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Historic and present-day systemic racism frequently excludes Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) from engaging in aquarium efforts toward conservation, research, advocacy, and education. But to realize the conservation missions of aquariums—creating a more equitable and sustainable world in which people and nature thrive—we need a diversity of perspectives and voices driving adaptive, lasting solutions. In this article, the co-authors describe how a diverse coalition of U.S. aquariums is working to integrate racial justice with their conservation initiatives and to transform their sector. They outline the formation of the Aquarium Conservation Partnership (ACP) Equity Work Group, progress toward an ACP Equity Commitment, and the restructuring of ACP governance. They describe how these efforts, like equity work across the broader cultural attractions sector, have been imperfect and uncertain; but they yield lessons that may provide reassurance, encouragement, and guidance to similar coalitions committed to racial equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrification by aquarium biofilters transforms ammonia waste (NH3/NH4+) to less toxic nitrate (NO3-) via nitrite (NO2-). Prior to the discovery of complete ammoniaoxidizing ("comammox" or CMX) Nitrospira, previous research revealed that ammoniaoxidizing archaea (AOA) dominated over ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in freshwater aquarium biofilters. Here, we profiled aquarium biofilter microbial communities and quantified the abundance of all three known ammonia oxidizers using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR), respectively. Biofilter and water samples were each collected from representative residential and commercial freshwater and saltwater aquaria. Distinct biofilter microbial communities were associated with freshwater and saltwater biofilters. Comammox Nitrospira amoA genes were detected in all 38 freshwater biofilter samples (average CMX amoA genes: 2.2 × 10³ ± 1.5 × 10³ copies/ng) and dominant in 30, whereas AOA were present in 35 freshwater biofilter samples (average AOA amoA genes: 1.1 × 10³ ± 2.7 × 10³ copies/ng) and only dominant in 7 of them. The AOB were at relatively low abundance within biofilters (average of 3.2 × 101 ± 1.1 × 10² copies of AOB amoA genes/ng of DNA), except for the aquarium with the highest ammonia concentration. For saltwater biofilters, AOA or AOB were different ially abundant, with no comammox Nitrospira detected. Additional sequencing of Nitrospira amoA genes revealed differential distributions, suggesting niche adaptation based on water chemistry (e.g., ammonia, carbonate hardness, and alkalinity). Network analysis of freshwater microbial communities demonstrated positive correlations between nitri fiers and heterotrophs, suggesting metabolic and ecological interactions within biofilters. These results demonstrate that comammox Nitrospira plays a previously overlooked, but important role in home aquarium biofilter nitrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish maintained in managed care may have longer lifespans as a result of advances in veterinary medicine and husbandry and reduced risk of predation. Neoplasia is of increasing interest in managed aquarium populations. However, few studies have systematically evaluated neoplasia in managed fish populations. Our objective in this retrospective study was to review and describe neoplasia diagnosed in fish at a large public display aquarium between 2005 and 2021. Any fish diagnosed with neoplasia on either antemortem or postmortem evaluation during the study period was included, and all medical records, biopsy, and autopsy reports were reviewed. Sixty-two fish met the inclusion criteria; 37 species were included in the study population, most of which were tropical freshwater fish (n = 34 fish). Thirty-two types of neoplasia were identified. Ten fish had benign neoplasms, and 53 fish had malignant neoplasms. The most common neoplasms were of epithelial and neuroectodermal origin. The most common site of tumor origin was the skin. Our data suggest that mesenchymal neoplasms may be more common in cold saltwater fish than in tropical freshwater and saltwater fish. Malignant neoplasms were most commonly diagnosed in the study population and should be a top differential when neoplasms are identified in fish managed under human care. Our study contributes to the overall knowledge of the health of aquarium fish and may aid clinicians in characterizing neoplasia that may be present in fish under human care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aquatic invertebrates are understudied and often overlooked in public aquarium welfare. By determining public opinion on aquatic invertebrate welfare, we can obtain a better picture on whether they are even considered during an aquarium visit. Using TripAdvisor, it was determined that aquatic invertebrates were under-represented in negative welfare comments compared with their vertebrate counterparts. The public were more likely to comment on welfare issues if from the UK or USA. To aid in a better understanding of aquatic welfare by the public, zoo and aquarium associations should help create guidelines for aquatic invertebrates. Guideline creation would help increase the construction of welfare indicators and support welfare tool kits. This would hopefully result in the better consideration of invertebrate welfare and public understanding in public aquaria. Awareness of welfare issues within animal collections is increasing as information becomes more accessible for staff and the public. A knowledge gap remains when considering the welfare of invertebrates, particularly when housed in public aquaria. TripAdvisor comments were analyzed for 485 worldwide aquariums. The public focused on anthropogenic features or charismatic organisms within collections. Invertebrate welfare was only presented in 18% of negative welfare comments compared with the 51% of represented vertebrates and 31% of negative general welfare comments. The UK and USA reported a greater number of perceived invertebrate welfare issues. Greater dissemination of information between aquarists and scientists should be encouraged to drive welfare standards and improve husbandry. In addition, incorporating input from invertebrate aquarists while utilizing welfare toolkits are vital for improving overall standards if we are to have greater representation of invertebrate welfare in public aquaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Research on the welfare of elasmobranchs (i.e., rays, sharks, and skates) in human care is lacking. Therefore, we observed the behaviors of members of four ray species in the presence of aquarium visitors. The rays spent more of their time performing active behaviors (i.e., swimming and eating) and less time performing inactive behaviors (i.e., resting and hiding) when there were more compared to fewer visitors present. However, there were no significant differences in other behavioral categories (i.e., negative and social) as a function of visitor number. To understand whether these findings applied to individual rays, we assessed the frequency of active versus inactive behaviors, and found that the three fiddler rays and one of the four southern stingrays' active behaviors differed across visitor density. However, we did not find any significant associations between active behaviors and visitor numbers for the other three southern stingrays, the Atlantic stingray, or the blue-spotted maskrays. This study provides novel data on the activity budgets of four understudied species of rays. Although rays spent more time swimming in the presence of more visitors, future work is needed to determine whether these behavioral changes represent a positive or negative response to visitors. Humans are a constant in the lives of captive animals, but the effects of human–animal interactions vary. Research on the welfare impacts of human–animal interactions focus predominantly on mammals, whereas fish have been overlooked. To address this lack of research, we assessed the impacts of aquarium visitors on the behaviors of ten members of four elasmobranch species: an Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina), four southern stingrays (Hypanus americanus), two blue-spotted maskrays (Neotrygon kuhlii), and three fiddler rays (Trygonorrhina dumerilii). The rays engaged in a significantly