Search

PORTERIA AJIMAYO SP.NOV. FIGS 1E, 2C, F, 4A, 13D, F, 37–42, 73 75 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 96A1E419-5BF3-4880-8B9D-6398AC69652A. Types: Holotype male and paratype female collected together on the same web, from Chile, Region IX de la Araucanía, Monumento Natural Contulmo, S38.0130º, W73.1876º, collected 19–21 December 1998 by M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo. Deposited in MHNS (ex MACN-Ar 21073). Etymology: Named after the typical Chilean condiment mixture of mayonnaise and pepper ‘aji chileno’. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males of this species can be distinguished from all other species by the extremely long, hair-like embolus (Figs 38A, D, 39 A-C, 40A, D), reduced embolus base (Figs 38A, C, 40B) and large spiralling conductor (Figs 38B, D, 39A, C, 40D). The epigyne has a wide, fleshy median septum and two prominent copulatory openings (Figs 41A, 42A, C); distinguished from P. misbianka by the minute anterior scape (Fig. 42A) and extremely long copulatory ducts (Figs 41B, D, 42B, D). Description: Male: based on CASENT9053784, from Concepción. Markings as in Figure 37 A-C, two yellow anterolateral lines and a pair of median spots on dorsum of abdomen. Total length 5.36. Carapace length 1.31 times width. Clypeus height 1.88 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.38 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.06 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.11 long as wide. Femur I 1.24 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 2.25 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle. Plumose hairs present on legs and palp. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-1(p)-1, patella d1-1, tarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(p)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 0, p0-0-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus r0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-0-1- 0, v0-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v1(p)-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg IV: femur d1-1-1(r)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1(p)-2- 2, metatarsus d2-2-2-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 38–40, with three tibial apophyses: long acuminate RTA; VTA darkly sclerotized and rounded like those of the bunnyana species group; LRTA straight, projecting out from tibia parallel to frontal plane, ending in a fine point. DTA absent. Embolus base highly reduced into a mound situated on retrobasal aspect of bulb. Conductor sinuous, extending far beyond bulb, deeply grooved and tapered to a point. Embolus thread like, tip fine and elongated. Tegulum darkened, with shallow if any, median concavity; obscured in retrolateral view by base of conductor. Paracymbium absent. Leg measurements (left): leg I 12.26 (3.15, 4.15, 3.02, 1.94); leg II 10.18 (2.81, 3.22, 2.55, 1.61); leg III 9.18 (2.55, 2.75, 2.61, 1.27); leg IV 12.46 (3.28, 3.82, 3.62, 1.74); palp 6.10 (2.14, 1.54, –, 2.41). Variation: (N = 4). Total length 4.68–6.00. Carapace length 1.28–1.51 times width. Clypeus height 1.88– 2.60 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.38–2.00 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.15–6.08 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.03–1.10 times width. Femur I 1.24–1.35 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.22–3.48 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four to six teeth and one denticle. Description: Female: based on CASENT9053784, from Concepción. Markings as in Figure 37 D-F. Total length 5.90. Carapace length 1.38 times width. Clypeus height 2.46 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.54 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.28 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.17 long as wide. Femur I 1.03 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Plumose hairs present on legs and palp. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus p2-1-2-1, r1-1-1-1, v0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-2(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1(p)-0, v1(r)-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d1-2-1-1(p)- 1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r-0-1- 0-1-0, v1(p)-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-2-2, p0-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg III: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v1(r)-2-1(p), metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-0, v2-2-2; leg IV: d1-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r0-1-0-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1-1, v2-2- 2, tarsus r0-1. Epigyne as in Figures 41A and 42A, C, simple with two copulatory openings and median septum. Scape reduced to tiny nub visible in lateral and posterior views; difficult to see in ventral view except with SEM (Figs 41A, 42A). Vulva with long, coiled copulatory ducts leading into stalk of spermatheca adjacent to differentiated head of spermatheca. Pores present on head and stalk of spermatheca, pores of stalk obscured by copulatory ducts in dorsal view but visible in lateral view, see Figure 42D; Bennett’s gland pore not present in strict dorsal view, can be seen laterally on Base 1 just posterior to Base 2 (Fig. 41C). Right and left Base 1 contiguous, no gap (Fig. 41B). Fertilization ducts situated posteriorly on the large Base 1. Base 2 dwarfed by the size of much larger Base 1. Leg measurements (left): leg I 10.18 (2.75, 3.42, 2.41, 1.61); leg II 8.91 (2.55, 2.95, 2.08, 1.34); leg III 8.24 (2.34, 2.55, 2.21, 1.14); leg IV 11.19 (3.02, 3.42, 3.29, 1.47); palp 3.48 (1.07, 1.14, –, 1.27). Variation: (N = 5). Total length 4.20–6.10. Carapace length 1.25–1.36 times width. Clypeus height 1.83– 2.83 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.54–2.00 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 4.94–6.31 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.03–1.11 times as long as wide. Femur I 1.03–1.27 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle or four teeth and three denticles. Epigynal scape shows variation, sometimes scape broken off (Figs 41A, 42A, C); loops of copulatory ducts can vary slightly in position (Figs 41B, 42B). Distribution: Coastal region of Chile in Region VII (del Maule), VIII (del Bío Bío), IX (de La Araucanía). A single record from Region XIV (de Los Ríos) (Fig. 76D). Other material examined: Region VII del Maule: Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles, W Cauquenes, S35º49.998’, W72º31’, elev. 135 m, November 15, 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez and T. Allen, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044701); Region VIII del Bío: Parque Pedro del Río Zañartu, 9.5 km W Concepción, S36º47.778’, W73º09.251’, elev. 53 m, general collecting in disturbed native forest and plantation, January 29–30, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, six males, 26 females, CAS (CASENT9053784, 9055535, 9053793); Concepción, Estero Nonquen, December 8, 1993, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044712); Region IX de la Araucanía: Monumento Natural Contulmo: S38º00.78’, W73º11.257’, elev. 360 m. February 10–11, 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, two males MACN (CASENT9025766, SEM images by Fernando Alvarez Padilla), elev. 350 m, December 11, 1984 - February 13, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed evergreen forest’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044646), S38º01’, W73º10.998’, elev. 340 m, November 18, 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez and T. Allen, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044684), December 19–21, 1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, two males, seven females, MACN [MACN-Ar 21070, MACN-Ar 21073, MACN-Ar 21074 (MJR-19-12-98/14 photo frames 11-15), MACN-Ar 21074, MACN-Ar 21075 (collected Sofanapis antillanca on its web), MACN-Ar 21076 (observed walking on top of web), MACN-Ar 21081]; Nahuelbuta National Park, 40 km Angol, elev. 1200-1500 m, December 9, 1984 - February 17, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus - Araucaria forest,’ two males, AMNH (CASENT9044662); Nahuelbuta, December 21, 1996 - February 7, 1997, four males, FMHD (FMHD96-219); Cordillera Nahuelbuta, February 14–24, 1977, G. Moreno, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044705); Nahuelbuta National Park: 26.13 km W Angol, S37º49.989, W73º00.578, elev. 1328 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber, C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest dominated by Nothofagus ’, two females, CAS (CASENT9053810), Piedra del Aguila, 28 km W Angol, S37º49.434’, W73º02.025’, elev. 1405 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest dominated by Araucaria ’, three females, CAS (CASENT9055528, 9055614), 26.13 km W Angol, S37º48.989’, W73º00.578’, elev. 1328 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general night collecting in native forest dominated by Nothofagus’, three females, CAS (CASENT9055685); Region XIV de los Ríos, Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW of Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 5 m, November 24, 2009, H. Wood, L. Almeida and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest’, one female, CAS (CASENT9036438). PN Alerce Costero, Sendero Los Melíes, Sector Chaihuín, S39.95181°, W73.55325° (GPS ± 200 m), elev. 40 m, January 7, 2020, ‘Valdivian forest’, M.J. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, D. Poy (MJR-loc-340), one female with embolus broken inserted in copulatory duct (MACN-Ar 41016, vchMJR-2454, photos 170056-170329). Notes: Porteria ajimayo densely populates the area outside of Concepción and are abundant in Nahuelbuta, though sympatric with P. contulmo and P. bunnyana. Two specimens from Valdivia suggest that the species has a wider distribution; this includes one female with a characteristically elongated male embolus stuck in the epigyne. Males and females are associated with high confidence based on collecting males and females on the same web as well as the highly elongated embolus and the equally long copulatory ducts, much longer than in any other species. A few webs of this species in MN Contulmo contained from one to three individuals of Sofanapis antillanca Platnick & Forster, 1989, but those kleptoparasite spiders were much more abundant in webs of Austrochilus forsteri Grismado, Lopardo & Platnick, 2003 (see Ramírez & Platnick, 1999)., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 413-418, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404, {"references":["Ramirez MJ, Platnick NI. 1999. On Sofanapis antillanca (Araneae, Anapidae) as a kleptoparasite of austrochiline spiders (Araneae, Austrochilidae). The Journal of Arachnology 27: 547 - 549."]}

PORTERIA TOROBAYO SP.NOV. FIGS 54–56 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 5187160A-D4AE-4BC2-A1A3-E15721B925F4. Types: Holotype male and paratype female from Chile, XIV Región de Los Ríos, Valdivia Province: Rincón de la Piedra, turn-off 14.8 km SE Valdivia, elev. 50 m, S39º55.32’, W73º06.27’, 11 January - 2 February 1997 ‘disturbed Valdivian rainforest with Nothofagus dombeyi, Podocarpus salignus, flight intercept trap’, A. Newton and M. Thayer, deposited in AMNH. Etymology: Named after the locality Torobayo in Valdivia, near where this species was collected. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from others in the bunnyana group by the finger-like DTA of uniform width projected retrolaterally in dorsal view (Figs 55C, D, 56D) and the slender embolus base (Figs 55B, C, 56B). Females can be distinguished from P. faberi (Figs 50F, G, 53A, C, D) by the rectangular shaped atrium (Fig. 55E), the ‘M’-shaped atrium ventral wall and the close proximity of spermatheca stalks (Fig. 55G). Description: Male: based on FMHD 97–18. Specimen faded but with white anterolateral lines on dorsum of abdomen along with three or four pairs of white medial spots (Fig. 54A). Total length 5.56. Carapace length 1.39 times width. Clypeus height 1.71 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 7.83 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.32 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.93 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1- 3, patella d1-1, tibia d0-1-0, p1-0-0, tarsus d0-1(p)-0, r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1(p)-1(r)-1-2-2, p0-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d3-2(p)-1(r)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-0-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1- 1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-0-2; leg IV: femur d2-2-2-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-2-1, p0-0-1, r0-1-1-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-3. Palp as in Figure 55 A-D with four tibial apophyses: LRTA bent, projecting out of frontal plane, VTA darkly sclerotized mound, RTA long attenuate, unlike P. alopobre, which has a more differentiated tooth on anterior surface of base (see Fig. 58). DTA finger like with uniform width (Fig. 55C, D), stouter than in P. ariasbohartae, projected more retrolaterally than that of P. alopobre smaller and more slender. Paracymbium present (Fig. 56B), larger than that of ariasbohartae. Embolus base narrow and elongate, less than half the width of bulb (Fig. 56B); embolus tip of medium length tapering to narrow needle-like tip curving to meet apex of conductor (Fig. 56A). Conductor straight, dividing bulb in half and twisting tightly distally. Large tegular concavity (Fig. 56B, C). Leg measurements (right): leg I 14.45 (3.75, 4.8, 3.65, 2.25); leg II 12.45 (3.40, 3.95, 3.25, 1.85); leg III 11.30 (3.05, 3.35, 3.30, 1.60); leg IV 14.75 (3.75, 4.35, 4.55, 2.10); palp 7.40 (2.55, 2.10, –, 2.75). Description: Female: based on paratype. Specimen faded with mis-shapen abdomen and no distinct markings, dark brown; sternum with light median patch surrounded by dark brown (Fig. 54 B-D). Total length 5.83. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.33 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.79 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.12 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d2-0, p1-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-2-2; leg I: femur d1-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0- 1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-3; leg III: femur d3-1(p)-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1- 1, r0-1-1, v2-2-3, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-1- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-1-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-2. Epigyne as in Figure 55 E-G, closely resembling P. faberi, copulatory openings sunken into atrium, atrium with anterior hood. Margins and hood straight, forming rectangular atrium, side margins and hood with more pronounced curves in P. faberi. Median septum receding into atrium in torobayo, in P. faberi fleshy septum recedes under hood, tapering

PORTERIA MISBIANKA SP.NOV. FIG. 43 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: F81ABF78-1D6E-4D1C-87B6-9FCB0645118C. Types: Female holotype from modified forest under rocks in Chile, VIII Región del Bío-Bío, Concepción Province, Estero Nonguén, elev. 90 m [-36.8766 – 72.9913 º] collected Nov 16, 1981 by N. Platnick and R.T. Schuh, collected in ‘modified forest under rocks’, deposited in AMNH (CASENT9044700). Etymology: Derived from ‘Miss Bianca,’ the leading lady mouse in the Disney movie ‘The Rescuers.’ This species is so named due to the resemblance of the epigyne to the face of this mouse. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from other species by the simple topography of the epigyne, only two slit-like copulatory openings and small median scape (Fig. 43D, E); the ‘peak-forming’ copulatory ducts seen in ventral view through the cuticle (Fig. 43E) are also distinctive (and distinguish it from P. ajimayo). Internally, the ‘S’-shaped copulatory ducts are diagnostic (Fig. 43F). Porteria ajimayo has much longer copulatory ducts forming a complicated maze of loops (Figs 41B, 42B, D). Description: Female: based on holotype. Markings as in Figure 43 A-C, white anterolateral lines, two adjacent posterior bands and pair of median spots. Total length 6.36. Carapace length 1.40 times width. Clypeus height 2 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.78 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.67 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.12 times width. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg formula not assessed, because many legs are missing from specimen, both leg IVs and either a right leg II or III, no palps present. Leg spination as follows: leg I: femur d1(r)-1-1(p)-1(r)-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), p0-1-1-0, r0-1-0-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-2, v2-2-2; unknown right leg II or III: right leg IV: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1(p)-1-2, metatarsus d2-0-0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1-2, v1(p)-1(p)-2, tarsus r0-1. Epigyne as in Figure 43D, E, a lightly sclerotized plate, tapering posterior to epigastric furrow; two sclerotized slits just anterior of epigastric furrow are the copulatory openings; between these openings is the scape which tapers posteriorly and originates just anterior to the copulatory openings (Fig. 43D); much of the anterior internal structures can be seen through the cuticle, most obvious the copulatory ducts converging to a peak with each other and connecting to a large circular receptacle (Fig. 43E). Vulva as in Figure 43F, consisting of a pair of long, ‘S’-shaped copulatory ducts running adjacent and parallel to each other initially in the middle of the vulva curving upwards and laterally to meet the ventral surface of the spermatheca stalk, adjacent to the spermatheca head. The stalk runs down the lateral side of the spermathecal bases and the head is located on the anterolateral surface of the stalk. Bases of spermatheca similar to those of P. ajimayo, but copulatory ducts much longer on P. ajimayo. Right and left Base 1 are contiguous, no gap; the connection between Base 1 and Base 2 is obscured by ducts, but Base 2 appears attached to the anterior margin of Base 1, projecting out laterally behind (ventral) the stalk. Because this is the only specimen, there was no SEM preparation of the vulva, so the Bennett’s gland pore was not explicitly seen but is likely on the lateral surface of Base 1 at the transition between Base 1 and 2 based on the morphology of other species. Pores are visible on the head of the spermatheca and can likely be found on the stalk as well, but they are not visible with a stereomicroscope. Fertilization ducts transparent, leaf like, attached to posterolateral corner of Base 1. Leg measurements: leg I NA; leg II NA; leg III 7.98 (2.35, 2.61, 1.88, 1.14); leg IV 9.65 (2.68, 3.02, 2.68, 1.27); palp NA. Distribution: Known only from the type locality at Estero Nonguén, Concepción (Fig. 76C). Other material examined: None. Notes: The type and only known specimen of this species was searched for at Parque Pedro del Rio Zañarto and in the nearby Cerro Caracol, a tree-lined hill and popular urban park, but Porteria was not found there during the 2013 trip. For future expeditions, the Reserva Nacional Nonguén seems like a promising place to look for P. misbianka, which is close to the type locality, contains one of the last remnants of deciduous forest in the area and is home to various rare and endemic species (http://www.conaf.cl/parques/reservanacional-nonguen/). THE BUNNYANA SPECIES GROUP A monophyletic group (Figs 73, 74) defined by the genitalic synapomorphies of both males and females (discussed below), easily distinguished from the second species group, the Albopunctata Grade. Model figures for the Bunnyana species group with genitalic parts labelled are Figure 64 (female genitalia of P. correcaminos) and Figure 68 (male genitalia of P. contulmo). Females have a deep median atrium in which the copulatory openings are sunken, with a wrinkled, flexible ventral wall, and two posterior invaginations of the epigynal cuticle near the epigastric fold (Figs 53A, 64A, B, 69A). Females in this species group are much more difficult to differentiate from one another, and many are sympatric, making it even more difficult to separate species. In males, the palp has a paracymbium in the form of a small, round projection on the retrolateral side of the cymbium near the distal edge of the bulb (Figs 46C, 47C, 51C, 67C). The LRTA is bent at the middle, so the apex is projecting out of the frontal plane, almost appearing as a 90° angle in lateral view (Figs 46C, 56C, 62C). The embolus base is also more shield like in the bunnyana group (Figs 46A, 56B). Included neae species: Porteria alopobre, Porteria ariasbohartae, Porteria bunnyana, Porteria contulmo, Porteria correcaminos, Porteria faberi, Porteria torobayo., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 419-421, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404

PORTERIA FIURA SP.NOV. FIGS 27–30 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: D7676422-0EB3-461E-B74D-9CB5A7C44B99. Types: Female holotype from Chile, X Región de los Lagos: Chiloé Province, Chiloé Island, Chiloé National Park, Sendero Tepual, 2.3 km NNE Cucao, S42º37.039’, W74º06.129’, elev. 1 m, January 16, 2013, C. Griswold, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting in bog forest dominated by Tepualia ’ deposited in MHNS (CASENT9055645). Male paratype from Chiloé Island, no specific locality, December 15–18, 1985, L.E. Peña, AMNH (CASENT9044672). Etymology: Named after La Fiura, an ugly, villainous woman who lives in the forest and clothes herself in moss; according to Chilote mythology, she seduces men and then drives them insane. Chiloé Island is the type locality, whose culture is rich in mythology. Sheet webs of P. fiura are often built on mossy substrates. Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from others in the Albopunctata Grade by the round, stubby RTA (Figs 28B, 29B, C) and the small tooth-like DTA (Fig. 29D). The embolus base is wider (Fig. 29B) than that of P. albopunctata and the embolus tip more hook shaped (Fig. 29A); embolus tip much shorter than in P. eddardstarki. Females most closely resemble P. albopunctata but can be distinguished by the sclerotized median area being dilated anteriorly in P. fiura as well as the presence of a prominent scape (Figs 28E, 30A, B). Internally, the spermatheca stalks are situated much farther apart in P. fiura than P. albopunctata; Bennett’s gland pores large and conspicuous in dorsal view (Figs 28F, 30B). Description: Male: based on paratype CASENT9044672. Markings as in Figure 27 A-C, dorsum of abdomen with yellow anterolateral lines followed by two posterior spots and two pairs of median spots; sternum with pale centre surrounded by dark grey border. Total length 5.63. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.29 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.28 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.37 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.25 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tarsus p0-0-1, v0-0-1(r); leg I: d1-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus v0-2-2; leg II: femur d1-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p1-0-1, r0-0-1, v0-2-1; leg III: femur d1-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(p)-0-1, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v0-2-2, tarsus r0-1-1(v), v0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1- 0, v0-0-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1-1, v0-0-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 28 and 29, with four tibial apophyses: VTA triangular, flattened plate in ventral view, outline finger like in retrolateral view; RTA short and apex round, curved, directed ventrally; LRTA projected straight out of tibia, parallel to frontal plane. DTA small and tooth like; DTA and LRTA appear connected at fleshy base (Fig. 28D), like that of albopunctata. Tegulum without median concavity, outlined by dark sperm duct. Conductor originating on the midline of bulb, short and simple projection. Embolus base elongated, nearly the length of the bulb; embolus tip short, spiniform, curved like a hook to meet conductor. Paracymbium absent. Leg measurements (right): leg I 13.50 (3.75, 4.50, 3.25, 2.00); leg II 11.15 (3.15, 3.50, 2.85, 1.65); leg III 10.55 (2.85, 3.25, 3.00, 1.45); leg IV 13.80 (3.75, 4.30, 4.20, 1.55); palp 4.85 (1.80, 1.10, –, 1.95). Description: Female: based on CASENT9055645, from Chiloé National Park. Markings as in Figure 27 D-F. Total length 5.80. Carapace length 1.34 times width. Clypeus height 1.86 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.15 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.24 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d2-0-1(r), tarsus d2-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-3; leg I: femur d1-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-2- 2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-1- 1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v1(r)-2-2; leg III: femur d2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0- 1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(p)-0-2, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0- 1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-0-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-2, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-2, v0-2. Epigyne as in Figures 28E, F and 30A, C, lightly sclerotized except for narrow median area which is dilated anteriorly where the scape originates; scape small and finger like, pointed posteriad; copulatory openings inconspicuous, located just anterior to scape, divided by fleshy septum; internal structures visible through cuticle, most prominently two large circular patches on either side of sclerotized area. Vulva (Figs 28F, 30B, D) with anterior, short copulatory ducts joining the spermathecal stalk just posterior to head of spermatheca. Head situated at the anterior apex of stalk, pores present. Stalks banana shaped, bowed out laterally, pores present. Base 1 large circular structure with large Bennett’s gland pore in its centre when viewed dorsally; fertilization duct attached to Base 1 on median posterior corner. Base 2 joining the anterior margin of Base 1, somewhat crescent shaped; copulatory duct resting on anterior surface of Base 2. In total, the two receptacles look like one large, ovoid receptacle; scanning electron micrograph shows the division of the two bases in more detail (Fig. 30B). Leg measurements: leg I 12.17 (3.32, 4.20, 2.85, 1.80); leg II 10.25 (2.95, 3.40, 2.45, 1.45); leg III 9.70 (2.80, 3.00, 2.55, 1.35); leg IV 12.65 (3.45, 4.00, 3.55, 1.65); palp 3.92 (1.32, 1.32, –, 1.28). Variation: (N = 3). Total length 3.9–5.76. Carapace length 1.27–1.37 times width. Clypeus height 1.67–2.2 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67–2.2 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5–6.18 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1–1.04 times width. Femur I 1.08–1.26 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle left, five teeth right. Distribution: Only known from Chiloé Island and on the mainland in Palena, 70 km south of Chaitén (Fig. 76C). Other material examined: X Región de los Lagos: Chiloé Province, same locality as holotype, nine females, CAS (CASENT9055645); Palena Province, 70 km S of Chaitén, elev. 500 m, January 16, 1986, N.I. Platnick, P.A. Goloboff, R.T. Schuh, ‘wet streambank’, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044706). Notes: Webs were found near ground level on fallen logs and low branches with retreats leading into the hollows of the trees, which were wet. Porteria was the predominant web along with austrochilids, orb weavers and linyphiids. Only females were collected on the 2013 expedition and were found in forest near the southern shore of Lago Huillinco; they were not found on the northern shore. In the southern sector of Chiloé National Park, they were found in high density along the Tepual Trail, and it is likely that males would have been found if we had been able to night collect. Male and female were tentatively matched by locality information. The only other species that has been found on Chiloé Island is P. bunnyana. Because this species has been collected with other males outside of the island, and never together with females of P. fiura, the unique male from Chiloé is hypothesized to be the same species as the female holotype. It is also noteworthy that one female specimen of P. fiura was found on the mainland, across the bay, south of El Chaitén; a lack of sampling in the area between Alerce Andino National Park and Torres del Paine could be obscuring the true range of this species, making it seem nearly endemic to Chiloé when this could merely be a sampling bias. This inadequate sampling applies to P. albopunctata as well, and possibly more undescribed species are awaiting discovery in southern Chile.

PORTERIA EDDARDSTARKI SP.NOV. FIGS 1 A-D, 2E, 4B-D, 18–22, 31–36 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 9FF1E8A2-602F-437A-9311-A57214E92821. Types: Holotype male and paratype female from Chile, V Región de Valparaíso, Zapallar, S32° 32.872’, W71° 27.171’, elev. 108 m, February 2, 2013, E. Morrill and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in mixed native trees and plantation along arroyo’, CASENT9055699, deposited in MHNS. Paratype female from Quebrada el Tigre, 2.5 km E of Zapallar, S32° 33.086’, W71° 25.967’, elev. 357 m, February 12, 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Pizzaro, ‘bosque de boldo, belloto en quebrada’, one female (ex MACN-Ar27062), deposited in MHNS, and two females (MACN-Ar27062) deposited in MACN. Etymology: A patronym honouring the character Eddard Stark of the Game of Thrones series by George R.R. Martin. Eddard Stark was Lord Paramount of the North and, as this species is found only in the northern end of the geographical range of Porteria, we found it an appropriate way to recognize one of the few truly decent and respectable characters in the series. Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from all species in the Albopunctata Grade except P. ajimayo by the lack of a DTA (Figs 32E, 34B); it can be distinguished from P. ajimayo by the much shorter embolus tip (Fig. 32D), and the shape and orientation of the embolus base and conductor (Figs 32D, 33A, B, 34A, D). Females can be distinguished by their heavily sclerotized and darkened epigyne with two conspicuous posterior lobes (Fig. 35 A-C) and relatively large median scape (Fig. 36A, D). Internally the copulatory ducts are much longer than other species of the Albopunctata Grade, each duct forming one anterior loop (Figs 35D, 36B). Only known from Region V and the north. Description: Male: based on CASENT9055699, from Zapallar. Markings as in Figure 31 A-C, anterolateral lines on dorsum of abdomen reduced or absent; median markings in pairs and series of chevrons posteriorly; sternum uniform in colour. Total length 5.28. Carapace length 1.43 times width. Clypeus height 1.80 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.40 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 11 times clypeus height. Chelicera nearly porrect in males, more so than any other species. Sternum length 1.21 times width. Femur I 1.57 times carapace length. Leg formula 1432. Cymbium length five times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows (right legs): palp: femur d1-1-2, patella d1-1, tarsus r0-0-1, v0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-0-1, v1(r)-2-2; leg III: femur d1-3-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus d1(r)-2-2, p1-0-0, v2-2-3; leg IV: femur d1-1-1(r)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 1-1, p1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(r)-1-1, p1-1-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 32–34, with three tibial apophyses (DTA absent, Figs 32E, 34B): VTA small and triangular, flattened; RTA stout, ending in a thick point; LRTA projecting straight distally out of tibia, parallel to frontal plane. Tegulum smooth, lacking median concavity and outlined by dark sperm duct. Conductor originating in middle of bulb, straight and folded in on itself distally. Embolus base narrow and short; embolus tip medium length, gradually tapering to rest within conductor; embolus parallels the conductor on its prolateral side. Leg measurements (right): leg I 16.35 (4.15, 5.70, 4.22, 2.28); leg II 12.5 (3.50, 4.05, 3.20, 1.75); leg III 10.90 (3.00, 3.30, 3.15, 1.45); leg IV 14.41 (3.82, 4.49, 4.29, 1.81); palp 8.00 (2.92, 2.48, –, 2.60). Variation: (N = 3). Total length 4.82–9.10. Carapace length 1.38–1.51 times width. Clypeus height 1.80– 2.14 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.40–1.80 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 8.06–16.50 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.15–1.46 times width. Femur I 1.42–3.79 times carapace length. Cymbium length 3.17–5.94 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one to two denticles. Chelicerae vary from slightly porrect to clearly porrect, especially in larger males. Description: Female: based on CASENT9055699, from Zapallar. Markings as in Figure 31 C-F, dorsum of abdomen with anterolateral lines reduced or absent, lateral margins mottled with yellow; sternum with subtle spots and median stripe. Total length 7.22. Carapace length 1.41 times width. Clypeus height 2 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.29 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 7.14 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.21 times width. Femur I 1.32 times carapace length. Leg formula 1432. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia 1(p)-1 (r)-0-1(r), tarsus d2-1(p)-1(p)-0, p1-0-1-1, r0-1-0-0, v1-1-2; leg I: femur d1-2-1-1(r)-1(p)-2, p0-1- 0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), p0-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d2-1-1(p)-2-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-1(p)-1-1(r)-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-0, p0-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-2-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1- 0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-2-2-0, p0-0-2, r0-0-1, v0-2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Epigyne as in Figures 35 and 36, darkly sclerotized with two posterior lobes and large median scape with blunted apex directed posteriorly; copulatory openings on either side of anterior portion of scape, conspicuous (Fig. 36A). Vulva with copulatory ducts of medium length, originating anteromedially to spermatheca, curving in a ‘U’ shape to meet the ventral side of the spermathecal stalk just posterior to head. Head well differentiated with pores. Stalks running down middle of Base 1; pores present on stalk. Right and left Base 1s touching, fertilization ducts attached to posterior edge of Base 1; Bennett’s gland pores not visible in dorsal view. Base 2 connected to anterior of Base 1, copulatory ducts resting on Base 2 (see SEM scans, Fig. 36B, C). Leg measurements (left): leg I 19.20 (5.30, 6.80, 4.60, 2.50); leg II 15.20 (4.50, 5.00, 3.70, 2.00); leg III 14.20 (4.10, 4.30, 4.00, 1.80); leg IV 19.10 (5.50, 5.90, 5.60, 2.10); palp 6.10 (2.10, 2.10, –, 1.90). Variation: (N = 2). Total length 5.36–7.22. Carapace length 1.37–1.47 times width. Clypeus height 2.00– 2.60 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.29–1.80 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.46–7.14 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.15–1.17 times width. Femur I 1.26–1.34 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle or six teeth and zero denticles. Epigynal scape varies in shape between specimens from wide and blunt to long and thin (Fig. 35 A-C). Distribution: This species has only been found in the far north of the known range of Porteria, along the coast between Valparaíso and Zapallar, and farther inland in and around La Campana National Park. A few specimens have been collected as far north as Fray Jorge National Park near Ovalle (Fig. 76B). Other material examined: IV Región de Coquimbo: Limarí Province, Fray Jorge National Park, elev. 579 m, November 3, 1981, N. Platnick and R.T. Schuh, ‘ Valdivian forest relic’, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044699); Fray Jorge National Park, elev. 560 m, October 3, 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044711); Choapa Province, 10 km N Los Vilos Rt. 5, 236 km marker, elev. 40 m, November 13, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, one male, MACN (MACN-AR21063); V Región de Valparaíso: Petorca Province, Los Molles, Rt 5, 188 km marker, elev. 10 m, November 9, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044704), Cuesta El Melón, elev. 520 m, January 10, 1985, N.I. Platnick, O.F. Francke, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044715), Cuesta El Melón, S32°37.002’, W71°13.98’, elev. 430 m. November 8, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044661), Zapallar, S32°32.872’, W71°27.171’, elev. 108 m, February 2, 2013, E. Morrill and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in mixed native trees and plantation along arroyo’, 22 females, one male, CAS (CASENT9055699, 9048543, 9055516); between Cachagua and La Laguna, January 1984, Goloboff, one female, MACN (MACN-AR21058); Petorca Province, Caleta Pichicuy, Quebrada Huaquén, January 1984, four females, MACN-AR (MACN-AR21060), Reserva Parque El Boldo, Zapallar, 300 m NNE de ruta costera, S32°32.756’ W71°27.107’, elev. 114 m, February 12, 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Pizzaro, ‘bosque en quebrada’, one female, MACN-AR (MACN-AR27063); Valparaíso Province, Quintero, August 12, 1968, R. Calderón, ‘ pitfalls in forest relict’, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044703); Quintero, November 7, 1967, one male, MACN-AR (MACN-AR21059); Quintero, March 19, one female, MACN-AR (MACN-AR21061); Bosque de Relicto de Quintero, about S33°, W71°24’, December 21, 1988, V. and B. Roth, ‘funnel web maker on base of vegetation’, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT 9021039); Valparaíso Province, Cuesta Pucalán (east side), S32°45’, W71°22’, September 19, 1966, E.I. Schlinger, one male, CAS (CASENT9032846), Cuesta Pucalán, S32°44’, W71°16’, August 1, 1966, M.E. Irwin, E.I. Schlinger, two females, CAS (CASENT9021035), Viña del Mar, January 1979, A. Fobar (?), one female, AMNH (CASENT9044709); Valparaíso, Oda verde, entre oda con arroyo y banco del estado, October 25, 1972, R. Calderón, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044690); Quillota Province: La Campana National Park, sector Casino, 20 km (air) SSE La Calera, S32.94279° W71.08370° (GPS ±50m), elev. 495 m, January 6, 2018, ‘forest with palms, night collecting’, M.J. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, A. Pérez González, G. Azevedo, W. Porto (MJR-loc-297), one male (MACN-Ar 39122, vchMJR-2180, photos 8794–8805), one female (MACN-Ar 39069, vchMJR-2183, photos 8806–8812); PN La Campana, S32.93049° W71.08581° (GPS ±100m), elev. 410 m, November 3, 2011, ‘forest and scrubs, general collecting’, M.J. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, J. Pizarro et al. (MJR-loc-64), one male, one female (MACN-Ar 30031); Marga Province, Palmas de Ocoa, La Campana National Park, December 21, 1984, R. Calderón, ‘unburned site, pitfall’, three males, AMNH (CASENT9044687, 9044689), January 29, 1985, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044714), March 14, 1985, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044693), March 17, 1985, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044698, 9044706); La Campana National Park, S32°55.944’, W71°04.686’, elev. 215 m, November 20 - December 6, 1997, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, one male, CAS (CASENT9051493), Cuesta la Dormida (east side), S33°04’, W71°02’, elev. 750–1000 m, September 20, 1966, E.I. Schlinger, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT9021038, 9021037), Cuesta la Dormida, N of Tiltil, elev. 800–1300 m, November 13–18, 1982, L.E. Peña, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044688), Cuesta La Dormida, 24.11 km E Limache, S33°02.663’, W71°00.393’, elev. 1308 m, January 31, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘matorral, general collecting’, five females, CAS (CASENT9055510, 9055512), Cabañas La Aguada on Ave. Cay-Cay, 3.09 km NNW Olmué, S32°58.998’, W71°12.973’, elev. 225 m, February 1, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘matorral and dense bush along dry arroyo, gen. coll.’, six females, CAS (CASENT9053725, 9055690, 9055692). Notes: Two different habitat types are occupied by the inland and coastal populations. The inland spiders live in desert hills and construct expansive sheet webs in low lying shrubs and on sandy banks where the funnelled retreat runs into the sand. The coastal populations were found in forested gulches with much higher moisture levels and also build large sheets in leaf litter, and in some cases, on the sides of rock outcrops with funnels disappearing into crevices. Due to the allopatric distribution and distinctive large size of this species, as well as collections of male and females together, male and female association is with high confidence and is supported in the molecular analysis. These data also indicate that inland and coastal populations form two distinct clades, but no morphological characters have discovered to differentiate the two populations., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 406-413, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404

