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This article, based on an oral presentation in virtual format by the author at the British School at Athens (BSA) Annual General Meeting on 9 February 2022, summarizes the activities of the BSA with a focus on the calendar year 2021. It describes – selectively and concisely – research by award holders, BSA-sponsored fieldwork and study in 2021, research and events associated with the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre, plus other activities of the BSA in Greece and the UK, including seminars, conferences, and workshops.

This article, based on an oral presentation in virtual format by the author at its Annual General Meeting on 9 February 2021, summarizes the activities of the British School at Athens (BSA) with a focus on the calendar year 2020. It describes, selectively and concisely, research by award holders, BSA-sponsored fieldwork and study in 2020, research and events associated with the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre, plus other activities of the BSA in Greece and the UK, including seminars, conferences and workshops.

Networks The UK has some 40 Archaeology departments (the names may vary) in its Universities, most of whom conduct archaeological fieldwork both within the UK and abroad. The major national museums also conduct archaeological fieldwork abroad. Most well-founded Archaeology departments have staff who teach and research across the major periods of the past and also archaeological scientists. There is no equivalent to France’s research-only CNRS or Italy’s CNR. According to the 2014 national rev...

This article, based on an oral presentation by the author at its Annual General Meeting in February 2020, summarizes the activities of the British School at Athens (BSA) with a focus on the calendar year 2019. It describes – selectively and concisely – research by award holders, BSA-sponsored fieldwork and study in 2019 at three locations (Olynthos, Koutroulou Magoula and Knossos), research and events associated with the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre, plus other activities of the BSA in Greece and the UK, including seminars, conferences and workshops.

This article, based on an oral presentation by the author at its Annual General Meeting in February 2019, summarizes the activities of the British School at Athens with a focus on the calendar year 2018. It describes – selectively and concisely – research by award holders, BSA-sponsored fieldwork and study in 2018 at four locations (Olynthos, Koutroulou Magoula, Dhaskalio-Keros and Knossos), research and events associated with the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre, plus other activities of the BSA in Greece and the UK, including seminars, conferences and workshops.

This article, based on an oral presentation by the author at its Annual General Meeting in February 2018, summarizes the activities of the British School at Athens with a focus on the calendar year 2017. It describes – selectively and concisely – research by award holders, BSA-sponsored fieldwork in 2017 at six locations (Olynthos, Koutroulou Magoula, Prosilio, Kythera, Dhaskalio-Keros and Knossos), research and events associated with the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre, plus other activities of the BSA in Greece and the UK, including seminars, conferences and workshops.

The relevance in the 21st century of an organization founded in the later 19th century lies in the BSA's statutory objective: ‘to promote the study of Greece in all its aspects … in all periods including modern times’. In modern business jargon, the BSA's ‘unique selling proposition’ is its location, which places UK-based researchers (at all career stages) at the heart of a region not only central to the history of the Western tradition, but also pivotal historically to post-Ottoman southern Europe and currently on the front line of the refugee crisis. Its location also offers local researchers and organizations opportunities to establish collaborations with us and – through us – with UK-based researchers. Our 130-year history brings a strong reputation, an unparalleled regional network, an accumulation of library and material resources, and a body of expertise that benefit both UK-based researchers and those who engage with us as research partners.

In May 2019 the British School at Athens hosted an international conference on popular music of the Greek world. The conference aimed to explore and evaluate the diversity of Greek music apparent in the rich variety of local traditions and in the richness of urban popular music both established and emerging, and to examine its causes from broader musical, sociological and artistic perspectives. Rather than focus on particular forms, such as traditional folk music, rebetika, or the ‘new wave’ of the 1960s exemplified by the international success of composers such as Hadjidakis and Theodorakis, the conference set out to situate these traditions in a broader Greek context and also an explicitly international one, in this way building upon a growing trend (Bucuvalas 2019; Tragaki 2019).

The School's research programme in 2015 was once again extensive, including archaeological fieldwork in six sites or regions and study at a further seven, as well as the work of the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre (see Map 1). Other activities of the School span many other disciplines: history, anthropology, philosophy and the fine arts, including music, for example, represented by a successful conference held in May in Athens in collaboration with the Athens Conservatoire and Kings College London on music and identity (Fig. 1a). Research, of course, demands publication and, as noted last year, the School has now overhauled its publication arrangements. In addition to the Annual of the BSA and Archaeological Reports, we continue to collaborate with the French School on AGOnline (http://chronique.efa.gr/index.php/); our Supplements series also continues, as a vehicle for the publication of BSA fieldwork projects. The inaugural volume in the new Ashgate (now Routledge) series, British School at Athens Modern Greek and Byzantine Studies, appeared in December 2015 (Couroucli and Marinov 2015) (Fig. 1b). Two further volumes in this series will appear in 2016 and the first publication in the new Cambridge University Press series, British School at Athens Studies in Greek Antiquity, will appear in late 2016 (Kiriatzi and Knappett forthcoming).