higher proportion of active behaviors and a lower proportion of inactive behaviors when visitor density levels were high; however, there were no significant changes for negative or social behaviors. Individual analyses indicated that all three fiddler rays and one of the southern stingrays' active behaviors differed across visitor density levels, whereas there was no association between active behavior and visitor density levels for the other rays. Further research is needed to determine whether this pattern is an adaptive or maladaptive response to visitors, but this research provides much needed initial data on activity budgets within elasmobranch species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical fishkeeping is a popular practice in societies across the globe and involves recreating and sustaining an entire ecosystem in an aquarium within a domestic setting. The process invariably has an environmental impact, yet an assessment of this impact has previously been limited to the ecological consequences of harvesting fish from the wild or the release of non‐native fish species. Provided here are the first estimates of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions produced from running a tropical aquarium across multiple countries in Northern Europe (France, Poland and the UK), along with water consumption. Estimates were produced in silico and are discussed in the context of freshwater and marine aquariums, calculated using example aquarium sizes of 50, 200 and 400 l. Using estimates from the UK, depending on size and running conditions, a tropical aquarium produces an estimated 85.3–635.2 kg of CO2eq per year, equating to 1.6%–12.4% of the UK annual average household CO2 emissions, and uses 156–31,200 l of water per year, equating to 0.2%–30.1% of the UK annual average household water usage. Despite this, comparison with the CO2eq of an average‐size dog (127–1592 kg of CO2eq per year) or cat (121–251 kg of CO2eq per year), estimated from meat consumption alone, demonstrates that ornamental fishkeeping can be a more environmentally conscious pet choice. In addition, the majority of CO2eq produced from tropical fishkeeping is generated from the energy consumption of aquarium equipment and as more national electricity grids begin to decarbonize, this estimate should decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Today, around one-quarter of all shark species are threatened with extinction, and action is needed to reverse this trend. Several factors are known to influence conservation efforts, among which is their negative perception, which influences the way people perceive and emotionally engage with these top predators. Aquariums worldwide play a strong role in this strategy as they host millions of visitors every year and, for many of these, are one of the only chances to see sharks up close and aim to create an everlasting positive perception of these fish. This study tested two different communication strategies to best engage visitors in shark awareness and conservation when visiting an aquarium with sharks. Our results show that, by exposing visitors to the unknown social behaviors of sharks with the help of an interpreter (educator), their perception of these animals slightly improved. Other findings on the potential use of videos as attention grabbers are considered. Sharks are commonly depicted as intentionally dangerous predators and are considered a threat by the general public, limiting support for and success of global shark conservation. Following the SCM framework, this study aimed at testing the effect of information on the social lives of sharks alone or paired with circumstantial humor on the participants' perceived warmth of sharks before visiting an aquarium. The present study took place in a naturalistic setting, allowing testing of the variables in a pseudo-real-world environment where results can objectively help in the implementation of strategies on the ground. A total sample of 303 visitors participated in this study, where three conditions (control: 100; social information: 102; social information with humor: 101) were tested. Results showed that, although mild, it was possible to affect the warmth dimension of the shark's stereotype, most likely due to the presence of information about the social lives of sharks. This information slightly leveraged the perceived warmth dimension, although still far from the less threatening stereotype as aimed. Results also highlight the possible importance of using videos within the strategic communication and education approaches in aquariums in order to be most effective in challenging the shark stereotype. Limitations and future research ideas are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now well established that human-induced species extinctions and habitat degradation are currently occurring at unprecedented rates. To halt and reverse this decline, the international community adopted the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), as part of the Kunming–Montreal Biodiversity Package, in December 2022. We clarify what this new framework means for conservation zoos and aquariums in their mission to prevent species extinction by highlighting areas of focus. We explain why it is necessary that conservation zoos and aquariums establish the appropriate mechanisms for contributing towards such a framework to help validate their role in the 21st Century. Conservation zoos and aquariums should be reassured that much of their work already fits within the GBF. However, the current mechanisms for individual zoos and aquariums to directly contribute to the implementation of the GBF mostly rely on close collaboration with individual national governments and/or are only possible at a national level. It is therefore critical that national, regional, and global zoo membership organisations take a leading role in championing the work of their members. Equally, adequately linking the efforts of zoos and aquariums to the national implementation of international instruments, such as the GBF, is imperative to ensure that these organizations' contributions feed into the understanding we have of global progress towards the implementation of international instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The science of animal welfare can be approached along a continuum of perspectives. Historically, we considered animal welfare at a distance, through a big-picture examination of population-level parameters (e.g., longevity, reproductive success). In recent decades, scientists and practitioners have advanced the field and optimized animal welfare by incorporating a focused approach examining each individual (e.g., their lived experiences). Population-level welfare evaluations are key to validating parameters used to measure individual animal welfare and have an important role when individual animal welfare cannot be easily measured. However, there are also situations in which individual and population welfare may be in conflict, and managers must consider maximizing population welfare at the expense of individuals. We examine these cases and explore opportunities for the integration of individual and population-level welfare to promote optimal well-being for animals in zoos and aquariums. Over the last 50 years, animal welfare science has advanced dramatically, especially in zoos and aquariums. A shifting focus from population-level welfare parameters such as reproductive success and longevity (macroscopic, big-picture concepts) to the subjective experience of individual animals (microscopic, focused concepts) has led to more effective animal welfare assessments and improvements in animal welfare. The interplay between individual animal and population welfare for captive animals is critical to the way zoos and aquariums operate to realize their welfare and conservation missions, especially when these missions conflict with one another. In this report, we explore the intersection of individual animal and population welfare in zoos and aquariums and how these two concepts may support one another or be in conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of humic acid (HA) obtained by extraction from alginate on the incubation of roes and fry development in African cichlids, Labidochormis caeruleus, as well as their influence on the stabilization of the physicochemical parameters of water in an aquarium during artificial breeding. The roes were obtained by extruding from a female