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The results of phased data recovery efforts for the City of Phoenix Aviation Department in advance of construction of the PHX Sky Train are presented in this report. Investigations were conducted within the Sky Train's 44th Street Station area, located immediately west of 44th Street and south of the Grand Canal in Phoenix, Arizona. Twelve medium to large prehistoric canals were encountered during the project, which was an anticipated discovery given the project's location northwest of the Park of Four Waters at Pueblo Grande Museum and Cultural Park and in the trajectory of main canals that fed prehistoric Canal System 2. Unexpected was the discovery of prehistoric irrigated field systems comprised of ditches and field areas. This project provided the first plan exposure of such systems in the Salt River Valley. Also encountered during the project were several canal-side water catchment features and Hohokam habitation structures. The structures included pithouses, probably used a seasonal farm-houses, and a surface adobe structure, with associated pits, which was occupied more permanently as a farmstead. The ages of the archaeological remains ranged from the later Colonial period through the early Classic period, roughly AD 850-1350. The numbers and types of features documented by the project illustrate that people were using the canals and local terrain in a variety of ways, despite the intrusion of several large System 2 trunk canals through the area. Within the project area, land use, subsistence practices, and irrigation were inextricably intertwined. The results of the project reveal the Hohokam's intimate knowledge of their landscape and how to manipulate it to best advantage. The findings highlight why the study of the irrigated spaces between prehistoric settlements is crucial to fully understand how the Hohokam managed to thrive for so many centuries in their desert environment.

Honey Bee Village, AZ BB:9:88 (ASM), is a large, prehistoric ballcourt village in the northern Tucson Basin. It is situated on the southeastern bajada of the Tortolita Mountains in the southern Cañada del Oro Valley. The site area is adjacent to a large alluvial basin at the juncture of Big Wash and Honey Bee Canyon at a mean elevation of 878 m (2,880 ft) above sea level. In this report, descriptions of the excavated structures are provided for the most recent and most extensive archaeological investigations at the site, which were conducted in 2006 and 2007, by Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel. The project provided a rare opportunity to investigate large portions of a minimally disturbed ballcourt village on the margins of the Tucson Basin. The research approach examined the diversity in social, economic, ritual, and ethnic spheres of Hohokam society from the perspective of households and villages. The research domains examined through this framework include subsistence production, specialized production, social standing, settlement structure, Hohokam markets, and ritual and religion. More detailed discussions of the results of data recovery in relation to the research issues are provided by Wallace (ed., 2012). The investigated project area covered nearly 37 acres surrounding the 13-acre preserve. One of the goals of the data recovery program was to create a detailed map of the overall site structure and to provide dates for the site occupation. Another goal was to determine the relationship of burial areas to residential areas, focusing on identifying and removing as many human remains as possible, to allow for repatriation so they would not be disturbed by development of the land. Based on the map that was created, a sampling strategy was used to collect samples from various households and time periods and to excavate all mortuary features that could be located. The sampling strategy and field methods are provided in Swartz and Wallace (2012). The structures described here were excavated in three areas for different landowners, with the largest area encompassing 31 acres to the east, south, and west of the preserve. The other two areas, covering nearly 6 acres identified at the site 2,004 primary features, including 331 structures: 295 pit structures, 33 possible pit structures, and 3 adobe structures. Of those, 183 structures were sampled or completely excavated: 179 pit structures, 1 possible pit structure, and 3 adobe structures. Results indicate that the site was occupied from as early as the Tortolita phase (A.D. 500-700) to the most intensive occupation during the Middle and Late Rincon phases (A.D. 1000-1150), with a relatively minor continuation and possible reoccupation of the site in the Tanque Verde phase (A.D. 1150-1300).

The City of Tempe is building the Tempe Transportation Center adjacent to the Central Phoenix/East Valley Light Rail Transit Project that Valley Metro is constructing. The transportation center project includes construction of a ���green��� three-story building in the western part of the site and a bus plaza in the eastern part of the site adjacent to a transit station. Planning studies concluded that the construction of the transportation center could adversely affect a large Hohokam archaeological site known as La Plaza [AZ U:9:165(ASM)] and perhaps archaeological remnants of the early Tempe townsite. The project is a federal undertaking that must comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, and FTA is the lead agency for Section 106 compliance. During preparation of an environmental impact statement for the Central Phoenix/East Valley light rail transit project, the FTA executed a Section 106 memorandum of agreement (MOA) in consultation with Valley Metro; the City Historic Preservation Officers of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa; the State Historic Preservation Office; and other agencies and tribes. The MOA defines how historic properties will be considered during final design and construction of the project. Valley Metro sponsored preparation of a historic properties treatment plan pursuant to the MOA. The City of Tempe assumed responsibility for implementing the historic properties treatment plan within the site of the Tempe Transportation Center. The City of Tempe retained URS Corporation to archaeologically test the transportation center site and subsequently to conduct data recovery excavations to mitigate the project impacts on the La Plaza archaeological site. This report documents that the fieldwork phase of the data recovery studies has been successfully completed.

This report discusses excavation results at two Hohokam farmsteads (AZ U:1:183 [ASM] and AZ U:1:186 [ASM]) in north Scottsdale, Arizona. Data recovery investigations identified one pithouse and several extramural features at both sites. In addition, a pole-and-brush-lined surface structure was identified at AZ U:1:186 (ASM) that suggests the pithouse may have functioned as a cold-season dwelling while the surface structure served as a warm-season dwelling. Architecture and material culture indicate that both sites date to the Sedentary period (A.D. 950-1150). Trade goods demonstrate that occupants of both sites had access to ceramics and jewelry typically found at large Hohokam villages. The implications of these findings are discussed in the final chapter of this volume, which places the two farmsteads investigated by SWCA into a regional context.

Northland Research, Inc., (Northland) has completed Phase II archaeological data recovery within a portion of the Cactus Forest site (AZ AA:3:214[ASM]), located near Cactus Forest, Pinal County, Arizona (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The work was undertaken in advance of planned improvements to the intersection of State Route 79 (SR 79) and Cactus Forest Road by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Northland performed the work under contract to Jones & Stokes and ADOT. The primary purpose of the investigations was to mitigate adverse effects to portions of AZ AA:3:214(ASM) located along SR 79 north of Cactus Forest Road and slated to be disturbed by construction activities. The work was undertaken because Federal Highway Administration funding for the project required compliance with 36 CFR Part 800, Section 106.

In May 2004, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) conducted a phased data recovery program in part of a large prehistoric Native American village called Pueblo Viejo in southern Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. The site is also known as AZ T:12:73 (ASM) in the Arizona State Museum's site numbering system; the site’s name and number are used interchangeably in this report. The City of Phoenix Archaeology Office has assigned the following project number to the work performed at Pueblo Viejo by ARS: PGM 2005-82. As part of the City of Phoenix Archaeology Office’s review of this proposal, the parcel’s location was compared to maps of known archaeological site locations in the Salt River Valley. As a result, it was determined that the 8.4-acre parcel lies within the northwestern portion of Pueblo Viejo. Furthermore, a prehistoric irrigation canal was believed to cut across the parcel from east to west. Based on this information, the City Archaeologist recommended an archaeological survey in order to evaluate the presence/absence of cultural remains on the modern site surface, and to evaluate the potential for buried archaeological features. Of particular concern was the potential presence of unmarked human graves, which are protected from disturbance by state law (Arizona Revised Statutes 41-865). A cultural resources survey of the project area noted that prehistoric ceramics, flaked stone, and ground stone were scattered across most of the 8.4 acres, excluding only an area covered by modern fill (Wright 2004a). The types and frequencies of artifacts were consistent with a Hohokam habitation site. No human bone was noted on the site’s surface, but background research indicated that numerous prehistoric human graves had been encountered during other excavation projects in Pueblo Viejo (e.g., Zyniecki 1993). The survey report recommended that any planned ground disturbances within the project area be preceded by archaeological investigations designed to locate and evaluate buried archaeological features, and to recover their important scientific data content. After completion of these archaeological studies, the planned residential development could be constructed as originally planned. This volume provides relevant background information about the site and the project, reports descriptive and analytical data pertaining to the features and artifacts encountered within the project area, and presents interpretations of past human occupations within and near the project area based on a synthesis of the available data. This introductory chapter describes the project's location, natural and cultural setting, and administrative background. Subsequent chapters describe the study procedures and report the results of the field work, laboratory analyses, and data synthesis.

