього типу є сенс і потреба у створенні дійсно ефективного й простого архітектурного підходу. Основною проблемою є те, що всі архітектурні підходи описані дуже поверхнево, і це призводить до того, що кожний розробник інтерпретує визначення архітектур по своєму і використовує свої підходи. Це, в свою чергу приводить до створення багатьох різних реалізацій, які частково або зовсім не відповідають початковій задумці. мета дослідження. Основна мета даної роботи полягає в дослідженні можливих архітектурних рішень для мобільної платформи iOS та розробці продуманої, гнучкої, і, в той же час, простої для розуміння архітектури програмного забезпечення. Для реалізації поставленої мети були сформульовані наступні завдання: - аналіз існуючих архітектурних підходів для платформи iOS; - вибір необхідних програмних засобів для розробки програмного забезпечення; - проектування та розробка архітектурного підходу для розробки мобільних застосунків на платформі iOS; - розробити мобільний за стосунок, використовуючи запропонований архітектурний підхід; - дослідження ефективності запропонованого архітектурного рішення; Об’єкт дослідження - процес розробки мобільних застосунків на платформі iOS. Предмет дослідження – архітектурні підходи для розробки мобільних застосунків на платформі iOS. Наукова новизна. Найбільш суттєвими науковими результатами магістерської дисертації є: - запропоновано вдосконалене архітектурне рішення для розробки мобільних застосунків на платформі iOS. - запропоновано підхід «Конструктор» до створення iOS застосунків. Практичне значення отриманих результатів визначається тим, що запропонований архітектурний підхід доведено до практичної реалізації. Розроблено програмний продукт, який демонструє основні переваги запропонованого архітектурного рішення. модифікований алгоритм ефективно виконує операцію поєднання розподілених даних. Зв’язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами. Робота виконана в рамках теми «Методи та технології в задачах пошуку та збереження даних. Державний реєстраційний номер 0117U000915». Апробація: Основні положення роботи доповідались і обговорювались на ІІ всеукраїнській науково-практичній конференції молодих вчених та студентів «Інформаційні системи та технології управління» (ІСТУ-2019). Actuality of theme: In many cases mobile applications are designed to meet business challenges and time, speed, and quality are important to businesses. Typically, these mobile applications are part of a client-server architecture, where the client is just a mobile application. This type of application is the most popular in our time among Ukrainian iOS developers and that is why this type requires the creation of a really effective and simple architectural approach. The main problem is that all architectural approaches are described very superficially which leads to the fact that each developer interprets architectures in their own way and uses their own approaches. This, in turn, leads to the creation of many different implementations that are partially or completely inconsistent with the original idea. The aim of the research: The main purpose of this work is to explore possible architectural solutions for the iOS mobile platform and to develop thoughtful, flexible and, at the same time, easy to understand software architectures. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formed: - analysis of existing architectural approaches for the iOS platform; - selection of necessary software for software development; - designing and developing an architectural approach for developing mobile applicationsons on iOS platforms; - develop a mobile application using the proposed architectural approach; - study of the effectiveness of the proposed architectural solution. The object of the research is the process of developing mobile applications on the iOS platform. The subject of the research is architectural approaches for developing mobile applications for the iOS platform. Scientific Novelty: The most significant scientific results of the master's thesis are: - an advanced architectural solution for developing mobile applications on the iOS platform; - “Designer” approach for creating iOS applications is suggested. The practical value of the results is determined by the fact that the proposed architectural approach is brought to practical implementation. A software product has been developed that demonstrates the main advantages of the proposed architectural solution. Relationship with working with scientific programs, plans, topics: The work was performed within the theme “Methods and technologies in the tasks of data retrieval and storage. State Registration Number 0117U000915”.

Contributing across the domains of open transdisciplinary inquiry and transdisciplinary- and practice-oriented architectural and urbanism research engaging critically with participation in urban contexts, this research proposes critical indirectness as a multivocal design approach in participatory practice, developed through conceptual-analytical inquiry into three cases involving engagements between external art and design practitioners and public cultural institutions around participatory projects in Gothenburg. It joins with calls for art and design practitioners' greater engagement with public sector institutions as way of working towards a more durable and wider impact, with calls to model a more de-centered 'urban-combinatory' practice on the plurality, hybridity, discontinuities, and contingencies of the contemporary city, and with calls for more multiple, contradictory approaches. Its methodological approach, open transdisciplinary turn-taking , likewise pursued these aims via alternating engagements between institutional and external actors, my own and others' practices, and theory from multiple fields. The primary aim is to explore how art and design practitioners (including researchers and institutional actors) can develop greater capacity to critically wayfind within the complexities of engagements with public cultural institutions in and around participatory processes. This is supported by two interrelated inquiries, the first reworks monovocal understandings of participation, critique, institutions, and actors as multivocal —simultaneously collective, complex, and involving actors' critical and creative trajectories of agency. The second conceptualizes multivocal relations as having their own critical efficacy through potentially estranging effects, which can be both reflexively perceived by practitioners and furthered by design. These two inquiries combine in the use, in case analyses, of alternating voices , transversing voices , and wavering voices —conceptual-analytical lenses enabling focus on the critical and creative potentials of spatialities of multivocal estrangement generated by differential interrelations between 'voices'.