PORTERIA BUNNYANA SP.NOV. FIGS 17C, F, 44–48 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 1B86C5FA-4F0D-4A06-A187-1E50BCCAAB15. Types: Holotype male from Chile, Region IX de la Araucanía, Cautín Province, Pucón, November 6– December 1, 1989, S.A. Marshall, ‘ dung traps near lake’ (CASENT9044659), deposited in AMNH. Two paratype females from Pucón (CASENT9055695), same data. Etymology: Named after a street dog from Pucón, the type locality for this species, who Liz met on her first trip to Chile. We named her ‘Bunny’ because of her stumpy tail and hoppy nature. We watched the sunset together on the beach of Lago Villarrica. This species is dedicated to all the wonderful street ‘perros’ and ‘gatos’ of Chile. Diagnosis: Males with thick, hook-shaped DTA (as seen in lateral views, Fig. 45B, D, E) curving apicad; RTA extending from tibia at a roughly 45° angle, almost tooth like and directed toward the palp’s apex (Fig. 46B), LRTA bent, projecting ventrally perpendicular to frontal plane (Figs 45E, 46C, D, 47C); embolus base large, tip gradually tapered along prolateral margin of bulb (Figs 45B, D, 46A, B). Epigyne (Figs 45E, F, 48) with large median scape on margin of hood (Fig. 48A), lacks fleshy bulge at the back of the atrium; vulva with right and left Base 1’s almost touching, atrium ventral wall smooth, anterior margin forming two symmetrical humps outlining the spermatheca; copulatory duct straight (Figs 45G, 48B). Description: Male: based on CASENT9044659, from Pucón. Markings as in Figure 44 A-C, two yellow anterolateral lines and two pairs of median spots on dorsum of abdomen. Total length 6.16. Carapace length 1.27 times width. Clypeus height 2.25 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.63 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.25 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.03 width. Femur I 1.36 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.18 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with six teeth. Feathery hairs present on legs and palps. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d0-0-1, tarsus r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-0-2-3, patella d1-1, tibia p0-0-1-0, v2-0-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d2-3-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-1(p)-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-2-2, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d2-3- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-2-2, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1-2-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1- 1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1-1-0, metatarsus d1-1-2, p1-0-1-0, r1-0- 1-1, v1-1-2, tarsus 0-1. Male palp as in Figures 45 to 47, with four tibial apophyses: RTA extending from tibia at a 45° angle, terminating in an acute hook (Fig. 45E); LRTA bent, projecting ventrally, perpendicular to frontal plane (Figs 45E, 47C); DTA dark brown, hook like in lateral view (Fig. 45A); VTA a dark, flattened mound (Fig. 45D). Paracymbium present on the retroapical side of bulb, knob like (Fig. 46C). Tegulum dark, with large median concavity visible in retrolateral view (Fig. 46B, C). Conductor twisted tightly, bisecting the bulb, terminus blunter than in P. ajimayo. Embolus base dark brown and shield like; anterior margin of embolus base adjacent to narrowing embolus notched (Fig. 47A). Embolus tapered from embolus base, following prolateral margin of bulb, curved into the conductor distally (Fig. 6A, B). Leg measurements: leg I 14.71 (4.15, 5.1, 3.18, 2.28); leg II 13.20 (3.69, 4.22, 3.35, 1.94); leg III 12.26 (3.42, 3.69, 3.55, 1.61); leg IV 16.28 (4.29, 4.82, 5.03, 2.14); palp 7 (3.35, 2.55, –, 1.1). Variation: (N = 2). Total length 4.69–6.16. Carapace length 1.30–1.34 times width. Clypeus height 2.14–2.16 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.57–1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5–7.08 times clypeus height. Sternum 1–1.04 times as long as wide. Femur I 1.30–1.32 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.41–2.87 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and one to two denticles. Description: Female: based on paratype CASENT9055695, from Pucón. Markings as in Figure 44 D-F, dorsum of abdomen with bright yellow anterolateral lines with consecutive yellow patches posterior to those; two pairs of median spots, with faded chevrons posteriorly. Total length 6.8. Carapace length 1.33 times width. Clypeus height 2.29 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.75 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.07 times width. Femur I 1.07 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and two denticles. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d1-0, p1-1, r0-1-1, v2-3-2; leg I: femur d1-1(r)-1(r)-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0- 1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d3-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, leg III: femur d1(p)-1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1- 1, v2-1-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-3. Epigyne as in Figures 45F, G and 48, large, sclerotized plate with a deep, arched cavity (Fig. 48A). Scape on middle of anterior margin of hood (arch) directed posteriad, tapered and tooth like, often obscured by thick setae. Two swollen fleshy lobes posterior to cavity divided by a dark, sclerotized line (Fig. 45C). Lateral margins surrounding cavity scalloped. Copulatory openings indistinguishable within large atrium (Figs 45E, 48A). Vulva (Figs 45G, 48B) with short to medium length copulatory ducts extended posterior to anterior in a relatively straight path to spermatheca stalk, just posterior to head. Stalks relatively straight up and down, located mesad to Base 2. Head of spermatheca with pores and long glands, not well differentiated from stalk, appearing as small bulge. Pores present on lateral sides of stalk and Bennett’s gland pore present on Base 1 between Base 1 and 2 (fertilization ducts may obscure this partially). Fertilization ducts attached to Base 1 posterior margin. Base 2 surrounded by copulatory duct on lateral side, by stalk mesad, large bulging protuberance; Base 1 more amorphous in shape but identified by Bennett’s gland pore and fertilization duct attachments. Atrium ventral wall almost heart shaped with symmetrical rounded margins converging to a point and folding on the median line. Leg measurements: leg I 11.75 (3.20, 4.00, 2.75, 1.80); leg II 10.65 (3.05, 3.45, 2.60, 1.55); leg III 10.05 (2.85, 3.10, 2.70, 1.40); leg IV 13.05 (3.55, 4.10, 3.65, 1.75); palp 4.50 (1.40, 1.60, –, 1.50). Variation: (N = 2). Total length 4.89–6.83. Carapace length 1.38–1.39 times width. Clypeus height 2.40– 2.43 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43–1.50 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.33 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.15–1.23 times width. Femur I 1.00–1.07 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and denticles. Distribution: South and Central Chile from coast to Andes; collected frequently near Pucón and Villarrica but also found farther north near Temuco and as far south as Puerto Montt. One specimen collected from Isla Chiloé (Fig. 76E). Other material examined: Region IX de la Araucania: N a h u e l b u t a N at i o n a l Pa r k, n e a r Pe h u e n c o campground, 25.8 km W Angol, S37º 49.867’, W73º00.441’, elev. 1097 m, January 25, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting along stream in native forest dominated by Nothofagus ’, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT9055625); Nahuelbuta National Park, Pehuenco campground, 27 km W Angol, S37º49.720’, W73º00.452’, elev. 1100 m, January 25–27, 2013, H. Wood, L. Macaulay, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in Araucaria / Nothofagus forest’, six females, CAS (CASENT9053808, 9055706); 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor de Lago, elev. 300 m. December 14, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus forest,’, FIT, 11 males, one female AMNH (CASENT9044645, 9044674, 9044676, 9044716); Princesa, 20 km west of Curacautín, elev. 1000 m, December 12, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus forest,’ four males, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044650); Cautin, Río Huachitivo, January 10, 1993, T. Cekalovic, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044658); Estero Chaulco near Río Huachitivo, October 3–31, 1992, T. Cekalovic, pitfalls, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044696); Ñielol National Park, near Temuco, elev. 250 m, December 14–20, 1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, ‘site 652 carrion traps (squid); native forest remnant with Nothofagus ’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044660); Lago Caburga, 21 km NE Pucón, elev. 600 m, December 15, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed forest remnant’, six males, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044683); Molco, Villarrica, January 24, 1988, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044694); Pucón, December 14, 1988, V. and B. Roth, three females, CAS (CASENT9020914); Pucón, November 6 - December 1, 1989, S.A. Marshall, ‘pan traps in lakeside debris’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044655), ‘peninsula, hilltop beech’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044667), ‘near lake in drift’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044671), ‘near lake’, four males, AMNH (CASENT9044677), ‘mature forest’, three males, AMNH (CASENT9044681); Pucón Peninsula, 0.5 km W Pucón, S39º16.554’, W71º59.228’. elev. 245 m, January 24, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in disturbed native forest’, one male, seven females, CAS (CASENT9055665, 9055695,); XIV Región De Los Ríos: Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 15 m, January 23, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting at night in native forest’, one male, CAS (CASENT9055709); X Región De Los Lagos: Isla Chiloé, 5 km SW of Chonchi, February 19, 1997, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044713). Notes: Females of this species are difficult if not impossible to differentiate from those of P. contulmo, and there could be more cryptic species within this group. Males and females in Pucón have been collected together and have been more frequently collected together than P. bunnyana females and males of other species. When P. bunnyana females have been collected with P. correcaminos, a sympatric species, it has often been by flight intercepts or other long term, broadscale collecting methods, which may blur differences in temporal occurrence., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 421-426, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404

PORTERIA CORRECAMINOS SP.NOV. FIGS 7, 16A, B, D, F, 17 A-C, 60–64 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 2F980E92-45F0-4E0E-8BB8-6FBC9B55F24E. Types: Holotype male, 13 paratype males and 12 paratype females from Chile, X Región de los Lagos, Llanquihue Province, Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park, January 2–28, 1997, (FMHD97-8), deposited in FMHD. Etymology: Correcaminos is Spanish for road runner, this species is so named because it is lightning fast on their webs and can be frustrating to collect. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males of this species can be identified by the anvil-shaped DTA (in lateral view, Figs 61A, D, 62C, 63C) and swollen RTA with a large tooth-like projection (Figs 61E, 62C, D, 63D). This species can be distinguished from P. contulmo by the length of the DTA’s pointed apex (Figs 62D, 63D), longer and more attenuate in P. contulmo (Figs 67D, 68F); RTA appears closer to 90° from tibia in P. correcaminos (Figs 61B, E, 62C). Female with large epigyne (Figs 61F, 64A, C), atrium with an ‘M’-shaped margin like P. bunnyana (Fig. 48A) but with large, fleshy bulge protruded from atrium just posterior to scape (Fig. 64C); scape much smaller than in P. bunnyana and finger like (Fig. 64C). Large, fleshy posterior shelf extended into the atrium and out laterally, forming two elongated lobes that curve to meet the lateral margins of the atrium, forming a deep groove (Figs 61F, 64D, F); this deep fold is absent in P. bunnyana (Fig. 48B) and P. ariasbohartae (Fig. 71G, H). Description: Male: based on FMHD 97-8, from Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park. Markings as in Figure 57 A-C, faded, anterolateral lines and two pairs of median spots present though less distinct. Total length 5.83. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.43 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.29 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.34 times carapace length. Leg formula 1423. Cymbium length 2.64 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d0-1-0, tarsus r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-2, p0-1-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v1(r)-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1; leg III: femur d1-2- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r0-1- 0-1-0, v2-1-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-2, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-0-1-0, p0-0-0-1-0, r0-1-0-1-0, v2-1- 2, metatarsus d1(r)-0-1(r)-1, p0-1-2, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1. Male palp as in Figure 61 A-E with four tibial apophyses: flattened, mound-like VTA (Fig. 62B); large, swollen RTA with tooth-like projection appearing differentiated from base on anterior surface of RTA, directed apicad (Figs 61E, 62d, 63D); DTA appearing anvil shaped in lateral views (Fig. 61A), dorsal view shows the short, pointed apex directed toward retrolateral side, rounded knob-like base, overall looking like an arrowhead (Figs 62D, 63D); LRTA bent, projected out of frontal plane in ventral view(Figs 62C, 63B); conductor twisted, curved more towards middle of bulb than the straighter conductors of P. faberi and P. alopobre. Embolus base large, rectangular in ventral view (Fig. 62), shield like, shallow notch present on anterior margin, wider than embolic base of P. bunnyana, transverse ridge on middle of base where embolus tip starts to differentiate; embolus tip like that in P. faberi and P. alopobre. Paracymbium present on retroapical aspect of bulb, knob like (Figs 62C, 63B). Leg measurements (left): leg I 14.44 (3.82, 4.69, 3.66, 2.28); leg II 12.06 (3.35, 3.89, 3.08, 1.74); leg III 11.19 (3.15, 3.28, 3.15, 1.61); leg IV 14.2 (3.69, 4.22, 4.36, 1.94); palp 6.83 (2.48, 1.88, –, 2.48). Variation: (N = 4). Total length 5.36–6.03. Carapace length 1.22–1.29 times width. Clypeus height 2.14–2.71 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.42–1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 3.95–6 times clypeus height. Sternum length 0.96–1.08 times width. Femur I 1.37–1.51 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.58–3.08 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and zero to two denticles. Extent of the dorsolateral white markings on the abdomen varies (Fig. 60A, C-E). Description: Female: based on CASENT9053925, from Lago Chapo. Markings as in Figure 60 F-H; dorsum of abdomen with bright white anterolateral lines and one pair of faint median spots. Total length 6.57. Carapace length 2.9 times width. Clypeus height 2.5 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.83 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.2 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.45, width 1.35. Femur I 1.03 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d2-0, p0-1, r1-1, v2-2-1; leg I: femur d1-1(r)- 2-1(r)-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus p0-0-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1; leg III: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-0-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, tarsus v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-1- 1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1- 1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-0, r0-1-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-2. Epigyne as in Figures 61F and 64 A-C, hairy, with large ‘M’-shaped cavity with small mound on anterior margin to which attaches the small finger-like scape, posterior to this is a large fleshy bulge protruding out from rear of cavity (Fig. 64C). Lateral margins of opening with ridges and folds. Posterior margin formed by shelf-like structure consisting of two fleshy lobes that curve outward to meet the lateral margins, forming a deep grove at the intersection; two lobes form shelf medially and recede into cavity. Vulva with atrium ventral wall (AVW) with series of ‘M’-shaped ridges (Fig. 64D, F); these ridges divided on median line as they recede ventrally to form the fleshy bulge seen ventrally. Copulatory ducts (Fig. 64E) of medium length, forming an ‘S’ shape following the outside margin of the spermatheca bases anteriorly to meet with the stalk just posterior to head of spermatheca. Spermatheca in total oval in shape. Head (Fig. 64G) well differentiated from stalk with numerous pores; stalk also with numerous pores. Bennett’s gland pores large and obvious in dorsal view (Fig. 64E, I); fertilization duct may partially obscure this in SEM. Spermatheca and component parts similar to P. contulmo, aside from more obvious Bennett’s gland pore, but right and left spermathecae are much farther apart in P. correcaminos. Base 1s do not converge. Leg measurements (right): leg I 11.05 (3.00, 3.80, 2.50, 1.75); leg II 9.25 (2.60, 3.05, 2.25, 1.35); leg III 8.90 (2.50, 2.70, 2.45, 1.25); leg IV 11.95 (3.25, 3.70, 3.40, 1.60); palp 4.15 (1.30, 1.45, –, 1.40). Variation: (N = 4). Total length 5.16–7.1. Carapace length 1.34–1.48 times width. Clypeus height 2.17–2.5 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67-1.83 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.2–5.83 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.25–1.5 times width. Femur I 1.03–1.11 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and zero to two denticles. Scape varies in width and length between specimens:this can be short and blunted or long and slender (Figs 61F, 64A,C). Distribution: Llanquihue and Osorno Provinces including Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park and Puyehue National Park, extending north to Volcán Villarrica National Park. Found as far east as Frutillar (Fig. 76F). Other material examined: IX Región de la Araucanía: Cautin Province, Bellavista, N shore Lago Villarrica, S39º12’, W72º08’, 240 m elev., November 20, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044695), 12.3 km N of Loncoche, November 10, 1966, E.I. Schlinger, three females, CAS (CASENT9020916), 10 km S of Pucón, Volcán Villarrica National Park, elev. 900 m, December 15, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus grove on ash’, 23 males, AMNH (CASENT9044663, 9044664), Volcán Villarrica, December 26, 1996 - February 3, 1997, nine males, FMHD (FMHD96-237), 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor del Lago, elev. 300 m, December 15, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus forest’, four males, AMNH (CASENT9044668, 9044674); Malleco Province, Contulmo Natural Monument (NM), S38 º78’, W73º11.257’, elev. 360 m, February 10–11, 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, one female, MACN (CASENT9025766); X Región de los Lagos: Osorno Province, Puyehue National Park, Aguas Calientes, elev. 440 m, December 5–7, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one female, CAS (CASENT9021036), Aguas Calientes, December 13–17, 1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, one female, MACN (MACN-Ar 21082), near Termas Aguas Calientes, 26.2 km E Entre Lagos, S40º44.130’, W72º18.42’, elev. 460 m, November 29–30, 2009, H. Wood, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, ‘general collecting day and night in native forest’, one male, CAS (CASENT9035455), Aguas Calientes, Derrumbes Forest Trail, December 20, 1984 - February 8, 1985, and J. Peck, three males, AMNH (CASENT9044673), Aguas Calientes, elev. 600 m, December 18, 1984 - February 8, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘malaise, Nothofagus forest’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044670), Anticura near Puyehue, January 1–11, 1986, L.E. Peña, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044665), 4.1 km W Anticura, elev. 270 m, December 19–25, 1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, ‘ Valdivian rainforest, window trap’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044686); Llanquihue Province, Salto Petrohue, Vicente Pérez Rosales N.P, elev. 150 m, December 23, 1984 - February 4, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Mixed moist forest, FIT’, eight males, four females, AMNH (CASENT9044666, 9044678), Saltos de Petrohué, 47.7 km ENE Puerto Varas, S41º10.443’, W72º26.907’, elev. 133 m, January 19, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting in native forest’, one female, CAS (CASENT9055694), Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park, January 2–28, 1997, 14 males, 12 females FMHD (FMHD97-8), Lago Chapo, 34 km E Puerto Montt, elev. 300 m, December 24, 1984 - February 2, 1985, S. and J. Peck, 2nd growth Nothofagus, flight intercept trap (FIT),, six males, AMNH (CASENT9044644, 9044680), SE end of Lago Chapo, January 4–26, 1997, one male, FMHD (FMHD97-14); Lago Chapo, 43 km E Puerto Montt, S41º30.818’, W72º25.249’, elev. 260 m, January 18, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest on steep slope’, 12 females, CAS (CASENT9053812, 9053857), Fruitillar, Bajo Univ. Chile Forest Res., elev. 100 m, December 22, 1984 - February 2, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ravine mixed forest, FIT’, 14 males, AMNH (CASENT9044669, 9044682), road to Volcán Osorno at km 10 marker, December 12, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one female, CAS (CASENT9020917), Volcán Osorno, 42.5 km ENE Puerto Varas, S41º10.083’, W72º30.897’, elev. 349 m, January 17, 2013, E. Morrill, ‘native forest, general collecting’, six females, CAS (CASENT9053250, 9053857, 9055684), Volcán Osorno, 42.5 km ENE Puerto Varas, S41º10.083’, W72º30.897’, elev. 349 m, January 19, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘native forest, general collecting at night’, nine females, CAS (CASENT9055582), Calbuco, December 27, 1962, McMillin and Archer, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044697); Llanquihue, one female, FMNH, (FMNH987). XIV Región de los Ríos: Valdivia Province, Panguipulli, 18–20 km NE Neltume, road to Villarrica, November 25, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one male, six females, CAS (CASENT9021297, 9021323; imaged by Fernando Alvarez Padilla and Christopher Vo); Panguipulli, E side of Volcán Coshuenco from Neltume, November 23, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT9021324, imaged by Fernando Alvarez Padilla, Christopher Vo and Charles Griswold); Salto Huilo near Neltume, November 26, 1988, V. and B. Roth, ‘dense Nothofagus forest’, one female, CAS (CASENT9020915); Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 15 m, January 23, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting at night in native forest’, five females, CAS (CASENT9055709). Notes: Males of this species were not collected with females on the 2013 trip, likely due to a lack of night collecting at the targeted localities. Females have been collected with males though other species occur in sympatry. However, DNA analysis supports this male-female association (‘ correcaminos ’ in Fig. 73).