The archaeological excavation of a prehistoric village, site AZ T:12:220 (ASM) (Las Cremaciones), at the proposed K. Hovnanian Homes Project Phoenix, Arizona, used trench sampling, block exposures and screened excavation to recover archaeological features of site AZ T:12:220 (ASM), particularly human burials. The investigation was conducted to ensure compliance with State of Arizona statute A.R.S. 41-865 pertaining to the repatriation of human remains, the City of Phoenix Ordinance on Historic Preservation (Chapter 8, Section 802), and the City of Phoenix Guidelines for Archaeology (Bostwick 2006). Also included are the appendices A-L which cover the topics of feature inventory and descriptions, decorated vessels chronology, special artifacts, inhumation and cremation burial details, demographic data, and flotation and radiocarbon dating.

Archaeological testing and data recovery at AZ B:9:360 (ASM), a Hohokam limited activity site in the northeastern Tucson Basin, resulted in the discovery of two roasting pits, an associated activity surface, and two large trash-filled pits. Botanical data suggest that the site was used for processing locally procured upper bajada wild plant resources as well as domesticated crops (maize). Chronometric data indicate a likely span of site use from the Rillito phase of the Colonial period to the Tanque Verde phase of the Early Classic period, with the most intensive occupation occurring during the Rincon phase of the Sedentary period.

This is the second of two volumes presenting the results of data recovery investigations at the Dutch Canal Ruin (AZ T:12:62 [ ASM]), conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at the western end of the North Runway, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. The Dutch Canal Ruin is a prehistoric agricultural site, dating between 1,700 and 500 years ago, consisting of fieldhouses and farmsteads scattered along a network of canals on the geological floodplain of the Salt River. The first volume (Henderson, ed. 2003) presented site-specific results of the Sky Harbor Airport (SHA) North Runway Expansion project. Descriptions of features and data recovery methods, analyses of artifacts and biological remains, and a synthesis that elucidates the activities of prehistoric farmers at the Dutch Canal Ruin are included there. The current volume, in contrast, includes an assortment of specialized studies whose ultimate purpose was to enhance our ability to interpret and understand the prehistoric past. This chapter provides background for the direction of SHA research and context for the specific studies.

Archaeological monitoring, testing, and data recovery in advance of construction related to the expansion of Sky Harbor International Airport's North Runway, including the realignment of 24th Street north of Buckeye Road. The work was authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the purpose of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and conducted in accordance with a Memorandum of Agreement (1993) executed by the FAA with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office for the treatment of cultural resources on airport property. The archaeological work was prompted by the possibility that prehistoric features related to the Dutch Canal Ruin, AZ T:12:62 (ASM)- a National Register-eligible site situated west of the airport-and prehistoric (Canal Patricio, AZ T:12:131 [ASM]) and historic (Dutch Ditch) canals would be present within the airport grounds.

This document presents the results of a cultural resources survey of approximately 1,500 acres within the Florence Military Reservation (FMR) and adjoining State Trust Lands held in a special !and use permit (SLP) for military training exercises in Pinal County, Arizona. The project area is located north by northeast of Florence along U.S. 89). In addition to nine firing points, approximately 9.6 km of access roads were surveyed by Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI). A records check at the Arizona State Museum by the Arizona National Guard and SRI revealed that no known sites were within the proposed impact areas, but the specific areas mentioned above had never been surveyed. Other archaeological work had located several sites in the immediate project area so we expected to find cultural resources in the survey areas. The purpose of this cultural resources survey was to investigate the proposed firing points and access roads to locate cultural resources in the project area and make preliminary evaluations of their potential eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In all, 51 archaeological sites and 294 additional isolated archaeological resources were identified in the project areas. Although the presence of archaeological resources was anticipated from previous studies, the number of sites was nevertheless surprising. The archaeological resources identified resulted from two very different uses of the landscape during two distinct periods. The earliest evidence of human activities in the project areas is attributable to the Colonial and Sedentary periods (ca. A.D. 775–1125) of the Hohokam cultural tradition. The evidence indicates that the Hohokam were farming on the Cottonwood Canyon alluvial fan, perhaps even using canal irrigation. These agricultural activities appear to have been the central focus of this occupation. The Hohokam are usually characterized as a cultural tradition focused on riverine agriculture, and in fact, the Gila River appears to have been the core of the Hohokam population. The intensive use of these upland, non-riverine areas indicates that the Hohokam agricultural adaptation was diversified and incorporated non-riverine as well as riverine farming strategies.

This report details the results of testing and data recovery efforts in the northern portion of the Gila Butte Site, a medium-sized Hohokam village located on the north side of the Gila River south of Phoenix, Arizona. Although the main portion of the site has not been subjected to substantial data recovery efforts, the primary occupation of the site is believed to date at least from the Estrella phase through the Sacaton phase of the Hohokam sequence (ca. A.D. 500-1100 [Dean 1991]), although minor components suggest that Archaic, Classic period Hohokam, and Protohistoric Piman peoples also made use of the site. The site’s greatest research potential lies in its apparent position as the prime supplier of micaceous-schist tempering material for Hohokam buff, red, and plain pottery. It is also possible, if not probable, that the residents of the site specialized in the production of some, most, or all of the distinctive buffware pottery that was used throughout the Hohokam region. Several canals and other agriculture-related features were recorded during the present project. In addition to adding to our understanding of irrigation agriculture at the Gila Butte Site, the project met with some success in providing additional data and presenting new, testable models related to Gila Butte’s position in the irrigation communities north of the Gila River and the site’s possible economic relationship with Snaketown and the rest of the Hohokam regional system.

Archaeological testing and data recovery were conducted along a segment of the Red Mountain Freeway (Loop 202) corridor between the Price Freeway and McKellips Road, including a realigned segment of Dobson Road in Mesa, Arizona. Conducted under contract to Stanley Consultants, Inc., for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), the work was done in four phases (testing and data recovery for each of two segments) between October 1994 and April 1996. One site (AZ U:9:6 [ARS]) was found to lie entirely outside of the freeway right-of-way. Although no other sites were visible on the surface of the Holocene floodplain, trenching revealed three sites beneath Salt River flood deposits and within the right-of-way. AZ U:9:135 (ASM) was a repeated-use field house or farmstead site that included four canals, one a probable segment of Canal Muertos. AZ U:9:136 (ASM) was primarily an irrigation site that included three pit features and four canals, including a probable segment of Turney’s (1929) Canal 9. AZ U:9:149 (ASM) was a burned farmstead that included four pit houses, a canal, and three pit features. These sites indicate a change in the use of the Lehi Terrace from irrigation and agriculture during the Pioneer and Colonial periods, to a brief period of limited habitation during the late Sedentary and early Classic periods, followed by an abandonment of habitation sites and a return to irrigation through the Classic period.