Industrialized house builders strive towards structure and control of their processes, including design. Such structure is seldom sought for in architectural design practice, where individuality and autonomy are considered essential. This is causing a tension in the construction industry as industrialized house builders and architects strive to improve their collaboration. In this licentiate thesis, a first step towards better understanding this tension is taken by exploring different design approaches from a creativity perspective. The analytical framework builds on a theoretical conceptualization of design approach features, including design task, design process, design organization, and knowledge sharing. A creativity perspective is added using heuristic or algorithmic design tasks; divergent or convergent design processes; autonomy or imposed structure from the design organization; and sole designer or teamwork as the basis for knowledge sharing. This framework is used to analyze four empirically explored design approaches, two focusing on platform development and two focusing on project specific design. Three of these are explored using a case study approach, while the fourth is explored through interviews with multiple architects. The architectural design approach’s features seem likely to facilitate creativity: the design task is mainly heuristic; the design process enables divergence; and the architects have autonomy in how to go about the design process. However, they experience a lack of knowledge sharing, which could further facilitate creativity. The studied standardized design development approach has the opposite features: the design task is mainly algorithmic; the design process facilitates convergence; and there is a clear structure with instructions of how each subtask should be executed. Hence, this design approach is not likely to facilitate creativity (which was also not its intention). The structure has however improved the design team’s knowledge sharing, which is likely to facilitate creativity. The two platform development approaches have a mix of features. Both design tasks are more algorithmic than heuristic and creativity was not expected of the design results. The design processes are clearly convergent. While the house platform development team is multi-functional and work in close collaboration, the design automation platform developers’ knowledge sharing is based on communication with the client’s organization, thus not enabling as many perspectives on the designed product. The design automation platform developers use a support structure with process descriptions and methods to ensure quality, motivated by the variety of platforms that they develop on a regular basis. The house product platform developers on the other hand, were expected to develop only this one platform. Hence, they worked autonomously, using the teamwork setting to progress and converge in the process. In summary, the creative intention seems related to how design is approached. If creativity is sought for, the design task is heuristic, and divergence and autonomy is promoted. If creativity is not sought for, structure seem to facilitate other benefits such as reliability and quality control. Knowledge sharing could however be potentially beneficial in most design approaches. By understanding that different design approaches will influence creativity in different ways, a first step has been taken towards understanding why architects and industrialized house builders approach design differently.

The objective of this paper is to relate various aspects of curvilinear forms of architecture with environment-behaviour. The paper focuses on the curvilinear architectural works of the UK firm of Foster + Partners. The data used for the paper are based on the case studies of six buildings namely the Sage Music Centre in Gateshead, the American Air Museum in Duxford, the Faculty of Law at Cambridge University, The Great Court at the British Museum, Canary Wharf Underground Station and Northern Greenwich Transport Interchange, the last three being in London. The design approach is studied in terms of concept, metaphor and scenario for these building that are curvilinear on plan as well as in section. Of paramount importance is the sectional study of the buildings which reveal the sensation of the spaces created due to the interplay of volumes. This influence behaviour within the environment and how the spaces created within the buildings are perceived and utilised by the users. The paper concludes that curvilinear forms of architecture have vital influence on environment-bahaviour in terms of promoting communication, encouraging movement, lifting the spirit, aiding orientation, changing perception, enhancing social experience, increasing pleasure, supporting the sense of community, relieving sense of distance and dissolving social boundaries.

The authors have devised a method for teaching structural mechanics articulated in three phases: observations (the description of mechanical phenomena, increasingly complex, selected with regards to their pertinence of the problem that one wants to affront, and their efficiency); modeling (the construction of a physical-mathematical model that takes into account its formal content and stresses its importance as an instrument and has the potential for other applications); design (suggestion of cues for applications stimulate the student to exercise his creative imitation). What is proposed to the student is not so much a set of notions, as a method and set of instruments for selecting experiences (for example previous design solutions) to the end of evaluating their repeatability in diverse situations, by means of a physical-mechanical reading which comes from phenomena which one finds in daily life. “Leo” was created as a teaching instrument which is presented as a tale in the form of a hypertext.

Interests in radiant cooling systems have increased in recent years. There is, however, no standardized method for radiant system design that is broadly accepted by the building industry. Through literature review, twelve surveys and eight interviews with leading practitioners, this paper summarizes the design methods documented in the guidelines, assesses the state of the industry, and identifies potential gaps and limitations in current design practice. The findings include: 1) design guidelines provide a wide range of approaches for cooling load calculation and system sizing; 2) most practitioners calculate cooling load for radiant systems the same way as for air systems, with only 23% of the respondents reported using dynamic simulation tools that have the capability to model radiant systems for cooling load estimation; 3) 46% of the respondents reported that steady state analysis methods/tools were used for radiant system sizing.