PORTERIA SIMON, 1904 Porteria Simon, 1904: 109 (type species Porteria albopunctata Simon, 1904, by monotypy). Diagnosis: Porteria species resemble their relative porteriines Nanocambridgea, Cambridgea and Corasoides in the remarkable narrowing of the ALS piriform gland spigot field (Fig. 5), the cymbium highly elongated beyond the bulb and the lack of a median apophysis, but it differs from all of these by the presence of a thin tibial apophysis (LRTA) arising near the base of the RTA on the male palpal tibia (Fig. 68), and a line of five to six stout setae just posterior to the ALS spinning field of both sexes (Fig. 5B). Among the Chilean fauna, Porteria species are the only marronoids with the narrow tip of the cymbium extending 1.5 to 5 times the length of the copulatory bulb. The epigyne has a minute to large anterior median scape (Figs 30C, 53A), and the spermatheca is bilobed, here referred to as base 1 and base 2 of the spermatheca. All species except P. eddardstarki have distinctive dorsal abdominal markings consisting of white to yellow anterolateral lines and median spots (Fig. 13). Porteria are like Corasoides but differ from Nanocambridgea and Cambridgea by walking on the upper surface of the sheet web instead of hanging from it. Description: Small to medium sized spiders with total length 3.9–9.1. Characteristic markings as follows (Figs 13, 14): carapace pale yellow to orange-brown with darkened lateral margins with three distinct, sometimes diffuse grey lines radiating outward from thoracic furrow; grey lines outline cephalic region along cervical groove. Black pigment surrounding each eye, connecting the lateral eyes and AMEs. Sternum with dark grey margins enclosing a pale yellow median region. Paler region varies in size and shape from large oval to small sliver: this contrast is faded in older specimens. Endites, labium and chelicerae orange-brown in colour; endites and labium lighter in colour toward tips. Coxae pale yellow with grey distal margins. Legs with alternating yellow and grey rings that vary from distinct to subtle, more obvious in fresh specimens. Dorsum of abdomen dark grey with white to golden yellow, longitudinal anterolateral lines converging anteriorly; lines half the length of abdomen, becoming indistinct spots posteriorly. Fainter paired median spots sometimes present. Porteria eddardstarki with anterolateral lines reduced and dark grey dorsum mottled with golden yellow (see species descriptions). Venter yellow to grey, with median grey rectangle and two dark grey semi-circles anterior to spinnerets. Epigyne outlined with grey trapezoid with two yellow spots; trapezoid also present in males between book lungs. Spinnerets orange-brown to grey. Carapace length 1.20–1.51 times carapace width, height 0.23–0.61 times width. Thoracic fovea 0.07–0.31 times carapace length, slit like and moderately deep. Posterior eye row (PER) straight when viewed from above; anterior eye row (AER) slightly procurved from anterior view (Fig. 15B). Anterior lateral eyes (ALE) diameter 1.29– 2.00 times anterior median eyes (AME). Clypeus height 1.67–2.83 times diameter of AME. Posterior median eyes (PME) about equal to posterior lateral eyes (PLE) diameter. Secondary eyes with canoeshaped tapetum (Fig. 15B). Sternum length 0.94–1.46 times width; labium as long as wide. Chelicera length 5.20–16.5 times clypeus height. Chelicera vertical in most species, porrect in P. eddardstarki males (Fig. 31). Cheliceral fang margin with escort setae, rake setae and whisker setae (see Ramírez, 2014). Retromargin of chelicera with two teeth separated far apart; promargin typically with five teeth and one to three small denticles (Fig. 16C); see variations in species descriptions. Fangs constricted or not; constriction highly exaggerated in P. albopunctata males (Fig. 23D). Male femur I 1.23–1.63 times carapace length; female femur I 1.03–1.34 times carapace le ngth. L eg formulaty pically 4123, sometimes 1423; leg I and IV about equal in total length. General spination as follows (based on P. eddardstarki, Figs 18–21; see spine map Fig. 22): Male: palp: femur d1-1-2, patella d1-1, tarsus r0-0-1, v0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-0-1, v1(r)-2-2; leg III: femur d1-3-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus d1(r)-2-2, p1-0-0, v2-2-3; leg IV: femur d1-1-1(r)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 1-1, p1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(r)-1-1, p1-1-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Female: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia 1(p)-1(r)-0-1(r), tarsus d2-1(p)-1(p)-0, p1-0-1-1, r0-1-0-0, v1-1-2; leg I: femur d1-2-1-1(r)-1(p)-2, p0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), p0-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d2-1-1(p)-2-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-1(p)-1-1(r)-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-0, p0-1-2, r0-1- 1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-2-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-2-2-0, p0-0-2, r0-0-1, v0-2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Spination can vary slightly between and within species, even between left and right legs of the same individual. Tibia I with one to three pairs of ventral spines; spination listed in species descriptions when possible. Single row of trichobothria on tarsus and metatarsus, increasing in length distally; few scattered trichobothria on tibia, present on the male and female palps; trichobothrial base as in Figure 17E, simple, hood smooth. Tarsi three clawed, with many teeth on the superior claws and two teeth on the smaller, inferior claw (Fig. 17A, C), female palp with single claw with several teeth (Fig. 17D). Tarsal organ flat, aperture tear shaped, located on dorsal surface, less than 0.2 mm from claw (Fig. 17F). Trochanters shallowly notched; notch more obvious on leg IV (Fig. 15C). Spinnerets as follows (Figs 5–7): anterior spinnerets broad, much wider than long; bases almost touching. Apical segment small relative to basal segment. Posterior spinnerets much narrower, with medians small and short and laterals more elongate. Apical segments smaller, 1/4 to 1/5 the length of basal segment. Anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) with spinning field of males and females with distinctive ‘tail’ formed by the narrowed piriform gland spigot field curving inward and posteriorly towards base from circular main field (Fig. 5B). A line of five to six stout setae just posterior to spinning field. Female spinnerets as follows: ALS piriform gland spigots (PI) larger in the main field and decreasing in size towards the piriform field tail’s apex; numerous piriform tartipores (Tp). Two major ampullate gland spigots (MAP) and major ampullate tartipore clustered, sunken down and mesad to the main piriform gland spigot field (Fig. 5C). PMS with aciniform gland spigots (AC) and two cylindrical gland spigots (CY) nested within the aciniforms, one on anterior margin, another on posterior margin. Posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) with aciniform gland spigots, with more elongate shafts than those on the posterior median spinnerets and a single anterior cylindrical gland spigot. Spinnerets of males as follows: ALS with spinning field similarly shaped to that of females, with piriform gland spigots, numerous piriform tartipores, and a single MAP gland spigot with adjacent MAP nubbin (Nu) and tartipore. PMS with aciniform gland spigots. PLS with aciniform gland spigots. Colulus (Cl) of both sexes linguiform with setae on anterior half (Fig. 5F). Tracheal system (Fig. 16D): spiracle just anteriad of colulus, less than colulus’ length away; lateral tracheae unbranched, medians branched, all tracheae limited to opisthosoma. Male palp with cymbium greatly elongated distal to bulb (Figs 25E, 28E, 32E, 38E, 45E, 50E, 55D, 58D, 61E, 66D, 71E); cymbium 2.21–5.94 times length of bulb. Prominent bulb structures include tegulum with median concavity present or absent, fleshy conductor, and a slender embolus of varying lengths; embolus base varies in shape and is diagnostic in species identification. Tibia of male palp with three to four apophyses: stout, acuminate RTA; needle-like LRTA positioned mesad to RTA; dark, flattened ventral apophysis (VTA); dorsal tibial apophysis (DTA) present or absent, shape diagnostic for some species. Knob-like paracymbium (PC) on retroapical side of alveolus present or absent. Palpal bulb (Fig. 68B, D) without median apophysis; embolus (E) with slender tip converging onto large, fleshy conductor (C). Epigyne and vulva highly variable; heavily sclerotized or fleshy, with little to no sclerotization; median scape (Sc) present in all species but varies in form and size. Epigyne usually partially obscured by a covering of long setae. Vulva with short to long copulatory ducts (CD), spermathecal head (HS) differentiated or not from rest of spermathecae; pores present on head and spermathecal stalk (SS); stalk leads to base 1 and base 2 of the spermatheca. Base 1 of spermatheca can be distinguished from base 2 by the presence of the Bennett’s gland (BG) and the attachment of the fertilization duct (FD). Females of the bunnyana species group with a central atrium, with ventral wall flexible, wrinkled (Fig. 64D, F), and a pair of invaginations on the posterior margin of the epigyne (Fig. 64A, B; uncertain where they lead). Biology: The biology that follows is mostly known from observations made in the field during a January 2013 excursion by the authors Charles Griswold, Elizabeth Morrill and colleagues Hannah Wood, David Faber and Luke Macaulay, complemented with data from several excursions by Martín Ramírez. Porteria are sheet web builders that construct webs in low lying vegetation, fallen logs and leaf litter (Fig. 2). They are abundant with many individuals residing in a small area. The spiders walk or run on top of the sheet. The web itself is made of a strong, finely woven sheet; above this is a loosely woven system of knock-down threads that probably help prevent prey from escaping, and a mess of supporting lines to secure the sheet to the substrate. At one edge of the sheet lies the funnelled retreat that leads into leaf litter, hollow logs or other crevices. Porteria were often found near austrochilids and seem to prefer a similar habitat, though austrochilid webs are generally much higher off the ground than those of Porteria. The web of Porteria can be distinguished from often sympatric linyphiid spiders by the sheen and glittering appearance of the silk in the sunlight; linyphiid webs often appear softer and duller; Porteria ’s sheet is stronger to the touch than those of linyphiids. Porteria sheets are not found on artificial or man-made substrates. The spiders often hide in the funnel retreats during the day or when their web has been disturbed. At night, the spiders stand just outside of the funnel and are much more active pursuing prey. Many spiders were successfully collected by mimicking small prey vibrations on the sheet (either by aspirating small insects or using small twigs) to draw the spider out of the retreat and then a spoon was used to cut off access back into the retreat; the spiders were fast, and if they were able to retreat into the funnel, they were often lost in the great expanse of leaf litter and other debris. It is expected that once males reach maturity, they discontinue web building and search for females. Adult males were often found in penultimate and adult female webs at night. When males did make small movements towards the female, she would often move underneath the web nearby and hang upside down. We know nothing of the eggs or maternal care of Porteria. Composition: Twelve species, including the type species P. albopunctata Simon 1904, and 11 species newly described here: P. ajimayo, P. alopobre, P. ariasbohartae, P. bunnyana, P. contulmo, P. correcaminos, P. eddardstarki, P. faberi, P. fiura, P. misbianka and P. torobayo. Distribution: Chile, ranging from IV Región de Coquimbo at the northern end of their range to Punta Arenas in Magallanes Province at the southern end of their range (Fig. 76 A-F). Phylogenetics: Like the other porteriines Nanocambridgea, Cambridgea and Corasoides, Porteria have the remarkable narrowing of the ALS piriform gland spigot field (Fig. 5), the cymbium highly elongated beyond the bulb and lack a median apophysis, but Porteria differ from all of these by the synapomorphies of the presence of a thin tibial apophysis (LRTA) arising near the base of the RTA on the male palpal tibia (Fig. 68) and a line of five to six stout setae just posterior to the ALS spinning field of both sexes (Fig. 5B)., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 377-395, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404, {"references":["Simon E. 1904. Etude sur les arachnides du Chili recueillis en 1900, 1901 et 1902, par MM. C. Porter, Dr Delfin, Barcey Wilson et Edwards. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 48: 83 - 114.","Ramirez MJ. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorpohae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1 - 374.","Humphrey M. 2017. A revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Corasoides Butler (Araneae: Desidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 69: 15 - 64.","Gray MR. 1981. A revision of the spider genus Baiami Lehtinen (Araneae, Amaurobioidea). Records of the Australian Museum 33: 779 - 802."]}

Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J., Griswold, Charles (2023): A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2): 368-461, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093

PORTERIA ALBOPUNCTATA SIMON, 1904 FIGS 23–26 Porteria albopunctata Simon, 1904: 109, figs 7, 8. Lehtinen, 1967: 440, figs 119, 120. Roth, 1967: 324, pl. 52, figs 6–10. Types: Lectotype male and paralectotype female designated by Roth (1967), both from Punta Arenas, Chile, in MNHN 22323, jar 1933, examined (CASENT9055543). Diagnosis: The males of this species can be distinguished from others in this species grade by the slender, hook-shaped RTA (Fig. 26C) and the long spiniform DTA curving retrolaterally (Figs 25E, 26D). Embolus base less bulbous than in P. fiura (Fig. 29A, B), embolus tip less hooked (Fig. 26A, B). Embolus tip significantly shorter than in P. eddardstarki (Fig. 33A). Fangs constricted at midpoint (Fig. 23D). The dark sclerotized middle of, Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on page 396, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404, {"references":["Simon E. 1904. Etude sur les arachnides du Chili recueillis en 1900, 1901 et 1902, par MM. C. Porter, Dr Delfin, Barcey Wilson et Edwards. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 48: 83 - 114.","Lehtinen PT. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4: 199 - 468.","Roth VD. 1967. A review of the South American spiders of the family Agelenidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 134: 297 - 346."]}

Bunyoronius Bonaldo, Ramírez & Haddad gen. nov. Type species: Bunyoronius femoralis sp. nov. Etymology. The generic name, masculine, is a contraction of the words Bunyoro and Carteronius, honoring the Bunyoro people, a pre-colonial Kingdom on the territory of modern Uganda, including the Budongo Forest, type locality of the type species. Diagnosis. Members of the genus Bunyoronius gen. nov. share with those of Carteronius the trilobulated RTA, with an apical spur inserted in the base of the ventral lobe, sperm duct with a single ventral fold, and the basally widened, curved embolus surrounding tegular margins. They can be readily recognized by large apical retrolateral femoral apophysis, ventral fold of sperm duct oriented retro-dorsally; median apophysis absent, pit vestigial; embolus inserted basally, with wide bifid tip (Figs 22A–C, 23A–C, F–I). Females can be recognized by the epigynal plate divided by two lateral, longitudinal ridges, forming a median atrium, and by the copulatory openings oriented anteriorly (Fig. 22D, E). Description. Medium-sized spiders, 6.03 7.70 mm in length. Carapace reddish-brown, surface finely granulate, with few long hairs; very broad, sub-oval, as long as wide, cephalic region weakly demarcated posteriorly, swollen antero-laterally, higher than thoracic region; thoracic region abruptly depressed, posteriorly rounded, thoracic fovea present (Fig. 20B). Clypeus low, height nearly one AME diameter. AER straight in frontal view, ALE oblique, eyes equidistant; PER slightly procurved in dorsal view, slightly wider than AER, eyes equidistant; AME largest, approximately two times ALE diameter, remaining eyes sub-equal in width, medians and PLE circular; ALE suboval. Chilum present, entire, with large median tubercle in both males and females. Chelicerae nearly as long as half the length of carapace, frontal surface granulate, slightly geniculated in both sexes, unmodified in males; basal boss evident, promargin with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth (Fig. 21A). Endites convergent, promargin slightly protruded anteriorly, retromargin slightly excavated; labium sub-squared, as long as wide, slightly longer than half endite length, proximal lateral constrictions shallow. Sternum shield-shaped, slightly longer than wide; surface covered by small hair-bearing tubercles, precoxal and intercoxal sclerites present, margins well defined, especially antero-laterally. Retrocoxal hymen present (Fig. 21B, C). Leg formula: I.II.V.III. Legs long, I–II sturdier; femur I (Fig. 21D) with one dorsal spine, tibia I (Fig. 21F) with seven pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines. Tarsus I with dorsal cluster of trichobothria; tarsal organ sub-apical (Fig. 21E). Abdomen oval, dorsal and ventral scuta absent. Spinnerets not surveyed with SEM; female (under light microscopy): PMS with three cylindrical gland spigots; PLS with two cylindrical gland spigots., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 367-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Carteronius gentilis (Simon, 1909) comb. nov. Figs 18, 19; Map 1 Procopius gentilis Simon, 1909: 382 (♂ holotype from “ Fernando Poo: Basilé”, leg. L. Fea, MNHN 22.254 —examined). Note. The male holotype, from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, is here tentatively associated with a female from continental Africa (Cameroon). Bioko is a continental-shelf island that supports relatively low levels of endemism of angiosperms, bats, birds, reptiles, and amphibians when compared to oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea (Príncipe, São Tomé and Annobón) (Jones 2004). This island was separated from mainland Africa by the rise in sea level at the end of the last glacial period, approximately 10 000 years ago (Schabetsberger et al. 2004; PérezPérez & Yu 2021). Both the Bioko and Cameroon specimens share a strikingly similar dorsal abdominal pattern (Fig. 18A, F), as well as similarities in leg spination. Nevertheless, this association must be tested when additional samples come to light. From a strictly nomenclatural point of view, proposing this doubtful association is preferable to making available a possibly unnecessary specific name. Diagnosis. Males of C. gentilis comb. nov. differ from all other Carteronius species in having a bifid dorsal lobe on the RTA (Fig. 19A, B). Females resemble those of C. myene sp. nov. by the slightly curved transverse ridge (Figs 14A, 19C), but differ by the relatively small posterior sector and the extremely narrow copulatory duct in relation to the spermathecae (Fig. 19C, D). Description. Male (holotype). Measurements: Total length 8.03, CL 3.82, CW 3.57, AL 3.95, AW 2.80, SL 1.93, SW 1.81. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.32, ALE 0.21, PLE 0.24, PME 0.26, AME-AME 0.21, AME-ALE 0.24, ALE-ALE 1.66, PME-PME 0.85, PME-PLE 0.52, PLE-PLE 2.07. Length of leg segments: I 4.13+ 1.74+4.05+3.10+1.22=14.24; II 4.02+1.70+3.95+3.20+1.26=14.13; III 2.61+1.26+2.18+2.15+1.00=9.20; IV 3.36+ 1.29+2.82+3.12+1.10=11.69. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-1 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-2, IV do 0-1-2; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 1 p -1 r -2-2-2-2, III ve 0-2-2-0, IV ve 0-0-0-1 r; metatarsi: I ve 0-2-2-0, II ve 0-2-2-0, III pl 0-1-1 rl 0-1-1 ve 2-2-1, IV pl 0-1-1 rl 0-1-1 ve 2-2-0. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs dark yellow, with femora I and II reddish-brown. Abdomen dorsally with yellowish area anteriorly and five transversal follicular bands in posterior half (Fig. 18A). Palp: RTA with apical spur approximately same size as ventral lobe, medial lobe short and pointed; ventral lobe sub-squared and excavated; sperm duct with long loop, retrolateral apical tegular process present, blunt; embolus long and thin, without projections (Figs 19A, B). Female (MRAC 162.128). Measurements: Total length 7.92, CL 3.26, CW 2.78, AL 4.62, AW 3.26, SL 1.57, SW 1.60. Eyes diameters and interdistances: AME 0.22, ALE 0.18, PLE 0.19, PME 0.19, AME-AME 0.63, AME-ALE 0.20, ALE-ALE 1.35, PME-PME 0.32, PME-PLE 0.38, PLE-PLE 1.60. Length of leg segments I 3.13+1.33+3.01+2.30+1.10=10.87; II 3.05+1.30+2.90+2.29+1.09=10.63; III 2.23+1.00+1.89+1.73+0.87=7.72; IV 2.74+1.06+2.30+2.40+0.93=9.43. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two teeth, inner tooth larger. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-2, IV do 0-1-2; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2, III ve 1 p -1 r -2, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p- 1 p -0-0; metatarsi: I ve 0-2- 2-0, II ve 0-2-2-0, III pl 1-0-0-1 rl 0-0-1 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p- 1 p -1 r -1 r. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae dark reddish brown. Endites, labium and sternum orange red. Legs whitish with femora I and II reddish. Abdomen as in male (Fig. 18F). Epigynum: CDv long, straight, narrow; ST2 tappering, anteriorly located, gland ducts conspicuous, smaller than ST1; CDd large, S-shaped (Fig. 19D). Other material examined: CAMEROON: Mount Cameroun, near Buea, 04°12’N, 09°11’E, 1400 m.a.s.l., II-III.1981, Bosmans & Van Stalle leg. (montane forest with arable fields, V.H.F), 1♀ (MRAC 162.128). Distribution. Recorded from the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) and Cameroon (Map 1)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 364-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035, {"references":["Simon, E. (1909) Arachnides recueillis par L. Fea sur la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 2 e partie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 44, 335 - 449.","Jones, P. J. (2004) Biodiversity in the Gulf of Guinea: an overview. Biodiversity & Conservation, 3, 772 - 784. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00129657","Schabetsberger, R., Drozdowski, G., Drozdowski, I., Jersabek, C. D. & Rott, E. (2004) Limmnological aspects of two tropical crater lakes (Lago Biao and Lago Loreto) on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). Hydrobiologia, 524, 79 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: HYDR. 0000036121.07007. e 8"]}

Carteronius myene Bonaldo & Labarque sp. nov. Figs 13A, B; 14A, B; Map 1 Type. ♀ holotype from Parc National de Moukalaba-Doudou, Département de Ndougou, Province de Ogooué Maritime (02°35’S, 10°14’E), GABON, III–IV.2003, O.S.G. Olivier & M. Burger leg. (forêt marecaguese) (MRAC 220.827). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition referring to the Myene people, which settled fishing communities along the coast of Gabon. Diagnosis. Females of Carteronius myene sp. nov. resemble those of C. gentilis comb. nov. by the slightly curved epigynal transversal ridge (Figs 14A, 19C), but can be recognized by the posterior sector relatively larger; spermathecae barely visible by transparency in anterior sector (Fig. 14A). Description. Male. unknown. Female. (MRAC 220.827). Measurements: Total length 11.29, CL 5.29, CW 4.85, AL 6.33, AW 4.59, SL 2.64, SW 2.30. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.42, ALE 0.34, PLE 0.29, PME 0.32, AME-AME 0.32, AME-ALE 0.37, ALE-ALE 2.32, PME-PME 0.39, PME-PLE 0.62, PLE-PLE 2.71. Length of leg segments: I 4.68+2.28+4.48+3.46+1.34=16.24; II 4.96+2.29+4.27+3.58+1.41=16.58; III 3.59+1.71+2.83+2. 81+1.00=11.29; IV 4.03+1.69+3.43+3.44+1.15=13.74. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, proximal tooth largest; Leg spination: femora: II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0 ve 0-1-0, IV do 1-0-0; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2, III ve 2-2, IV ve 1-0-1; metatarsi: I ve 2-2-2-2, II ve 1 p -1 p -0-1 r -2, III pl 0-0-0-1 rl 0-0-0-1 ve 2-2-1, IV pl 2-0-1-0 ve 0-1-0 -0. Coloration: Carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum dark reddish-brown. Legs reddish-brown, with femora I and II darker. Abdomen dark gray, with several small white spots, two pairs of small white spots in middle dorsally, and three faint chevrons posteriorly. Venter gray, with irregular white spots forming two transversal lines (Fig. 13A). Epigynum: CDv long, gently arched, ST2 tapering, anteriorly located, gland ducts present, approximately same size as ST1; CDd folded ventrally (Fig. 14B). Other material examined. None. Distribution. Only known from Gabon (Map 1).

Carteronius simoni Bonaldo & Shimano sp. nov. Fig. 17; Map. 1 Holotype. ♀ from GABON: leg. Mocquery (No further data) (MNHN-17.436). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honoring French arachnologist Eugène Simon, who described Carteronius. Diagnosis. Females of C. simoni sp. nov. are similar to those of C. lumumba sp. nov. by the inconspicuous lateral plates of the posterior epigynal sector (Figs 16D, 17C) but can be recognized by the wider, divergent copulatory ducts (Fig. 17C). Description. Male. unknown. Female. (MNHN-17.436) Measurements: Total length 9.15, CL 4.14, CW 3.55, AL 4.99, AW 4.03, SL 1.68, SW 1.82. Eye diameters and interdistances:AME 0.35, ALE 0.24, PLE 0.25, PME 0.30, AME-AME 0.30, AME-ALE 0.40, ALE-ALE 2.15, PME-PME 0.56, PME-PLE 0.61, PLE-PLE 2.60. Length of leg segments: I 2.80+1.47+2.58+2.10+1.09=10.04; II 2.95+1.40+2.48+2.12+0.96=9.91; III 2.35+1.09+1.77+1.76+0.78 =7.75; IV 2.80+1.14+2.43+2.27+0.87=9.51. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two subequal teeth. Leg spination: tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2, IV ve 0-0-1 p; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III ve 2-1 p -2, IV pl 0-0-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p -1 r - 1 p. Coloration: carapace, chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum reddish. All leg segments yellowish-red. Abdomen pale gray dorsally, with indistinct white spots (Fig. 17A). Epigynum: CDv long, straight, ST2 a small globe, anteriorly located, gland ducts inconspicuous, smaller than ST1; CDd large, S-shaped (Fig. 17D). Other material examined. None. Distribution. Only known from Gabon (Map 1)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Carteronius arboreus Bonaldo & Haddad sp. nov. Figs 7, 8; Map 1 Types. ♂ holotype from Bas Congo, Mayombe, Luki Forest Reserve (05°37’S, 13°05’E), 28.IX.2007, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, D. de Bakker & J. P. Michiels leg. (sieving along trail in primary rainforest) (MRAC 223.475). ♀ paratype, same locality and collectors, 10.XI.2006 (Fog 3, primary rainforest) (MRAC 220.925). Etymology. The specific name is a Latin adjective meaning arboreal, in reference to the fact that most of the known specimens were collected by canopy fogging. Diagnosis. Males of Carteronius arboreus sp. nov. are similar to those of C. ashanti sp. nov. by the presence of a sub-apical embolar process (Figs 8A, 10A), but differ by the dorsal lobe of the RTA, which is broad and retrolaterally oriented, and the rounded medial lobe, which is small in relation to the dorsal lobe, and share the same base (Fig. 8B). In C. ashanti sp. nov., the dorsal lobe is spoon-shaped and the medial lobe longer and fang-shaped, with its own base. Females resemble those of C. sudanus comb. nov. in the strongly recurved epigynal transversal ridge (Figs 4C, 8C), but differ by the lateral plates of the epigynal posterior sector being strongly sclerotized (Fig. 8C). Description. Male. (MRAC 223475). Measurements: Total length 6.03, CL 3.16, CW 2.71, AL 2.95, AW 2.24, SL 1.39, SW 1.49. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.28, ALE 0.17, PLE 0.18, PME 0.16, AME-AME 0.65, AME-ALE 0.16, ALE-ALE 1.34, PME-PME 0.33, PME-PLE 0.37, PLE-PLE 1.57. Length of leg segments: I 3.08+1.17+2.67+2.29+1.22=10.43; II 3.10+1.24+3.10+2.24+1.27=10.95; III 2.07+0.93+1.61+1.65+0.96=7.22; IV 2.55+0.94+2.11+2.25+1.05=8.90. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0, IV do 0-1-0; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2, II ve 1 p -1 r -1 p -2-2-2, III ve 1 r -1 p -2, IV rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p -0-1 p; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 r -1 p -1 r -0. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs I and II: coxae and trochanters reddish-brown; femora reddish-brown, yellowish distally; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi yellowish. Legs III and IV yellowish. Abdomen dark gray dorsally, with two well defined white bands; white ventrally (Fig. 7A). Palp: RTA with apical spur short, curved and pointed, dorsal lobe with apical edges bent ventrally, ventral lobe rounded and excavated. Tegulum with short retrolateral apical tegular process, spermatic duct with long loop (Fig. 8A, B). Female. (MRAC 220925). Measurements: Total length 10.58, CL 4.10, CW 3.86, AL 6.37, AW 4.91, SL 1.97, SW 1.93. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.31, ALE 0.21, PLE 0.21, PME 0.18, AME-AME 0.25, AME-ALE 0.29, ALE-ALE 1.75, PME-PME 0.45, PME-PLE 0.49, PLE-PLE 2.13. Length of leg segments: I 3.87+1.81+3.70+2.88+1.28=13.54; II 3.70+1.73+3.66+2.99+1.31=13.39; III 2.75+1.32+2.17+2.08+0.91=9.23; IV 3.25+1.31+2.76+2.84+0.98=11.14. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0-1 p, IV do 0-1-0-1 p; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-1 r -1 p -1 r -1 p -1 r, III ve 1 p -1 r -2, IV rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1p-0-1 p; metatarsi: I ve 2-0-2-0, II ve 2-2-2, III pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-0-0-1 ve 2-2-1, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 1-0-1 ve 1 p -1 r -1 p - 0-0. Coloration: Carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs reddish-brown, with femora I and II darker. Abdomen gray, dorsum with scattered small white spots, denser in middle, forming irregular white longitudinal band; posteriorly with large triangular white spot. Ventrally gray with two irregular lateroventral white bands (Fig. 7C). Epigynum: CDv slight folded posteriorly, ST2 globose, anteriorly located, larger than ST1, CDd almost straight (Fig. 8D). Other material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Bas Congo, Mayombe, Luki Forest Reserve (05°37’S, 13°05’E), 18.IX.2007, D. de Bakker & J.P. Michiels leg. (Fog 5, old secondary forest), 1♀ (MRAC); same data but 22.IX.2007, 1♀ (MRAC); same data but 30.IX.2007, 1♂ (MRAC). Distribution. Only known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Map 1).

Eb.Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om.Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Haddad, Charles R. (2022): Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group. Zootaxa 5205 (4): 343-373, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3

Carteronius sudanus (Karsch, 1880) comb. nov. Figs 2 – 6; Map 1 Mandane sudana Karsch, 1880: 377 (♂ holotype from Adafoah, Volta River Basin, Ghana, Ungar leg., ZMB 2143, examined). Carteronius helluo Simon, 1896: 400 (♂ holotype from Freetown, Sierra Leone, MNHN 10611, accidentally switched with the male holotype of Carteronius scriptus Simon, 1896, from Diego Soares, Madagascar, MNHN 14.625). syn. nov. Mandaneta sudana; Strand 1932: 140; Haddad & Bosselaers 2010: 7, figs 16–19; Ramírez 2014: 365, figs 20A, 69D. Medmassa laurenti Lessert, 1946: 211, fig. 10 (♂ lectotype and ♀ paralectotype from Eala, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, leg. H. J. Bredo, MRAC 12419-12420, one palp of the ♂ lectotype in Museum of Natural History, Geneva, not re-examined). Synonymized with Mandaneta sudana by Haddad & Bosselaers 2010: 7. Diagnosis. Males of C. sudanus comb. nov. resemble those of C. lumumba sp. nov. by the absence of a retrolateral apical tegular process and by the bifid embolus tip (Figs 4A, 16B), but differ by the chelicerae with a frontal anterior excavation (Fig. 2A), the wider proximal half of embolus, and by the short distal loop of the spermatic duct, which is restricted to the middle of the bulb (Fig. 4A). Females resemble those of C. arboreus sp. nov. by the strongly recurved epigynal transversal ridge (Figs 4C, 8C), but differ by the lateral plates of the posterior sector not being sclerotized (Fig. 4C). Description. Male. (MRAC MT 207.386). Measurements: Total length 9.21, CL 4.52, CW 4.00, AL 4.69, AW 2.72, SL 2.20, SW 1.94. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.30, ALE 0.19, PLE 0.18, PME 0.23, AME-AME 0.32, AME-ALE 0.36, ALE-ALE 1.62, PME-PME 0.52, PME-PLE 0.62, PLE-PLE 2.18. Length of leg segments: I 4.36+1.86+4.44+3.52+1.62=15.80; II 4.52+2.04+4.56+3.60+1.58=16.30; III 3.16+1.36+2.84+2.36+1.18=10.90; IV 3.68+1.48+3.52+3.52+1.22=13.42. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; retromargin with two teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-0-1-0 pl 0-0-1, II do 0- 1-0, III - IV do 0-1-0-1; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2, III ve p 1- r 1-2, IV pl 1-0-1-1 rl 0-1-1; metatarsi: I-II ve 2-2, III pl 1-1-0 lv 0-1-0 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0 lv 0-1-0 ve 2-2. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae reddish-brown. Endites and labium reddish-brown, sternum yellowish. Legs I and II: coxae and trochanters reddish-brown; femora reddish-brown, yellowish distally; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi yellowish. Legs III and IV: coxae whitish, trochanters brownish; femora whitish prolaterally and retrolaterally, brownish ventrally and distally; patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brownish. Abdomen dark gray dorsally, with diamond-shaped spot in middle, followed by four white transversal lines; white ventrally (Fig 3A – C). Palp: RTA with apical spur short, pointed; dorsal lobe long, excavated, with folded edges and oriented upwards; medial lobe smaller than dorsal lobe, pointed and oriented upwards; ventral lobe sub-squared, not excavated. Sperm duct with short loop (Fig 4A, B). Female. (MRAC MT 204.306–MRAC MT 177.640). Measurements: Total length 9.65-10.18, CL 4.32-4.28, CW 3.80-4.00.0, AL 5.33-5.90, AW 3.68-4.52, SL 2.08-2.14, SW 1.76-1.96. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME-AME 0.28, AME-ALE 0.32, ALE-ALE 1.56, PME-PME 0.44, PME-PLE 0.36, PLE-PLE 2.02. Length of leg segments: I 3.88+1.86+4.00+3.04+1.4=14.18; II 3.92+1.86+4.04+3.16+1.44=14.42; III 3.00+1.42+2.52+2.24+ 1.20=10.38; IV 3.56+1.48+3.28+3.20+1.30=12.82. Chelicerae with three spaced teeth on promargin, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two teeth on retromargin, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-0-1, II do 0-1-0, III - IV do 0-1-0-1; tibiae: I-II ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, III ve 1 r -1 p -2, IV ve pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1; metatarsi: I pl 1-0-0 ve 2-2, II rl 1-0-0 ve 2-2, III pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 2-2, IV plv 4 rlv 3 pl 0-1-0 rl 0-1-0 ve 1 p -2-2. Coloration: carapace and chelicera dark red; endites, labium and sternum reddish. Legs I and II: coxae and trochanter reddish brown; femora dark red; tibia, metatarsus and tarsus reddish. Legs III and IV: coxae whitish, trochanter brownish; femur whitish prolaterally and retrolaterally, brownish ventrally and distally; tibia, metatarsus and tarsus brownish. Abdomen: pale gray with several spots dorsally, present two pair of white spots and four white transversal lines well defined dorsally (Fig. 3D – F). Epigynum: CDv long, slender, ST2 anteriorly positioned in relation to the ST1, similarly sized to ST1, with conspicuous gland ducts; CDd S-shaped (Figs 4D, 5C, D). Other material examined: CÔTE D’IVOIRE: Mankono, Ranch de la Marahoué, 08°27’N, 06°52’W, 12. III.1980, leg. J. Everts, riverine forest, 1♂ (MRAC 173.984); Bettié, forêt classeé de Mabi, 06°05’N, 03°30’W, dense forest, by hand, 26.XI.1993, R. Jocqué, leg. 1♀ (MRAC 177.640; SEM preparations MJR 574–576); same locality, Eco. Grappe 3, 24. III.1997, T. Steyn leg., 1♀ (MRAC 207.387); Appouesso, FC Bossematié, Forest, pitfall, station 1B, 12.II.1995, R. Jocqué and R. Tanoh leg., 1♀ (MRAC 204.306); same locality, station 5, found in leaf litter, 21. III.1997, T. Steyn leg., 1♂ (MRAC 207.386). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Eyolo Forest, ca. 2 km E of Lieki, 00°41.785’N, 24°14.512’E, 25–29. V.2010, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs leg. (Malaise traps, lowland evergreen swamp forest), 1♀ (IRSNB IG.34481). GUINEA: Mount Nimba, Gallery Forest of Zié, 07°40’N, 08°22’W, 1250 m.a.s.l., 3.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (fogging 1, canopy of trees, understory of shrub layer), 1♂ (MRAC 238.050); same locality, Station de pompage Zié, 07°40’N, 08°22’W, 1250 m.a.s.l., 11.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (sieving litter under “matete” [high grass], near route, open area), 2♂ (MRAC 237.965); same locality, Station de pompage Zié, 07°40’N, 08°22’W, 1250 m.a.s.l., 1.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (sieving litter under “matete” [high grass], near route, open area), 1♂ (MRAC 237.984); same locality, Gba Valley, 07°40’N, 08°23’W, 880 m. a.s.l., 9.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (beating, primary gallery forest, litter in trees and shrubs, at 1.5-3m above the floor, “chablis”), 2♂ (MRAC 238.090); same locality, Ziela, near Pierré-Richaud, 0742’N, 0821’W, 568 m. a.s.l., 20.II.2012, A. Henrard, C. Allard, P. Bimou & M. Sidibé leg. (sieving litter), 1♂ (MRAC 238.697). Distribution. Widespread across equatorial West and Central Africa (Map 1).