Underwritten by the Bureau of Reclamation, Northland Research archaeologists surveyed more than 7,450 hectares (18,410 acres) of southern Arizona. Two hundred four archaeological sites were recorded. Some sites, but not many, were historic in age; a few were Archaic, from the era before ceramics and sedentary agriculture in the Southwestern lowlands. The majority were from the intervening Hohokam cultural sequence. We learned from these sites that the prehistory of southern Arizona is, at one and the same time, both more complicated but less complex than we had formerly imagined. Our work under the CAP Non-Indian Distribution Division contract focused primarily on an area of southern Arizona broadly known as the Santa Cruz Flats. We say broadly, because we use the "Flats" as a covering term for all of the plain that is south of the Gila River and north of the Tucson Basin and that is drained by the Santa Cruz River, and Greene, Santa Rosa, and Vekol washes. Within it, drainage patterns are indistinct, and were so even before a substantial part of the flats had been converted to agricultural land, due to the low gradient of the plain. The flats are intermediate between what have been traditionally considered the main foci of development for late prehistoric culture, the Salt/Gila River Valley and the Tucson Basin, and as such have not been studied nearly as much as the lands to the north and south. In this respect, the research history of the Flats mirrors its modem developmental history. The concentration of the Distribution Division effort on the Flats has given us a unique perspective from which to view on the prehistory of southern Arizona and our report here is primarily concerned with this viewpoint.

This report presents the results of an archaeological survey of an 150-acre parcel for a proposed Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) facility near Florence, Arizona, and a testing program at AZ U:15:171, a site found within this parcel during preliminary survey. The project area is located on a slightly sloping alluvial terrace between 1 and 2 km north of the Gila River. Numerous minor drainages dissect this terrace environment, creating a system of irregularly shaped low ridges. During the survey, 16 previously undiscovered archaeological sites were recorded, Thirteen of these sites are prehistoric and the remaining 3 are historic Anglo-American. Of the prehistoric sites, 2 are ceramic and lithic scatters, and 11 are rockpile areas. One of the rockpile sites includes a second component, comprising a third sherd and lithic scatter. All 3 historic sites are trash dumps, 1 of which consists of remains of a World War II period Prisoner of War camp that was located just east of the project area. The testing program at AZ U:15:171 determined that the site represents a Hohokam farmstead occupied from the late Colonial period on, with a dramatically increased site use during the Classic period. One pithouse and four plant-processing features were identified. More than likely, the farmstead is associated with some of the rockpile sites found in the project area. Given the ability to address a series of research issues, the site was recommended to be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Although all sites are discussed, this report gives emphasis to the rockpile sites. These rockpile areas are interpreted as Hokokam plant-cultivation locales. It is concluded that the rock features most likely functioned as planters, conserving moisture and trapping nutrients. Specific artifacts occurring in association with the features suggest that agave was a dominate crop, although various other plants may have been grown in and around the features. Locations of rockpile clusters mostly conform to a predictable pattern of favored settings. A favorability model for rockpile placement is offered. This model may facilitate comparison of the various rockpile areas occurring in the Hohokam area. For the Florence region, our findings provide important data on secondary agricultural practices by members of various Hohokam communities along this portion of the Gila River. This information is crucial for furthering our understanding of an integrated intrabasin Hohokam subsistence economy.

SWCA conducted limited data recovery at 13 sites crossed by the Coolidge to Hayden segment of the larger Eastern Mining Area (EMA) 115kV Transmission Line system in east-central Arizona. The Coolidge to Hayden segment generally follows a west-to-east alignment from Coolidge, Pinal County, to Hayden in Gila County, which roughly parallels the course of the Gila River. Salt River Project (SRP) owns the transmission line system, which was constructed to serve the mining communities of the Superstition and Pinal Mountains. Salt River Project recognized that future maintenance and operation activities along the segments of the EMA system may impact sites. Because the EMA was built many years before the passage of state and federal laws that mandate inventory and protection of archaeological sites, SRP voluntarily initiated a management program to identify sites within the EMA rights-of-way, and conduct data recovery at those sites that cannot be avoided by the proposed maintenance and operations activities. SWCA conducted a complete survey of the EMA system between October 1993 and February 1994 (Ahlstrom, Motsinger, and Roberts 1996).

This report describes archaeological investigations at the site of Los Guanacos, AZ U:9:116(ASM). The investigations involved a data recovery program, conducted by Northland Research, Inc. for the Salt River Project (SRP). Los Guanacos was a primarily Classic period Hohokam community. Only a portion of the site is contained in the approximately 103-acre land parcel owned by SRP in Tempe, Arizona. The archaeological investigations reported here document only a small portion of the total community of Los Guanacos. Through the use of backhoe trenches and stripped areas, 72 cultural features were identified and the vast majority were investigated. Two pit structures, seven complete or partial adobe-walled rooms, four adobe wall segments, six hornos, 16 inhumations, one cremation, and a large number of both thermal and nonthermal pits (both extramural and intramural) were investigated. Chronometric evidence obtained from the site indicates an occupation ranging from the late Sedentary (approximately A.D. 1100) through to the Polvoron phase (perhaps as late as A.D. 1500). Several research topics were investigated. Among the more important findings were 1) relatively intensive use of agave and cotton during the Classic period, 2) that obsidian use increased through time, particularly during the Polvoron phase, 3) the identification of free-standing, narrow-walled adobe rooms and pit structures as principal structure types at Los Guanacos during the Polvoron phase, and 4) tests supported a model implicating a collapse of the canal system as a prime cause for Hohokam site abandonment and decreased population levels after the A.D. 1350s.

Shelltown (AZ AA: 1:66[ASM]) and the Hind site (AZ AA: 1:62[ASM]) were small, surprisingly uncommon prehistoric settlements inhabited by members of the Hohokam culture in south-central Arizona between the early 8th and late 10th centuries A.D. Although they seem relatively large now – the Hind site is approximately 20 acres and Shelltown is a protean 178 acres – neither site appears to have been occupied by more than a couple of extended families at any one point in time. However, at Shelltown, in the late decades, there may have been a more concentrated grouping, perhaps approaching the character of a true village of small stature. During most of these site’s occupational histories, their population probably consisted of no more than a couple of nuclear families. It is even more likely that many of the occupations represented a single nuclear family, apparently all on an intermittent basis. There is not much evidence to suggest permanent residence at these sites, although opinions differ on among the research team members. The material record at each of the sites indicates that they were likely seasonal encampments. At The Hind site, occupation occurred from about A.D. 700 to A.D. 800, and again sometime in the middle A.D. 800s. At Shelltown, use of the site spans the early to late middle A.D. 800s, and A.D. 925- 1025. Shelltown and the Hind site are not unique, however, in their magnitude, organization, or antiquity. Similarly-sized and arrayed sites are exceedingly common in the Hohokam culture area, although known sites of any type dating to the 8th and 9th centuries are less numerous than sites inhabited after A.D. 900. What makes these two sites rare is what happened at them apart from the normal routine of subsistence activities and other everyday actions. These sites were inhabited by specialized craftsmen --jewelry and ornament makers –perhaps at a scale seen nowhere else in the American Southwest. Their output was astonishing in its variety: bracelets, pendants, effigy figures, beads, and rings made from as many as 36 separate species of marine shell obtained from the waters or beaches of the Gulf of California or, in lesser degree, the Pacific Ocean; mosaic inlays and pendants of turquoise, muscovite, pyrite, copper ores, and galena; pendants and beads ground from schist and slate, or simply adapted from a quartz crystal. This document is Volume 1, Part 1 of the report. Please see https://core.tdar.org/document/378269 for Volume 1, Part 2.