buccal cavity immediately after fertilization. For the experiment, 4 groups of 40 roes were formed in an incubator with an artificial hatchery. Groups 1–3 were exposed to 1%, 5%, and 10% concentrations of HA, respectively. The control group C was not exposed to HA. In all groups, the mortality and size differences of the fry, as well as the temperature, pH, hardness, nitrite, and nitrate levels in the tanks, were determined during a 30-day monitoring period until the resorption of the yolk sac. The results of this study indicated the ability of HA in 5% and 10% concentrations to reduce nitrite and nitrate levels in the aquatic environment, which significantly reduced the mortality of roes and the survivability of the fry. The determination of the morphological measurements of the fry revealed an increased body length in the groups exposed to 5% and 10% HA concentrations compared to the control group by the end of the monitored period. It was also noted that the yolk sac was resorbed two days earlier in the same groups than in the control. Thus, the results showed that HAs are suitable for use in the artificial aquarium incubation of roes and fry development, which are increasingly exposed to adverse environmental factors. The knowledge obtained in this study and its transfer into practice can allow even less experienced aquarists to successfully breed aquarium fish species that could not normally be bred under artificial conditions without the addition of HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium marinum is a slow‐growing, photochromogenic nontuberculous mycobacterium, which can cause mycobacteriosis in various animals, including humans. Several cases of fish mycobacteriosis have been reported to date. Mycobacterium marinum has also been isolated from aquatic environmental sources such as water, sand, biofilms, and plants in the natural environments. Hence, we hypothesized that a wide variety of sources could be involved in the transmission of M. marinum. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by isolating M. marinum from various sources such as fish, invertebrates, seagrass, periphytons, biofilms, sand, and/or water in two aquaria in Japan and conducting a phylogenetic analysis based on single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using whole‐genome sequences of the isolated strains. The analysis revealed that the strains from animal and environmental sources belonged to the same clusters. This molecular‐based study epidemiologically confirmed that various sources, including fish, invertebrates, and environmental sources, could be involved in transmission of M. marinum in a closed‐rearing environment. This is the first report where M. marinum was isolated from different sources, and various transmission routes were confirmed in actual cases, which provided essential information to improve the epidemiology of M. marinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over one billion people worldwide were under social isolation restrictions between April and May 2020. While humans felt the weight of being isolated under lockdown, nonhuman animals accustomed to continuous human connection had minimized exposure at different animal tourism sites and institutions – such as zoos and aquariums. One interesting case comes from garden eels, which according to their caretakers, were particularly susceptible to isolation from humans and required immediate action: Facetime calls with humans. In this research insight, I explore the new technologically mediated humanimal communication practice between humans and garden eels at the Sumida Aquarium in Tokyo, Japan. "Remembering humans" is explored as a humanature cultural discourse that emerged from humanity's social distancing phenomena, seemingly bridging humanature connection amidst the multitude of discourses that removed humanity from nature. This discourse also functions within a form of tourist gaze in tourism institutions. Even though small in scope, this cultural discourse analysis brings to surface one way we have discursively engaged with our solitude during quarantine: mirroring it on more-than-human animals' experiences. Further investigations about this, and other humanature emerging communication practices, are needed to better understand how the social isolation phenomena impacted communication meanings about humanature relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wild, piranhas are thought to feed in groups. Previous studies on piranhas in aquariums have variously observed either social attraction or aggressive dominance. The Rio São Francisco piranha (Pygocentrus piraya) is the largest species of piranha. It is rare in aquarium collections and its social and feeding behaviors have never been studied. To better understand behavior in this species, we observed a group of individuals housed in a zoo. We did not observe social attraction or grouping behavior. Individuals generally remained inactive except during aggressive interactions, or to consume food when available. They were organized in a weakly linear dominance hierachy. Dominant individuals performed more aggressive bouts and fewer retreats than subordinate individuals. We also found differences among individuals in the number of pieces consumed and in contesting other individuals for food. Social behavior in animals is known to vary plastically according to available space and number of competitors, and these factors might have influenced behavior in the current study. This study highlights the value of zoos for studying species that would otherwise be inaccessible, and it provides fundamental information that can later be used to enhance welfare of piranhas in aquariums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the importance of aquariology to human health, and the importance of Poeciliid fishes to aquarium science, aquariology and the aquarium trade. The aquarium hobby can have a range of positive effects on mental, emotional, and even physical well-being. It provides a unique blend of entertainment, education, and therapeutic benefits for individuals across different age groups. The diversity and genetic plasticity of Poeciliid fish have significantly shaped the aquarium hobby and market. Their vibrant colors, ease of breeding, and adaptability have made them appealing to a broad range of hobbyists, contributing to the growth, diversity, and commercial success of the aquarium industry. The potential for Poeciliids to become invasive highlights the importance of responsible pet ownership and the proper disposal of unwanted aquarium fish. Releasing non-native species into the wild can have significant ecological consequences and is generally discouraged to protect the integrity of natural ecosystems. Ultimately, ethical considerations in keeping animals in aquariums revolve around balancing the educational, conservation, and entertainment aspects with the welfare and conservation needs of the animals involved. Transparent practices, education, and ongoing efforts to improve standards contribute to the ethical evolution of the aquarium industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As biodiversity continues to decline across the globe, conservation of wildlife species and the ecosystems they inhabit is more important than ever. When species dwindle, ecosystems that depend on them are also impacted, often leading to a decrease in the life-giving services healthy ecosystems provide to humans, wildlife, and the global environment. Methods of wildlife conservation are complex and multi-faceted, ranging from education and advocacy to, research, restoration, and rehabilitation. Here, we review a conservation program focused on helping recover the federally listed threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population. We describe the development of unique rehabilitation methods and steps taken to advance the program's conservation impact. Understanding this evolution can inform conservation efforts for other vulnerable species and their ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Russell and Burch (1959) suggested the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) as a foundation for animal research, their influence has only grown in the research community. In this paper, we discuss whether the 3Rs can be constructively used as a prism to analyse decisions regarding the welfare of animals housed in zoos and aquariums (henceforth "zoo animals"). We analyse opportunities and