Carteronius teke Bonaldo & Bosselaers sp. nov. Figs 13C, D, 14C, D; Map 1 Type. ♀ holotype from Kivu, Rwankwi [01°19’S, 29°22’E], DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, VI.1946, J. Leroy leg. (MRAC 168.643). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition referring to the Teke people, one of the three kingdoms that ruled Congo before the arrival of Europeans. Diagnosis. Females of Carteronius teke sp. nov. differ from all other species of Carteronius by the presence of completely straight epigynal transversal ridge (Fig. 14C). Description. Male. Unknown. Female. (MRAC 168.643) Measurements:Total length 13.45, CL 4.90, CW 4.39, AL 7.99, AW 5.24, SL 2.44, SW 2.15. Eye diameters and interdistances:AME 0.38, ALE 0.25, PLE 0.28, PME 0.25, AME-AME 0.36, AME-ALE 0.40, ALE-ALE 2.30, PME-PME 0.57, PME-PLE 0.67, PLE-PLE 2.81. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 4.21+2.04+3.57+2.92+1.25=13.99; II 4.15+1.86+3.89+2.79 +1.19=13.88; III 2.83+1.43+2.52+2.20+1.04=10.02; IV 3.42+1.42+3.03+3.14+1.28=12.29. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: IV do 1-0-0; tibiae: I ve 1 p -2-2-2-2-2, II ve 0-0-2-2-2-2, III ve 0-0-1 p -0, IV ve 1 p -0-1 p -0; metatarsi: I ve 2-2-2-2, II ve 1 r -1 p -2-2, III ve 0-2-2-0, IV ve 0-2-2-0. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs I and II reddish-brown, III and IV dark yellow. Abdomen dorsally pale gray, ventrally white with darker band converging at spinnerets (Fig. 13C). Epigynum: CDv long, arched, ST2 tapering, medially located, gland ducts inconspicuous, much smaller than ST1; CDd folded ventrally (Fig. 14D). Other material examined. None. Distribution. Only known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Map 1)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 359-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Carteronius Simon Mandane Karsch, 1880: 337, pl. 12, fig. 4 (type species by monotypy, M. sudana). Preoccupied by Kinberg 1866, in Spionidae, Annelida: Polychaeta) Carteronius Simon, 1897: 85 (type species by original designation, C. helluo Simon, 1896). Mandaneta Strand, 1932: 140. Replacement name for Mandane Karsch. syn. nov. Notes on the identity of Carteronius. Simon (1896) described four species of Carteronius: C. helluo (the type species), C. vittiger, C. scriptus, and C. fuscus. The first three species were described from males only, and C. fuscus from a female. The type locality is Sierra Leone for C. helluo, Madagascar for C. vittiger and C. scriptus, and Mauritius for C. fuscus. Based on Simon’s original Latin descriptions, the male of C. helluo can be considered to differ significantly from the males of C. vittiger and C. scriptus: it has a strongly rugose cephalothorax, granulose chelicerae, anterior tibiae with six short ventral spine pairs, anterior metatarsi with four long ventral spine pairs, a male palpal tibia that is only slightly longer than the patella, a large, lamelliform, bifid retrolateral tibial apophysis and an oval, blunt cymbium. Carteronius vittiger and C. scriptus both have an almost smooth cephalothorax and smooth chelicerae, anterior tibiae with four long ventral spine pairs, anterior metatarsi with two long ventral spine pairs, a male palpal tibia that is longer than the patella, a small, sharp and simple retrolateral tibial apophysis, and a very elongate, curved cymbium that is much longer than the bulbus itself. Simon (1897) presented the genus description of Carteronius, transferred Cheiracanthium argenticomum Keyserling, 1877 to the new genus (pp. 79–80), and synonymized C. scriptus with C. argenticomus (p. 83). Upon consulting the MNHN collection (Paris) and studying the type specimens of Simon’s four species, it turned out that the vial of the type species C. helluo did not contain the specimen corresponding with Simon’s original description. Instead, this vial, labeled Clubionidae — Carteronius E.S. helluo E.S. 10.611 Sierra Leone: Free town, contained a smooth male specimen with four and two ventral spine pairs on the anterior tibiae and metatarsi, respectively, as well as a male palp with a long tibia and cymbium and a simple retrolateral tibial apophysis, as described in Simon (1896) for C. vittiger and C. scriptus (Figs 1A–E; both here transferred to Donuea, the latter under D. argenticoma). On the other hand, the C. scriptus vial, labeled Clubionidae — Carteronius E.S. scriptus E.S. 14.625 Diego Suares, contained a rugose male specimen with six and four ventral spine pairs on the anterior tibiae and metatarsi, as well a male palp with a short tibia, a blunt cymbium, and a bifid retrolateral tibial apophysis, as described in Simon (1896) for C. helluo (Figs 1F–J). It must be concluded that the type specimen of C. helluo has been accidentally switched with the type specimen of C. scriptus. After proper photographic documentation (Fig 1A–E), the specimens were re-switched to their original vials to avoid confusion in the future. The C. vittiger vial, labeled Clubionidae — Carteronius E.S. vittiger E.S. 10.188 Diego Suares, can still be assumed to contain the correct male type specimen, as it has a spider that corresponds in detail with Simon’s original (1896) description of this species. The C. vittiger type specimen is slightly smaller than the C. scriptus type, having a brown cephalothorax, with a darker eye region and two dark dentate bands, brown chelicerae, and a male palpal tibia that is longer than the patella. The abdomen of the C. vittiger type is completely bleached and can no longer be compared with Simon’s description of its markings. The C. scriptus type has lost its coloration over time, but it can be recognized by the more robust chelicerae and the more robust ventral spines on the anterior tibiae and a male palpal tibia that is only slightly longer than the patella. Diagnosis. Members of the genus Carteronius share with those of Bunyoronius gen. nov. the trilobulated RTA, with an apical spur inserted in the base of the ventral lobe, a sperm duct with a single ventral fold, and the basally widened, curved embolus surrounding the tegular margins. They can be readily recognized by the absence of modifications on the male palpal femur (with a large apical retrolateral apophysis in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); the ventral fold of sperm duct oriented prolaterally (retro-dorsally in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); a hook-shaped median apophysis inserted retro-apically in a deep, wide circular pit (vestigial in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); and embolus inserted retrolaterally with a narrow tip (basally inserted, with a wide tip in Bunyoronius gen. nov.) (Figs 4A, B, 8A, B, 10A, B). Females can be recognized by the epigynal plate divided by a single transversal ridge, delimiting posterior and anterior sectors (two lateral longitudinal ridges, delimiting a median atrium in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); epigynal posterior sector with two lateral plates; and copulatory openings oriented posteriorly (oriented anteriorly in Bunyoronius gen. nov.) (Figs 5A, B, 8C, D). Description. Medium to large-sized spiders, 6.03 – 13.45 mm in length. Carapace heavily sclerotized, surface granulate with scarce long setae; very broad, sub-oval, as long as wide, cephalic region well-demarcated posteriorly, swollen anterolaterally, higher than thoracic region; thoracic region abruptly depressed, posteriorly rounded, thoracic fovea present (Figs 2, 3A – E, 13B, D). Clypeus low, height less than AME diameter, generally nearly half AME diameter (Fig. 2). AER straight in frontal view, ALE oblique, eyes equidistant; PER procurved in dorsal view, only slightly wider than AER, eyes equidistant; AME largest, approximately two times ALE diameter, remaining eyes sub-equal in size. Eyes circular. Chilum present, entire, generally bilobed, with two geminated tubercles; with a large median tubercle only in females of C. lumumba sp. nov. and C. simoni sp. nov.. Chelicerae sclerotized, slightly longer than half the length of the carapace, frontal surface granulate, strongly geniculate in females, slightly geniculated in males, heavily modified in males of C. sudanus (frontally with anterior excavation and blunt median tubercle on prolateral surface, Fig. 2A) and C. lumumba sp. nov. (ventrally with retromarginal proximal tooth modified into a large keel and a proximal constriction on prolateral margin, Fig. 16A), basal boss evident, promargin usually with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth. Endites convergent, promargin anteriorly protruded, retromargin slightly excavated; labium sub-squared, nearly as long as wide, slightly longer than half an endite’s length, proximal lateral constrictions shallow. Sternum shield-shaped, slightly longer than wide; surface covered by small setae-bearing tubercles, precoxal and intercoxal sclerites present, margins well defined, especially anterolaterally. Leg formula: I.II.IV.III. Legs long, I–II more robust; femur I with one dorsal spine, tibiae I with five to seven pairs of ventral spines (Fig. 11C); metatarsus I with two or four pairs of ventral spines. Femora with short setae inserted on tubercles; scopulae sparse, present in all tarsi and distal third of metatarsi I–II, metatarsi III–IV with sparse cluster of long setae. Tarsal trichobothria with lowered distal plate below a transverse ridge (only C. sudanus and C. ashanti sp. nov. surveyed, Figs 6D, 11F). Abdomen oval, with distinctive chevron markings variable across species (Figs 3A, B; 7A, C, 15A, C, 17A, 18A, F); dorsal and ventral scuta absent. Spinnerets (only female of C. sudanus surveyed with SEM): ALS with two major ampullate gland spigots near the middle of the spinning field and several piriform glands spigots around; PMS with three cylindrical gland spigots, two minor ampullate glands spigots, and 2–3 aciniform gland spigots; PLS with two cylindrical gland spigots and several aciniform glands spigots (Fig. 6F–I). Male palp: retrolateral femoral apophysis absent, retrolateral tibial apophysis complex, with three lobes, ventral lobe with apical spur (Figs 4A, 8A); cymbium densely covered by setae, with a denser dorso-apical cluster of short chemosensory setae, forming a conspicuous patch (Fig. 12A); median apophysis hook-shaped; embolus basally widened, curved, surrounding tegular margins, with membranous tip (tip bifid in C. sudanus and C. lumumba sp. nov.), hyaline conductor present, lamelliform; retrolateral apical tegular process present in, C. arboreus sp. nov., C. ashanti sp. nov. and C. gentilis (Figs 8A, 10A, 19A). Epigynum characterized by the presence of a transverse ridge delimiting anterior and posterior sectors; posterior sector with a pair of rounded plates (inconspicuous in C. lumumba sp. nov.); two copulatory openings located posteriorly (Figs 4C, 14A, C, 16D, 19C); CD distinct between primary and secondary spermathecae; ventral sector of CD (distal to ST2 insertion) long, generally thick (narrow in C. gentilis). Secondary spermathecae generally placed anteriorly to the level of the anterior curve of the ventral sector of CD (posteriorly in C. myene sp. nov. and C. teke sp. nov.), commonly tapering (globose in C. arboreus sp. nov.); dorsal sector of CD (between ST1 and ST2, proximal to ST2 insertion) wide, generally S-shaped (nearly straight in C. arboreous sp. nov. and folded ventrally in C. myene sp. nov. and C. teke sp. nov.). ST1 appendiciform, posteriorly positioned, generally smaller than ST2. Fertilization ducts large in relation to ST1 size (Figs 4D, 5C, D, 8D, 14B, D, 16E). Distribution. West and Central Africa. Misplaced species. The three species presently included in Carteronius other than the type species belong to the genus Donuea (recently transferred to Corinnidae). They share with described representatives of the genus (the type species D. decorsei (Simon, 1903) and D. collustrata Bosselaers & Dierick, 2010 the large, highly modified median apophysis and the long, filiform embolus in the male palp (Fig. 1B–D), or the flat epigynal plate with a long, narrow atrium with anchoring lateral ridges that may be present in all representatives of that genus. - Carteronius argenticomus (Keyserling, 1877) = Donuea argenticoma (Keyserling, 1877) comb. nov. - Carteronius vittiger Simon, 1896 = Donuea vittiger (Simon, 1896) comb. nov. - Carteronius fuscus Simon, 1896 = Donuea fusca (Simon, 1896) comb. nov. Key to Carteronius species 1 Males (those of C. teke sp. nov., C. myene sp. nov. and C. simoni sp. nov. unknown)................................ 2 - Females (those of C. ashanti sp. nov. unknown)............................................................. 7 2(1) Chelicerae with anterior surface or teeth modified (Figs 2A, 16A); retrolateral apical tegular process absent (Figs 4A, 16B). 3 - Chelicerae unmodified, anterior surface and teeth unmodified; retrolateral apical tegular process present (Figs 8A, 10A)... 4 3(2) Chelicerae with frontal anterior excavation, teeth unmodified (Fig. 2A); proximal half of embolus relatively broad (Fig. 4A)................................................................................... C. sudanus comb. nov. - Chelicerae without frontal anterior excavation, retromarginal proximal tooth modified into a large keel (Fig. 16A); proximal half of embolus relatively narrow (Fig. 16B)................................................ C. lumumba sp. nov. 4(2) Apical third of embolus with a retrolaterally-directed process interlocking tegular edge (Figs 8A, 10A)................. 5 - Apical third of embolus without such a process (Fig. 19A).................................... C. gentilis comb. nov. 5(4) Median and dorsal lobes of RTA sharing the same base (Fig. 8B); embolar apices wide, sub-apical embolar process large (Fig. 8A)................................................................................. C. arboreus sp. nov. - Median and dorsal lobes of RTA completely separated at base (Fig. 10B); embolar apices not enlarged; sub-apical embolar process small (Fig. 10A).................................................................. C. ashanti sp. nov. 7(1) Transversal ridge of epigynum strongly recurved (Figs. 4C, 8C)................................................ 8 - Transversal ridge otherwise (Figs 14A, C, 16D)............................................................. 9 8(7) Lateral plates of posterior sector not sclerotized (Fig. 4C).................................... C. sudanus comb. nov. - Lateral plates of posterior sector sclerotized (Fig. 8C)......................................... C. arboreus sp. nov. 9(7) Lateral plates of posterior sector inconspicuous; central septum not rebordered laterally (Figs 16D, 17C)............... 10 - Lateral plates of posterior sector well defined, central septum of posterior sector rebordered laterally (Figs 14A, C)...... 11 10(9) Copulatory duct convergent in ventral view (Fig. 16D)........................................ C. lumumba sp. nov. - Copulatory duct divergent in ventral view (Fig. 17C)............................................ C. simoni sp. nov. 11(9) Epigynal transversal ridge gently recurved (Figs 14A, 19).................................................... 12 - Epigynal transversal ridge straight (Fig. 14C).................................................... C. teke sp. nov. 12(11) Posterior sector relatively small, nearly one quarter as long as the anterior sector; spermathecae visible by transparency in anterior sector (Fig. 19C).............................................................. C. gentilis comb. nov. - Posterior sector relatively large, nearly half as long as the anterior sector; spermathecae barely visible by transparency in anterior sector (Fig. 14A).................................................................. C. myene sp. nov., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 345-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1880) Arachnologische Blatter (Decas I). Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaft, 53, 373 - 409.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Continuatio. [various errantia & sedentaria]. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22 (4), 239 - 258.","Simon, E. (1897) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome Second. Deuxieme Edition. Roret, Paris, 192 pp.","Simon, E. (1896) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Clubionidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 40 (9), 400 - 422. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2026","Strand, E. (1932) Miscellanea nomenclatorica zoologica et palaeontologica, III, IV. Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica, 4, 133 - 147 + 193 - 196.","Keyserling, E. (1877) Einige Spinnen von Madagascar. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 27, 85 - 96.","Simon, E. (1903) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de Madagascar, faisant partie des collections du Museum. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 9, 133 - 140.","Bosselaers, J., Dierick, M., Cnudde, V., Masschaele, B., Hoorebeke, L. van & Jacobs, P. (2010) High-resolution X-ray computer tomography of an extant new Donuea (Araneae: Liocranidae) species in Madagascan copal. Zootaxa, 2427 (1), 25 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2427.1.3"]}

Bunyoronius femoralis Bonaldo, Ramírez & Haddad sp. nov. Figs 20–23; Map 1 Types. ♂ holotype from Budongo Forest, 01°45’N, 31°25’E, 1200 m.a.s.l., UGANDA, 15-25.I.1997, leg. T. Wagner (collected by fogging in Rinorea beniensis, swamp forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23935). Paratypes: same locality and collector as the holotype, all collected by fogging in Rinorea beniensis; 11-20.VII.1995 (secondary forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23936); 11-20.VII.1995 (secondary forest) 1♂, 1♀ (ZMFK Ar-23937); 19-30.vi.1995 (primary forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23938); 21-31.VII.1995 (swamp forest), 2♂ (ZMFK Ar-23939); 5-15.I.1997 (swamp forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23940); 15-25.I.1997 (secondary forest), 1♂, (ZMFK Ar-23941). Etymology. The specific name is a Latin adjective highlighting the large male palpal apical retrolateral femoral apophysis. Diagnosis. As for the genus. Description. Male (Holotype). Measurements: Total length 7.37, CL 3.63, CW 3.10, AL 3.73, AW 2.56, SL 1.64, SW 1.59. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.27, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.14, PME 0.18, AME-AME 0.22, AME-ALE 0.21, ALE-ALE 1.14, PME-PME 0.38, PME-PLE 0.42, PLE-PLE 1.56. Length of leg segments: I 2.79 +1.04+2.98+2.30+1.26=13.35; II 2.91+1.01+2.96+2.32+1.23=10.43; III 2.08+0.86+1.64+1.74+0.79=7.11; IV 2.36 +0.88+2.17+2.39+0.84=8.86. Chelicerae: promargin with three teeth; retromargin with two teeth, proximal twice as large as the distal. Leg spination: I do 0-0-1-0 pl 0-0-1-0, II do 0-0-1-0, III do 0-1-0-1, IV do 0-1-0-2; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, III pl 0-1-0-0 rl 0-0-1-0 ve 0-1-1-0, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 1-1-0-1 ve 1-0-0-1; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III do 0-2-0-0 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0-0 rl 1-0-1-0 ve 0-1-0-0. Coloration: Carapace, chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 20B). Legs yellowish, with femora I and II reddish-brown. Abdomen pale, with gray spots forming folicular shape in posterior region (Fig. 20A). Palp: Retrolateral apical femoral apophysis present, bifid; retrolateral tibial apophysis complex, with three lobes, ventral lobe with apical spurn; apical spur flat, smaller than ventral lobe, medial lobe very small, pointed; ventral lobe sub-rectangular, distally excavated; cymbium densely covered in setae, with dense dorso-apical cluster of short setae, forming conspicuous cymbial scopula (Fig. 23E); median apophysis absent, insertion area vestigial, represented by small unsclerotized window; sperm duct with two long loops, one retrolateral, directed proximally, and one ventral, directed distally; retrolateral apical tegular process absent. Conductor lamelliform, inserted retro-apically. Embolus wide, robust, not tapering distally, with apical sclerotized projection (Figs 22 A-C, 23). Female (ZMB Ar-23937). Measurements: Total length 6.92, CL 3.34, CW 3.02, AL 3.63, AW 2.62, SL 1.65, SW 1.57. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.24, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.13, PME 0.17, AME-AME 0.21, AME-ALE 0.21, ALE-ALE 1.10, PME-PME 0.39, PME-PLE 0.39, PLE-PLE 1.49. Length of leg segments: I 2.98+1.10+2.93+ 2.09+1.17=10.80; II 3.04+1.04+2.81+2.21+1.21=10.31; III 2.20+?+?+?+?=?; IV 2.52+0.82+2.20+2.35+0.95=8.84. Chelicerae: promargin with three teeth; retromargin with two teeth, proximal twice as large as distal. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0-1, IV do 0-1-0-1; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, III broken, IV ve 1-0-0 rl 0-1-0-0; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III broken, IV ve 1-1-1-0-0 do 0-2-0-2. Coloration: carapace, chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 20D). Legs yellowish, with femora I and II reddish-brown. Abdomen pale, with irregular gray spots (Fig. 20C). Epigynum with two lateral curved ridges, forming median atrium. Two copulatory openings located anteriorly; CDv short, obliquely inserted; ST2 globous, smaller than ST1, anteriorly positioned; CDd large and convoluted; ST1 reniform, FD long and robust (Fig. 22D, E). Other material examined. RWANDA: Ibanda Makera, Rusumo, 02°09’S, 30°55’E, 1350 m.a.s.l., X.1995, T. Wagner leg. (Fogging Teclea nobilis, gallery forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23942). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Prefecture Sangha-Mbaér, Parc National Dzanga-Ndoki, 37.9 km 169 S of Lidjombo, 02°22’14N, 16°10’21E, 360 m. a.s.l., 20–28. V.2001, B.L. Fisher leg. (rainforest, beating low vegetation), 2 imm. 1♀ (CAS, CASENT 9033197)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 368-371, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Arthropod systematics & phylogeny 80, 541 - 559 (2022). doi:10.3897/asp.80.e86008, Recluse or violin spiders in the genus Loxosceles (Scytodoidea: Sicariidae) are a diverse group (~140 extant species) including medically important species and distributed mainly in the Americas, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. In addition, this genus includes three fossil species from Miocene Dominican amber. Here we revise the taxonomy of these fossil species by examining, imaging and re-describing their type specimens. We find that L. defecta Wunderlich, 1988 and L. deformis Wunderlich, 1988 are bona fide members of the genus and report additional characters overlooked in their original descriptions. We further study the holotype of L. aculicaput Wunderlich, 2004 using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography to reveal previously unknown morphological details hidden by fissures in the amber. We found several characters inconsistent with Loxosceles but consistent with Drymusa (false violin spiders; Scytodoidea: Drymusidae), such as three claws, well-developed podotarsite, and a broad colulus. This suggests the species is misplaced in Loxosceles. To test this hypothesis, we estimated a total-evidence phylogeny of the superfamily Scytodoidea including extant and fossil taxa, morphological data, traditional molecular markers, and sequences of ultra-conserved elements. The results show unambiguously that L. aculicaput belongs to Drymusa and is a close relative of extant species of the genus inhabiting the Greater Antilles. Therefore, we here transfer this species to Drymusa, establishing a new combination and new family assignment. Drymusa aculicaput comb. nov. represents the first known fossil Drymusidae and shows that crown members of this genus already existed in the Miocene., Published by Museum, Dresden

Meriola teresita Platnick & Ewing Figs 83–85, 92 Meriola teresita Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 34, figs 87–91 (male holotype and female allotype from Santa Teresita, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in MACN, examined). Diagnosis. Both sexes resemble those of M. ramirezi by the orange-brown carapace and smooth cuticle, and uniform gray abdomen. Males (Figs 84–85) can be distinguished by having leg cuspules, and by the RTA with two tiny tips. Females (Fig. 83) can be distinguished by the large spherical S2 with stalks, and small spherical S1 and CDR (Platnick & Ewing, 1995: figs 90, 91). Description. Male and female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. The specimens were collected in leaf litter and at the base of Cortaderia selloana. Distribution. Known from Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, Canelones in Uruguay and Buenos Aires province in Argentina (Fig. 92). New records. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Bom Jesus: Fazenda Santa Cruz, S 28.736271°, W 50.251321°, 28–30.III.1998, A. Bonaldo, 1 female (MCN 29270). URUGUAY: Canelones: S 34.516666°, W 56.283332°, 7.V.1970, J. Garcia, 1 male (MCN 27394). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: San Isidro: Acassuso: Reserva Municipal Refugio Natural Educativo Ribera Norte. Sauzal. (CJG-Loc-16a), S 34.46729°, W 58.49365°, 21.VII.2014, hand collection, C. Grismado, R. Rodíguez Landó et. al., 1 female (MACN-Ar 32008). Same data, leaf litter, 1 male (MACN-Ar 32430). Same data (CJG-Loc-18d), 21.VII–29.VIII.2014, pitfall, C. Grismado, R. Rodíguez Landó & L. Rodríguez Demarco, 1 female (MACN-Ar 32704). Same data (CJG-Loc-19d), 28.VIII–29.IX.2014, pitfall, R. Rodríguez Landó, L. Rodríguez Demarco & C. Lorca, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33059). Same data (CJG-loc- 19a), 28.IX.2014, hand collection, R. Rodríguez Landó, L. Rodríguez Demarco & C. Lorca, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33066). Same data (CJG-Loc-21d), 25.IX–28.X.2014, pitfall, R. Rodíguez Landó & L. Rodríguez Demarco, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33335). San Fernando: Isla Talavera, 2 km E de Zárate, S 34.054449°, W 58.917384°, 3.XI.1996, M. Ramírez, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16363). Zárate: Las Palmas, S 34.069377°, W 59.150693°, VI.1982, M. Ramírez, 1 female, temporary preparation MGM-00360 (MACN-Ar 30975). Zárate, S 34.103734°, W 59.035608°, 10.I.1979, P. Goloboff, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16344). La Plata: Isla Martín García, S 34.182558°, W 58.251352°, 1940, J. Viana, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16634). Campana: Reserva Natural Otamendi, S 34.225306°, W 58.900250°, elev. 32 m, 22.IV.2006, M. Ramírez, F. Labarque & C. Sosa, 1 female (MACN-Ar 11063). Reserva Natural Otamendi, S 34.230186°, W 58.869773°, 10.VI.1997, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado & F. Uehara, 3 females, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 16340). Tigre: Dique Luján, S 34.373824°, W 58.687124°, VIII.1938, J. Daguerre, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16367). Tigre, S 34.426289°, W 58.578823°, VII.1957, leaf litter, J. Viana, 3 females (MACN-Ar 16492). Same locality, VIII.1959, J. Viana, 4 females (MACN-Ar 16369). Tigre: Don Torcuato, S 34.505213°, W 58.629944°, IV.1939, J. Boero, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16637). San Miguel: Bella Vista, S 34.576207°, W 58.698456°, II.1979, P. Goloboff, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16356). Ensenada: Punta Lara, S 34.805302°, W 58.033479°, 11.X.1981, F. Miranda & M. Ramírez, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00361–00362 (MACN-Ar 30951). Partido de La Costa: Santa Teresita, S 36.544051°, W 56.690393°, II.1984, M. Ramírez, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 9405). Partido de la Costa: Mar del Tuyú, S 36.577613°, W 56.701718°, 2.V.1981, base of Cortaderia selloana, M. Ramírez, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30952). Tandil, S 37.31566°, W 59.142152°, J. Viana, 6 females (MACN-Ar 16640)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 105-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola puyehue Platnick & Ewing Figs 64–66, 95a Meriola puyehue Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 31, figs 77–81 (female holotype from Parque Nacional Puyehue, Osorno, Región de los Lagos (X), Chile, in AMNH, examined from photographs, thanks to Ricardo Botero Trujillo; Fig. 66 e–f). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 65, 66 a–d) are recognized by the very short embolus, concealed by the distal tegular lobe, and by the short, digitiform RTA that is directed dorsally. Females (Figs 64, 66 e–f) are recognized by the elevated transversal ridge in the middle of the epigine, the paired hoods below that, and the twisted copulatory ducts (Platnick & Ewing 1995: fig. 81). Description. Male and female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. The new records were collected by fogging in Nothofagus forests at an altitude of 1200 m. Distribution. Known from Malleco and Osorno provinces in Chile and adjacent Río Negro province in Argentina (Fig. 95a). New records. CHILE: Región IX de La Araucanía: Provincia de Malleco: Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, S 37.784643°, W 72.953286°, elev. 1200 m, 12.II.2005, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00228–00229 (MACN-Ar 30353). Same data, Araucaria araucana, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30364). Región X de Los Lagos: Provincia de Osorno: Parque Nacional Puyehue: Forest behind Cabañas de la Fundación de las Raíces, between Rte 215 and Río Gol Gol, ca 30 km E Entre Lagos, S 40.666389°, W 72.171944°, 2001, fogging, E. Arias, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9059376)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola peras sp. nov. Figs 61–63, 96 Type material. Female holotype and male paratype from Argentina, Entre Ríos, Diamante, Parque Nacional Predelta, sendero a Laguna Las Piedras, S 32.12462º, W 60.6277º, 23–26.V.2011, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, temporary preparations MGM-00335, MGM-00336, MGM-00337, deposited in MACN-Ar (MACN-Ar 28323). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the word “northwest men” in the language of the Chaná, indigenous inhabitants of Uruguay and northern Argentina, in honor of the collectors of the type series. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 61h, 62, 63c) resemble those of M. arcifera and M. decepta by the elongate abdomen and the oval shape of the bulb, but differ from the former by the blunt RTA covered by small bumps, and from the latter by the dark rings on the legs. Females (Figs 61 a–g, 63a, b, d) resemble those of M. arcifera by the epigyne lacking a hood and having a wide median field and large, almost contiguous S2, but can be easily recognized by the arc-shaped epigynal lateral ridges. Description. Female (holotype): Carapace length 1.77, width 1.43, narrowed in eye region. Palpal tarsus length 0.45. Sternum length 1.12, width 0.90. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.35/1.07; II, 1.08/0.90; III, 0.65/0.82; IV, 1.30/1.25. Spines: Leg I, femur p 1ap. IV, femur d 1bas; metatarsus v 0-1-0. Leg cuspules absent. Opisthosoma length 2.63. Color in ethanol: Prosoma reddish-brown, lighter distally. Chelicerae reddish-brown. Legs yellowish-brown, leg I darker. Anterior femora with subbasal and distal dark rings, posterior femora with vague traces of dark rings. All patellae with subdistal, all tibiae with subbasal and distal, all metatarsi with subbasal and distal dark rings. Sternum brown. Opisthosoma grayish-brown, with dark reticulations. Venter grayish. Epigyne (Figs 63 a–b): Arc-shaped epigynal lateral ridges. Copulatory openings in anterior position; copulatory ducts very short, secondary spermathecae large and oval, receptacle of copulatory ducts very small and rounded, behind primary spermathecae. Primary spermathecae rounded and larger than CDR. Male (paratype): Carapace length 1.87, width 1.40, narrowed in eye region. Palpal tarsus length 0.53. Sternum length 1.13, width 0.94. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.58/1.33; II, 1.03/0.93; III, 0.72/0.83; IV, 1.13/1.38. Spines: Leg I, femur p 1ap. II, femur p 1ap. III, metatarsus v 0-1-0. IV, femur d 1bas; metatarsus v 0-1-0. Leg cuspules (left or right): Leg I, tibia 5 or 7, metatarsus 15, tarsus 6. II, tibia 5 or 4, metatarsus 8 or 6. Opisthosoma length 2.34. Opisthosoma with dorsal oval, slightly sclerotized area, limited to posterior half of abdomen. Coloration as in female. Palp (Figs 62 g–i, 63c): Tibia short. RTA short, blunt, covered by small bumps. Embolus short, slightly curved to retrolateral. Natural history and habitat. The specimens were collected beating the foliage of Tessaria integrifolia (“aliso”), Mikania cordifolia, Cayaponia citrullifolia and Ephedra tweediana (“enredaderas”). Distribution. Only known from the type locality in Entre Ríos province (Fig. 96). Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Entre Ríos: Diamante: Parque Nacional Predelta, bosque de barranca, S 32.12034°, W 60.62958°, elev. 26 m, 23–26.V.2011, beating shrubs, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 2 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33089). Parque Nacional Predelta, sendero a Laguna Las Piedras, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-140), S 32.12438°, W 60.63002°, elev. 6 m, 29.IV–1.V.2013, forest of Tessaria integrifolia (“aliso”), Mikania cordifolia, Cayaponia citrullifolia and Ephedra tweediana (“enredaderas”), beating shrubs, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 female, sample MGM-00145 (MACN-Ar 30283), 1 female, sample MGM-00146 (MACN-Ar 30284), 1 female, sample MGM-00148 (MACN-Ar 30286), 1 female, sample MGM-00152 (MACN-Ar 30290). Parque Nacional Predelta, sendero a Laguna Las Piedras, S 32.12462°, W 60.6277°, elev. 12 m, 23–26.V.2011, hand collection, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 1 female, sample MAI-00719, temporary preparation ASE-00015 (MACN-Ar 28319), 3 females, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00335–00337 (MACN-Ar 28323), 1 female (MACN-Ar 33088).