This report describes the results of archaeological investigations undertaken at the Cake Ranch site (AZ AA:7:3(ASM)). This work occurred prior to the construction of Lateral Segment 5 of the Central Arizona Irrigation and Drainage District South Distribution System. The Cake Ranch site is located approximately four kilometers west of the town of Red Rock, Arizona in Pinal County, Section 10, T10S, R9E. The site is a large Classic period Hohokam village situated adjacent to the Santa Cruz River floodplain. The investigations revealed that the site consists of five probable habitation loci distributed within a 65-acre area. Within the right-of-way, 30 cultural features were excavated. Documented were adobe-walled pithouses, cremations, and a variety of extramural pits representing activities that included storage, food processing, and cooking. In addition to the 30 cultural features excavated, four other features are found eroding from an entrenched tributary of the Santa Cruz River approximately 400m south of the right-of-way within the southern habitation locus.

Shelltown and The Hind Site were excavated as part of the construction of the Santa Rosa Canal, a large distribution aqueduct intended to bring water to several irrigation districts and two American Indian communities in central Arizona, and also as part of the fabrication of the delivery canals for the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District, which is one of those recipient districts. The Santa Rosa Canal originates at the Tucson A Division of the main CAP aqueduct a little southeast of Picacho Reservoir in Pinal County, Arizona. At its origin point, the Santa Rosa Canal is almost as large as the main aqueduct that feeds it. From there, the canal runs westwards, more or less, until it reaches Santa Rosa Wash and turns northwest, extending to Vekol Wash southwest of the small unincorporated community of Maricopa, Arizona. The final length of the canal traverses due north, then east to end at the southwest comer of the Ak Chin Indian Community, which is the final user of CAP water served by the Santa Rosa Canal. Loci 1, 2, and 3 of Shelltown and all of the excavated area at The Hind Site were struck by the Santa Rosa Canal; Locus 4 at Shelltown was impacted by a smaller distribution canal of the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation District that connects with the Santa Rosa Canal northwest of the main site area. Test excavations and data recovery at Shelltown and The Hind Site were conducted from the spring of 1985 through to the spring of 1986. Intensive data recovery at The Hind Site had to endure the ferocious summer heat in 1985; the excavations at Shelltown were conducted comfortably over the following winter. The Bureau of Reclamation designated the investigations in Loci 1, 2, and 3, of Shelltown and all of The Hind Site as Task 23; the work in Locus 4 at Shelltown, impacted by the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District canal, was Task 33. Poor weather conditions resulted in the loss of only a few days, but caused some significant losses of data at both sites. An unusually severe summer "monsoon" deluge effectively destroyed The Hind Site in the final days of our work, before some critical information on newly uncovered structures could be recorded. A similarly calamitous downpour hit Shelltown just as data recovery operations were commencing, washing out the walls of several exploratory trenches and obliterating numerous features exposed within them. Data was also lost to vandals during the early stages of investigations at Shelltown, to the extent that we were forced to hire a security guard for the site until completion of the dig. The vandalism losses consisted of several shell caches and a reconstructible vessel exposed in the walls of exploratory trenches. This is Volume 2 of 2. Composed of the appendices, Volume 2 discusses artifact analysis and physical site descriptions.

In late August, 1988, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) performed a cultural resources survey on lands of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community for the Arizona Department of Transportation. The survey was undertaken for a project involving the construction of turn lanes. The project area encompassed a 4700 ft x 67 ft construction right-of-way adjacent to the northern edge of SR 87. Five prehistoric habitation sites and one prehistoric canal were identified within the right-of-way. The ceramics and architectural features associated with these sites indicate they were occupied by the Hohokam during the Sedentary and Classic Periods. At the request of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, ARS collected all of the surface artifacts from the five habitation sites within the construction right-of-way. A variety of ceramic and lithic artifacts were recovered, as well as some faunal remains and shell artifacts. This study presents an analysis of the surface collections from those five sites, and assesses the content and structure of the archaeological deposits for the portion of each site within the right-of-way. The results of the analysis suggest there were two groups of sites characterized by different artifact assemblages. One group of sites was associated with both Sedentary and Classic Period occupations, while a second group of sites was only associated with the Classic Period occupation of the area. These sites represent a group of agricultural communities that were first occupied during the Sedentary Period, and that grew substantially by Classic Period times. ARS will monitor the proposed turn lane construction for the presence of sub-surface cultural features and remains when the project is undertaken.

This second part of the second volume in the Tucson Aqueduct Phase A, Hohokam Archaeological Sites, Data Recovery Project series, presents the basic descriptive data for archaeological investigations of prehistoric sites in the Brady Wash area in Reach 1 of the Tucson Aqueduct. A series of archaeological excavations and supplemental surveys were carried out between December 1983 and January 1985 under the direction of staff personnel from the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) under Contract No.3-CS-30-00790 for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior. The project encompasses a roughly linear transect between 0.4 and 1 km wide by 50.5 km long running the length of Reaches 1 and 2 of Phase A of the Tucson Aqueduct. Thirty-three single-component or primarily Hohokam sites formed the initial basis of our data recovery and research program. Supplemental surveys and data recovery added several sites to this total. A large number of Archaic, quarry and petroglyph sites of unknown affiliation, and sites with minor Hohokam components were also documented by ASM in the project area. These, however, were awarded under separate contract to other institutions. The Hohokam sites were divided by ASM into two groups - the Brady Wash and Picacho complexes -which were believed to represent Classic period Hohokam communities, each centered around a platform mound. The Brady Wash complex serves as the focal point of the MNA data recovery and research program in Reach 1.

During 1986 and 1987 archaeologists from the Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, excavated a Rillito phase Hohokam settlement that lay in the right-of-way for the Tucson Aqueduct Phase B, Central Arizona Project. Known as Water World (AZ AA:l6:94 ASM), the site is located at the southern end of the Avra Valley on the distal end of a lower bajada of the Tucson Mountains. One hundred and forty-seven features were identified by backhoe trenching and surface stripping, including 45 structures. Fifty-nine features were investigated: 21 structures, a ballcourt, 14 pits or hearths, 21 cremations, a midden deposit, and potbreak. The features were divided into seven house groups, a ballcourt area, and a possible central plaza. The artifactual, nonartifactual, and site structure data suggest that Water World was a formalized ballcourt village that was probably occupied permanently for a relatively short period of time during the Rillito phase (A.D. 700 to 900) of the Colonial period. It is also possible that the site's population increased during the winter months, when residents subsisted on stored food supplies. Water World is located in a nonriverine environment where floodwater farming potential should have been very good. There are, however, tentative hints that agriculture may not have been as intensively practiced as expected. Furthermore, the apparent paucity of the ritual and ceremonial objects that were also expected at a ballcourt site brings into question how the site may have functioned in local Hohokam economic organization.