challenges for each of the three Rs when applied to zoo animals. We discuss the following reasons to consider the use of the 3Rs in relation to zoo animals: (1) there are similarities between motivations for housing animals in zoos and using them in research that are ethically relevant to consider; (2) the professional zoo community has committed to progress towards evidence-based best practice models to ensure and enhance the welfare of animals housed in zoos; and (3) there is a growing public concern regarding the welfare of zoo animals which can, to some extent, be met by viewing current practices through the prism of the 3Rs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we use a mixed methods approach to analyze the conversational content and interactions constituting five family groups' visits to the Marine Aquarium of Rio de Janeiro (AquaRio), the largest marine aquarium in South America, to understand how families interact with science and construct meaning regarding science and conservation. The audiovisual records of the family groups were analyzed using categories that investigate the types of interactions and conversations that may take place in scientific‐cultural venues. The results suggest that, throughout the visits, family members were driven by their observation and contemplation of the animals on exhibit to interact with each other to share information about marine biodiversity and its conservation. The adults, children, and explainers all had fundamental roles in the construction of dialogues on scientific topics. The adults adopted behaviors that facilitated learning, made associations with previous experiences, read panels, and contextualized the information to their family's reality. The children were notable for their protagonism, asking questions, giving explanations, and sharing their previous knowledge, experiences and opinions about the animals and the conservation of marine biodiversity based on scientific reasoning. Therefore, this study provides evidence of the important role that AquaRio could play in providing opportunities for families to have conversations about biodiversity and conservation while raising awareness about the impacts of human activities on the oceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macduff Marine Aquarium is a native species aquarium situated on the Moray Firth coastline and houses the curled octopus, Eledone cirrhosa, for public display. Historically, the designated octopus display tank has been in-keeping with the overall theme of the aquarium, consisting of artificially created rock work mimicking the local rocky coastline, within an angular glass tank. This tank was not originally designed for housing octopus and as a consequence, if individuals on display exhibited jetting behavior mantle abrasion occurred. In 2016, a new bespoke octopus tank was designed and installed. Since then 14 different octopuses have been individually housed and maintained within the tank, with none having experienced mantle abrasion. This paper highlights the importance of aquarium design for the ethical maintenance of an intelligent and challenging species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an automatic water exchange system designed for a freshwater aquarium. The automatic water exchange system (AWES) was developed to improve the aquarist's work. Replacement of water in an aquarium is one of the basic maintenance activities and should be performed regularly. In case the process of pouring in and out of the water itself requires a lot of time and strength from the aquarist, the automation of this operation is proposed. The automatic water exchange system consists of a water discharge system, a water filling system, and a security system. Additionally, to simplify user operation, a dedicated mobile application for the Android system has been created. The developed AWES system allows for regular changing of water in aquariums as well as enables effective and simple control of water flow and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animal-associated microbiomes can be influenced by both host and environmental factors. Comparing wild animals to those in zoos or aquariums can help disentangle the effects of host versus environmental factors, while also testing whether managed conditions foster a 'natural' host microbiome. Focusing on an endangered elasmobranch species—the whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari—we compared the skin, gill, and cloaca microbiomes of wild individuals to those at Georgia Aquarium. Whitespotted eagle ray microbiomes from Georgia Aquarium were also compared to those of cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) in the same exhibit, allowing us to explore the effect of host identity on the ray microbiome. Results: Long-term veterinary monitoring indicated that the rays in managed care did not have a history of disease and maintained health parameters consistent with those of wild individuals, with one exception. Aquarium whitespotted eagle rays were regularly treated to control parasite loads, but the effects on animal health were subclinical. Microbiome α- and β-diversity differed between wild versus aquarium whitespotted eagle rays at all body sites, with α-diversity significantly higher in wild individuals. β-diversity differences in wild versus aquarium whitespotted eagle rays were greater for skin and gill microbiomes compared to those of the cloaca. At each body site, we also detected microbial taxa shared between wild and aquarium eagle rays. Additionally, the cloaca, skin, and gill microbiomes of aquarium eagle rays differed from those of cownose rays in the same exhibit. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were at low abundance in all wild and aquarium rays. Conclusion: For whitespotted eagle rays, managed care was associated with a microbiome differing significantly from that of wild individuals. These differences were not absolute, as the microbiome of aquarium rays shared members with that of wild counterparts and was distinct from that of a cohabitating ray species. Eagle rays under managed care appear healthy, suggesting that their microbiomes are not associated with compromised host health. However, the ray microbiome is dynamic, differing with both environmental factors and host identity. Monitoring of aquarium ray microbiomes over time may identify taxonomic patterns that co-vary with host health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowdays, public centers depend on technology centered design approaches in order to present collections to guests. Strategies based on design-oriented solutions provide enhanced educative outcomes and user experience values. Edutainment design is an educational model and a design method. The approach offers advantages in public buildings such as museums, aquariums and zoos, increasing the educational value of the exhibited content as well as encompassing the integrated use of education and entertainment concepts through technological implementations. The study presents an edutainment project carried out by the author and examines the interdisciplinary edutainment features of the project. Opened in 2011, Istanbul Aquarium is Europe's largest thematic aquarium. The aquarium themed in accordance with edutainment design methods, serves with interactive products suitable for educative design methodologies. The hypothesis of the study is 'edutainment design is an interdisciplinary design method'. The study aims to provide an insight on the subject by evaluating the products presented in the research and determining the interdisciplinary features of these implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive biology of deep-sea fishes is largely unknown because of the difficulty of behavioral observations in this environment. In this study, the reproductive behavior of the deep-sea snailfish, Careproctus pellucidus, which lives at depths > 200 m, was observed in an aquarium. Fishes were collected at a depth of approximately 300 m in the North Pacific Ocean (36°70′N; 141°00′E) in July and August 2018 and kept for observation until March 2019. We observed that spawning events usually took place between one male and one female. Males defended a spawning substrate against other males and exhibited body-wiggling behavior for both courtship and aggressive display. Females visited the male's territory and spawned a demersal adhesive egg mass on the substrate. The territorial male then sought