Meriola decepta Banks Figs 25–27, 90 Meriola decepta Banks, 1895: 81 (nine female syntypes from Sea Cliff, Long Island, Nassau County, New York, in MCZ, examined by Platnick & Shadab, 1974); Gertsch & Davis, 1940: 11; Muma, 1943: 121, pl. XV, fig. 5. Trachelas deceptus Simon, 1897: 180; Roewer, 1955: 589; Bonnet, 1959: 4667. Trachelas parvulus Banks, 1898: 225, pl. 13, fig. 28 (female holotype from Mexico, no specific locality, in CAS, destroyed); Roewer, 1955: 588. Bonnet, 1959: 4670. Meriola inornata Banks, 1901: 574, fig. 6 (female holotype from Albuquerque, Bernalillo County, New Mexico, in MCZ, examined by Platnick & Shadab, 1974). Trachelas inornatus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 523; Roewer, 1955: 589; Bonnet, 1959: 4668. Meriola decepta floridana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935: 40, pl. 13, fig. 107 (male holotype from Dunedin, Pinellas County, Florida, in the University of Utah, lost); Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944: 185. Trachelas deceptus floridanus Roewer, 1955: 589. Trachelas decepta Platnick & Shadab, 1974: 29, figs 39, 103–106; Dondale & Redner, 1982: 127, figs 234–236; Breene et al., 1993: 85, fig. 96A–B. Meriola decepta Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 8. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 26–27) resemble those of M. arcifera and M. peras sp. nov. by the elongate abdomen and the oval shape of the bulb. They differ from both by the small, rounded RTA. Meriola decepta males also differ from both species by lacking dark rings on the legs. Females (Fig. 25) resemble those of M. peras sp. nov. by the absence of an epigynal hood, with a wide median field, and by having large, almost contiguous S2, but differ by the shorter, not arc-shaped epigynal lateral ridges. Description. See Dondale & Redner (1982) for male and female descriptions. Natural history and habitat. Several specimens were found in leaf litter in gardens and houses. Distribution. Known from Canada, U.S.A., Mexico, Guatemala, Peru and Brazil. New records. CANADA: Labrador: N 52.939001°, W 66.914216°, 2 females (NMHN 01561). U.S.A.: Texas: Edinburg, N 26.301737°, W 98.163343°, 4.XII.1934, S. Mulaik, 1 female, 1 male (NMHN 01561). Travis Co.: U. T. Brackenridge Fieldlab, N 30.284310°, W 97.778248°, 23.VI.1972, B. Vogel, 1 female (NMHN 01561). Florida: Polk Co.: Lake Alfred, N 28.091963°, W 81.723411°, 27.V.1970, M. Muma & H. Greene, 1 female, 1 male (MCN 22460). Arizona: Yuma, in garden, N 32.692651°, W 114.627692°, 30.VI.1957, V. Roth, 5 females, 4 males (CAS, CASENT 9059149). California: Indio, N 33.720577°, W 116.215561°, 17.XII.1932, F. Stickney, 4 females (NMHN 01566). Same locality, 9.XI.1933, on decaying date palm tissue, F. Stickney, 1 female (NMHN 01566). Same locality, 24.V.1934, in rotting dates on ground, F. Stickney, 1 female (NMHN 01566). Orange Co.: Anaheim, N 33.835293°, W 117.914504°, 21.IX.2001, J. Bradley, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9059145). Riverside, N 33.953349°, W 117.396156°, 16.IV.1975, collector unknown, 1 female (NMHN 01561). Same locality, 28.V.1975, collector unknown, 1 male (NMHN 01561). Same locality, 27.V.1976, citrus litter, collector unknown, 3 females, 2 males (NMHN 01561). Los Angeles Co.: Covina home backyard, N 34.090009°, W 117.890340°, 21.V.1961, P. Craig, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9059482). Charles Co.: Blossom Point, N 38.416667°, W 77.100000°, 18.X.1995, W. Steiner & W. Reynolds, 1 male (NMHN 01566). Missouri: Johnson Co.: Warrensburg, in house, N 38.762789°, W 93.736050°, VI.1962, W. Peck, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059213). Indiana: N 40.267194°, W 86.134902°, Marx collection, 2 females (NMHN 01561). Massachusetts: Nantucket Co.: Polpis, N 41.298687°, W 70.013189°, 19.IX.1976, cranberry bog, J. Coddington, 1 male (NMHN 01561). Barnstable Co.: Falmouth, N 41.553225°, W 70.608577°, 31.XII.1990, litter near pond, R. Edwards, 6 females (NMHN 01561). Barnstable Co.: Hatchville, Frances A. Crane Wildlife Management Area, N 41.616282°, W 70.547317°, 15.VI.1988, R. Edwards, 1 female (NMHN 01561). Barnstable Co.: Quisset, N 41.661619°, W 70.325443°, 4.V.1989, salt pond, detritus, R. Edwards, 6 females (NMHN 01561). PERÚ: Ica: Pisco, N 13.979386°, W 76.178374°, VIII.2008, A. Aparicio, 2 females (MACN-Ar 30560). BRAZIL: Sergipe: Campus Universitário São Cristovão, S 10.925252°, W 37.098997°, 18.IX.1982, H. Araujo, 1 male (MCN 21071). Paraná: Maringá: Iguatemi, S 23.371159°, W 52.065115°, 27.VII.1980, A. Geahl, 1 female (MCN 12262). Rio Grande do Sul: Canela, S 29.356493°, W 50.812426°, 20.III.1976, A. Lise, 1 male (MCN 3980). Montenegro: Centro Experimental da Ulbra (CEULBRA), S 29.795556°, W 51.387500°, 31.VIII.2008, A. Brendel, 1 female (MCN 44904). Triunfo, S 29.935623°, W 51.712418°, 12.IV.1981, M. Galileo, 1 male (MCN 9702)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Shadab, M. U. (1974) A revision of the tranquillus and speciosus groups of the spider genus Trachelas (Araneae, Clubionidae) in North and Central America. American Museum Novitates, 2553, 1 - 34.","Muma, M. H. (1943) Common spiders of Maryland. Natural History Society of Maryland, Baltimore, 179 pp.","Simon, E. (1897). Etudes arachnologiques. 27 e Memoire. XLII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 65, 465 - 510.","Roewer, C. F. (1955) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). 2. Band. Abt. b (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma-Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1751 pp.","Petrunkevitch, A. (1911) A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with all adjacent islands, Greenland, Bermuda, West Indies, Terra del Fuego, Galapagos, etc. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 29, 1 - 791. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 23819","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Genus Meriola Banks Meriola Banks, 1895: 81 (type species by monotypy: M. decepta Banks, 1895); Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 8. Diagnosis. Members of the genus Meriola resemble the American trachelids currently included in Trachelas and Trachelopachys by having male cuspules and reduced spination, but differ in several respects. The most remarkable characteristics are their almost straight, rather than recurved, posterior eye row (Fig. 1 a–b), narrower than in the other American genera (Fig. 1c), and the elongated, sharply tipped ventral leg cuspules (Fig. 4c). Description. Small to medium sized trachelids (total length 2.52̅6.88). Carapace elongate to oval in dorsal view (Figs 1a, 2a, 3a), widest at rear of coxae II, cephalic and thoracic area shiny, with short thin hairs, or bearing tubercles associated with setal sockets (Figs 2 ̅3). Sockets may be on surface or in depressions on carapace (Figs 2c ̅d, 2f, 3c, 3f). In some cases, socket presents a cuticular fold on one side, resulting in a tubercle (Fig. 3e ̅f). These folds can vary in size, distribution and number in different species. Thoracic groove short. Color brownish-orange to dark brown, sometimes lighter posteriorly. Eyes: from above, anterior eye row slightly recurved to recurved, posterior eye row straight to slightly recurved; from front, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye row procurved (Fig. 10g ̅h); AME circular, dark, PME circular to oval, with silvery oblique tapeta forming a 90° angle between each other (Ramírez 2014: character 26), ALE and PLE circular to oval, silvery; eyes nearly equal in size, except some species where AME are slightly smaller; all eyes about evenly spaced; MOQ-AW ± MOQ-PW (Fig. 1a). Clypeal height about equal to AME diameter. Chelicerae with three teeth on promargin and two on retromargin. Endites rectangular, their inner margins with distinct longitudinal depression, distal portion of their external edge angulate, parallel; labium nearly trapezoidal, almost as long as its basal width, in general with basal protuberances and constriction near base; sternum oval to heart-shaped, longer than wide, pointed behind coxae IV. Palpal claw without teeth. Precoxal triangles present in both sexes. Legs: spination reduced (see under species description), species-specific except for females of M. balcarce Platnick & Ewing and M. foraminosa Keyserling, both with distal spine on prolateral side of femur I; metatarsi III and IV sometimes with preening combs (Fig. 4g). Macrosetae present as cuspules in some males, but absent females and males of M. californica, M. decepta, M. foraminosa, M. lineolata comb. nov., M. mauryi Platnick & Ewing, M. ramirezi and M. tablas Platnick & Ewing; present in M. macrocephala (Nicolet) comb. nov. females. Cuspules elongated and sharply tipped, on ventral side of tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi, number varying intra- and interspecifically (Fig. 4c; compare Figs 56g ̅h with 57h̅i). Leg segments pale brown to yellowish-brown, in some cases with dark rings, or tibiae I darker. Scopulae composed of distally spatulate tenent setae, from distal end of metatarsi to distal tarsi I and II (Figs 4a, 4c), absent on III and IV. Females of some species exhibit strong ventral scopula on anterior legs, which start as loosely dense in distal tibiae and become stronger towards tarsus. Claw tufts composed of spatulate setae, with block-like shape of the bases (Ramírez 2014: figs 72A̅C). The mesal side of the seta, at its insertion, is widely expanded in large blocks with defined vertices, while the ectal side becomes narrow (Figs 4e, h). Claws pectinate, claw-tuft clasping mechanism present in structure of teeth appressed together, with claw lever file-claw tuft bases interlocking (observed with SEM in M. penai Platnick & Ewing, M. mauryi, M. fasciata Mello-Leit „o and M. macrocephala) (Figs 4b, h; Ramírez 2014: figs 72A̅C). Tarsal organ capsulate, aperture oval to slit-shaped (Ramírez 2014: fig. 58O). Trichobothria with transversal ridges on anterior hood, shaft with basal bulbous expansion with bumps (Fig. 4d, Ramírez 2014: fig. 96D). Abdomen of male sometimes with dorsal faintly slightly sclerotized area, on anterior half (Fig. 35a), posterior half (Figs 62a, 74a), or most of dorsum (Fig. 71a); without epiandrous spigots. Coloration: dorsum grayish-brown or brownish, sometimes with chevrons, reticulations and/or cardiac mark; venter pale, in cases with dark ventral stripe, epigastric area of males more sclerotized. Tracheal spiracle about ALS length, just before spinnerets. Spinnerets (Fig. 6; observed with SEM in M. rahue Platnick & Ewing, M. fasciata, M. macrocephala): Anterior lateral spinnerets with single major ampullate gland spigot and several piriform gland spigots (Figs 6b, f, j). Posterior median spinnerets of females with five large cylindrical gland spigots, as well as single minor ampullate gland spigot and few aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 6c; Ramírez 2014: fig. 133G); males with single minor ampullate gland spigot and few aciniform gland spigots (Figs 6g, k). The posterior lateral spinnerets bear two cylindrical gland spigots in females and several aciniform gland spigots in both sexes (Figs 6d, h, i; Ramírez 2014: fig. 114D). Genitalia: Male palp with retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 5f); copulatory bulb with simple looping sperm duct, median apophysis absent, embolus long and slender to short and thick (Figs 5e, 21b, 63c). Epigyne with median field of variable size, lateral lobes in general with sclerotized ridges (Fig. 5a), primary spermatheca usually small, identified by origin of fertilization duct, which is close to epigastric furrow, secondary spermathecae present, sometimes larger than primary spermatheca, identified by gland ducts, with additional expansion of copulatory duct, here referred to as copulatory duct receptacle (CDR) (Figs 5b, c; 24b). Distribution. All species occur in temperate to subtropical areas of the New World, with most of the diversity in southern South America (Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Argentina). There are two native species in North America, one (M. californica) occurring only on the west coast, while the second (M. decepta) is found throughout most of U.S.A. and southeast Canada. In addition, an introduced species native to South America (M. arcifera) occurs in California. There are as well isolated records of M. foraminosa in Venezuela and Ecuador, which may be the result of poor collecting efforts, and of M. decepta in Guatemala, Colombia, Peru and Brazil, probably due to anthropogenic introductions., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 6-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41.","Ramirez, M. J. (2014) The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 390, 1 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 821.1"]}

Meriola balcarce Platnick & Ewing Figs 13–15, 91 Meriola balcarce Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 27, figs 107–109 (male holotype from Argentina, Buenos Aires, Sierra La Vigilancia, 20 km E Balcarce, 16.IV.1983, E. Maury, deposited in MACN, examined). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 14, 15 c–f) resemble those of M. avalosi sp. nov. and M. fasciata by the elongate body, and by the opisthosoma with a chevron pattern and a dorsal posterior sclerotized area, but can be distinguished by the shorter, straight RTA, the slender embolus and conical distal bulb projection, and by the presence of a distal spine on the prolateral side of the femur II. Females (Figs 13, 15 a–b) resemble those of M. avalosi sp. nov. by the relatively elongated bodies, chevron pattern on the abdomen, the wide anterior epigynal hood and the internal genitalia, but differ by the narrower hood and the short copulatory ducts. Additionally, females differ by having dense ventral scopulae on the distal segments of the anterior legs, and a distinct preening comb on metatarsus III and IV. Description: Female (MACN-Ar 33021): Carapace length 1.48, width 1.18, narrowed in eye region. Carapace covered with low tubercles. Palpal tarsus length 0.33. Sternum length 0.92, width 0.90. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.10/0.83; II, 0.87/0.70; III, 0.67/0.63; IV, 1.17/1.17. Spines: Leg I, femur p 1ap. Leg cuspules absent. Distal segments of leg I and II with strong scopulae, metatarsi of legs III and IV with distinct preening comb. Opisthosoma length 2.60. Color in ethanol: Prosoma brownish-orange, lighter distally. Chelicerae brownish-orange. Legs yellowish-orange, tibiae and patellae of leg I darker. Sternum brownish-orange, lighter distally. Opisthosoma grayishbrown, with chevrons. Venter grayish, with pair of longitudinal dark stripes. Epigyne (Fig. 15 a–b): single plate with wide anterior hood. Copulatory openings in posterior position; copulatory ducts very short, S2 elongated, widened anteriorly, receptacle of copulatory ducts small and rounded, posterior to primary spermathecae. Primary spermathecae small and oval, half the size of CDR. Male described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. The specimens from Tandil were collected with pitfall traps, placed on sites in rocky hillsides (323–460 m), with grasses of different heights. Distribution. Only known from hills in Balcarce and Tandil in Buenos Aires province (Fig. 91). Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Tandil: Reserva Natural Sierra del Tigre, S 37.379444°, W 59.128889°, VIII.2012, pitfall traps, N. Ferretti, 1 female, 2 males, temporary preparations MGM- 00326–00328 (MACN-Ar 33021). Sierra La Vigilancia, 20 Km E. Balcarce, S 37.906395°, W 58.092681°, 16.IV.1983, E. Maury, 1 male (MACN-Ar 9404)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola gallina Platnick & Ewing Figs 34–36, 94b Meriola gallina Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 20, figs 39–43 (male holotype from Cautin, Región de la Araucania, Chile, in AMNH, not examined). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 35–36) are recognized by the curved distally RTA and the long embolus arising from the prolateral side. Females (Fig. 34) are distinguished by the protruding posterior lobe on the epigynal median field. Description. Male and female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. The specimens were collected on shrub steppes and Nothofagus antartica forests. Distribution. Known from a few localities in Cordillera, Linares, Curicó and Malleco provinces in Chile (Fig. 94b). New records. CHILE: Región RM Metropolitana de Santiago: Provincia de Cordillera: Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, S 33.763407°, W 70.419388°, 5.II–6.III.2008, collector unknown, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00226–00227 (MACN-Ar 30967). Región VII del Maule: Provincia de Curicó: El Relvo, 20 Km E Potrero Grande, S 35.190907°, W 70.8130279°, elev. 1100 m, 1–20.IV.2004, malaise trap, J. Barriga, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30358). Región IX de la Araucanía: Provincia de Malleco: Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, S 37.784643°, W 72.953286°, elev. 1200 m, 12.II.2005, Nothofagus antartica, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female, temporary preparation MGM-00225 (MACN-Ar 30356). Monumento Natural Contulmo, S 38.034412°, W 73.196368°, 19–21.XII.1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado & L. Lopardo, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16389), 1 male (MNHS)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola mauryi Platnick & Ewing Figs 3 d–g, 52–54, 93 Meriola mauryi Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 36, figs 97–101 (male holotype from Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in MACN, examined). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 53–54) can be easily recognized by the short, triangular RTA, the ventrally directed embolus, and the basally expanded tegulum. Females (Fig. 52) are similar to M. lineolata comb. nov. by having large, oval S2 flanked by the smaller, CDR and S1 (Platnick & Ewing 1995: fig. 101), and a small hood, but can be distinguished by the larger and more advanced hood (Fig. 52h). Description. Male and female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. Several specimens were collected in pitfalls traps. Distribution. Known from Distrito Federal and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and Misiones, Santa Fe and Buenos Aires provinces in Argentina (Fig. 93). New records. BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: Brasília: Fazenda Água Limpa (FAL/ UnB), S 15.945111°, W 47.939820°, P. Motta et al., 1 male (UnB 6920). Same locality, 6.XII.2012, pitfall traps, P. Motta et al., 2 males (UnB 6954). Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula: Fazenda 8 Cachoeiras, S 29.458967°, W 50.583994°, 3.II.1999, A. Bonaldo, 1 female (MCN 30748). Minas do Leão, S 30.091973°, W 52.063925°, 13.III.2008, L. Podgaiski, 3 males (MCN 44409). Same locality, 20.III.2008, L. Podgaiski, 1 female, 1 male (MCN 44411). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, S 36.412991°, W 60.402024°, 1.IV.1983, E. Maury, 1 male (MACN-Ar 9403). Tandil: Reserva Natural Sierra del Tigre, S 37.379444°, W 59.128889°, V.2011, pitfall traps, N. Ferretti, 1 female, 2 males, temporary preparations MGM-00329–00331, MGM-00446, MGM-00447 (MACN-Ar 33023)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola avalosi sp. nov. Figs 10–12, 91 Type material. Female holotype from Argentina, Santa Fe, 9 de Julio, Ruta Provincial 13, 2.45 km S intersection with Ruta Nacional 98, 81.3 air km W from Vera (MJR-loc-162), S 29.28352°, W 61.0270°, elev. 70 m, 21.III.2014, flooded grasslands, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, deposited in MACN-Ar 32999. Paratypes: Same data: 1 female, 1 male (CARTROUNNE), and 2 females and 3 males (together with an imm., not paratype, MACN-Ar 41759). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of Gilberto Ávalos, arachnologist from the Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Corrientes and collector of many interesting spiders in northeast Argentina. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 11, 12 c–f) resemble those of M. balcarce and M. fasciata by the elongate body, and by the opisthosoma with a chevron pattern and a dorsal posterior sclerotized area. It differs from the former by the longer RTA, with a bent tip, and from the latter by the short and wider embolus. Meriola avalosi sp. nov. males also differ from both by the presence of a median spine on the prolateral side of femur II. Females (Figs 10, 12 a–b) resemble those of M. balcarce by the chevron pattern on the abdomen, the wide anterior hood and the internal genitalia, but can be easily recognized by the wider epigynal hood and by the longer, twisted copulatory ducts. Additionally, they differ by the presence of a basal spine on the dorsal side of femur IV. Description: Female (holotype): Carapace length 1.50, width 1.23, narrowed in eye region, surface coated with tiny setae-bearing tubercles. Palpal tarsus length 0.45. Sternum length 0.90, width 0.72. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.15/0.82; II, 0.82/0.63; III, 0.55/0.67; IV, 0.95/1.12. Spines: Leg I, femur p 1ap. IV, femur d 1bas. Leg cuspules absent. Opisthosoma length 2.13. Color in ethanol: Prosoma reddish-brown. Chelicerae reddish-brown. Legs yellowish-brown, leg I darker. Legs II, III and IV darker distally. Sternum orange. Opisthosoma grayish-brown, with lighter chevrons. Venter grayish with pair of longitudinal dark stripes. Epigyne (Figs 12 a–b): with a wide anterior hood. Copulatory openings in posterior position, secondary spermathecae large and elongated, receptacle of copulatory ducts posterior to the primary spermathecae, both rounded and similar in size, connected through coiled copulatory ducts. Male (paratype): Carapace length 1.60, width 1.23, narrowed in eye region, surface coated with tiny setae-bearing tubercles. Palpal tarsus length 0.52. Sternum length 0.95, width 0.73. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.42/1.13; II, 0.93/0.77; III, 0.63/0.72; IV, 1.15/1.20. Spines: Leg I, femur p 1ap. II, femur p 0-1-1. Leg cuspules (left or right): Leg I, tibia 5 or 7, metatarsus 15, tarsus 6. II, tibia 5 or 4, metatarsus 8 or 6. Opisthosoma length 1.90. With a dorsal oval, slightly sclerotized area, limited to posterior half of abdomen. Coloration as in female. Palp (Figs 12 c–f): Tibia short. RTA long, with sharpened bent tip. Cymbial conductor wide. Tegulum basal. Embolus short and wide, tip recurved. Natural history and habitat. The specimens were found in grass tussocks in wetlands and flooded grasslands. Distribution. Only known from Corrientes, Santa Fe and Formosa provinces in northeast Argentina (Fig. 91). Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Formosa: Est. Santa Rosa (Colonia Santa Rosa), S 23.793463°, W 61.481244°, 17.XII.2005, G. Ávalos, 1 female (CARTROUNNE 8275). Corrientes: Bella Vista, S 28.507731°, W 59.044857°, 22.XII.2009, G. Ávalos, 1 female, 2 males, 1 imm. (CARTROUNNE 8273), 1 male, 2 imms. (CARTROUNNE 8272). Same data, 19.III.2005, 1 female, 5 imms. (CARTROUNNE 8271). Santa Fe: 9 de Julio, Ruta Nacional Nº 98, camino a Tostado, 97 km por aire W de Vera (MJR-loc-163), S 29.23545°, W 61.17110°, elev. 65 m, 21.III.2014, flooded grasslands, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 female, sample MGM-00313, temporary preparation MLB-00777 (MACN-Ar 32289). Ruta Provincial Nº 13, 2,45 km S de cruce con Ruta Nacional Nº 98, 81,3 km por aire W de Vera (MJR-loc-162), S 29.28352°, W 61.0270°, elev. 70 m, 21.III.2014, flooded grasslands, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 female, sample MGM-00308, temporary preparation MLB-00774 (MACN-Ar 32286). Same data, 1 male, sample MGM-00307, temporary preparation MLB-00775 (MACN-Ar 32287), 1 male, sample MGM-00306, temporary preparation MLB-00776 (MACN-Ar 32288), 1 female, sample MGM-00274 (MACN-Ar 32997), 1 male, sample MGM-00279 (MACN-Ar 32998), 1 female, sample MGM-00278 (MACN-Ar 33001), 1 male (MACN-Ar 33005), 3 females, 4 males, 3 imms. (MACN-Ar 33007), 2 females, 4 males, 7 imms. (MACN-Ar 33008). Vera: Estancia Las Gamas, bañado sobre Ruta Nacional Nº 98, 16,5 km por aire W de Vera (MJR-loc-160), S 29.41382°, W 60.37438°, elev. 23 m, 21–24.III.2014, wetland, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 male, sample MAI-04174 (MACN-Ar 33000), 1 male, sample MAI-04177 (MACN-Ar 33002), 1 female, sample MAI-04175 (MACN-Ar 33003), 2 males (MACN-Ar 33006). San Justo: Ruta Nacional Nº 11, 9 km por aire S de Videla (MJR-loc-158), S 31.025681°, W 60.701673°, elev. 44 m, 21- 24.III.2014, grassland, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 3 males, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 33004)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165

Meriola davidi Grismado Figs 22–24, 94b Meriola davidi Grismado, 2004: 234, figs 1-5 (male holotype from Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina in MACN, examined). Meriola ramirezi Platnick & Ewing, 1995, misidentification (female only). Note. Platnick & Ewing (1995: 39) identified as M. ramirezi a single female from “Partido de Luján”, but the label currently says “Río Luján”, a locality in Partido de Campana, near Reserva Otamendi where M. davidi occurs. This specimen is here considered to be the female of M. davidi, because the carapace sculpturing and general coloration are more similar to those of the males of M. davidi (Figs 22–23); the long copulatory ducts (Fig. 24b) suggest that it would correspond to the very long embolus of the male (Grismado 2004: figs 2–5); additionally, spines are absent from all of the legs, as in the male of M. davidi. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 22 h–23, 24c–e) resemble those of M. cetiformis and M. longitarsis by the elongated cymbium and the long, filiform embolus, arising from the retrodistal part of the bulb. It differs from the former by the shorter embolus not surrounding the bulb, and from the latter by the retrolateral tibial apophysis shorter and simple (without a dorsal element), by lacking the pointed distal projection on the tegulum and by the shorter cymbium. Meriola davidi males also differ from both by the smaller size and by having only one cuspule on each metatarsus I. Females (Figs 22 a–g, 24a–b) resemble those of M. ramirezi by their orange-brown carapace and the general morphology of the genitalia (nearly parallel sclerotized ridges, and large, piriform S2), but differ by having longer and convoluted copulatory ducts, relatively smaller median spermathecae, and by the conspicuous granulation on the carapace. Description. Male described by Grismado (2004). Female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995: 38, under M. ramirezi). Variability. The female from Reserva Otamendi differs from the specimen illustrated by Platnick & Ewing (1995: figs 105, 106) only by the more symmetrical copulatory ducts (Fig. 24b) and by having a small spine on the dorsal surface of each femur IV. Natural history and habitat. The female specimen from Reserva Otamendi was collected in the same plot of pasture as M. ramirezi. Several specimens were collected in grasslands, some of them by pitfall traps. Distribution. Known from Buenos Aires and Córdoba provinces, Argentina (Fig. 95b). New records. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Campana: Reserva Natural Otamendi, S 34.225306°, W 58.90025°, elev. 32 m, 22.IV.2006, M. Ramírez, F. Labarque & C. Sosa, 1 male, temporary preparations CJG-00667, MGM-00353–00354 (MACN-Ar 10965). Estación Río Luján, S 34.278°, W 58.890168°, elev. 4 m, 28.VII.2007, grassland, beating, C. Grismado, L. Damer, I. Crudele, N. Olejnik, N. López & S. De Biase, 1 female, temporary preparations CJG-00652, MGM-00351–00352 (MACN-Ar 12787). Tigre: Delta del Río Paraná, S 34.356295°, W 58.561485°, VII.1938, J. Viana, 2 females (MACN-Ar 480). Río Luján, S 34.375302°, W 58.609377°, 14.IX.1991, M. Ramírez, 1 female, temporary preparations CJG-00668, sub M. ramirezi in Platnick & Ewing 1995 (MACN-Ar 16337). Tandil, S 37.317810°, W 59.150391°, 18.XII.1997, C. & D. Grismado, 1 male holotype, together with 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 10507). Reserva Natural Sierra del Tigre (MJR-loc-170a), S 37.37826°, W 59.13033°, elev. 357 m, 7.XII.2014, Paspalum sp., M. Ramírez, S. Ceccarelli, L. Peralta & M. Izquierdo, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33086). Reserva Natural Sierra del Tigre, S 37.379444°, W 59.128889°, V.2012, pitfall traps, N. Ferretti, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33026), 1 female (MACN-Ar 33027). Tornquist: Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist, 300 m del bosque del sismógrafo, S 38.06668°, W 61.96355°, elev. 534 m, 2–3.VII.2013, grassland, hand collection, M. Izquierdo, N. Ferretti, G. Pompozzi & S. Copperi, 1 male, sample MAI-04147, temporary preparation MAI-01518 (MACN-Ar 32231), 1 female, sample MAI-04148, temporary preparation MAI-01509 (MACN-Ar 32248), 1 male, sample MAI- 04156, temporary preparation MAI-01507 (MACN-Ar 32247). Córdoba: Punilla: Copina, RP 14, S 31.573694° W 64.708722°, elev. 1594 m (MAI-Loc-280), 26.V.2017, hand collecting, M. Izquierdo, D. Abregú, M. Oviedo & G. Boaglio, 1 male (LBRE 229, preparation MAI-04608, photos MAI 2952, 2953-3030), same data, 1 female (LBRE 222), 1 male (LBRE 225)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola lineolata (Mello-Leitão, 1941), comb. nov. Figs 39–42, 92 Ceto lineolata Mello-Leit „o, 1941c: 253 (male holotype from Río Negro, Paraná, Brazil in MNRJ 58289, examined). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 39h, 41) are recognized by the combination of a small, acute RTA, the slender, distally projecting copulatory bulb, and the absence of cuspules on the legs. Females (Figs 39 a–g, 40, 42) are similar to M. mauryi by having large, oval S2 flanked by the smaller, CDR and S1, and a small hood (Fig. 42d), but can be distinguished by the smaller and more posterior hood, close to the copulatory openings. Notes. Lyle & Haddad (2010) provided a diagnosis of the genus Cetonana (replacement name for Ceto Simon, occupied), which can be recognized by the presence of ventral leg cusps on metatarsi and tarsi I and II of both sexes (absent in tibiae of both sexes of Meriola lineolata); scopulate metatarsi and tarsi I and II of females comprising erectile bristles; the absence of leg spines; flat carapace; AME that are clearly larger than the other eyes; PME that are smaller than the PLE; female epigyne with posterior copulatory openings; and male palp with strongly ventrally curved cymbium and a tegulum occupying only part of the ventral side of the cymbium. This combination of characters is not present in the holotype here examined. In the original description, Mello-Leit„o wrote “Palpos sem apófise” (palps without apophyses), but the holotype has a small RTA (Fig. 41 h–i). Description. Female (MZSP 12508): Carapace length 1.55, width 1.05, narrowed in eye region. Carapace coated with low tubercles. Palpal tarsus length 0.40. Sternum length 0.83, width 0.67. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.17/0.92; II, 0.83/0.75; III, 0.50/0.53; IV, 0.83/0.83. Spines and leg cuspules absent. Distal segments of legs I and II covered with long setae, weak scopulae, metatarsi of legs III and IV with setae and distinct preening comb. Opisthosoma length 2.00. Color in ethanol: Prosoma reddish-orange. Chelicerae reddish-orange. Legs yellowish-orange. Distal segments of legs I and II reddish-orange. Sternum orange. Opisthosoma yellowish-brown. Venter pale yellow. Epigyne (Fig. 42): a single plate with transverse ridge before small median hood, followed by two small, median copulatory openings and arched copulatory ducts; S2 elongated, widened anteriorly, connected through transversal copulatory ducts to the CDR. Receptacle of copulatory ducts very small and rounded, anterior to S1. S1 small, spherical. Male (holotype): Carapace length 1.38, width 1.00, narrowed in eye region. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, missing; II, 0.83/0.65; III, 0.48/0.50; IV, 0.75/0.75. Palpal tarsus length 0.43. Sternum length 0.80, width 0.67. Spines and leg cuspules absent. Opisthosoma length 1.58. Coloration as in female. Palp (Fig. 41 g–i): Tibia short. RTA short, ventral edge arched. Embolus short, slightly curved to prolateral. Natural history and habitat. Unknown Distribution. Only known from subtropical areas in S„o Paulo and Paraná in Brazil, and Salta and Misiones in Argentina (Fig. 89). Records. BRAZIL: São Paulo: Baruerí, S 23.511369°, W 46.872942°, 26.XII.1965, K. Lenko, 1 female, temporary preparations MGM-00482, MGM-00483 (MZSP 12508). Paraná: Rio Negro, S 26.113059°, W 49.670720°, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00480, MGM-00481 (male holotype, MNRJ 58289). Argentina: Salta: Orán, Finca Jakulica, 25 km NW de Aguas Blancas, S 22.5756843°, W 64.5263564°, 15.XI.1994, M. Ramírez & P. Goloboff, sample MGM-00346, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16326). Misiones: no further data [center of province S 26.94°, W 54.58°], V.1960, J. Viana, 1 female, samples MGM-00344, MGM-00345 (MACN-Ar 16375).