In 1986 archaeologists from the Cultural Resource Management Division of the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, excavated a Rillito phase Hohokam settlement that lay in the path of the Tucson Aqueduct Phase B, Central Arizona Project. The site, AZ AA:12:384, nicknamed "Fastimes," was located northwest of Tucson at the northern end of the Avra Valley, some 6,7 km southwest of the Santa Cruz River. Trenching and stripping revealed 96 features, including at least 30 pit houses. Thirty-eight features were excavated or tested: 17 pit houses, 6 cremations, 2 inhumations, 8 roasting pits, and 5 other pit features. The features were distributed among five distinct house groups, some which had one or more house clusters. The total site area was 164,300 square meters. The variety of artifactual and nonartifactual materials analyzed indicates that Fastimes probably represents five farmsteads, all occupied during the relatively unstudied Rillito phase (A.D. 700 to 900) of the Colonial period, Some of the structures were occupied year-round, but site use may have lasted only a generation or two. Exact contemporaneity of the house groups could not be determined, but in some cases the general building sequences within groups could tentatively be reconstructed. Fastimes represents intensive use of nonriverine resources by the Hohokam and provides new insights into their occupation of the Avra Valley during the Colonial period. The occupants took advantage of ideal floodwater farming conditions at the distal end of the bajada where the site was situated; they grew corn and probably squash and cotton. Hohokam families harvested an abundant variety of wild plant foods. They also hunted, mainly jackrabbit, although mule deer, pronghorn antelope, and kit fox also were taken for food and skins.

This is the sixth and final volume in the series presenting the results of archaeological investigations of Hohokam sites along Reaches 1 and 2 of the Tucson Aqueduct, Phase A, Project. The project involved the investigation of two prehistoric platform mound communities in the Picacho Mountains area, which prior to these investigations were virtually unknown. The project focused on the Brady Wash community with lesser efforts in the Picacho community. The research efforts represented by the project documented the existence of an atypical Hohokam culture exploiting an arid and marginal environment where traditional Hohokam irrigation practices were not possible and a greater dependence on the gathering of wild plants was necessary for existence. Despite the markedly different subsistence strategies of the Hohokam populations of the Picacho Mountains area, they were clearly well integrated in the Classic period Hohokam regional system and were able to survive in this inhospitable environment longer than in other areas more amenable to large-scale sedentary settlement. In fact, settlement of the Picacho Mountains area may have persisted for some time after the collapse of the regional system. This volume recounts the research and management histories of the project and summarizes and synthesizes specific research topics documented separately in previous volumes. The results of all the archaeological research efforts are placed in perspective in the concluding chapters and the major research questions originally presented in the research design (Volume 1) are addressed along with those that emerged in the course of the project.

This is the first of five volumes that report the results of the Tucson Aqueduct Phase B Project, The excavation was funded by the United States Bureau of Reclamation under Contract No, 6-CS-30-03500 from December 1985 to December 1988, Volume 1 presents syntheses and interpretations of the analyses that resulted from the investigation of 13 Hohokam sites in the Avra Valley west of Tucson, Arizona, The Tucson Aqueduct Phase B Project involved excavation or surface collection and mapping of several different kinds of Hohokam sites, Sites investigated during the 1986 and 1987 field seasons included Fastimes (AZ AA:12:384 [ASM]), a group of at least five farmsteads; Water World (AZ AA:16:94[ASM]), a ballcourt village; two farmstead-field house sites (AZ AA:16:97[ASM] and AZ AA:16:161[ASM]); a so-called protohistoric site (AZ AA:11:26[ASM]); four limited-activity sites (AZ AA:12:383[ASM], AZ AA:12:465[ASM], AZ AA:12:481[ASM], and AZ AA:12:484[ASM]--the latter named Hawk's Nest, which excavation revealed to be a small farmstead); and four lithic-quarry sites (AZ AA:16:95[ASM], AZ AA:16:96[ASM], AZ AA:16:157[ASM], and AZ AA:16:175[ASM]), Volumes 2, 3, and 4 discuss data recovery at these sites.

The third volume in the Tucson Aqueduct, Hohokam Studies Project presents the results of field investigations of sites in Reach 2 of the Tucson Aqueduct, Phase A project area. These investigations were directed towards both intensive and low level testing of a wide variety of sites in the area south of the Picacho Mountains and north of Red Rock, Arizona. Also reported are the results of on-call surveys of several areas outside of the aqueduct right-of-way. Investigations focused on portions of a large early Classic period village with a small Colonial period component, the McClellan Wash site, and a large Colonial period hamlet, the Picacho Pass site. Investigations were also carried out at the Rock Terrace site, a large dry-farming site used for the exploitation of Agave and wild plants; the Lizard Man Site, a specialized resource procurement and processing site with numerous bedrock mortars and metates; the Pecan Site, a small Colonial and early Classic period farmstead; and the Red Rock Reservoir, a pre-Classic period reservoir and resource procurement site. Small scale tests were conducted at a number of other small to moderate sized resource procurement and processing sites. These investigations revealed that the earliest occupation of the area was in the Archaic or late Pioneer period and the first evidence of major settlement was in the early Colonial period. There was a major reduction in occupation during the Sedentary period. New and larger settlements were founded in the early Classic period. Settlement peaked in the late Classic period when a large community was formed around a plat form mound northeast of the study area. Significant and early historic Piman remains were also documented at several sites. The Hohokam adaptation to this area was similar to that postulated for the Desert Branch of the Hohokam, with subsistence dependent on Chenoams, Agave, and wild plant foods. Little evidence of traditional corn agriculture was present until the early Classic period and even then it was very limited. Throughout the prehistoric occupation, the settlements appeared to be on the frontier between the Gila-Salt and Tucson basin core areas, exhibiting material culture traits from both areas. However, nonlocal resources and products were rare, indicating relatively little participation in regional interaction networks.

The Hohokam community of Marana is a complex of residential neighborhoods, agricultural fields, and seasonal gathering stations dispersed over an area of about 20 square miles. The Marana community complex is an example of a settlement type common to the Classic period of the Hohokam. The diagnostic characteristic of these complexes is the association of platform mounds, walled compounds, and large residential neighborhoods in a dispersed pattern covering several square miles (such as is found at the southern end of the Marana complex). It is also common to find other kinds of settlements and specialized sites occurring in the landscape surrounding the core area of a community complex. In the spring and early summer of 1985 Arizona State University conducted excavations at the sites of Muchas Casas, Rancho Derrio, and Rancho Bajo. This work was funded by the Department of the Interior through the Bureau of Reclamation as part of their efforts to deal with the impacts associated with the construction of the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct. All three of these sites are residential areas. The Marana Archaeological Project did not conduct excavations at the Nelson Ranch site (with little doubt the organizational center for the Marana complex), because the site lay completely beyond the right-of-way of the aqueduct. This monograph is the third in a set of volumes dealing with our investigations of the Marana community. The first volume is a research design (Rice 1985) for the investigation, and the second provides detailed results and descriptions of the field work (Henderson 1987a). The purpose of this volume is to detail the analyses and interpretations of our study.

The following report has been prepared by the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson, at the request of the Environmental Planning Division of the Arizona Highway Department as an aid in identifying the impact of the proposed improvement on the archaeological resources of the region. Data presented has been gathered from two primary sources; a) archaeological survey of all areas to be utilized in construction, and b) archival and published material pertaining to the prehistory of the Salt River Valley. Included as appendices to this report are an inventory of all sites directly affected by construction and a report by the State Archaeologist on the Park of the Four waters in relation to the Hohokam Freeway. Compilation of sources regarding the expansion of the Hohokam Freeway onto the Park of Four Waters including: fax receipts, newspaper articles, letters from the state archaeologist and other correspondence.