the spawned eggs using the filamentous rays in the lower pectoral-fin lobe and released sperm when he located the eggs. Males remained near the spawning substrate after spawning but did not perform any parental care. Notably, sneaking behavior by a non-territorial male was observed in one case; this is the first report of this alternative reproductive strategy (or tactic) in a deep-sea fish. Our study reveals the spawning of C. pellucidus appear to use the mechanosensory lateral line and the chemical sense heavily to adapt to the dim sunlight deep-sea environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the well-known history of Victorian naturalist Philip Gosse's popularisation of the marine aquarium through a new lens: the period he spent in Jamaica during the 1840s. Firstly, it reveals the importance of African-Caribbean collectors and naturalists to Gosse's natural history practise and shows the impact of racialized ethnographic perspectives on Victorian natural knowledge. Secondly, it argues that Gosse's observations of marine biology in Jamaica were significant for his developing ideas about examining and displaying sea creatures and informed his designs for British aquaria. Understanding Gosse's aquatic displays as archives of living bodies sets Gosse's contribution to Victorian aesthetic, museological and technological developments in the context of his natural history work in Jamaica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although zoos have an increasingly important role to play in educating the public about conservation and inspiring pro-conservation behaviour, they are not firmly established as leaders of conservation education. A multitude of logistical challenges and methodological limitations in zoological education research are contributory factors to this. However, certain research weaknesses can be minimized by collecting data from more than one source. The current research evaluated children's learning in a zoo and an aquarium using three different methodologies in one study: match pairs surveys, behavioural observation and conversational content analysis. The findings indicate that learning occurred in both the zoo and aquarium for most participants but was more profound for children who participated in an educational intervention. Importantly, the results of each methodology substantiate each other to definitively validate results and demonstrate the positive impact of a zoo or aquarium visit on children's learning. To produce more meaningful, reliable and valid research, zoological education studies should integrate mixed-methods and data triangulation into future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study analyses conversations among teens during a visit to AquaRio, the Marine Aquarium of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aiming to elucidate how they engage, participate and what interests them the most when having this experience. Twenty teenagers, divided into groups, were invited to visit the aquarium in an out-of-school context and answer pre- and post-visit questionnaires to characterize their sociocultural profiles, interest in Science and Technology issues, opinions on their experiences during the visit. Their visits were recorded with a subjective camera, and the videos were later coded using a research protocol focused on conversation content. We found that the most frequent conversations revolved around: the exhibit itself (function, design, and experience); their visit and observation of the animals and tanks with links drawn to the teens' universe; and associations with prior or personal knowledge. They commented on the experience while observing exhibit elements, lighting, and signage texts. Movies, cartoons, related fictional characters, and elements of daily life came up repeatedly during their conversations. According to our findings, there is evidence that the adolescents enjoyed the visit and were highly engaged, as expressed in their delight over the animals and the exhibit environment. Finally, we argue that a great challenge for aquariums staff is to design circulation paths, exhibits, and activities that meet adolescents' interests and thus provide conservation education experiences that are perceived as enjoyable and engaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the current study was to find out the effect of ornamental fishes in aquarium on human stress. It was conducted on a sample of N = 100 (50 people with aquarium and 50 people without aquarium). The data have been collected on general population at Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Cohen (1994) perceived stress scale was used to measure the perceived stress of individuals. It is a psychological instrument, used to measure the level of stress in people. It is commonly used to evaluate the state of mind when people are feeling stressed. Results indicates the substantial differences in perceived stress score (t = 15.57; p < .001) among people with and without aquarium. The participants mean score of perceived stress score by people with without Aquarium was 12.72 and 23.14, respectively. It was also observed that low perceived stress score among people with aquarium and moderate perceived stress score among people without aquarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present report confirms the presence and probable establishment of the exotic sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) from the southern Caspian Sea basin, Iran. The fish seems probably introduced to the Anzali Lagoon in Guilan Province due to the ornamental aquarium trade. This is the first documented record of sailfin molly from the basin, which shows the range extension of the fish in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution requires, among a suite of other interventions, education to inspire behavioral change and reduce consumption of single-use items. We designed and installed an ocean plastics exhibit at the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon, USA. We evaluated visitor engagement and the effects of the exhibit on their reported single-use plastic and plastic-related environmental stewardship intentions. Timed interaction observations (n = 317) revealed children (0-17 years) engaged more with interactive elements than adults (18-80+ years). Ten single-use plastic reduction and plastic stewardship intentions were evaluated through structured questionnaires; the top three behaviors visitors intended to change were: using a reusable straw (37.4%), cleaning the beach (37.4%), and bring-your-own bag to the store or market (33.0%). 18 to 29 year olds had the highest change in desire to address the ocean plastics problem before and after seeing the exhibit, but the lowest likelihood of engaging in either single-use plastics reduction or plastic stewardship actions of all age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Organizations can expand their impact through strategic partnerships. We used social network analysis to compare two network theories in order to determine whether zoos' conservation partnerships form networks that reflect collaborative social movements or business-style competition. Data from 234 zoos revealed a conservation network involving 1679 organizations with 3018 partnerships. The network had 40 subgroups: 1 large network, 6 small networks and 33 disconnected zoos. Social network analysis metrics revealed an incohesive and low-density network. Zoos are more likely to behave competitively like businesses with limited partnerships to protect resources, rather than behaving as collaborative social movement organizations partnering to further the cause of conservation across their communities. Content analyses of organizational activities revealed that 62% of zoos' partners display different skills and roles in conservation projects, while 38% participated in the same activities as zoos. These novel findings about zoos behaving as competitive institutions inform opportunities for better collaboration in order to expand organizations' conservation impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Because the French grunt, Haemulon flavolineatum, is an ecologically important reef fish prized by both recreational anglers and public aquariums, the wild population requires limits on harvests. Yet, the environmental conditions conducive for French grunt spawning in aquarium settings is not well understood. Therefore, the goal of this study was to document the