Meriola longitarsis Simon Figs 43–45, 96 Trachelas longitarsis Simon, 1904: 104, fig. 5 (male holotype from Punta Arenas, Magallanes, Región de Magallanes, Chile, in MNHN 12913, labeled as “Chili”, examined; Fig. 45b, c, g–i). Meriola longitarsis Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 18, figs 34–38. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 44 a–f, 45) are easily distinguished by a combination of an elongated cymbium constricted at the middle, a long, filiform embolus, and the distally pointed tegulum. Females (Fig. 43, 44g) are recognized by the rectangular median field located posterior to the copulatory ducts and spermathecae, and the large, rounded secondary spermathecae (Platnick & Ewing 1995: figs 37, 38). Description. See Platnick & Ewing (1995) for male and female descriptions. Variability. The males show continuous variability in palpal morphology, with a long embolus and curved cymbium (Fig. 45 h–i) to a shorter embolus and straighter cymbium (Fig. 45 e–f and Platnick & Ewing 1995: figs 34–36). Natural history and habitat. The specimens were collected by fogging in forests of Laurelia sp., Myrceugenia sp., Nothofagus dombeyi, N. oblicua, N. alpina, Castanopsis hystrix, Podocarpus saligna, Austrocedrus chilensis and Araucaria araucana, between 900–1200 m altitude. A few specimens were found in low coastal forest, hygrophilic forests and forests of Peumus boldus. Distribution. Known from a Chile, in Choapa, Quillota, Curicó, Concepción, Malleco and Valdivia provinces in Chile, and adjacent localities in Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut provinces in Argentina; the holotype however is from Punta Arenas, far to the south (Fig. 96). New records. ARGENTINA: Río Negro: Bariloche: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Puerto Blest, sendero a laguna Los Cántaros, S 41.013754°, W 71.822738°, elev. 820–890 m, 28.XII.2010, humid forest, M. Ramírez, V. Werenkraut & S. Aisen, 1 male, sample MGM-00213 (MACN-Ar 30887). Arroyo Casa de Piedra, S 41.118743°, W 71.461673°, I.1982, M. Ramírez, 1 male, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 30974). Lago Los Moscos, S 41.356833°, W 71.632500°, elev. 900 m, I.2003, pitfall traps, Y. Sasal, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33075). CHILE: Región IV de Coquimbo: Provincia de Choapa: Ñagué, 10 km N Los Vilos, Ruta 5 km 236, S 31.82137°, W 71.50231°, elev. 90 m, 19.II.2005, low coastal forest, M. Ramírez & F. Labarque, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00471, MGM-00472 (MACN-Ar 30880). Región V de Valparaíso: Provincia de Quillota: Parque Nacional La Campana, sector granizo, 5,2 km por aire ENE de Olmué (MJR-loc-65), S 32.98124°, W 71.13016°, elev. 456 m, 4.XI.2011, hydrophilic forest in cliff, hand collection, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & J. Pizarro, 1 male, sample CJG- 03102, temporary preparation CJG-01332, MGM-00475 (MACN-Ar 30345). Región VII del Maule: Provincia de Curicó: Los Niches, Fundo de Juan Enrique Barriga-Tuñón, Cerro Huecahuecan (MJR-loc-72), S 35.06735°, W 71.120852°, elev. 303 m, 7.II.2012, forest of Peumus boldus, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirknler & K. Huckstorf, 1 male (MACN-Ar 29180), 1 female, sample MAI-04068, temporary preparations MAI-00999, (MACN-Ar 29167), 1 male, sample MAI-04064, temporary preparation MAI-00995 (MACN-Ar 29169), 1 female, temporary preparation MGM-00476 (MACN-Ar 29288). Camino El Relvo, 15 km E Potrero Grande, S 35.190907°, W 70.9228267°, 25.III.2003, Laurelia sp. and Myrceugenia sp., fogging, J. Barriga, 5 females, 5 males (MACN-Ar 30866). Same locality, elev. 1000 m, 13.V.2004, Nothofagus oblicua and N. dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 2 females (MACN-Ar 30878). Same locality, 19.XII.2004, Nothofagus alpina, N. obliqua, fogging, J. Barriga, 2 males, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 33039). El Relvo, 20 km E Potrero Grande, S 35.185833°, W 70.937472°, 16.I.2004, Nothofagus dombeyi, Laurelia sp., Castanopsis hystrix and Podocarpus saligna, fogging, J. Barriga, 9 males (MACN-Ar 33040). Same locality, S 35.189167°, W 70.958333°, elev. 1100 m, 30.XII.2003, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 2 females, 2 males (MACN-Ar 33038). Same locality, S 35.190907°, W 70.8130279°, 30.XII.2003, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30868). Same locality, 16.I.2004, Nothofagus dombeyi, Laurelia sp., Castanopsis hystrix and Podocarpus saligna, fogging, J. Barriga, 8 females, 2 males (MACN-Ar 30869). Same locality, elev. 1100 m, 8.V.2004, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 2 females (MACN-Ar 30870), 1 female (MACN-Ar 30877). Potrero Grande, 15 km E, Puente los Morongos, S 35.190907°, W 71.087525°, 30.III.2004, Nothofagus alpina, N. dombeyi and Laurelia sp., fogging, J. Barriga, 4 females, 9 males (MACN-Ar 30873). Fundo El Coihue, 20 km E Potrero Grande, S 35.190907°, W 70.8679273°, elev. 1035 m, 25.V.2004, Podocarpus saligna, fogging, J. Barriga, 6 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33037), 5 females (MACN-Ar 30876). Same locality, elev. 937 m, 25.V.2004, Austrocedrus chilensis, fogging, J. Barriga, 7 females (MACN-Ar 30865). Same data, elev. 937 m, Nothofagus dombeyi and Austrocedrus chilensis, fogging, J. Barriga, 8 females, 2 males (MACN-Ar 30872). 5 km E Potrero Grande, Puente Los Morongos, S 35.216139°, W 70.216139°, 22.XII.2003, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 2 females, 6 males (MACN-Ar 30867). Región VIII del Biobío: Provincia de Concepción: Cerro Caracol, S 36.841083°, W 73.041285°, elev. 240 m, 15.II.2005, M. Ramírez & F. Labarque, 1 male (MACN-Ar 10953). Provincia de Arauco: Pichinahuel, sendero monitoreo Arauco, 32 km E Cañete (por aire), S 37.80692°, W 73.03732° (GPS, +- 200m), elev. 1200 m (GPS), 11.I.2020, forest N. dombeyi and Araucaria, M.J. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, D. Poy (MJR-loc-350), 1 male, sample MJR-2391-1 (MACN-Ar 40964). Región IX de La Araucanía: Provincia de Malleco: Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, S 37.784643°, W 72.953286°, elev. 1200 m, 12.II.2005, Araucaria araucana, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female, 5 males, 2 imms. (MACN-Ar 30864), 1 female (MACN-Ar 30874), 2 females, 3 males (MACN-Ar 30875). Same locality, 22.XI.2004, Araucaria araucana, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30871). Monumento Natural Contulmo, S 38.034412°, W 73.196368°, 19–21.XII.1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado & L. Lopardo, 2 males (MACN-Ar 16378), 1 female (MACN-Ar 16381), 1 female (MNHS). Región XIV de Los Ríos: Provincia de Valdivia: Valdivia, S 39.817379°, W 73.242533°, 1983, E. Krahmer, 1 female (MNHS 816)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Simon, E. (1904) Etude sur les arachnides du Chili recueillis en 1900, 1901 et 1902, par MM. C. Porter, Dr Delfin, Barcey Wilson et Edwards. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 48, 83 - 114.","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola californica Banks Figs 16–18, 90 Trachelas californica Banks, 1904: 339, pl. 40, fig. 47 (female holotype from Claremont, Los Angeles County, California, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined by Platnick & Shadab, 1974). Trachelas californicus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 523; Roewer, 1955: 589; Bonnet, 1959: 4667; Platnick & Shadab, 1974: 32, figs 40, 107–110; Dondale & Redner, 1982: 129, figs 237–239. Meriola californica Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 8. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 17–19) can by distinguished by the combination of tubercles on the carapace surface, an opisthosoma with a chevron pattern and a distinct dorsal posterior sclerotization, a long triangular RTA, and slender, sinuous embolus. Females (Fig. 16) can by distinguished by the small anterior hood and the long, forwardly-directed copulatory ducts. Description. See Dondale & Redner (1982) for male and female descriptions. Natural history and habitat. The range of distribution of this species covers the ecosystems of Cascade Province, California Coastal Chaparral Forest Shrub Province and California Dry Steppe Province. The combination of wet winters with dry summers produces a distinctive natural vegetation of hard-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs called sclerophyll forest. The vegetation varies between a dense conifer, cedar and hemlock forest, with numerous species of shrubs, sagebrush and grassland communities, to mixed prairie. Distribution. Pacific Coast from Washington south to Baja California Norte. New records. U.S.A.: Washington: King Co.: Seattle, N 47.606210°, W 122.332071°, 8.X.1933, Exline-Peck, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059125). Seattle, N 47.606210°, W 122.332071°, 6.X.1934, M. H. Hatch, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059127). Same data, 10.XII.1936, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059137). California: San Luis Obispo Co: Oceano, N 35.098865°, W 120.612393°, 25–29.XI.1970, S. C. & C. F. Williams, 1 female, 1 imm. (CAS, CASENT 9059118). Monterey Co.: Hastings Natural history and Habitat Reserve, N 36.366667°, W 121.550000°, 4.III.1946, Salvia mellifera, J. Linsdale, 1 imm. (CAS, CASENT 9059108). San Francisco, in house, N 37.774930°, W 122.419416°, 5.XII.2005, B. Heterick, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059499). San Francisco Co: Presidio, Lobos Creek, N 37.786944°, W 122.480833°, elev. 20 m, 2.II.2007, oak woodlands, beating, M. Leong, P. Morgado & T. Shelton, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9050755). Same data, 10.X.2007, 3 females (CAS, CASENT 9052370). Same data, 5.X.2007, 3 females (CAS, CASENT 9052898). Presidio, Dragonfly Creek, N 37.790833°, W 122.473889°, elev. 70 m, 5.X.2007, Eucalyptus stand, beating, M. Leong, P. Morgado & T. Shelton, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9052365). Presidio, Abandoned Hospital, N 37.790833°, W 122.473889°, elev. 70 m, 2.II.2007, dunes, oaks, riparian, beating, M. Leong, P. Morgado & T. Shelton, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9052378). Presidio, Inspiration Point, N 37.792222°, W 122.456944°, elev. 55 m, 7.XII.2007, serpentine soil, beating, M. Leong, P. Morgado & T. Shelton, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9052886). Same data, 19.X.2007, 2 females (CAS, CASENT 9052965). Same data, 8.II.2008, 2 females (CAS, CASENT 9052995). Presidio National Park, Battery Point, N 37.805278°, W 122.477778°, elev. 50 m, 16.II.2007, beating, M. Leong, P. Morgado & T. Shelton, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9052400). Marin Co.: Ross, N 37.962424°, W 122.554978°, 31.III.1918, H. Van Duzee, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059113). Inverness, N 38.101034°, W 122.856938°, 15–22.II.1964, P. Arnaud Jr., 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059095). Same data, 23.II–6.III.1964, 2 females, 2 imms. (CAS, CASENT 9059104). Same data, 11–31.I.1964, 4 females (CAS, CASENT 9059135). Sonoma Co.: Cazadero, N 38.533232°, W 123.085285°, 1.IX.1918, H. Van Duzee, 3 females (CAS, CASENT 9059123)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Shadab, M. U. (1974) A revision of the tranquillus and speciosus groups of the spider genus Trachelas (Araneae, Clubionidae) in North and Central America. American Museum Novitates, 2553, 1 - 34.","Petrunkevitch, A. (1911) A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with all adjacent islands, Greenland, Bermuda, West Indies, Terra del Fuego, Galapagos, etc. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 29, 1 - 791. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 23819","Roewer, C. F. (1955) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). 2. Band. Abt. b (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma-Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1751 pp.","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola fasciata Mello-Leitão Figs 1 a–b, 2e–g, 4a–b, 28–30, 91 Trachelopachys fasciatus Mello-Leit „o, 1941a: 178, fig. 70, pl. X, fig. 48 (four female syntypes from Cabana, Cordoba, Argentina, in MLP, examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995). Trachelas fasciatus Platnick, 1975: 10. Meriola fasciata Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 26, figs 59–63. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 29–30) resemble those of M. avalosi sp. nov. by the long RTA with bent tip, but differ by the longer, sinuous embolus, by lacking the bulb distal projection, and by lacking a basal spine on the dorsal side of the femur II. Females (Fig. 28) are easily recognized by the long tube-like anterior hood of the epigyne. Description. See Platnick & Ewing (1995) for male and female descriptions. Natural history and habitat. The specimens were collected in forests and grasslands; many were found in dry forests (xerophilic and semi-xerophilic forest), with pyrophilus plants, such as Baccharis sp., but also in humid forests. Distribution. Known from south of Brazil, Uruguay and center of Argentina (Fig. 91). New records. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Quaraí: Estância São Roberto, S 30.293520°, W 55.961878°, 24–28.V.1991, A. Brescovit, 1 male (MCN 30540). ARGENTINA: Santa Fe: Vera: Estancia Las Gamas, 16,5 km por aire W de Vera (MJR-loc-161), S 29.44134°, W 60.38455°, elev. 82 m, 20.III.2014, humid chacoan forest, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 male, sample MGM-00309, temporary preparation MLB-00772 (MACN-Ar 32284). San Justo: Ruta Nacional Nº 11, 9 km por aire S de Videla (MJR-loc-158), S 31.025681°, W 60.701673°, elev. 44 m, 19.III.2014, grassland, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 male, sample MGM-00311, fotos MJR IMG-54–56 (MACN-Ar 32281). San Juan: Iglesia: Paso de Agua Negra, S 30.39291°, W 69.566809°, elev. 3500 m, 12.I.1982, A. Roig Alsina, 2 females (MACN-Ar 16386). Córdoba: Calamuchita: Valle de Calamuchita, S 31.981373°, W 64.509436°, II.1952, J. Viana, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30564). Santa Rosa de Calamuchita, S 32.071729°, W 64.54472°, III–IV.1958, J. Viana, 1 female, 5 males (MACN-Ar 16384). Entre Ríos: Diamante: Parque Nacional Predelta, bosque de barranca, S 32.12034°, W 60.62958°, elev. 26 m, 23–26.V.2011, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 4 females, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00194–00200 (MACN-Ar 30366), 1 male, temporary preparations MGM- 00201–00203, MGM-00478–00479 (MACN-Ar 30567). Parque Nacional Predelta, Campo Sarmiento, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-141), S 32.12182°, W 60.62525°, elev. 39 m, 30.IV.2013, grassland at the edge of Baccharis sp. vegetation (“ Chilcal ”), hand collection, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 male, sample MGM-00139 (MACN-Ar 30277), 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30776), 1 female, temporary preparation MGM-00477 (MACN-Ar 30828). San Luis: Merlo: Quebrada, S 32.336441°, W 64.963298°, 12.XI.1982, A. Roig Alsina, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16385). Junín: Merlo, S 32.347434°, W 65.011716°, XI.1971, J. Viana, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16387). Chacabuco: Villa Elena, S 32.505224°, W 64.974619°, 10.XI.1982, rushes, E. Maury, 3 females (MACN-Ar 16383). Chacabuco: Cortaderas, S 32.505603°, W 64.991119°, 10.XI.1982, in forest of Schinus or under rocks, A. Roig Alsina, 2 females, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 30973). URUGUAY: Maldonado: Piriápolis, S 34.831882°, W 55.259071°, 9.XII.1966, R. Capocasale & L. Bruno, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059435)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41.","Platnick, N. I. (1975) A revision of the South American spider genus Trachelopachys (Araneae, Clubionidae). American Museum Novitates, 2589, 1 - 25."]}

Meriola macrocephala (Nicolet, 1849), comb. nov. Figs 1G, 4 c–d, g, 5, 6a–d, 46–48, 92 Clubiona macrocephala Nicolet, 1849: 448 (two male and two female syntypes from Chile, Valdivia, in MNHN 6994, labeled as “ Trachel. megacephalus ”, examined; Fig. 48 a–f). Trachelopachys macrocephalus Simon, 1897: 185; Platnick, 1975: 10, Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 7 Trachelas altiformis Simon, 1904: 104, fig. 3 (male, misidentified). Cetonana barrosi Mello-Leit „o, 1951: 337, figs 11–12 (female holotype from Maullin, Llanquihue, Región de los Lagos, Chile, formerly in MNRJ, probably lost; examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995). syn. nov. Meriola barrosi Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 9, figs 1–2, 4–18. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 5 d–f, 47a–f, 48) are easily distinguished by the long embolus that coils on the distal half of the bulb. Females (Figs 5 a–c, 46, 47g) are recognized by the paired anterior hoods and the large, circular median field flanked by semicircular ridges, with the elongated copulatory ducts visible through the cuticle. Note. The type material of Clubiona macrocephala Nicolet, 1849 was considered a nomen dubium by Platnick & Ewing (1995), since the types were presumed lost (see Ramírez 1989). Simon (1897) synonymized C. obliterata Nicolet, 1849 and C. ultima Nicolet, 1849 with C. macrocephala and transferred that species to Trachelopachys. One of us (CJG) found some of Nicolet’s specimens in MNHN, labeled as “ Trachel. megacephalus ” (written by Simon, Fig. 48 a–f); by virtue of the correspondence with the description, and by the similarity of the terms “macrocephalus” and “megacephalus”, we consider highly probable that Simon wrongly transcribed the label of the specimens. Since the types of C. obliterata and C. ultima are still missing, we regard these as nomina dubia, as suggested by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Description. See Platnick & Ewing (1995) for male and female descriptions. Natural history and habitat. Several specimens were collected by canopy fogging, in vegetation that reaches up to 50 m in height. In addition, specimens were collected in shrubs by beating or hand collecting. Distribution. Known from Chubut, Neuquén and Río Negro provinces in Argentina, and Chile (regions II through XI) (Fig. 92). New records. ARGENTINA: Neuquén: Huiliches: Parque Nacional Lanín, Lago Paimún, S 39.713693°, W 71.580336°, 15–17.I.1999, L. Compagnucci, 1 female, 1 male, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 31051). Los Lagos: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, sendero a Cerro La Mona, cerca Lago Espejo Chico, S 40.58546°, W 71.70412°, elev. 832 m, 5.I.2011, Chusquea and Nothofagus antarctica on creek, M. Ramírez & V. Werenkraut, 1 male, sample MGM- 00432 (MACN-Ar 33045). Río Negro: Bariloche: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Puerto Blest, sendero a laguna Los Cántaros, S 41.013754°, W 71.822738°, elev. 820–890 m, 28.XII.2010, forest, M. Ramírez, V. Werenkraut, V. & S. Aisen, 1 female, sample MLB-04072, temporary preparation MLB-00586 (MACN-Ar 31130). Cerro Challhuaco, S 41.26946°, W 71.31131°, elev. 1906 m, I.2006, pitfall, V. Werenkraut, 1 male (MACN-Ar 19154). CHILE: Región II de Antofagasta: Provincia de Antofagasta: Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar, Las Lomitas, 26,7 km por aire N de Chañaral (MJR-loc-42), S 26.00979°, W 70.60601°, elev. 823 m, 26.X.2011, foggy hills, bushes and cactus, hand collection, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33028). Región IV de Coquimbo: Provincia de Coquimbo: 20 mi E La Serena, S 29.983091°, W 70.925829°, 3.XII.1950, Ross & Michelbacher, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9059197). Provincia de Choapa: Cuesta Cavilolén, 23,5 km por aire, NW de Los Vilos (MJR-loc-60), S 31.76669°, W 71.32727°, elev. 600 m, 2.XI.2011, relict forest in ravine, hand collection, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 female, sample MGM-00427 (MACN-Ar 33044), 1 female, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 33081). Caimanes, S 31.931801°, W 71.134514°, G. Mann, 1 female, 4 males (MNHS). Región V de Valparaíso: Provincia de Valparaíso: Reserva Parque El Boldo, Zapallar, 300 m NNE de ruta costera (MJR-loc-01), S 32.54593°, W 71.45179°, elev. 114 m, 12.II.2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 28763). Provincia de Petorca: Quebrada El Tigre, 2.5 km E of Zapallar (MJRloc-02), S 32.55143°, W 71.43278°, elev. 357 m, 12.II.2011, forest of Peumus boldus and Beilschmiedia in cliff, M. Ramírez, E. Soto & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 female, 6 males, 4 imms. (MACN-Ar 28762). Provincia de Quillota: Cuesta El Melón, 17.7 km por aire S de La Ligua (MJR-loc-63), S 32.6088°, W 71.23638°, elev. 578 m, 3.XI.2011, relict forest in ravine, hand collection, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 male, sample MGM-00433 (MACN-Ar 33046), 5 females, 2 imms., sample MGM-00434 (MACN-Ar 33047). Cuesta El Melón, S 32.616669°, W 71.216667°, elev. 510 m, 19.II.2005, M. Ramírez & F. Labarque, 1 male (MACN-Ar 10950), 1 male (MACN-Ar 10957), 1 female, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 30885). Parque Nacional La Campana, sector granizo, 5.2 km por aire ENE de Olmué (MJR-loc-65), S 32.98124°, W 71.13016°, elev. 456 m, 4.XI.2011, hydrophilic forest in cliff, hand collection, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 female, sample CJG-03123, temporary preparation CJG-01326 (MACN-Ar 30344). Provincia de Marga: Cerro La Campana, S 32.953611°, W 71.119444°, X.1982, M. Pino, 1 female (MNHS 620). Parque Nacional La Campana, S 32.964037°, W 71.081761°, elev. 446 m, 22–23.VII.2010, beating, A. Ojanguren Affilastro, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, D. Valdivia & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 male, sample LNP-04102 (MACN-Ar 28588), 1 female, sample LNP-04103, temporary preparation ASE- 00054 (MACN-Ar 28589), 1 female, sample LNP-04104, temporary preparation ASE-00052 (MACN-Ar 28590). Same locality, S 32.965441°, W 71.086855°, 18.XII.1983, M. Pino, 2 females (MNHS 918). Same locality, S 32.981944°, W 71.123111°, 16.VII.2009, beating, M. Izquierdo, A. Ojanguren Affilastro, J. Pizarro Araya & F. Alfaro, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 36784). Provincias de Valparaíso y San Antonio: Tunquén, S 33.273736°, W 71.646973°, 14.X.1982, M. Pino, 1 male (MNHS 631). Región VII de Maule: Provincia de Curicó: Los Niches, Fundo Juan Enrique Barriga-Tuñón, S 35.063167°, W 71.122861°, elev. 299 m, 18.VII.2010, A. Ojanguren Affilastro, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, D. Valdivia & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 male, sample LNP-04038 (MACN-Ar 28586). 10 km N Potrero Grande, S 35.113072°, W 70.881621°, 18.VII.2009, beating, M. Izquierdo, A. Ojanguren Affilastro, J. Pizarro Araya & F. Alfaro, 1 female (MACN-Ar 36810). El Relvo, 20 km E Potrero Grande, S 35.183500°, W 70.932639°, elev. 1100 m, 14.I.2004, Lomatia dentate and Nothofagus oblicua, fogging, J. Barriga, 13 females, 7 males, 7 imms., sample ARAMR000992, temporary preparations MAI-00085–00086 (MACN-Ar 30743). Same locality, S 35.183611°, W 70.933611°, 25.III.2003, Laurelia sp. and Myrceugenia sp., fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30917). Same locality, S 35.185667°, W 70.935000°, elev. 1100 m, 8.V.2004, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 8 females, 2 males, 6 imms. (MACN-Ar 33030). Same locality, S 35.185833°, W 70.937472°, 16.I.2004, Nothofagus dombeyi, Laurelia sp., Colletia hystrix and Podocarpus saligna, fogging, J. Barriga, 5 males (MACN-Ar 30927). Same locality, S 35.185833°, W 70.937306°, elev. 1100 m, 16.I.2004, Nothofagus dombeyi, Laurelia sp., Colletia hystrix and Podocarpus saligna, fogging, J. Barriga, 11 females, 11 males (MACN-Ar 33031). Same locality, S 35.189167°, W 70.958333°, 30.XII.2003, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30929). Same data, elev. 1100 m, J. Barriga, 4 females, 6 males (MACN-Ar 33029). Same locality, S 35.190907°, W 70.8130279°, elev. 1100 m, 8.V.2004, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 7 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30926). Fundo El Coihue, 20 km E Potrero Grande, S 35.190907°, W 70.8679273°, elev. 937 m, 25.V.2004, Austrocedrus chilensis, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female, 5 males (MACN-Ar 30916). Same data, Nothofagus dombeyi and Austrocedrus chilensis, 2 males (MACN-Ar 33033). Same locality, elev. 1035 m, 25.V.2004, Podocarpus saligna, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33034). Camino El Relvo, 15 km E Potrero Grande, S 35.190907°, W 70.9228267°, elev. 1000 m, 13.V.2004, Nothofagus oblicua and N. dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 2 females (MACN-Ar 30928). Potrero Grande, 15 km E, Puente los Morongos, S 35.190907°, W 71.087525°, 30.III.2004, Nothofagus alpina, N. dombeyi and Laurelia sp., fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30930). Same locality, S 36.202500°, W 70.968333°, 9 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33032). 5 km E Potrero Grande, Puente Los Morongos, S 35.199878°, W 70.943024°, 22.XII.2003, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 12 females, 5 males, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 30888). Provincia de Linares: 28 km SE de Linares, S 36.0280297°, W 71.38019°, 17.I.1984, E. Maury, 1 female, temporary preparation MGM-00341 (MACN-Ar 30976). Región VIII de Biobío: Provincia de Concepción: Cerro Caracol, S 36.841083°, W 73.041285°, elev. 240 m, 15.II.2005, M. Ramírez & F. Labarque, 2 females, sample MLB-04310, temporary preparation MLB-00886 (MACN-Ar 33662). Provincia de Arauco: Quebrada Caramávida, San Alfonso, reserva Arauco, 20 km (air) ESE Antiguala, S37.70942° W73.17107° (GPS, +- 200m), elev. 750 m (GPS), 15.I.2018, forest with araucaria, M.J. Ramírez,A. Ojanguren,A. Pérez González, G. Azevedo, W. Porto (MJR-loc-310), 1 female vchMJR-2774, photos MJR 9635-9644 (MACN-Ar MJR-2774). Región IX de La Araucanía: Provincia de Malleco: Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, Cerro Pichinahuel, S 37.783333°, W 73.0°, elev. 1200 m, 22.XI.2004, Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30931). Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, S 37.784643°, W 72.953286°, elev. 1100 m, 12.II.2005, forest of Nothofagus and Araucaria, M. Ramírez & F. Labarque, 7 females, 5 males, temporary preparations ARAMR000709– 710, ARAMR000908–909, PMF00086 –00090, CGJ-00469–00470 (MACN-Ar 30744), 1 male, temporary preparation ARAMR000264 (MACN-Ar 30881), 1 female, temporary preparation ARAMR000265 (MACN-Ar 30882). Monumento Natural Contulmo, sendero Lemu Mau (MJR-loc-77), S 38.01314°, W 73.18648°, elev. 341 m, 9.II.2012, forest, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirknler & K. Huckstorf, 1 male, temporary preparation MGM-00342 (MACN-Ar 29256), 2 females, 4 males (MACN-Ar 29276).Victoria, S38.231467°, W 72.351019°, G. Mann, 1 female (MNHS). Provincia de Cautín: Parque Nacional Villarrica, camino a Coñaripe, cerca del sector Quetrupillén (MJR-loc-82), S 39.45314°, W 71.80915°, 13.II.2012, forest of Nothofagus and Chusquea, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirknler & K. Huckstorf, 1 female, sample MAI-01891 (MACN-Ar 36426). Región XIV de Los Ríos: Provincia de Valdivia: Santo Domingo, S 39.812579°, W 73.226441°, 26.X.1984, on Blechnum magallanicum, D. Jackson, 1 female (MNHS 886). Valdivia, S 39.817379°, W 73.242533°, XI–XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 1 female (MNHS 693). Región X de Los Lagos: Provincia de Osorno: Parque Nacional Puyehue, Sector Anticura, S 40.653611°, W 72.262500°, XI.1982, collector unknown, 1 female, 3 imms. (MNHS 706). Parque Nacional Puyehue, Aguas Calientes, S 40.737037°, W 72.304847°, 13–17.XII.1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado & L. Lopardo, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16392). Provincia de Llanquihue: Puerto Montt, Sector Chapo, Río Blanco, S 41.416701°, W 72.566697°, 24–29.I.1983, G. Arriagada, 1 female, 7 males, 6 imms. (MNHS 723). Same locality, 30.I–15.II.1983, 1 female, 1 male, 1 imm. (MNHS 733)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 56-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Nicolet, H. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (ed.) Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia 3, 319 - 543, pls. 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16172","Simon, E. (1897). Etudes arachnologiques. 27 e Memoire. XLII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 65, 465 - 510.","Platnick, N. I. (1975) A revision of the South American spider genus Trachelopachys (Araneae, Clubionidae). American Museum Novitates, 2589, 1 - 25.","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41.","Simon, E. (1904) Etude sur les arachnides du Chili recueillis en 1900, 1901 et 1902, par MM. C. Porter, Dr Delfin, Barcey Wilson et Edwards. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 48, 83 - 114.","Ramirez, M. J. (1989) Lista de los typos de Araneae descriptos por Nicolet depositados en el MNHN. Arachnologia, 6, 7 - 11."]}