This article presents two newly-discovered fragments of Linear B tablets from recent excavations at the site of Ano Englianos, Bronze Age Pylos, along with a third possibly inscribed object.

Publications of fieldwork continue to appear slowly, but the latest volume of ADelt for Crete, covering the years 2001–2004, appeared in print in summer 2012 (ADelt 56–59 [2001–2004] B5). Inevitably, given the years covered, some of the activity summarized in this volume has already been noted in AG and brief notices of some appears in the decadal summary of the activities of all the prehistoric and Classical ephorias (www.yppo.gr/0/anaskafes; AR 58 [2011–2012] 58). Emphasis here is on those activities not already noted in AG or those where significant new information appears in the new volume of ADelt. The second meeting on Archaeological Work on Crete (AWiC2), alluded to last year (AR 58 [2011–2012] 58), has been published and can be read online through the University of Crete's Library (http://elocus.lib.uoc.gr/dlib/d/0/5/metadata-dlib-1368695830-557833-31681.tkl#). A third meeting is scheduled for December 2013 and will hopefully be made accessible with equally commendable promptness. The proceedings of the Tenth International Cretological Congress held in Chania in 2006 (see AR 53 [2006–2007] 96) are still to appear in print, although e-offprints of individual contributions continue to circulate. New material in this year's entry is therefore drawn primarily from ADelt 56–59 (2001–2004) B5 and AWiC2.The past year has seen a number of significant publications on prehistoric Crete, including the proceedings of several conferences. The publication by the BSA of Intermezzo: Intermediacy and Regeneration in Middle Minoan III Palatial Crete (Macdonald and Knappett [2013]), containing papers presented at a workshop held in 2008, complements volumes noted last year (AR 58 [2011–2012] 58) on Late Minoan IB ceramics (Brogan and Hallager [2011]) and on the Prepalatial and Protopalatial periods (Early Minoan to Middle Minoan II) (Schoep et al. [2011]).

This review begins by defining the diverse field of “Greek archaeology.” Based on our own expertise, we focus on recent advances in the study of ancient Greece, especially the prehistoric Aegean, and on regional approaches, primarily those associated with archaeological surface survey. General developments in method and theory are addressed as they relate to several major topics: social complexity, Aegean chronology, writing systems, exchange, and regional studies.

The Linear B administration centered on Knossos in the LM III period is put into a wider context through an examination of administrative structures operating on Crete in three other periods: the Palatial, the ClassicalRoman, and the Venetian periods. From this examination, two broad conclusions emerge. First, there is no natural single administrative center for the island of Crete. In periods when a single center has existed, such a system has been imposed from outside. This observation may imply that Knossos's position as a single administrative center was inherently unstable, or was externally imposed. Second, "natural" divisions of Crete are based on topographically defined regions of varying size. When the island has been autonomous, there have been a number of such divisions forming the upper level of the administrative hierarchy. In periods when Crete has formed a part of a larger, off-island system, these same units have been incorporated at a lower level in the administrative hierarchy. It seems likely that Knossos conformed to this pattern in establishing its administrative system by incorporating preexisting units, but at a lower level. When viewed in this context, it is possible to understand features of the LM III period such as the absence of palaces and apparent disappearance of Linear A place-names.*

De recentes recherches menees dans le Palais de Nestor a Pylos (Ano Engliano, Messenie, Grece) ont permis de mettre au jour deux nouveaux documents inscrits en Lineaire B : il s'agit d'un nodule en argile de forme ovale a trois faces inscrites, datant de l'Helladique recent III B, et d'un fragment de tablette en argile, en forme de page (rectangulaire)

L'A. etudie deux marques decouvertes sur des poteries en argile a Kommos en Crete. De nombreuses marques de ce style apparaissent sur les ceramiques dans le mode egeen a l'âge du Bronze. La marque etait faite avant la cuisson. Il s'agit la plupart du temps de signaler l'atelier de fabrication

This article previews the study of the Second Ottoman period (1715-1821) by members of the Pylos Regional Archaeological Project. By closely comparing Sir William Gell's apparently dispassionate descriptions of the Navarino Bay area with other documentary and archaeological data, we suggest that reconstruction of settlement and land use relying solely on Gell's descriptions can result in misrepresentation. This conclusion has implications for modern Greek social and economic history, since the image that Gell sketches appears to support a commonly held belief that settlement during Ottoman occupation was concentrated in more mountainous areas, while the lowlands were largely devoid of permanent habitation.