Much current archaeological research into prehistoric Hohokam society deals with relationships among the variables of site size, types of architecture, chronological placement, and the development of the canal system through time. Unfortunately, an alarming number of Hohokam sites have been destroyed or severely altered during the last hundred years of agricultural and urban development in the Salt River Valley. Because of these losses, early historic descriptions of Hohokam sites are of vital importance to current archaeological research. Making use of early archaeological research often proves to be a truly frustrating experience. Field notes and photographs have been scattered. Maps are missing or inaccurate. When historic maps do exist they often use cryptic symbols which can be interpreted many ways. Site names have been changed, sometimes several times, and different site locations are shown on various maps. The site of Los Guanacos is a prime example of these research problems. Scholars have managed to assign it at least three different names. It has been variously described as a Colonial to Sedentary period pithouse village and a Classic priod platform mound site. Judging by its location on various maps, the site has been identified throughout a 6 to 9 square mile area, and was located on several different canal segments. However, recent documentary research, coupled with archaeological field investigations, has provided insight into the probable location of the site. In addition, important information has been found on the site structure and the time period it represents.

This is the eighth volume of a nine-volume series reporting archaeological investigations in south-central Arizona along the Salt-Gila Aqueduct (SGA), conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) under Contract No. 0-07-32-V0101. The SGA is a 58-mile-Iong component of the Central Arizona Project that begins east of Phoenix and extends to the vicinity of the Picacho Mountains. Specialized analyses of artifacts recovered from 45 sites excavated along the SGA are reported in this volume. The general research questions addressed in each analysis include spatial and temporal variability in Hohokam artifact assemblages. Part 1 includes six studies of ceramic artifacts. Chapter 1 is a technological assessment of a large proportion of the plain, red, and buff ware sherds recovered from SGA sites. A functional and technological assessment of whole vessels from the Classic period sites of Los Muertos and Las Fosas, and from three Classic period sites on Queen Creek is described in Chapter 2. Chapters 3 and 4 report analyses of stylistic attributes on buff ware and polychrome sherds from SGA sites. In Chapter 5, the results of X-ray fluorescence analyses of Hohokam plain ware, red ware, buff ware, and polychrome sherds are presented. Finally, whole vessels, worked sherds, and figurines from all SGA sites are described in Chapter 6. Part II includes reports on lithic materials from SGA sites. In Chapter 1, ground and chipped stone materials are documented with particular emphasis on tabular knives. An X-ray fluorescence analysis of obsidian is reported in Chapter 2. Part III is an extensive study of shell recovered from SGA sites. Part IV is an analysis of SGA bone artifacts. Finally, Part V is a general summary of the specialized analyses.

This paper will synthesize the macrobotanical findings from the Tucson Aqueduct Project, Phase A (TAP), conducted by the Museum of Northern Arizona and will highlight some of the pollen and flotation results from the Salt-Gila Aqueduct Project (SGA), completed by the Arizona State Museum. Both projects were segments of the Central Arizona Project, a huge canal bringing water from the Colorado River to the farms and towns of southern Arizona. The project area considered here is a linear alignment starting northeast of Phoenix, Arizona and ending about 50 miles north of Tucson. The area contained many prehistoric Hohokam sites dating from the late Colonial Period through to abandonment at the close of the late Classic Period circa A.D. 1450. The purpose of this work is to analyze variability in plant remains within the area to see if there was evidence in specialization.

This document is a comprehensive report on Hohokam ballcourts prepared by David Wilcox and Charles Sternberg under NPS P.O. CX8100-0-0009. Due to sensitve locational data, permission must be granted to view this document.

This is one of nine volumes of reports on archaeology conducted for the United States Bureau of Reclamation along the route of the Salt-Gila Aqueduct, a component of the Central Arizona Project extending a distance of 58 miles from east of Phoenix, Arizona, to the Picacho Reservoir area. Eight prehistoric habitation sites were excavated in the Florence, Arizona area, as a part of this project, representing Colonial through Classic Period Hohokam occupations in this area. This volume includes descriptive reports of excavations at these sites as well as site-specific interpretations. Subsequent volumes will present the results of final analyses and interpretations derived from the entire project.

During 1982, 1983, and 1984, archaeologists from the Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona excavated parts of Las Colinas that were to be affected by the construction of Interstate 10. This research, sponsored by the Arizona Department of Transportation in cooperation with the Federal Highways Administration, was accomplished in accordance with the federal and state laws that govern and protect our nation's cultural resources. By sponsoring the research at Las Colinas, these agencies insured that valuable scientific information contained in these sites would be properly collected, analyzed, and, in that way, preserved. This document includes an overview of the Hohokam, a brief overview of Las Colinas, an overview of artifact processing and analysis, and an introduction to public archaeology. The document presents archaeological concepts through the example of Las Colinas.

Approximately 600 acres of additional right-of-way in Reach 3 were surveyed in late 1983 and early 1984. Fourteen new sites were identified, of which nine received ASM site numbers. The remaining five sites were not given an ASM site number, but merit reevaluation for assignment of a site number. This supplemental survey has altered considerably an earlier view of prehistoric occupation in Reach 3 that resulted from the original 1982 survey of the reach. Reach 3 now appears to pass through a habitation zone associated with the Nelson’s Ranch platform mound site and also with many large agricultural field sites that cover the bajada slopes east of the right-of-way. The primary occupation of Reach 3 appears to belong to the Tanque Verde phase of the early Classic period of the Tucson Basin Hohokam; however, there is evidence for occupation dating from the late Colonial period up to the early Classic period.

Archaeological Research Services, Inc. conducted an archaeological testing program at site AZ U:9:48 (ASU), a prehistoric Hohokam habitation site in Tempe, Maricopa County, Arizona. The site is situated on land owned by the Salt River Project (SRP) which has been selected as the potential location of the proposed SRP Central Support Complex. The testing program involved both surface and subsurface investigations intended to evaluate the site in terms of eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. This report presents background information on the site, a description of the methods and results of the testing program, and suggestions concerning the future disposition of the site.

The following preliminary report outlines the archaeological investigation of a site within the right-of-way of Arizona Highway Department Project S-434-505 (Lake Pleasant Section) on State Route 74, the Morristown-New River Highway. The excavated portion of the site will be destroyed by construction of the roadway. Excavation was carried out by the Arizona State Museum in cooperation with the Arizona State Highway Department under the Statewide Archaeological Highway Salvage Program.