Meriola arcifera Simon Figs 7–9, 89 Trachelas arcifer Simon, 1886: clxxi (female holotype from Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia, in MNHN, examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995). Trachelas lineolata Mello-Leit „o, 1938: 118, fig. 39 (female holotype from Río Santiago, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Ceto costulata Mello-Leit „o, 1940: 52, fig. 51 (male holotype from Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Trachelas carvalhoi Mello-Leit„o, 1943a: 405, fig. 3 (female holotype from Santiago, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile, formerly in MNRJ, probably lost; examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995). Cetonana costulata Mello-Leit„o, 1947: 288. Trachelas lineolatus Bonnet, 1959: 4668. Meriola arcifera Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 27, figs 64–68. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 8–9) are recognized by the small, hook-shaped, subdistal RTA (Figs 9 b–d; Platnick & Ewing 1995: figs 65, 66). Females (Fig. 7) resemble those of M. peras sp. nov. by the epigyne lacking a hood and with a wide median field, but differ by the narrower, bean-shaped secondary spermathecae and by the shorter, not arcshaped, lateral epigynal ridges (Platnick & Ewing 1995: figs 67, 68). Description. See Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. Specimens were collected in grass, succulents or under rocks. The specimens from U.S.A. and Chile belong to the Matorral region, where the most typical communities include sclerophyllous forest, xeric scrub and Mediterranean forest. Those from Robinson Crusoe Island were found under stones in a disturbed, dry area with little vegetation. The rest were collected in the Chacoan subregion, where vegetation is predominantly xerophyllous forest and graminaceous steppes or in temperate rainforest. Some male specimens were collected with pitfalls. Distribution. Known from Cochabamba in Bolivia, south of Brazil and Uruguay, Argentina and center and south of Chile. Probably introduced in California, U.S.A., and Easter Island (Baert et al. 1997). Some records from temperate forests in southern Argentina and Chile and in Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, may represent anthropic introductions as well. New records. U.S.A.: California: Fresno Co.: 2 mi E Parlier, Kearney Agricultural Center, N 36.600718°, W 119.510787°, 1.II.1992, blando brome grass (Bromus sp.), R. Gerber, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9059146). Same data, 14.V.1992, R. Gerber, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9059175). Same data, Kearney Research Center, N 36.600718°, W 119.510787°, 12.III.1992, R. Gerber, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059203). San Jose, N 37.338210°, W 121.886330°, fall.1979, A. Teel, 2 females (MCZ 129836). San Mateo Co., N 37.44°, W 122.36°, elev. 25 m, 8.II.1974, MLS, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059139). Alameda Co.: San Leandro, N 37.724930°, W 122.156077°, 5.XI.1976, R. Tafore, 1 female (MCZ 129838). Same data, IX.1978, Mullins, 1 male (MCZ 129835). San Francisco: Presidio National Park, Crissy Field, N 37.802558°, W 122.453056°, elev. 5 m, 26.X.2007, pitfall trap, M. Leong, P. Morgado & T. Shelton, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9052428). BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Charamoco, S 17.600°, W 66.283°, V.1941, J. Vellard, 1 female (MACN-Ar 775). BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Capão da Canoa: Xangrilá, S 29.802808°, W 50.041231°, 17.I.1987, A. Lise, 1 female (MCN-FZB 16651). URUGUAY: Colonia: Nueva Palmira, Río Uruguay, S 33.882355°, W 58.416541°, 6.XII.1979, R. Capocasale, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059427). Maldonado: S 34.908825°, W 54.958086°, 2.X.1966, R. Capocasale & L. Bruno, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059380). ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Tumbaya: El Volcán, S 23.91455°, W 65.464407°, II.1981, P. Goloboff, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16348). Tucumán: Tafí del Valle, S 26.84882°, W 65.69944°, 16.XII.1994, C. Grismado, 2 females (MACN-Ar 16362). Tafí del Valle: La Angostura, S 26.935084°, W 65.683628°, 15.XII.1994, C. Grismado, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16341). Same data, under rocks, C. Grismado, 2 females (MACN-Ar 16360). Catamarca: Yunka Suma (GDRloc 18), S 27.395283°, W 65.98165°, elev. 1406 m, 19.II.2013, Chaco serrano, diurnal hand collection, G. Rubio, H. Iuri, A. Ojanguren, A. Porta & R. Adilardi, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33019). Córdoba: Punilla: Villa Lago San Roque, S 31.373808°, W 64.466022°, 1975, C. Cesari, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16494). Calamuchita: Santa Rosa de Calamuchita, S 32.071729°, W 64.54472°, XII.1941, J. Viana, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16627). Yacanto de Calamuchita, S 32.098645°, W 64.759622°, XII.1940, J. Viana, 1 female (MACN-Ar 1893); 1 female (MACN-Ar 1894); 1 male (MACN-Ar 1897); 1 female (MACN-Ar 1899). Marcos Juárez: Leones, S 32.658951°, W 62.300667°, 22.I.1947, collector unknown, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16371). San Luis: La Capital: San Francisco, S 33.295509°, W 66.335083°, XI.1970, Williner, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16509). Buenos Aires: Avellaneda: Sarandí (at home: Mansilla 3392, in garden), S 34.690514°, W 58.349756°, elev. 5 m, 23.II.2014, C. Grismado, 1 female (MACN-Ar 31201). Guaminí, S 37.014392°, W 62.415034°, VIII.1964, I. Apóstol, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16493). Tandil, S 37.31566°, W 59.142152°, V.1967, E. Maury, 8 females, 4 males (MACN-Ar 16514). Same data, date unknown, J. Viana, 2 females (MACN-Ar 16629). Same data, I.1982, M. Ramírez, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30972). Tandil: Reserva Natural Sierra del Tigre, S 37.379444°, W 59.128889°, IV.2012, pitfall traps, N. Ferretti, 1 female, 2 males (MACN-Ar 33024), 2 males (MACN-Ar 33025). Balcarce: Laguna Brava, S 37.8810042°, W 57.977306°, I.1965, C. de la Serna, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16354). Tornquist: Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist, 300 m del bosque del sismógrafo, S 38.06668°, W 61.96355°, elev. 534 m, 2–3.VII.2013, hand collection, under rocks, M. Izquierdo, N. Ferretti, G. Pompozzi & S. Copperi, 1 female, sample MAI-04166, temporary preparation MAI-01500 (MACN-Ar 32249). Entre Tres Arroyos y Pringles, S 38.180626°, W 60.820682°, XI.1962, M. Galiano, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16508). Bahía Blanca, S 38.718623°, W 62.2691°, VII.1943, A. Borgni, 1 male (MACN-Ar 1305). Patagones: Puerto San Blas, Buque Oceanográfico “San Luis”, S 40.5494496°, W 62.25°, 2.III.1932, A. Carcelles & J. Daguerre, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16639). Carmen de Patagones, S 40.78935°, W 63.024028°, I.2013, hand collection, H. Iuri, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30986). Río Negro: General Roca: Cinco Saltos, camino a Lago Pellegrini (IFM-loc- 033), S 38.81157°, W 68.05190°, elev. 270 m, 16.X.2014, monte, under rocks, hand collection, A. Brescovit, A. Santos, L. Piacentini & I. Magalhaes, 1 male, sample MGM-00417 (MACN-Ar 33072). Adolfo Alsina: Viedma, S 40.842714°, W 62.9876°, I.2013, hand collection, H. Iuri, 2 females, 2 imms. (MACN-Ar 30985). Bariloche: El Bolsón, Loma del Medio, S 41.977258°, W 71.554162°, IV.2002, pitfall trap, P. Sackmann, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00469, MGM-00470 (MACN-Ar 33020). Chubut: Biedma: Puerto Madryn, S 42.757476°, W 65.042535°, 8.II.1980, collector unknown, 1 female, temporary preparation MGM-00468 (MACN-Ar 16364). CHILE: Región V de Valparaíso: Provincia de Quillota: Quillota, S 32.887603°, W 71.252963°, 13.IV.1963, Fritz, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16502). Provincia de Valparaíso: Archipiélago Juan Fernández, Isla Robinson Crusoe, área de Plazoleta El Yunque (MJR-loc-05), S 33.65276°, W 78.84403°, 17.II.2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 female (MACN-Ar 36403). Archipiélago Juan Fernández, Isla Robinson Crusoe, Bahía del Padre, sector Punta de Isla, cerca de la orilla (MJR-loc-06), S 33.66977°, W 78.93593°, elev. 3 m, 12.II.2011, almost bare ground, under stones and succulents, M. Ramírez, E. Soto & J. Pizarro Araya, 1 male, sample MGM-00094, temporary preparation MLB-00515 (MACN-Ar 28625); 1 female, sample MGM-00095, temporary preparation MLB-00516 (MACN-Ar 28626); 5 females, 1 male, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 28761). Región RM Metropolitana de Santiago: Provincia de Santiago: Pudahuel, S 33.425984°, W 70.818441°, 14.IV.1963, Fritz, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16511). Provincia de Cordillera: Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, S 33.763407°, W 70.419388°, collector unknown, 1 female, 2 males (MACN-Ar 30965). Región VI del Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins: Colchagua: Embalse Rapel, Estación Hidrobiológica, Univ. Chile, S 34.140401°, W 71.501180°, V.1977, on grass under Acacia caven, sweep net, 1 female (MNHS 669). Región IX de la Araucanía, Provincia de Malleco: Monumento Natural Contulmo, S 38.0272353°, W 73.2021587°, collector unknown, 15.V.1975, 1 female (MNHS 670)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Simon, E. (1886) Note sur le mico (Dendryphantes noxiosus), espece venimeuse de Bolivie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 30 (C. R.), clxviii-clxxii.","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola rahue Platnick & Ewing Figs 1e, 4d, 5, 70–72, 95b Meriola rahue Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 35, figs 92–96 (male holotype and female allotype from 16 km from Rahue on Rt. 46, Neuquén, Argentina, in AMNH, not examined). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 71, 72) can be recognized by the RTA in a dorsal position, which is curved ventrally. Females are distinguished by the epigyne with a small, triangular anterior hood and oval secondary spermathecae with relatively long stalks (Fig. 70h; Platnick & Ewing 1995: figs 95, 96). Description. Male and female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. The specimens were found between 800–1500 m altitude, in forests of Nothofagus dombeyi (coihue), N. antarctica (ñire) and Chusquea (caña colihue) or under rocks. Many specimens were collected by pitfall traps. Distribution. Known from Neuquén and Río Negro provinces in Argentina and Osorno province in Chile (Fig. 95b). New records. ARGENTINA: Neuquén: Lácar: Parque Nacional Lanín, Lago Queñi, S 40.159353°, W 71.709362°, 15.II.1996, M. Ramírez, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16335). Los Lagos: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro La Mona (M4S6E06), S 40.57163°, W 71.69777°, elev. 1300 m, I.2006, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male (MACN-Ar 20503). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro La Mona (M4S8M06), S 40.57575°, W 71.69948°, elev. 1095 m, III.2006, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male (MACN-Ar 20276). RP 65, pasando Arroyo Pedregoso (LT352E5), S 40.62246°, W 71.59593°, elev. 852 m, I.2005, forest of Nothofagus dombeyi (coihue), N. antarctica (ñire) and Chusquea (caña colihue), pitfall traps, P. Sackmann, 2 males (MACN-Ar 16339). Zapala: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro Pelado (M2S6E05), S 40.93134°, W 71.33495°, elev. 1318 m, I.2005, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00113–00114, MGM-00116–00117 (MACN-Ar 21642). Río Negro: Bariloche: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro Tronador, S 41.171787°, W 71.872928°, 23.XII.2014, under rocks, A. Porta, 1 female, sample MGM-00424, MGM-00493 (MACN-Ar 33092). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro Challhuaco (M5S4M06), S 41.24917°, W 71.28273°, elev. 1203 m, III.2006, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male, MGM-00494–00495 (MACN-Ar 20251). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro Challhuaco (M5S4M05), S 41.24917°, W 71.28273°, elev. 1203 m, III.2005, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM- 00122, MGM-00125–00127 (MACN-Ar 21964). Pasando Paso Cretón, poco antes de Pampa Linda (LT552E5), S 41.24963°, W 71.74312°, elev. 874 m, I.2005, forest of Nothofagus antarctica (ñire), pitfall traps, P. Sackmann, 1 female, 2 males, temporary preparations MGM-00118–00121, MGM-00123–00124 (MACN-Ar 16338). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro Challhuaco (M5S7E05), S 41.26248°, W 71.29703°, elev. 1509 m, I.2006, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male (MACN-Ar 21774). CHILE: Región X de Los Ríos: Provincia de Osorno: Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillaca, S 40.775000°, W 72.191667°, elev. 1050–1350 m, 30.XII.2000, alpine meadow, pitfall traps, K. Miller, I. Agnarsson, F. Álvarez, J. Coddington & G. Hormiga, 1 female (NMNH 01561).

Meriola cetiformis Strand Figs 1F, 19–21, 90 Gayenna alticola Simon, 1896: 400 (male paralectotype, misidentified, from La Paz, Bolivia, in MNHN, examined by Ramírez, 2003); Simon, 1897: 94, fig. 87. Trachelas cetiformis Strand, 1908: 241 (three female syntypes from Yauli, Junín, Peru, in MWG, examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995). Trachelas 4-punctatus Mello-Leit„o, 1922: 49 (one male [lacking both palpi] and five female syntypes from Pinheiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, formerly in MNRJ, probably lost; examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995); Camargo, 1953: 324, figs 10–17. Trachelas caxambuensis Mello-Leit „o, 1926: 13, figs 14–15 (one male and one female [lacking abdomen] syntypes from Caxambui, Minas Gerais, Brazil, formerly in MNRJ, probably lost; examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995). Trachelas distinctus Mello-Leit „o, 1941a: 178, fig. 69 (female holotype from Yala, Jujuy, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Cetonana cinerea Mello-Leit „o, 1941b: 221, fig. 32 (male holotype from Reconquista, Santa Fe, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Meriola arequipa Gertsch, 1942: 11, fig. 34 (female holotype [lacking abdomen] from Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru, in AMNH, examined by Platnick & Ewing 1995). Cetonana lissopalpus Mello-Leit „o, 1943b: 116, fig. 17 (male holotype from Los Molles, Río Atuel, Mendoza, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Trachelas quadripunctatus Roewer, 1955: 588. Trachelas arequipa Roewer, 1955: 587. Meriola cetiformis Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 15, figs 29–33. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 20–21) can be easily recognized by the long embolus that coils around the palp, and the copulatory bulb that is half the size of the cymbium. Females (Fig. 19) are easily recognizable by the twisted copulatory ducts and the rounded secondary spermathecae (Platnick & Ewing 1995: fig. 33). Description. See Platnick & Ewing (1995) for male and female descriptions. Natural history and habitat. The species is widely distributed over several ecoregions, from open forests with low trees, shrubs and other herbs (especially rich in grasses and legumes) to savannas and gallery forests, xeric deciduous forests with a layer of gramineous, cacti and land bromeliads, and also in urban habitats. Several specimens were collected on forests with tall trees, vines and epiphytes, woody bamboos and tree ferns. A few specimens were collected between 3000–5000 m altitude, where arborescent cacti, shrubs and grasses abound. Other specimens were collected on shrub steppes and grasslands. Distribution. Known from central and southern Perú, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina; in Chile known only from the far north. New records: PERÚ: Ancash: Callejon de Huaylas, S 09.166666°, W 77.750000°, elev. 3048–4572 m, VIII.1988, V. & B. Roth, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059472). Huaraz, S 09.526223°, W 77.528630°, 6.XII.1980, C. Gold, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059202). Parque Nacional Huascarán, Laguna Querococha, S 09.727222°, W 77.329722°, elev. 4024 m, 17.V.2010, L. Figueroa, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & D. Silva, 2 females (MUSM-ENT 0503129). Junín: Ondores, S 11.066154°, W 76.158344°, elev. 4080 m, 19.III.2007, on rocks, near lake, G. Alvares & W. Paredes, 2 females, 1 male (IBSP 73270). Yaulí, La Oroya, Quebrada Cerro Quinan (Tupac Amaru), S 11.552083°, W 75.931111°, elev. 4119 m, 22.VIII.2005, W. Paredes, 1 male (MUSM-ENT 0504595). Lima: Chinchorros, S 12.062485°, W 77.103070°, 13.XII.1980, C. Gold, 3 females (CAS, CASENT 9059158). Cuzco: nr. Huancarane, along road from Cusco to Shintuya, 1st truck breakdown, S 13.498798°, W 71.665990°, 23.IX.1987, J. Coddington, 2 females (NMNH 1561). Sacsayhuamán, S 13.509844°, W 71.981681°, 12.XII.1980, C. Gold, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059198). Puno: Amantaní, S 15.666208°, W 69.710821°, elev. 3900 m, III.1948, F. Blancas, 2 females (MUSM-ENT 0504602). Chucuito, Ancomarca, S 16.648331°, W 69.364453°, elev. 4081 m, 4.III.2010, E. Razuri, 1 female (MUSM-ENT 0501378). Arequipa: Cerca a Paty, S 16.086208°, W 70.966024°, 27.I.2000, J. Ochoa, 1 female (MUSM-ENT 0504599). BOLIVIA: Murillo: La Paz: Laguna Valle de Zongo, Viscachavi, S 16.194638°, W 68.126772°, 5.VIII.1993, H. Höfer, 1 female (MCN 24108). Chacaltaya, S 16.347150°, W 68.127841°, elev. 4500 m, 5.VII.1993, H. Höfer & A. Brescovit, 1 female, 1 imm. (IBSP 11895), 1 female (MCN 24089). Viscachani, S 16.470998°, W 68.214424°, SMNK, 1 female (IBSP 11855). BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Vale Rio Santo Inácio Coromandel, S 18.697424°, W 46.940677°, 2.V.2001, R. Gallon, 1 female (IBSP 28558). Pudente de Morais: Fazenda do Sapé, rodovia MG-424, S 19.468383°, W 44.241606°, 2.XI.2000, E. Álvares, 1 female (UFMG 318). Same locality, 3–4.II.2001, E. Álvares, 1 female (UFMG 315). Viçosa, S 20.754888°, W 42.878610°, 2004, J. Lopes, 2 males (IBSP 55830). Coimbra, S 20.857272°, W 42.801276°, 5.II.1999, pitfall, F. Marquini, 1 female (IBSP 23862). Espirito Santo: Bom Jesus do Itabapoana: Usina Hidrelétrica de Rosal, Rio Itabapuana, S„o José do Calçado, S 20.916943°, W 41.721666°, IX.1999, I. Knysak, 2 females, 4 males (IBSP 26372). Mato Grosso do Sul: Anaurilândia: Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta, S 22.500000°, W 53.016667°, 15.XI–23.XII.1998, Eq. IBSP, 2 females, 2 males (IBSP 23395). São Paulo: Usina Hidreléctrica Três Irm„os, entre Andradira y Barreto, S 20.672420°, W 51.299264°, IX.1990, Costa & Bertim, 1 male (IBSP 4809).Jaboticabal, S21.252514°, W 48.325676°, 4.IX.1986, H. Cunha, 3 females, 1 male (MCN 17809), 1 female (MCN 18785). Ibó, Rio Claro: Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, S 21.686507°, W 47.488274°, 3.XI.1940, O. Schubart, 1 female (MZUSP 8542). Águas da Prata, S 21.917661°, W 46.685365°, IX.2004, V. Onofrio, 1 male (IBSP 70982). Same locality, 21.I.1999, V. Onofrio, 1 male (IBSP 22061). Anaurilândia: Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta, President Epitácio, S 22.500000°, W 53.016667°, 16.I–13.II.1999, equipe IBSP, 1 female (IBSP 23048). Same locality, I–II.2000, equipe IBSP, 5 females, 2 males (IBSP 30106). Americana, S 22.737846°, W 47.333569°, 1944, R. Eller, 1 male, 2 imms. (MZUSP 5994). Guarulhos, S 23.454251°, W 46.533798°, 1.XI.1943, F. Pereira, 1 female (MZUSP 12521). Baruerí, S 23.511369°, W 46.872942°, 26.XII.1965, K. Lenko, 3 females (MZUSP 12522). Osasco, S 23.532857°, W 46.791952°, XI.1972, A. de Souza, 1 female, 1 male (IBSP 3253). Perdizes, S 23.536902°, W 46.674317°, 12.IX.1951, H. Urban, 1 male (MZUSP 1433). Río Claro: Colégio Claretiano, S 23.542080°, W 46.654604°, 17– 19.I.1962, B. Reichardt & S. Penna, 1 female (MZUSP 11766). Capital, S 23.550520°, W 46.633309°, VIII.1941, M. Maurus, 1 female (MZUSP 739). Butantã: Jardim Rizzo (URB.USP), S 23.572008°, W 46.732739°, 24.II.1999, shrubs, D. Candiani, 1 female (IBSP 28819). Same locality, 1.III.1999, M. Sebastiao (col. X IBMa herbaceo), 1 female (IBSP 28912). Ribeirão Preto: Ipiranga, S 23.585498°, W 46.599011°, 19.IV.1942, J. Barroso, 1 female, 1 male (MZUSP 8368). Paraná: Flora da Serra, Boa Vista da Aparecida, S 25.436411°, W 53.407367°, 7–14.X.1998, Eq. IBSP, 1 female (IBSP 21123). Dois Vizinhos: Foz do Chopim, Cruzeiro do Iguaçu, S 25.523865°, W 53.096533°, 8–15.X.1998, equipe IBSP, 1 female (IBSP 21257). Santa Catarina: Estrada Nova Teutonia-Itá, S 27.183333°, W 52.483611°, 1.II.1996, A. Bonaldo, A. Kury & R. Rocha, 1 female, 1 male (MCN 27133). Florianopolis: Ilha do Árvoredo, Reserva Biológica Marinha de Arvoredo, S 27.285247°, W 48.365877°, 2003, Noili, 1 male (IBSP 75355), 1 male (IBSP 75356). Rio Grande do Sul: Derrubadas: Parque Estadual do Turvo, S 27.206705°, W 53.935427°, 25–30.IV.2005, R. Ott et al., 1 male (MCN 39423). Aratiba: Usina Hidreléctrica de Itá, S 27.277222°, W 52.383333°, collector unknown, 1 female (MCTP). Represa de Garabí, S 28.020047°, W 55.225725°, collector unknown, 1 female (MCTP), 1 female (MCTP), 1 male (MCTP). Canela, S 29.356493°, W 50.812426°, 31.XII.1973, A. Lise, 1 female (MCN 2064). Taquara, S 29.650973°, W 50.775785°, 18.VI.1988, F. Quadros, 1 male (MCTP 26097). Capão da Canoa: Xangri-Lá, S 29.802808°, W 50.041231°, 9.XI.1986, A. Lise, 1 female, 2 males (MCN 16007). Same locality, 20.II.1990, A. Lise, 1 male (MCN 19569). Santo Antônio da Patrulha: Chicolom„, S 29.957592°, W 50.583635°, 23.III.1983, H. Gastal, 1 female (MCN 11493). Porto Alegre, S 30.034656°, W 51.217658°, 13.VII.1962, R. Krebs, 1 male (MCN 1279). Viamão: Aguas Belas, S 30.082400°, W 51.019946°, 24.I.1977, A. Lise, 1 male (MCN 5157). Guaíba, S 30.114759°, W 51.322857°, 22.I.1975, H. Gastal, 1 female (MCN 2771). Vila Nova, S 30.115413°, W 51.213207°, 23.VI.1991, F. Garcia, 1 female (MCTP 2765). Serraria, Ipanema, S 30.150859°, W 51.214094°, 3.XI.1962, C. Haktlieb, 1 female (MCN 1334). São Sepé, S 30.203212°, W 53.606907°, 25.VI.2000, T. Gomes, 1 male (IBSP 122641). Capivari do Sul: Lagoa do Capivari, S 30.222000°, W 50.548400°, 20.V.2004, Equipe Probio, 2 females (MCN 37379), 1 female (MCN 37394). Reserva Biológica do Lami José Lutzenberger, S 30.246942°, W 51.106937°, 15.VI.2000, E. da Silva, 2 females (IBSP 48899), 1 female, 1 male (IBSP 48929). Same locality, 20.VIII.2000, E. da Silva, 1 female (IBSP 48930). Quaraí: Estância S„o Roberto, S 30.293520°, W 55.961878°, 24–28.V.1991, A. Brescovit, 1 female (MCN 21105). Palmares do Sul: Praia do Quintão, S 30.318719°, W 50.346460°, 10.XII.1988, A. Bonaldo, 1 male (MCN 17968). Caçapava do Sul: Santa Barbinha, S 30.514853°, W 53.483217°, 30.VI.2005, L. Almeido, 23 females, 10 males (MCTP 17214). Santana do Livramento: Estância Bela Vista, S 30.716799°, W 55.689897°, 26.V.2005, J. Bitencourt, 1 male (IBSP 84903). Cerro Verde, S 30.805520°, W 55.531290°, 21–28.XI.2006, J. Dias, 3 females, 2 males (IBSP 79920). Same locality, 28–29.XI.2003, J. Bitencourt, 1 female, 1 male (IBSP 84964). Same locality, 3–9.XI.2006, J. Dias, 4 females, 7 males (IBSP 79912). Same locality, 21–28.IX.2006, J. Bitencourt, 1 female (IBSP 85002). Cerrito, S 31.689398°, W 52.831266°, 24.I.2008, J. Rosado, 1 female (MCN 46720). Rio Grande, S 32.299886°, W 52.446547°, II.2005, F. dos Santos, 1 female (MCTP 21794). Same locality, VIII.2004, F. dos Santos, 2 females (MCTP 21792). Same locality, XI.2004, F. dos Santos, 1 male (MCTP 21793). Santa Vitória do Palmar: Estaç„o Ecológica do Taim, S 32.491554°, W 52.584327°, 08.IV.1986, A. Lise, 1 male (MCN 14857). Same locality, 9.IV.1986, M. Marques, 1 female (MCN 14884). URUGUAY: Montevideo: Hill 500 m S of Castle, 15.XII.1965, R. Capocasale & L. Bruno, 1 female (CAS, CASENT 9059407). Colonia: Colonia del Sacramento, S 34.460719°, W 57.833910°, 11.XII.2005, G. Ruiz & C. Rheims, 2 females, 2 males (IBSP 58680). ARGENTINA: Salta: Anta: Parque Nacional El Rey, S 24.684121°, W 64.638642°, I.1981, P. Goloboff, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 29744). Misiones: Iguazú: Parque Nacional Iguazú, S 25.68029°, W 54.319289°, I.1993, C. Grismado, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16359). Tucumán: El Infiernillo (AOP-loc-002), S 26.74272°, W 65.77283°, 18.X.2014, under rocks at the edge of a cliff, A. Porta, 1 female, sample MGM-00422 (MACN-Ar 33018). Tafí del Valle, Cerro El Pelao (AOP-loc-01), S 26.87206°, W 65.73646°, 17.X.2014, under rocks at the edge of a cliff, A. Porta, 1 female, sample MGM-00419 (MACN-Ar 33015), 1 female, sample MGM-00420 (MACN-Ar 33016), 1 male, sample MGM-00421 (MACN-Ar 33017). Tafí del Valle: Parque Los Menhires, S 26.930705°, W 65.680000°, 4.VIII.1990, A. Brescovit & A. Bonaldo, 1 female, 1 male (MCN 19945). Corrientes: Mburucuyá: Parque Nacional Mburucuyá, Camino del Uno, S 28.000999°, W 58.095255°, elev. 64 m, 27–30.V.2011, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 29743). Bella Vista, S 28.507731°, W 59.044857°, 7.X.2005, G. Ávalos, 1 male (CARTROUNNE 8270). La Rioja: Famatina: Cueva de Noroña, S 28.091944°, W 67.673056°, elev. 2846 m, 29.I.2006, L. Piacentini, L. Compagnucci & A. Ojanguren Affilastro, 8 females, 2 males, 2 imms. (MACN-Ar 35193). Santa Fe: General Obligado: 3 km NE de Berna (MJR-loc-165), S 29.26211°, W 59.81745°, elev. 43 m, 19–24.III.2014, dry chacoan forest with sandy soil, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 female, sample MGM-00273 (MACN-Ar 33010). 9 de Julio: Ruta Provincial Nº 13, 2,45 km S de cruce con Ruta Nacional Nº 98, 81,3 km por aire W de Vera (MJR-loc-162), S 29.28352°, W 61.027°, elev. 70 m, 19–24.III.2014, flooded grasslands, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 female, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 33009). General Obligado: Berna, Arroyo El Palmar, S 29.2842222°, W 59.8613333°, elev. 47 m, 5–7.VI.2011, grassland, hand collection, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 1 female (MACN-Ar 29741). Vera: Las Gamas, bañado a la entrada de la estancia, S 29.41233°, W 60.37423°, elev. 61 m, 5–7.VI.2011, rushes, hand collection, G. Rubio, M. Izquierdo, L. Piacentini & R. Adilardi, 2 males (MACN-Ar 29742). Estancia Las Gamas, bañado sobre Ruta Nacional Nº 98, 16,5 km por aire W de Vera (MJR-loc-160), S 29.41382°, W 60.37438°, elev. 23 m, 19–24.III.2014, marsh, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 female, sample MAI- 04176, MGM-00357 (MACN-Ar 32374), 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00358–00359 (MACN-Ar 32375), 1 male (MACN-Ar 33011). La Capital: San José del Rincón, S 31.602076°, W 60.577061°, XII.1995, C. Scioscia, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16368). San Juan: Iglesia: Ruta Nacional Nº150, camino a Paso de Agua Negra, 6 km W de Arrequintín, S 30.369475°, W 69.65721°, 23.I.1982, E. Maury, 2 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16406). Paso de Agua Negra, S 30.39291°, W 69.566809°, III.2006, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & L. Compagnucci, 1 male (MACN-Ar 35164). Calingasta: Parque Nacional El Leoncito, S 31.863213°, W 69.226267°, 25.I.2006, L. Piacentini, L. Compagnucci &A. Ojanguren Affilastro, 1 female (MACN-Ar 12859). Córdoba: Capital: Barrio Argüello, S 31.348071°, W 64.25982°, 12.X.2002, C. Mattoni, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 31202). Entre Ríos: Colón: Parque Nacional El Palmar (MJR-loc-17), S 31.86534°, W 58.23745°, elev. 22 m, 6.VIII.2011, rocks, palm trees with grassland and lowland forest, M. Ramírez & Equipo MACN-Ar, 1 female, sample MGM-00318 (MACN-Ar 32987). Parque Nacional El Palmar, Sector Sur (MJR-loc-22), S 31.88768°, W 58.31186°, elev. 30 m, 7.VIII.2011, grassland and lowland forest with palm trees (bosque bajo), M. Ramírez & Equipo MACN-Ar, 1 female (MACN-Ar 32775). Diamante: Parque Nacional Predelta, Campo Sarmiento, pastizal, S 32.100711°, W 60.643125°, elev. 35 m, 23– 26.V.2011, grassland, hand collection, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 1 female, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 29739). Parque Nacional Predelta, isla frente a seccional, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-143), S 32.1214°, W 60.63528°, elev. 10 m, 1.V.2013, forest of Tessaria integrifolia (“aliso”), Mikania cordifolia, Cayaponia citrullifolia and Ephedra tweediana (“enredaderas”), beating shrubs, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 male, sample MGM-00143 (MACN-Ar 30281), 1 female, sample MGM-00144 (MACN-Ar 30282). Parque Nacional Predelta, bañado al pie de bosque de barranca, S 32.12154°, W 60.62946°, elev. 4 m, 23–26.V.2011, rushes, hand collection, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 1 female (MACN-Ar 29738), 2 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30990). Parque Nacional Predelta, Campo Sarmiento, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-141), S 32.12182°, W 60.62525°, elev. 39 m, 30.VI.2013, grassland at the edge of Baccharis sp. vegetation (“Chilcal”), hand collection, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30829). Parque Nacional Predelta, bañado cerca de entrada, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-142), S 32.12194°, W 60.62996°, elev. 10 m, 30.VI.2013, marsh in lagoon, hand collection, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 female, sample MGM-00131 (MACN-Ar 30269), 1 female, sample MGM-00138 (MACN-Ar 30276). Parque Nacional Predelta, sendero a Laguna Las Piedras, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-140), S 32.12438°, W 60.63002°, elev. 6 m, 29.V–1.VI.2013, forest of Tessaria integrifolia (“aliso”), Mikania cordifolia, Cayaponia citrullifolia and Ephedra tweediana (“enredaderas”), beating shrubs, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 male, sample MGM-00150 (MACN-Ar 30288). Parque Nacional Predelta, sendero a Laguna Las Piedras, S 32.12462°, W 60.6277°, elev. 12 m, 23–26.V.2011, hand collection, G. Rubio, L. Piacentini & M. Izquierdo, 1 female (MACN-Ar 29737), 1 male (MACN-Ar 29740). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Avenida Warnes 42, S 34.604169°, W 58.437973°, 28.III.2013, M. Ramírez, 1 female, sample MGM-00129 (MACN-Ar 30267). Buenos Aires: S 36.412991°, W 60.402024°, VI.1939, B. Gerschman de Pikelin & R. Schiapelli, 1 female (MACN-Ar 618). San Pedro: Reserva Natural Histórica y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Municipal Vuelta de Obligado, S 33.583333°, W 59.816667°, elev. 14 m, 9.I.2009, buffer zone, hand collection, N. López Carrión & N. Olejnik, 1 male (MACN-Ar 36969). Same data, 10.IV.2009, 1 female, 2 males (MACN-Ar 36877), 1 male (MACN-Ar 36969), 3 males (MACN-Ar 36997). Same data, 23.V.2009, 3 males (MACN-Ar 36883). Same date, 24.V.2009, 10 females, 2 males (MACN-Ar 36884). Same data, 18.VII.2009, 2 females (MACN-Ar 36887). Same data, 11.X.2009, 1 male (MACN-Ar 36954). Delta del Río Paraná: 3° Sección San Fernando: Río Barca Grande y A° Barquita, S 34.119725°, W 58.444922°, 24–26.I.2012, C. Grismado & L. Zapata, 1 m, Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 26-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Simon, E. (1896) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Clubionidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 40, 400 - 422. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2026","Ramirez, M. J. (2003) A cladistic generic revision of the spider subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 277, 1 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2003) 277 % 3 C 0001: TSSAAA % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2","Simon, E. (1897). Etudes arachnologiques. 27 e Memoire. XLII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 65, 465 - 510.","Strand, E. (1908) Exotisch-araneologisches. I. Amerikanische, hauptsachlich in Peru, Bolivien und Josemitetal in Californien gesammelte Spinnen. II. Spinnen aus Kamerun. III. Ubersicht der bekannten Hysterocrates - Arten. IV. Zur Kenntnis der Aranea rufipalpis (Luc.). Jahrbucher des Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde, 61, 223 - 295.","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41.","Roewer, C. F. (1955) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). 2. Band. Abt. b (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma-Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1751 pp."]}