An analysis of the Linear B texts from Knossos and of the archaeological data for LM II-III Crete permits conclusions to be drawn as to the extent and the administrative organization of Knossos' interests in LM III Crete. It is postulated that Knossos dealt with outlying areas indirectly through second-order centers, six of which are identified. These second-order centers seem also to have played an important part in the establishment of the administrative system at Knossos, probably in LM II. Finally, three case studies of sites known both from the documents and from excavation highlight the importance of an integration of textual and archaeological approaches. This article outlines an approach to the study of LM III Crete from the point of view of the archaeologist and the Linear B scholar. Until relatively recently the two disciplines involved have been rather exclusive, but it is the integrated approach which is as crucial as the conclusions drawn from it. The two bodies of data are, first, the Linear B documents preserved in the final destruction of the palace at Knossos,' documents of immense value in allowing us insights into the operation of an administrative system in the prehistoric Aegean. Second, there are the archaeological data pieced together over the past century for the period after the LM IB destructions on Crete2: LM II and LM III, or the "Post-Palatial" period.3 The term "Post-Palatial," as applied to the whole of the period 1450 to 1100 B.C., is inaccurate, since, for at least part of the time, the monumental building at Knossos continued to function as the center of an organization run by an dlite for the exploitation (and possible reciprocal benefit) of a hierarchy of lesser sites and individuals: in Aegean terms, a "palace." The existence of this organization is both signalled and illuminated by the presence of documents in the palace at Knossos. Not a single scrap of a Linear B tablet has yet been excavated elsewhere on Crete, and, although an argumentum e silentio, I think this lack indicates that Knossos alone had such an archive and fulfilled the role of a central place in LM III Crete.4 This contention is supported by the way the Knossos archive is widely scattered across the site (ill. 1). If such an archive had existed elsewhere, I think it unlikely that it would have disappeared without trace across an entire site. A parallel can be drawn with the * This article is based on a paper delivered at the London Mycenaean Seminar on 4 May 1983. I am indebted to J.T. Hooker and J.N. Coldstream for allowing me to present my ideas there. The article summarizes research carried out in the Department of Classics, Cambridge University, funded chiefly by the Department of Education and Science, with additional funds from Sidney Sussex College, the Faculty of Classics and the Drummond Studentship Committee. I should like to record my special thanks to my research supervisor, John Cherry, and my gratitude to John Chadwick, Jack L. Davis, Tom Gallant, Paul Halstead, John Killen, Todd Whitelaw and Tony Wilson for comments and suggestions. ' The main corpus remains J. Chadwick, J.T. Killen and J.-P. Olivier, The Knossos Tablets 4. A Transcription (Cambridge 1971). Some additional fragments and joins are published in the following articles: L. Godart and J.-P. Olivier, "Nouveaux fragments de tablettes en lin~aire B de Cnossos," BCH 97 (1973) 5-22; L. Godart and J.-P. Olivier, "119 raccords et quasi-raccords de fragments dans les tablettes de Cnossos," SMEA 15 (1972) 33-50; and L. Godart and J.-P. Olivier, "98 raccords et quasi-raccords de fragments dans les tablettes de Cnossos," Minos 13 (1973) 113-29. More recently, the following new fragments have appeared: J. Sakellarakis and J.-P. Olivier, "Deux fragments de tablettes en liniaire B de Cnossos au Muse E. Hallager, "A Linear B Tablet Fragment from Knossos," Kadmos 16 (1977) 24-25 (X 8832); R.G.D. Evely and J.T. Killen, forthcoming in Kadmos (X 8833); J. Bennet and J.A. MacGillivray, "A New Fragment of a Sheep Tablet from Knossos," Kadmos 21 (1982) 30-32 (Dv 8834). 2 The archaeological information for LM III Crete is now available with full bibliography in A. Kanta, The Late Minoan III Period in Crete. A Survey of Sites, Pottery and their Distribution (SIMA 58, Goteborg 1980). The following provide some supplementary information: S. Hiller, Das minoi'sche Kreta nach den Ausgrabungen des letzten Jahrzehnts (Vienna 1977) and D. Leekley and R. Noyes, Archaeological Excavations in the Greek Islands (Park Ridge, N.J. 1975). 3 For the term "Post-Palatial," see, e.g., N. Platon, Crete (Archaeologia Mundi, London 1966) 206-207. 4 I do not mean to imply a total lack of administrative activity outside Knossos (see infra), but I think that Knossos alone was centrally processing information on clay tablets. Activity, perhaps subordinate to Knossos, is implied by the existence of the inscribed stirrup jars. Similarly, the fact that ko-no-so-de ("to Knossos") can appear on a text (C 5753) at least implies an extra-Knossian perspective, if not a tablet actually inscribed elsewhere. (Interestingly enough, the scribe concerned107-appears to deal only with western matters.) Information may have been gathered (even recorded, on perishable materials) elsewhere, but it probably took its final form on clay in the palace. How else can we explain the situation with the sheep tablets, where one scribe (117) writes not only the individual flock records (Da-Dg), but also the totalling records (Dn)? 231 American Journal of Archaeology 89 (1985) This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Tue, 06 Sep 2016 05:56:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 232 JOHN BENNET fAJA 89