conditions leading to voluntary spawning and the number of eggs produced by French grunts without the use of hormones or artificial insemination. Methods. We hypothesized and verified that it is possible for French grunts to spontaneously spawn in human care. Forty individuals were collected around the Florida Keys and haphazardly stocked in five recirculating seawater systems each containing two 250-L circular tanks. Over the course of 87 days, eggs were collected daily from each system and environmental parameters were monitored. Results. Total daily number of eggs released ranged from 0 to 207,644 eggs. Of the observed environmental parameters, temperature and alkalinity had the greatest impact on number of eggs released. This study demonstrates that it is possible for French grunts to reproduce in captivity with little environmental manipulation, thus an ideal candidate to culture for the zoo/aquarium industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquarium constructed for the 1867 Exposition captivated nineteenth-century attendees through its unprecedented design uniting two spatial imaginaries exploited by writers and explorers alike: the underground and the underwater. This article will consider the legacy of the 1867 aquarium through a dual approach. First, after evaluating accounts of the spectacle from guides to the fair, I will demonstrate how this unconventional space introduced new modes of vision by creating an immersive experience of the underwater world. In a second step, I will analyze excerpts from Victor Hugo's Les Travailleurs de la mer (1866) and Jules Verne's Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (1870) to elucidate the aquarium's connection to novelistic representations of underwater space. The essay will argue that Hugo's sea epic initiated a new visual paradigm relying on spatial enclosure, a perception that finds an echo in the spectatorial perspective generated by the 1867 aquarium. In tracing out the interrelations between the hybrid space of the aquarium and literature of the era, this article foregrounds the reciprocal impact of public spectacle and literary description, in addition to the intricate ways in which exhibitions at the 1867 Exposition joined entertainment and technology, science, and architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aquarium system has the ability to connect people to environments. A total of 50 aquariums have been displayed of the public Aquarium of Marine Biological Research Station since 2014 at Zadgaon Ratnagiri. Every year, one-two lakh people were visited to watch aquarium and museum. Fresh-water, brackish-water and marine fish and shell fishes are displayed with taxonomic and common name with important information in the aquaria for public awareness of aquatic world. All these animals need specific methods of collection; the adaptability of every species is species specific depending on the biology, life cycle and behavior of each species. There are also gaining knowledge of different feeding requirements, different habitat arrangements in the display tanks, different lighting and different aeration condition. Aquarium has ideal places for understanding on husbandry, life cycles, reproduction, behavior, auto ecology and fish pathology.The main objectives are to make the general public awareness in respect of coastal biodiversity conservation, fish culture and sustainable fisheries development, livelihood particularly the fishermen, fisheries entrepreneurs and fish farmers etc. In addition to formal educational opportunities, non formal education to visitors, schools and undergraduates seems to become a major mission of aquarium. Aquarium tank displays and preserved biological material enhance environmental awareness, encouraging people to adopt environmentally responsible. The study was proposed to evaluate required basic information on aquarium displays for the visitors to awareness about environmental education and conservation of aquatic life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Photocatalytic ozonation has been tested for some years in a seawater aquarium. • Healthy environment in the aquarium thanks to photocatalytic ozonation. • Bromate formation by ozonation is controlled by photocatalysis. • The proposed purification process looks promising for sustainable aquaculture. A long-term test at a laboratory scale with a closed system (a coral reef aquarium) has been carried out to study the potentialities of photocatalytic ozonation and photocatalysis for the removal of noxious organic compounds in recirculating systems (aquaria and recirculating aquaculture systems) working with a minimum make up of new water. Attention has been focused not only on the depuration capabilities but also on possible negative phenomena, some of which could become apparent only at long times. After having tuned the system by setting appropriate operating conditions and procedures, positive results were obtained. In particular, it was observed that the alternation of photocatalytic ozonation with photocatalysis with definite cycle allowed to severely limit the presence of the organic compounds, which otherwise could accumulate in the system, and at the same time to control the formation of bromate, the ozonation side-product of main concern. In addition, the values of other parameters, which are important for water quality, remained at satisfactory values. It was also verified that the prepared photocatalytic films maintained a good photocatalytic activity even after several months of utilization in seawater. These results demonstrate that photocatalytic ozonation is a good candidate for water purification in recirculating systems in view of sustainable aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koi carp are descendants of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The production of the colored carp - the Japanese "nishikigoi"- presently exceeds in monetary value the production carp as human food. The researches were performed in Aquaculture and Fishing Department laboratory of Food Science and Engineering Faculty from January 8 to June 24, 2014. The experiments were conducted during five experimental periods. During the mentioned periods it was experimented two variants in aquariums with capacity of 150 l provided with independent aeration and filtration units. In V1 variant, an aquarium was populated with 14 koi carp fingerlings with mean initial weight of 5, 35 g/ex. and a total biomass of 75 g. In V2 variant, another aquarium was populated with koi carp fingerlings with mean initial weight of 29, 28 g/ex., respectively a total biomass of 205 g. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured every day with portable instruments. For feeding fish it used Nutra T (V1 variant) and Nutra 2.0 (V2 variant) pellets. At the end of experiments, mean final weight reached 1570 g for V1 variant and 1446 g for V2 variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to make a description of the species Heterandria formosa, based on the scientific literature and experience of the authors. H. formosa is a weirdness of the Pisces group, is a good human model due to its reproduction, a good model for ecotoxicology and for evolutionary biology. A great advantage of using this species in research is the ease of breeding and reproduction in aquaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoos and Aquariums are increasingly being called upon to engage in conservation education to advance conservation goals and justify the keeping of captive animals. Further, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) requires that organizations include both conservation and education in their missions. Our research compared the mission statements of AZA-accredited zoos from 2004 to 2014 to assess how the collective goals of the community have changed. We found that conservation education has become a prominent goal within the zoo community. We analyzed the conservation education language used in all AZA-accredited organization's mission statements, and found that the majority focused on inspiration and connection, which are difficult to measure. We contend that a mission statement that reflects the organization's activities will serve as a stronger guiding force, improve the organization's ability to meet its goals, and promote the organization's value in the community. We recommend a shift toward skill-building and action-oriented language, which can be evaluated and may better