The genus Meriola Banks currently includes 24 known species of spiders distributed across America, especially in southern South America. They have a nearly straight and narrower posterior eye row compared to other American genera of Trachelidae, and elongated and sharply tipped ventral leg cuspules. The study of specimens of Meriola available in collections revealed two undescribed species, M. avalosi sp. nov. and M. peras sp. nov., and the previously unknown females of M. balcarce Platnick & Ewing and M. quilicura Platnick & Ewing, all of which are described here. The female of M. lineolata (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov., transferred from Cetonana Strand, is described for the first time. Two further new combinations are proposed here: M. macrocephala (Nicolet) comb. nov., transferred from Trachelopachys Simon, and M. setosa (Simon) comb. nov., transferred from Cetonana; these two species are also considered senior synonyms of M. barrosi (Mello-Leitão) and M. hyltonae (Mello-Leitão), respectively. Additionally, a new sex matching of M. ramirezi Platnick & Ewing and M. davidi Grismado is proposed, with a redescription of the female of M. ramirezi provided. New geographical records are provided for all of the species, with images and a revised diagnosis for the genus and the previously known species.

Meriola quilicura Platnick & Ewing Figs 67–69, 93 Meriola quilicura Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 29, figs 69–71 (male holotype from Quilicura, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile, in AMNH, examined). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 68–69) can be distinguished by the distally expanded palpal tibia, the short RTA, and the short, prolaterally directed embolus. Females (Fig. 67) can by distinguished by the curved lateral ridges and small, oval, medially situated CDR (Fig. 69b). Note. The female newly described here was not collected together with the known males of M. quilicura; it is tentatively associated to the male by the leg spination pattern. The male has thick, elongate scopular setae, although not as long as those in the female (Figs 69a, c). Description. Female (MACN-Ar 36314): Carapace length 1.47, width 1.18, narrowed in eye region. Carapace with few setae and low tubercles. Palpal tarsus length 0.33. Sternum length 0.91, width 0.77. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.10/0.83; II, 0.87/0.70; III, 0.67/0.63; IV, 1.17/1.17. Spines: Leg I, femur p 1ap. II, femur d 1ba, p 1-0-1. III, femur d 1ba; tibia p 1ap, v 1p-0-1p; metatarsus p 0-1-0, v lp-lp-0, r 0-1-0. IV, femur d 1 ba; tibia v 1p-1p-0, r 1ap; metatarsus p 0-1-1, v 1p-1p-0, r 1ba. Leg cuspules absent. Tibia and metatarsus of legs I and II with dense rows of long setae, probably modified scopular setae (Fig. 69a), metatarsi of legs III and IV with distinct preening comb. Opisthosoma length 2.40. Color in ethanol: Prosoma brownish, with dark reticulations and dark border. Chelicerae dark brown. Legs pale orange, with vague traces of dark markings. Sternum brownish, with dark reticulations. Opisthosoma grayish-brown dorsally, with reticulations and posterior chevrons. Venter grayish, with reticulations and longitudinal dark stripes. Epigyne (Fig. 67h): median field wide, curved lateral ridges, hood absent. Copulatory openings in posterior position; copulatory ducts short, connecting longitudinally with small and oval CDR, S2 large and weakly sclerotized, S1 small (Fig. 69b). Male described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. Unknown. Distribution: Known from central Chile in Regions Coquimbo, Valparaiso and Metropolitana, and Río Negro province in Argentina (Fig. 93). New records: CHILE: Región IV de Coquimbo: Provincia de Elqui: Totoralillo Norte, S 29.559194°, W 71.316056°, 12.VII.2009, under stones, M. Izquierdo, A. Ojanguren, J. Pizarro & F. Alfaro, 1 female, temporary preparations MGM-00466, MGM-00467 (MACN-Ar 36314). ARGENTINA: Río Negro: Bariloche: Cerro Challhuaco, S 41.2152°, W 71.30527°, elev. 1006 m, III.2006, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00220–00221 (MACN-Ar 20430)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 84-87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola nague Platnick & Ewing Figs 55–57, 93 Meriola nague Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 14, figs 24–28 (male holotype from Choapa, Región de Coquimbo (IV), Chile, in AMNH, not examined). Diagnosis. Males (Figs 56, 57 a–d) resemble those of M. virgata by the sinuous embolus with a retrolateral origin, but differ by the shorter and more slender RTA, and thinner embolus. Females (Figs 55, 57 g–i) resemble those of M. virgata by their epigyne with a median excavation, but which is narrower, and the CDR and S1 are transversally arranged, between the S2 (Platnick & Ewing 1995: fig. 28). Description. Male and female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. The specimens were found between 400–1400 m of altitude, in forest of Peamus boldus and bushes of Maytenus boaria. Distribution. Known from central Chile, Regions of Coquimbo, Valparaíso and Metropolitana, and one isolated record from Malleco Province (reported by Platnick & Ewing 1995) (Fig. 93). New records. CHILE: Región V de Valparaíso: Provincia de Valparaíso: Sendero a Quebrada El Tigre, 2.3 km E de Zapallar (MJR-loc-03), S 32.55368°, W 71.43493°, elev. 348–357 m, 12.II.2011, forest of Peumus boldus, M. Ramírez, E. Soto & J. Pizarro, 1 female (temporary preparations MGM-00214–15 (MACN-Ar 30971). Región RM Metropolitana de Santiago: Valle del Río Mapocho entre El Arrayán y Farellones, S 33.324727°, W 70.370685°, 15.X.1958 – 8.VI.1960, pitfall traps, W. Noodt, 1 female (MNHS 337). Región VII del Maule: Provincia de Curicó: Ruta J-55, 30 km W de Los Queñes (MJR-loc-75), S 35.06316°, W 70.51248°, elev. 1406 m, 8.II.2012, Maytenus boaria (maitenes) bushes, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirknler & K. Huckstorf, 1 male, sample MAI-04063, temporary preparations MAI-00994, MGM-00216–18 (MACN-Ar 29171)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola setosa (Simon, 1897), comb. nov. Figs 76–79, 94a Ceto setosa Simon, 1897: 509 (Dm) (2 males and 2 imms. from Caraça, Brasilia, Brazil, in MNHN 8190; labeled as “ Ceto hirsuta ”, examined; Fig. 78). Trachelopachys gulosus Mello-Leit „o, 1940: 51, fig. 50 (female holotype from Alto Limay, Neuquén, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Ceto hyltonae Mello-Leit „o, 1940: 53, figs 52, 53 (female holotype from Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina, in MLP, examined). syn. nov. Trachelopachys segmentatus Mello-Leit „o, 1942: 418, figs 43, 44 (male holotype from Charata, Chaco, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Cetonana elongata Mello-Leit „o, 1943b: 114, fig. 16 (female holotype from Rayo Cortado, Córdoba, Argentina, in MLP, examined). Trachelas gulosus Platnick, 1975: 10. Trachelas segmentatus Platnick, 1975: 10. Meriola hyltonae Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 32, figs 82–86. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 77, 78, 79 b–e) resemble those of M. lineolata comb. nov. and M. puyehue by the very short embolus, partially concealed by the distal part of the bulb, but differ from both by the larger, triangular RTA that is located distally. Females (Fig. 76, 79a) also resemble to those of M. puyehue by the twisted copulatory ducts and closely spaced posterior epigynal ridges, but the ridges are diverging in M. setosa (parallel in M. puyehue), the spermathecae are larger in M. setosa comb. nov., and the epigyne lacks the elevated median hood. Notes. We identify the specimen of C. setosa examined as the type, because its morphology is compatible with the description, and also by the label’s information with Simon’s calligraphy (Fig. 78e), indicating that was collected by “Gou” (Gounelle) in Caraça, a locality in Minas Gerais where Gounelle collected (see Vasconcelos & Melo-Júnior 2001). The specific epithet “hirsuta”, as written on the label, is very similar in meaning to “setosa”, referring to the hairy appearance of this species. Description. See Platnick & Ewing (1995) for male and female descriptions (under Meriola hyltonae). Natural history and habitat. The specimens were collected in flooded grasslands, under rocks or at grassland at the edge of Baccharis sp. vegetation (“chilcal”). Some specimens were found in marshes and others in forests, beating shrubs. A few specimens were collected in bird nests of Anumbius annumbi (“leñatero”) and of Caracara plancus (“carancho”). Distribution. Known from southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina (Fig. 94a). New records. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul / Santa Catarina: Rio Uruguai, S 27.343039°, W 52.370504°, 2.IX.2010, R. Francisco, 1 male (MCTP 34400). Rio Grande do Sul: S„o Francisco de Paula: Passo do Inferno, S 29.275000°, W 50.739167°, 20.IV.1979, A. Lise, 1 female (MCN 8556). Canela, S 29.356493°, W 50.812426°, 20.III.1976, A. Lise, 1 male (MCN 4000). Same locality, 23.X.1977, J. Thomé, 1 female (MCN 7412). Quaraí: Estância São Roberto, S 30.293520°, W 55.961878°, 24–28.V.1991, A. Brescovit, 1 female (MCN 21206). Bagé, S 31.330154°, W 54.100505°, 10.I.1966, C. de Oliveira, 1 male (MCN 236). URUGUAY: Artigas: Ruta 30 en el punto más alto de la Cuchilla, S 30.659257°, W 56.318252°, elev. 344 m, 13.XII.2005, F. Labarque, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & C. Mattoni, 1 male, sample EMS-04095, ARAMR000576, temporary preparation MGM-00157 (MACN-Ar 30057). ARGENTINA: Tucumán: Tafí del Valle: Camino Tafí del Valle, El Indio, S 27.056099°, W 65.671669°, 21.V.1977, A. Roig Alsina, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16347). Santa Fe: 9 de Julio: Ruta Nacional Nº 98, camino a Tostado, 97 km por aire W de Vera (MJR-loc-163), S 29.23545°, W 61.17110°, elev. 65 m, 21–24.III.2014, flooded grasslands, hand collection, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini & M. González Márquez, 1 female, sample MGM-00274 (MACN-Ar 33012). San Juan: Valle Fértil: Parque Provincial Valle Fértil, entrada sur (LNPloc-021), S 30.73694444°, W 67.43166666°, elev. 857 m, 5.XII.2014, under rocks, L. Piacentini & E. Soto, 1 female, sample LNP-4503 (MACN-Ar 34028). Entre Ríos: Diamante: Parque Nacional Predelta, Campo Sarmiento, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-141), S 32.12182°, W 60.62525°, elev. 39 m, 30.IV.2013, grassland at the edge of Baccharis sp. vegetation (“ Chilcal ”), hand collection, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 female, sample MGM-00140 (MACN-Ar 30278), 4 females (MACN-Ar 30774), 1 female (MACN-Ar 30831). Parque Nacional Predelta, bañado cerca de entrada, 6 km S de Diamante (MJR-loc-142), S 32.12194°, W 60.62996°, elev. 10 m, 30.IV.2013, marsh in lagoon, hand collection, M. Ramírez, L. Piacentini, M. González Márquez, A. Laborda & S. Aisen, 1 female, sample MGM-00135, temporary preparation MGM-00188 (MACN-Ar 30273), 1 male, sample MGM-00136, temporary preparation MGM-00189, MGM-00364–00365 (MACN-Ar 30274), 1 female, sample MGM-00153 (MACN-Ar 30291). Mendoza: Cerro Arcos, S 32.839889°, W 68.949086°, 11.V.2013, leaf litter, A. Porta, 1 female (MACN-Ar 36181). Luján de Cuyo: Potrerillos, S 32.956473°, W 69.201875°, 24.III.1979, A. Roig Alsina, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16358). Las Heras: Central Hidroeléctrica Álvarez Condarco, S 32.995000°, W 69.125833°, 4.IV.1979, A. Roig Alsina, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16353). Rivada via: San Isidro, S 33.186040°, W 68.459048°, 10.IV.1979, A. Roig Alsina, 1 female, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 16352). Tunuyán: 10 km de El Manzano, S 33.601925°, W 69.382055°, elev. 2400 m, 29.V.1975, A. Roig Alsina, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16346). San Carlos: Arroyo El Carrizalito, S 34.595001°, W 69.270364°, 23.I.1979, A. Roig Alsina, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16357). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur, Laguna de los Macáes, S 34.606277°, W 58.348817°, 24.X.2011, L. Zapata, G. Rubio, M. Izquierdo, M. Guala & C. Grismado, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33087). Buenos Aires: Campana: Reserva Natural Otamendi, S 34.225306°, W 58.900250°, elev. 32 m, 22.IV.2006, M. Ramírez, F. Labarque & C. Sosa, 1 female (MACN-Ar 10980), 1 male (MACN-Ar 10984), 2 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 11026). Reserva Natural Otamendi, Sendero Guardianes de la Barranca, S 34.230759°, W 58.894898°, elev. 16 m, 7.IV.2007, forest, beating shrubs, C. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero, I. Crudele & N. Olejnik, 1 female, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 12457). Estación Río Luján, S 34.278°, W 58.890168°, elev. 4 m, 10.III.2007, grassland, hand collection, C. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero, I. Crudele & N. Olejnik, 2 imms. (MACN-Ar 12223). Same locality, 7.IV.2007, grassland, beating shrubs, C. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero, I. Crudele & N. Olejnik, 8 females, 1 male (MACN-Ar 12354). Same data, hand collection, 2 males (MACN-Ar 12481). Same locality, 19.V.2007, grassland, beating shrubs, C. Grismado, I. Crudele, N. Olejnik & S. Trivero, 1 female (MACN-Ar 12538). Same locality, 28.VII.2007, grassland, beating shrubs, C. Grismado, L. Damer, I. Crudele, N. Olejnik, N. López & S. De Biase, 2 females (MACN-Ar 12791). Ferrocarril General Belgrano, Campo de Mayo, km 26, S 34.556174°, W 58.657914°, 17.IV.2006, in nest of “leñatero” (Anumbius annumbi), P. Turienzo, 3 females (MACN-Ar 33083). Same locality, nest of “carancho” (Caracara plancus), P. Turienzo, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 33085). Buenos Aires, S 36.412991°, W 60.402024°, IV.1940, F. Monrós, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16635). Tandil: Reserva Natural Sierra del Tigre, S 37.379444°, W 59.128889°, IV.2012, pitfall traps, N. Ferretti, 2 females, 2 males (MACN-Ar 33022). Tornquist: Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist, 300 m del bosque del sismógrafo, S 38.06668°, W 61.96355°, elev. 534 m, 2–3.VII.2013, hand collection, M. Izquierdo, N. Ferretti, G. Pompozzi & S. Copperi, 1 female, sample MAI-04149, temporary preparation MAI-01511 (MACN-Ar 32246). Sierra de la Ventana, S 38.137325°, W 61.794005°, II.1967, M. Galiano, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16677). Same locality, 6.III.1994, M. Ramírez, 1 female, 3 males (MACN-Ar 16478). Patagones: Puerto San Blas, Buque Oceanográfico “San Luis”, IV.1932, A. Carcelles & J. Daguerre, 1 female, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16638). La Pampa: Capital: Santa Rosa, S 36.617996°, W 64.282367°, 30.XI.2007, in nest of “leñatero” (Anumbius annumbi), P. Turienzo, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30983). Capital: Santa Rosa, S 36.617996°, W 64.282367°, 7.X.2007, in nest of “leñatero” (Anumbius annumbi), P. Turienzo, 1 imm. (MACN-Ar 30984). Neuquén: Confluencia: Neuquén, S 38.933089°, W 68.097216°, IX.1973, O. Ferraris, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16373). Río Negro: Adolfo Alsina: Viedma, S 40.872713°, W 63.027025°, I.2013, hand collection, H. Iuri, 1 female, 2 imms. (MACN-Ar 30987)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Simon, E. (1897). Etudes arachnologiques. 27 e Memoire. XLII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 65, 465 - 510.","Platnick, N. I. (1975) A revision of the South American spider genus Trachelopachys (Araneae, Clubionidae). American Museum Novitates, 2589, 1 - 25.","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola foraminosa Keyserling Figs 31–33, 89 Trachelas foraminosus Keyserling, 1891: 60, fig. 32 (female holotype from Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in BMNH, examined by Platnick & Ewing, 1995). Meriola foraminosa Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 29, fig. 72–76. Diagnosis. Both sexes present depressed setal bases associated with tubercles covering the carapace surface. Males (Figs 32–33) can by distinguished by the short, twisted embolus, RTA nearly triangular with acute tip, and the presence of a distal spine on the prolateral side of femora II and III. Females (Fig. 31) can be also distinguished by the narrow anterior epigynal hood and the well separated copulatory openings and the very wide median field. Description. See Platnick & Ewing (1995) for male and female descriptions. Natural history and habitat. Several specimens were collected in pitfall traps in forests and shrub steppes, between rocks. Distribution. Known from a few localities in Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, Brazil, Chile, and from La Rioja, Buenos Aires, Neuquén and Río Negro provinces in Argentina (Fig. 89). New records. ECUADOR: Pichincha: Quito, in building, S 0.180653°, W 78.467838°, IV.1994, V. & B. Roth, 1 male (CAS, CASENT 9059208). PERÚ: Puno: Chucuito: Cerro Ancomarca, S 16.648331°, W 69.364453°, elev. 4081 m, 4.III.2010, E. Razuri, 1 female (MUSM-ENT 0501377). BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas, S 31.765399°, W 52.337589°, 1–3.V.1997, L. Moura, 1 male (MCN 28371). Capão do Leão, S 31.836963°, W 52.574653°, 15.I.2008, J. Rosado, 2 males (MCN 46783). ARGENTINA: La Rioja: Chilecito: Guanchin, S 29.182324°, W 67.644785°, 24.X.1980, M. Galiano, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16327). Buenos Aires: Campana: Reserva Natural Otamendi, S 34.230186°, W 58.869773°, 30.VI.2007, C. Grismado, L. Damer, I. Crudele, S. Olejnik, S. Trivero, N. López & S. De Biase, 1 male, sample CJG-03001, temporary preparation CJG-01242 (MACN-Ar 12818). La Matanza: Lomas del Mirador, S 34.666369°, W 58.533396°, IV.1995, C. Grismado, 1 female (MACN-Ar 16365). Tornquist: Sierra de la Ventana, S 38.137325°, W 61.794005°, I.1991, between rocks, A. Belner & N. Florio, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30566). Sierra de la Ventana, Cerro Negro, S 38.139334°, W 61.794130°, 12.IV.1974, C. Cesari, 1 male (MACN-Ar 16351). Neuquén: Truran Kura nr. San Martín de los Andes, S 40.157988°, W 71.317981°, elev. 1000 m, 27–30.IX.1986, M. Gentill, 1 female (NMHN 01561). Río Negro: Bariloche: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Cerro López, S 41.08152°, W 71.54571°, elev. 800 m, III.2006, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00193, MGM-00484, MGM-00485 (MACN-Ar 19130). Bariloche: Cerro Challhuaco, S 41.18041°, W 71.32352°, elev. 908 m, I.2006, pitfall traps, V. Werenkraut, 1 male (MACN-Ar 21751). Bariloche: El Bolsón, Loma del Medio, S 41.977258°, W 71.554162°, II.2002, pitfall traps, P. Sackmann, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33076). Same locality, I.2002, pitfall traps, P. Sackmann, 1 male (MACN-Ar 33078). CHILE: Región RM Metropolitana de Santiago: Provincia de Cordillera: Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, S 33.7635436°, W 70.4218734°, collector unknown, 4 females, 6 males (MACN-Ar 30969)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}

Meriola virgata Simon Figs 86–88, 95a Trachelas virgatus Simon, 1904: 105, fig. 4 (one male and three female syntypes from La Herradura, Elqui, Región de Coquimbo, Chile, in MNHN, examined by Platnick & Ewing 1995). Meriola virgata Platnick & Ewing, 1995: 12, figs 3, 19–23. Diagnosis. Males (Figs 87–88) resemble those of M. nague by the sinuous embolus with a retrolateral origin, but differ by the longer and dorsally curved RTA, and by the longer and ribbon-like embolus. Females (Fig. 86) resemble those of M. nague by their median excavation, but it is wide and triangular in M. virgata, and by their S2, elongated and diverging (Platnick & Ewing 1995: figs 22, 23). Description. Male and female described by Platnick & Ewing (1995). Natural history and habitat. The specimens were collected in forests and bushes by hand collecting. The specimen collected by fogging, at 1100 m of altitude, was found in a forest of Nothofagus dombeyi. Distribution. Known from Región IV to VIII in Chile (Fig. 95a). New records. CHILE: Región V de Valparaíso: Provincia de Quillota: Parque Nacional La Campana, Palmas de Ocoa (MJR-loc-64), S 32.93049°, W 71.08581°, elev. 410 m, 3.XI.2011, forest and bushes, hand collection, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren Affilastro & J. Pizarro, 1 male, sample MGM-00430 (MACN-Ar 33042), 1 female, 4 imms., sample MGM-00429 (MACN-Ar 33043). Parque Nacional La Campana, quebrada El Arenal, 22 km (por aire) SSE La Calera, S 32.95362°, W 71.06873° (GPS, +- 50m), elev. 663 m (GPS), 6.I.2018, low forest, M.J. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, A. Pérez González, G. Azevedo & W. Porto (MJR-loc-296), 1 female vchMJR-2158, photos MJR 8610-8629 (MACN-Ar 39085). Provincia de Valparaíso: Viña SaU.S.A.lito, S 33.014843°, W 71.538205°, 21.X.1982, collector unknown, 1 male (MNHS 622). Región RM Metropolitana de Santiago: Provincia de Santiago: La Florida, S 33.533462°, W 70.574378°, VIII.1983, O. Leon, 1 female (MNHS 795). Provincia de Melipilla: S 33.686159°, W 71.216684°, 8–23.XI.1998, J. Barriga, 1 female, temporary preparation MGM-00222 (MACN-Ar 30360), 1 male (MACN-Ar 30362). Same locality, 2–22.II.1999, J. Barriga, 4 females (MACN-Ar 30361). Cajón de Pichi, Alhué, S 33.948112°, W 71.034014°, 13.XI–23.XII.1998, J. Barriga, 5 females, 3 males, 7 imms. (MACN-Ar 33036). Provincia de Cordillera: Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, S 33.763407°, W 70.419388°, 6.III–9.IV.2008, collector unknown, 1 male (MACN-Ar 30966). Same locality, 9.IV–14.V.2008, collector unknown, 1 male, temporary preparations MGM-00223–00224 (MACN-Ar 30968). Región VII del Maule: Provincia de Curicó: El Relvo, 20 km E Potrero Grande, S 35.189167°, W 70.958333°, elev. 1100 m, 30.XII.2003, Nothofagus dombeyi, fogging, J. Barriga, 1 female (MACN-Ar 33035)., Published as part of González, María E., Grismado, Cristian J. & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, A Taxonomic Revision Of The Spider Genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae), pp. 1-113 in Zootaxa 4936 (1) on page 111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4936.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4559165, {"references":["Simon, E. (1904) Etude sur les arachnides du Chili recueillis en 1900, 1901 et 1902, par MM. C. Porter, Dr Delfin, Barcey Wilson et Edwards. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 48, 83 - 114.","Platnick, N. I. & Ewing, C. (1995) A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. American Museum Novitates, 3128, 1 - 41."]}