Site AZ U:9:8 (ARS) was initially defined by Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) on April 26, 1985. At that time, Salt River Project (SRP) was excavating a footings trench for a concrete panel wall to be erected around a well site, and the construction crew encountered and reported archaeological remains in one of the excavated trenches. ARS was then requested by SRP to inspect the exposed remains, and to provide recommendations for the disposition of any identified cultural materials. In inspecting the exposed bottom and side profiles of an east-west oriented footings trench, ARS noted numerous prehistoric ceramic sherds and lithic flakes in-situ, in construction backdirt, and in the general vicinity of the construction job site. Accordingly, ARS indicated the presence of potentially important archaeological remains at this location, and recommended an archaeological testing program in order to further evaluate the nature, extent, and significance of this site in terms of National Register of Historic Places criteria of eligibility. At the immediate conclusion of testing field work, ARS reported these findings to SRP (by letter from Stone to Harris; 5/7/85), and advised that SRP authorize the further study of this site in order to recover, document, and report all important archaeological remains within an area of the job site which would be further affected by the completion of the construction project. This data recovery study was to involve the excavation of the remainder of the pithouse feature, and additional excavations within the trash deposit in order to firmly establish the age of this feature, and to determine its relationship to the pithouse. In recommending these additional studies, it was suggested that completion of the wall construction project be postponed in order to assure that the site would not be further disturbed prior to the completion of data recovery excavations. This report provides a brief review of the 1985 test excavation project, and describes the results of data recovery studies which were undertaken in April, 1986. Project personnel included Lyle M. Stone (Project Director), Daniel R. Bontrager, Brad W. Stone, and Everett J. Bassett. Bontrager performed the analysis of data recovery program lithics, and Stone provided an analysis of ceramic artifacts. The analysis of ethnobotanical remains derived from soil samples was undertaken and reported as Appendix A by Scott L. Fedick. David C. Eshbaugh analyzed a small sample of faunal remains.

Volume 4 of the Tucson Aqueducet Phase B project, the fourth in a series of five reports, describes the results of the investigations at all archaeological sites other than the two large Rillito phase settlements Water World and Fastimes. It reports the results of excavations at 11 sites: four limited activity sites (AZ AA:12:383, AA:l2:465, AA:l2:481, and AA:l2:484, better known as Hawk's Nest); two farmstead-field house sites (AZ AA:l6:97 and AA:l6:161); a probable protohistoric site (AZ AA:ll:26); and four lithic quarry sites (AZ AA:l6:95, AA:l6:96, AA:l6:157, and AA:16:175). Reports on the Phase B archaeomagnetic dating, the turquoise sourcing analysis, and supplemental survey also are included in this volume. Volume 4 is divided into five parts. Part 1 consists of the first 10 chapters and discusses the results of the investigations at Hawk's Nest (AZ AA:l2:484). Part 2 is devoted to the excavation of AZ AA:l6:161 and includes Chapters 11 through 14. Sites AZ AA:ll:26, AA:l2:383, AA:l2:465, AA:l2:481, and AA:l6:97 are described in Part 3 (Chapters 15 through 19, respectively). Four lithic quarry sites (AZ AA:l6:95, AA:l6:96, AA:16:157, and AA:l6:175) are the focus of Part 4 (Chapter 20). Part 5 consists of Chapters 21, 22, and 23; each discusses a different specialized study that was part of the Phase B project: archaeomagnetic dating, turquoise sourcing analysis, and the supplemental Phase B survey, respectively.

In 1970, and again in 1972, archaeologists from the Highway Salvage Program of the Arizona State Museum intensively surveyed the route of the proposed Hohokam Expressway in Phoenix, Arizona. This expressway was proposed in order to connect Interstate 10 with 44th Street and provide a north-south access route across the Salt River to relieve the traffic congestion caused by periodic flooding of the river (Fig. 1). Because a portion of the proposed right-of-way runs adjacent to Pueblo Grande and the Park of Four Waters, both important prehistoric Hohokam sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was observed. A team of archaeologists representing the National Park Service, the Pueblo Grande Museum and a former Hohokam specialist now at a midwestern university spent several days studying the right-of-way alignment. It was their determination that while the possibility of buried resources did exist, historic modification of the land surface by farming did not allow for an adequate assessment of their significance. They recommended that the existing boundaries of the National Register properties not be expanded (as had been earlier proposed) and gave clearance to the Department of Transportation to begin the expressway project.

In compliance with Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (54 U.S.C. 306102), the Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix Area Office (Reclamation) contracted with Tierra Right of Way Services to relocate, re-evaluate, and re-record previously identified cultural resources situated on Reclamation-managed lands near Lake Pleasant, in Maricopa and Yavapai Counties, Arizona. Between November 2, 2020 and March 18, 2022, Tierra Right of Way archaeologists conducted several field sessions to revisit and update site cards for 82 cultural resources in Lake Pleasant Regional Park. Of the 82 cultural resources identified for assessment, Tierra Right of Way was unable to relocate 16 and was unable to visit two sites, due to unforeseen prohibitions on access during mating season. Tierra Right of Way also recommended combining 3 sites following relocation and re-recording. Tierra Right of Way recommended 27 cultural resources eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, 9 not eligible, 25 remain unevaluated.

Excavations at the Pima Animal Care Center (PACC) revealed a unique portion of the prehistoric Hohokam landscape. Uncovered were the vestiges of a settlement that was occupied for two short periods at the beginning and the end of the Hohokam pre-Classic. Both periods of occupation occurred during times of transition in the prehistoric Tucson Basin. The Tortolita phase occupation corresponds with the founding of villages and the transition to Hohokam lifeways throughout southern and central Arizona. The Late Rincon-Tanque Verde phase occupation occurred during the transition between the Hohokam pre-Classic and the Classic period, spanning the time between the abandonment of pre-Classic villages and the advent of Classic period villages centered on platform mounds. Occupation during the intervening time was absent, although it is argued that the area was not abandoned during this period, but rather, remained an integral part of the Hohokam landscape. Data recovery and archaeological monitoring during the current project resulted in the identification of 281 archaeological features at AZ AA:12:46(ASM) and 15 features at AZ AA:12:980 (ASM). All water-control features were included in AZ AA:12:980(ASM), with all other feature types assigned to AZ AA:12:46(ASM). The features and the artifacts that filled them provide a unique opportunity to examine the social and economic context of the Hohokam landscape during times of transition.

Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel conducted archaeological fieldwork for the City of Tucson at the Mission and Mission Garden loci of the Clearwater site, AZ BB:13:6 (ASM), and the Santa Cruz River Westside Canal site, AZ BB:13:481 (ASM), in March through July 2007, and September through October 2008. The work was conducted to mitigate the effects of the planned construction of the Mission of San Agustín, Ancestral Village, Carrillo House, and Mission Garden components of the Tucson Origins Heritage Park. As of June 2015, only the Mission Garden component was constructed. The project was funded by the City of Tucson as part of the Rio Nuevo redevelopment project. In all, 461 archaeological features were documented at the Clearwater site, and 21 canal segments from the Santa Cruz River Westside Canal site were studied. These features date from the time span between the Silverbell Interval of the Early Agricultural period (circa 2100 B.C.) into the American Statehood period, ending at about A.D. 1960. The features located included prehistoric pit structures, roasting pits, and small pits used for various purposes. Mission-era features included foundations of the Mission Garden walls and several middens. American Territorial period features were also found and included a brick-lined well and several outhouse pits. A number of prehistoric and protohistoric mortuary features were also located. These were excavated, and the remains and associated artifacts were repatriated to the Tohono O'Odham Nation. Analyses presented in this report used the features, recovered artifacts, plant materials, and faunal bone to examine three research issues — the changing riverine oasis, oasis communities, and community diversity.