facilitate behavior change. We suggest the best organizational missions strike a balance between adherence to community standards and reflect individuality, as a unique mission will better match institutional resources and strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many environmental communication interventions are built on the assumption that increased knowledge will lead to changes in proenvironment behaviors. Our study probes the link between biodiversity-related knowledge and self-reported proconservation behavior, based on the largest and most international study of zoo visitors ever conducted. In total, 6,357 visitors to 30 zoos from 19 countries around the globe participated in the study. Biodiversity understanding and knowledge of actions to help protect biodiversity were significantly related, but only 0.6% of the variation in knowledge of actions to help protect biodiversity could be explained by those same respondents' biodiversity understanding. Biodiversity understanding was only the sixth most important variable in significantly predicting knowledge of actions to help protect biodiversity. Moreover, biodiversity understanding was the least important variable of those that were significantly related to self-reported proconservation behavior. Our study indicates that knowledge is a real, but relatively minor, factor in predicting whether members of the public - zoo visitors in this case - will know about specific proenvironment behaviors they can take, let alone whether they will actually undertake such behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plesiomonas shigelloids a new member of the Enterobacteriaceae family is regards an emerging enteric pathogen, it is a water and soil organism and has been isolated from fresh water fish and many animals, and most isolates from humans have from stool cultures of patients with diarrhea. Little is known about the prevalence of plesiomonas shigelloids infections in Salah Al-din city. Furthermore this study design identification scheme for clinical laboratory to identify plesiomonas shigelloids. Study design and objectives: This study was performed to determine the prevalence of plesiomonas shigelloids in hospitalized (nosocomial) patients and out clinic patients that infected with diarrhea in Tikrit Teaching Hospital, and out clinic centers during the period from May 2012 to the end April 2013. Also this study was performed the role of aquariums that spread in Salah Al-din city as a source of plesiomonas shigelloidsdiarrheal infection, by collecting water samples from these aquariums monthly in the same period of diarrheal cases collection. Patients and water sampling: One hundred and ten diarrhea samples were collected, 24 samples from TikritTeaching Hospital as a nosocomial diarrheal infection and 86 samples were collected from out clinic centers in Tikrit and other cities. Also water samples were collected from 29 aquariums that diffuse in Salah Al-din cities as monthly. Identification method: This study used simple and short identification scheme for clinical laboratory diagnosis, by culturing the samples in blood agar as a first culture and S.S agar as a selective culture, and used Grams stain, Hanging drop test, Oxidase test, Stirring test, and Inositol fermentation test as a microscopic and biochemical identification tests. Results: generally plesiomonasshigelloidsdiarrheal infection revealed the prevalence of this bacteria of the total examined stool samples, from 110 diarrheal cases 44(40%) cases with P. shigelloidesand 66(60%) cases with other bacteria, 7(29%) nosocomial diarrheal infection, were regarded with P. shigelloidesinfection, and37(43%) from out clinic diarrheal infection, were infected with P. shigelloides, these positive results were identified in the end of spring and summer months more than other seasons. Also from 29 aquarium water samples were collected monthly from each aquarium, showed variant results from month to another, but most of the aquarium water samples were positive in spring and summer months. The patient"s results showed that the adults were the most infected with P. shigelloidesthan children or infants. Investigation of antibiotic susceptibility was done for allplesiomonasshigelloidsisolates, the nosocomial diarrheal samples showed multidrug resistance to antibiotics than the out clinic and aquarium samples. Some of the virulence factors were determined in this bacterium, like it is ability to produce some enzymes (DNase, lipase and lecithenase, urease, gelatinase) and to produce hemolysin toxin, the virulence factored results showed that the all isolates were produce lipase and hemolysin only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural environmental enrichment, that is, a deliberate addition of physical complexity to the rearing environment, is sometimes utilized to reduce the expression of the undesirable traits that fish develop in captivity. Increasing demands and regulations regarding usage of enrichment to promote fish welfare also make investigations on the effects of enrichment important. Here, we sythesize the current state-of-the-art knowledge about the effects of structural environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments. We find that enrichment can affect several aspects of the biology of captive fish, for example, aggression, stress, energy expenditure, injury and disease susceptibility. Importantly, these effects are often varying in direction and magnitude, and it is clear that just addition of structure is not a solution to all problems in fish rearing. Each species and life stage needs special consideration with respect to its natural history and preferences. A multitude of different enrichment types has been investigated and many studies investigate several enrichment components at the same time, making comparisons among studies difficult. To the present date, the majority of efforts have been directed to investigate salmonid fish in stock-fish hatcheries and cichlids from a basic research perspective. Some contexts are under-studied with respect to environmental enrichment, for instance effects on results in basic research and welfare effects in display aquaria. There are many research opportunities left within this field. However, future studies could utilize experimental designs which make it possible to discriminate between effects of different environmental manipulations to a higher degree than what has been performed to this date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been very little research into the enrichment preferences of ornamental fish, even though there are billions of fish kept in captivity as pets and research animals. We used preference and motivational testing to compare the value of real and artificial plants to goldfish (n = 20, Carassius auratus). Motivational testing was conducted using a novel approach, requiring goldfish (n = 19) to swim against increasingly strong water currents to access the plants. Goldfish showed a strong preference for planted areas of the tank, spending 90% of their time there compared to just 10% in bare areas (P < 0.001), but did not discriminate between real and artificial plants (P = 0.48). Using water currents has the potential to be a fast and easy way to measure motivation in fish, although goldfish were easily able to swim against much stronger currents (0.7 m/s) than suggested by earlier research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 is a key initiative within global efforts to halt and eventually reverse the loss of biodiversity. The very first target of this plan states that 'by 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.' Zoos and aquariums worldwide, attracting more than 700 million visits every year, could potentially make a positive contribution to this target. However, a global evaluation of the educational impacts of visits to zoos and aquariums is entirely lacking in the existing literature. To address this gap, we conducted a large-scale impact evaluation study. We used a pre- and postvisit repeated-measures survey design to evaluate biodiversity literacy-understanding of biodiversity and knowledge of actions to help protect it-of zoo and aquarium visitors worldwide. Ours was the largest and most international study of zoo and aquarium visitors ever conducted. In total, 5661 visitors to 26 zoos and aquariums from 19 countries around the globe participated in the study. Aggregate biodiversity understanding and knowledge of actions to help protect biodiversity both significantly increased over the course of zoo and aquarium visits. There was an increase from previsit (69.8%) to postvisit (75.1%) in respondents demonstrating at least some positive evidence of biodiversity understanding. Similarly, there was an increase from previsit (50.5%) to postvisit (58.8%) in respondents who could identify actions to help protect biodiversity that could be achieved at an individual level. Our results are the most compelling evidence to date that zoo and aquarium visits contribute to increasing the number of people who understand biodiversity and know actions they can take to help protect biodiversity. Evaluación de la Contribución de los Acuarios y Zoológicos al Objetivo 1 de Biodiversidad de Aichi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ornamental aquaculture is an economically important industry with many enthusiasts worldwide. Much of the supply for the industry is provided by individuals and businesses in tropical countries because many ornamental species originated in the tropics. But Czechia, a temperate region in Central Europe, is an exception. Czech suppliers have significantly influenced the global freshwater ornamental aquaculture market for decades. Here we present and discuss the history of ornamental aquaculture in Czechia considering its geopolitical background, social status and history, pet-trade trends, overlapping to research activities, public education, and related risks and threads. We list the most traded and exported species, and list species that rarely reproduce in captivity, but that are successfully bred for commercial purposes by Czech producers globally, we introduce the term "Czech aquarium phenomenon" to describe the substantial economic and scientific importance of Czechia in ornamental aquaculture. Given that the diversity and volume of species traded are vast, we suggest the importance of this phenomenon for consideration to key stakeholders who design aquaculture policies, including the management of invasive alien species and ex-situ conservation programs for endangered species. • Most ornamental aquatic organisms originate from tropics. • Czechia is the only country in the temperate zone among the top suppliers. • Ornamental aquaculture in Czechia has a long history. • Czechia influences global ornamental aquaculture by local production, import and export. • The term "Czech aquarium phenomenon" was proposed in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The MR training environment can effectively improve the training outcome. • The MR training environment benefits the children with ASD from many aspects. • The real part of the MR environment may be a double-edged sword. Recent studies indicate that Mixed reality (MR) environment showed some advantages in cog- nitive rehabilitation training of children with ASD, but the role of the MR needs to be further explored in the clinical setting. Based on an MR aquarium, we performed two empirical studies to explore the effect of MR in training outcomes of children with ASD in this paper. Study 1 was a one-month longitudinal study, and results showed that the MR aquarium effectively improved the cognitive ability and positive response of children with ASD during training. Interviews with parents and therapists revealed that the MR training environment can effectively attract and maintain the attention of children with ASD, bring better ease of use, multi-sensory feedback, and then assist the rehabilitation training. Study 2 performed a longitudinal comparative study to test the effect of the real part (of MR aquarium) on training performance. Results demonstrated the role of the real part of the MR training environment is a double-edged sword. It can help enhance the interest and performance of children with ASD in the training curriculum, but the positive effect only works in the early period of training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of people and animals within zoos and aquariums poses a risk of zoonotic disease dissemination within human and animal populations. Flu at the Zoo is a table-top exercise designed to provide animal exhibitors and regulatory agency personnel an opportunity to evaluate their outbreak response plans. Developed for zoos and aquariums in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri, it created a realistic scenario of an avian influenza disease outbreak. A total of 82 participants attended the exercise held in June of 2012. Representatives from each of the 16 accredited zoos and aquariums in the region attended, along with representatives from the public health, agricultural animal health, wildlife, poultry industry, and emergency management sectors. Recommendations for the participants included the need for increased training opportunities for zoo and aquarium personnel on the Incident Command System and National Incident Management System. It was also recommended that communications be enhanced between zoos and aquariums and the local, state, and federal agency first responder personnel. Suggestions for improving the exercise included: providing the situation manual to players in advance of the exercise and creating discussion groups based on jurisdictional boundaries so that legal authorities and policy differences across state boundaries didn't impede the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulties associated with therapeutic management vary between large aquatic animals and terrestrial animals. Surgical treatment of large aquatic animals is difficult due to the limitation of facilities and difficulties in postoperative management. For this reason, internal medicine is a likely option for dolphins resident in aquariums, and only a limited number of surgical treatment cases have been reported. Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium has been aiming to provide surgical treatment and postoperative management for their dolphins. Herein, we report four surgical cases, including plastic surgery for a laceration of the dorsal fin and a lymphadenectomy with suturing, all of which yielded satisfactory outcomes. Our findings are as follows: radiography and ultra-sound imaging are effective for definitive diagnosis; surgery of approximately 120 min outside the water can be achieved with a modified restraining method; suturing of skin and muscle is possible in dolphins; treatment of a wound by electrocautery is effective for hemostasis; and raising the chlorine concentration in the pool from the normal 0.1 ppm to 2 to 4 ppm after surgery prevents secondary infection of the wound and enables the dolphins to return to the pool immediately after surgery. The efficacy of surgical treatment for common injuries in dolphins was proved by the successful outcomes, and it may be possible to treat more severe cases surgically in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From May to November 1931, the Exposition coloniale internationale was held in Paris. Publicized as a trip around the world in a single day, it was designed to stimulate investments and general enthusiasm for the colonies. Along with exotic temporary pavilions representing the various colonies, model villages inhabited by colonial natives, and pavilions representing commercial product brands and other colonial powers, the exposition included a zoo and an aquarium featuring animals from the colonies. Installing a large aquarium had been a costly and difficult process, and construction was plagued by many delays and problems. But when the aquarium finally opened a few months into the exposition, it quickly became a favorite of the public. With the double mission to provide a living synthesis of the products of the warm waters of the French empire and give visitors a sense of the diversity, beauty, and economic resources of their colonial possessions, the aquarium functioned as a panorama that presented a striking visual metaphor for the empire. This article follows the aquarium during the exposition and in the years that followed. We explore its place in the history of aquaria in general and pay particular attention to its role in the exposition and within the French colonial context of the 1930s and onward. Here, both the scientists in charge of the site and the aquatic animals living in its tanks and terrariums provide a window into the relationship of marine biology, public education, consumerism, and colonialism at mid-twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]