Archaeological testing of a land parcel owned by the Schomac Group, Inc. identified 14 prehistoric cultural features on a remnant of the T2 Holocene terrace of the Santa Cruz River within the boundaries of the previously recorded site AZ A A:12:352 (ASM). Clustered on the eastern part of the parcel, they are preserved at a shallow depth beneath the present ground surface, and include two pit structures, one possible pit structure, three cremations, four possible cremations, three small pits, and a roasting pit. Based on the temporal range of diagnostic pottery sherds found on the surface, the features could date to anytime between A.D. 450 to 1450; however, characteristics of the pit structures and cremations suggest that the majority probably date to the latter part of that time range. One primary cremation was excavated at the request of representatives of the Tohono O'odham Nation. It contained a diverse assemblage of grave offerings, including ceramic vessels, textiles, basketry, and maize ears, and dates to the fourteenth or early fifteenth century A,D. based on the presence of two reconstructible Gila Polychrome bowls. Two historic features, an extensive trash dump, and a racetrack, are also visible on the surface of the more recent terrace on the western side of the parcel. They both date to the early twentieth century. The prehistoric features, and possibly also the historic features, contribute to the eligibility of the site for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. Options for the management of the prehistoric and historic cultural resources on the parcel include: 1) preservation through avoidance and/or intentional burial; and 2) mitigation of construction impacts through an archaeological data recovery program. The specific land use plans will determine whether preservation through avoidance and/or intentional burial is possible, and the necessary scope of any data recovery plan. Prior to implementation of any data recovery program or preservation methods, an Agreement on Burial Discoveries between the Arizona State Museum and interested Native American Groups (i.e., the Tohono O'odham Nation) must be developed in accordance with A.R.S. 41-844.

Arcus Private Capital Solutions, LLC (Arcus) is proposing development of the 24-acre Rittenhouse Ranch parcel, located in Queen Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona. A prior pedestrian survey of the project area demonstrated that a portion of a large prehistoric Hohokam archaeological site, AZ U:10:2 (ASM), also referred to as the Southwest Germann Site, covers the entire parcel. The Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and other State and Federal agencies consider the Southwest Germann Site eligible for the Arizona and National Registers of Historic Places for its potential to provide information important to our understanding of prehistoric Hohokam lifeways in the Queen Creek Delta. Survey results of the Rittenhouse Ranch portion of the Southwest Germann Site documented a parcel wide, low-density surface scatter of prehistoric artifacts, with some burned bone fragments (Courtright 2014), and a moderately dense artifact concentration in the northern portion of the parcel that contained prehistoric ceramic sherds, marine shell, burned bone, and stone tools. The presence of the artifact concentration suggested that this portion of the project area was of higher archaeological sensitivity. Based on survey data, it was unclear if any of the observed bone was human bone. The Rittenhouse Ranch property is privately owned. Development of the parcel is not anticipated to require federal, state, county, or town permits with requirements regarding the treatment of cultural resources other than Arizona Revised Statutes (ARS) 41-865. ARS 41-865 stipulates the treatment of human remains and funerary objects found on private land. Arcus retained SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to aid in compliance with ARS 41-865 by conducting surface artifact inventory and subsurface testing to determine whether burials, human remains, or funerary objects are present at the site. An archaeological testing plan—Archaeological Testing Plan for a Portion of AZ U:10:2 (ASM), the Southwest Germann Site, for the Proposed Rittenhouse Ranch Development, Queen Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona (Tremblay and Garcia 2016)—was submitted to the Arizona State Museum (ASM) in support of Burial Agreement 2016-001. The plan outlined a program of work comprising a detailed surface artifact inventory and subsurface testing (backhoe test trenching) to determine if significant subsurface artifacts, features, or human remains were present within the project area. This report describes the methods and results of the testing program. Surface artifact inventory took place from January 14-19, 2016, followed by subsurface testing January 28 through February 11, 2016. Daniel Garcia was the project manager; Caitlin Hayden was crew chief, assisted by crew members Morgan Kinney and Paul Rawson. Casey’s Backhoe Service provided equipment and skilled operators for the project.

The Hohokam village was one of the largest pre-Classic settlements in the Phoenix Basin. The recorded site boundary covers more than 80 acres, extending from the edge of the Salt River floodplain northward. Founded during the Vahki phase (A.D. 500-650), when settlement aggregated around two large plazas, the village thrived until the Santa Cruz phase (A.D. 850950), when people began to leave the village, possibly settling in villages further down the canal system. Final abandonment occurred during the eleventh century A.D., although by that time, La Villa was greatly reduced in scale and, presumably, in importance. The project detailed in this volume is the second conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at La Villa (Lindeman, ed. 2015). The current archaeological excavations preceded installation of a storm drain, which was part of the larger Downtown Storm Drain Improvements project. The City of Phoenix Jefferson Phase 2 Drainage project entailed installation of 36- and 30-inch diameter storm drains and associated manholes, catch basins, and pipe connections along Jackson Street in downtown Phoenix. In all, 248 features were identified, including 74 pithouses, 144 extramural features, 29 mortuary features, and 1 plaza. The central precincts of major Hohokam villages have only been rarely investigated during the modern era. Uncovering the Eastern Plaza at La Villa represents the first investigation of a plaza along Canal System 2. The large linear transects that structured the project provided a unique sample across a relatively large, albeit narrow, swath of the site, allowing for sampling of contexts from the center of the village to the edges. What was uncovered under the streets of modern Phoenix was incredibly well preserved, providing a robust base for the analyses presented in the following pages.

An Archaeology Assessment conducted by the COP found that the proposed project occurs within the boundaries of the prehistoric site of AZ T:12:70(ASM)/Pueblo Patricio and AZ T:12:42(ASM)/the original Phoenix townsite (OPT). ACS prepared a site-specific work plan addendum that followed the General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for City of Phoenix Projects. This report documents the results of the Phase I data recovery activities. A project specific permit (2017-071ps) and burial agreement (case 17003) were obtained from ASM. A repository agreement was obtained from the Pueblo Grande Museum (PGM). An Addendum Work Plan for Phase II Data Recovery is also included with this report.

The City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department is proposing to create a park along Reach 11 of the Central Arizona Project, on land which is managed by the Bureau of Reclamation. The Area of Potential Effects (APE) was previously surveyed 20 years earlier. The City of Phoenix Archaeology Office requested that this land be re-surveyed and that the location of site AZ T:8:53(ASU) be examined due to its proximity to the APE.

The archaeological excavations documented in this volume examine the Hohokam village of La Villa, AZ T:12:148 (ASM). From its founding in the sixth century A.D., until abandonment in the eleventh century, La Villa was one of the largest villages in the Phoenix Basin. Current excavations preceded the installation of a storm drain that was part of the larger Storm Drain project and provided a rare glimpse of a large pre-Classic period village. Fieldwork occurred in multiple phases. Archaeological data recovery was conducted within the project alignment along in four phases of fieldwork. The work was observed by an archaeological monitor. The alignment in was tested, and because no features were identified, no further work was conducted. Most of the work was conducted in where dense occupation was encountered. The long-lived occupations encountered are in the heart of the village of La Villa. In total, 241 features were identified, including 80 pithouses, 98 extramural features, and 63 mortuary features. Located just north of the western plaza at La Villa, the project area contained dense, persistent settlement. Particularly dense were areas located closest to the western plaza. On the northern and western margins of the project area, settlement, while dense by most standards, was temporally patchy, occupied for one or more intervals but exhibiting gaps. From the founding of La Villa, its inhabitants were farmers. As productive specialization developed, particularly in ceramics but also in other goods, farming became increasingly important for the people of La Villa. Agricultural products became not only sources of sustenance, but also goods that could be exchanged for shell, ceramics, and other goods. Fieldwork revealed contexts spanning much of the Hohokam pre-Classic. Features were excavated dating from the Red Mountain phase through the Middle Sacaton, with the interval from Vahki through Early Sacaton being best represented. One of the strengths of the excavated data set is this incredible temporal sample, which revealed that change at La Villa came in fits and starts, interspersed by periods of remarkable continuity.