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Aquaculture assumes a pivotal role in meeting the escalating global food demand, and shrimp farming, in particular, holds a significant role in the global economy and food security, providing a rich source of nutrients for human consumption. Nonetheless, the industry faces formidable challenges, primarily attributed to disease outbreaks and the diminishing efficacy of conventional disease management approaches, such as antibiotic usage. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to explore alternative strategies to ensure the sustainability of the industry. In this context, the field of epigenetics emerges as a promising avenue for combating infectious diseases in shrimp aquaculture. Epigenetic modulations entail chemical alterations in DNA and proteins, orchestrating gene expression patterns without modifying the underlying DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA molecules. Utilizing epigenetic mechanisms presents an opportunity to enhance immune gene expression and bolster disease resistance in shrimp, thereby contributing to disease management strategies and optimizing shrimp health and productivity. Additionally, the concept of epigenetic inheritability in marine animals holds immense potential for the future of the shrimp farming industry. To this end, this comprehensive review thoroughly explores the dynamics of epigenetic modulations in shrimp aquaculture, with a particular emphasis on its pivotal role in disease management. It conveys the significance of harnessing advantageous epigenetic changes to ensure the long-term viability of shrimp farming while deliberating on the potential consequences of these interventions. Overall, this appraisal highlights the promising trajectory of epigenetic applications, propelling the field toward strengthening sustainability in shrimp aquaculture.

This study compares the antioxidant and antimicrobial transcriptional expression of blue shrimps reared according to two different systems, BioFloc Technology (BFT) and Clear sea Water (CW) and their differential responses when facing an experimental sublethal hydrogen peroxide stress. After 30 days of rearing, juvenile shrimps were exposed to H2O2 stress at a concentration of 30 ppm during 6 h. The oxidative stress caused by H2O2 was examined in the digestive glands of the shrimp, in which antioxidant enzyme (AOE) and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed that rearing conditions did not affect the expression of genes encoding AOEs or AMPs. However, H2O2 stress induced a differential response in expression between shrimps from the two rearing treatments (BFT and CW). Comparative analysis of the expression profiles indicates that catalase transcripts were significantly upregulated by H2O2 stress for BFT shrimps while no change was observed for CW shrimps. In contrast, H2O2 caused down-regulation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase transcripts and of the three AMP transcripts studied (penaeidin 2 and 3, and crustin) for CW shrimps, while no effect was observed on BFT shrimp transcript levels. These results suggested that BFT shrimps maintained antioxidant and AMP responses after stress and therefore can effectively protect their cells against oxidative stress, while CW shrimp immune competence seems to decrease after stress., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) presents a considerable peril to the aquaculture sector, leading to notable financial consequences on a global scale. Previous studies have identified hub proteins, including WSSV051 and WSSV517, as essential binding elements in the protein interaction network of WSSV. This work further investigates the functional structures and potential applications of WSSV hub complexes in managing WSSV infection. Using computational methodologies, we have successfully generated comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) representations of hub proteins along with their three mutual binding counterparts, elucidating crucial interaction locations. The results of our study indicate that the WSSV051 hub protein demonstrates higher binding energy than WSSV517. Moreover, a unique motif, denoted as "S-S-x(5)-S-x(2)-P," was discovered among the binding proteins. This pattern perhaps contributes to the detection of partners by the hub proteins of WSSV. An antiviral strategy targeting WSSV hub proteins was demonstrated through the oral administration of dual hub double-stranded RNAs to the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, followed by a challenge assay. The findings demonstrate a decrease in shrimp mortality and a cessation of WSSV multiplication. In conclusion, our research unveils the structural features and dynamic interactions of hub complexes, shedding light on their significance in the WSSV protein network. This highlights the potential of hub protein-based interventions to mitigate the impact of WSSV infection in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection is a major threat to Pacific white shrimp aquaculture, causing significant shrimp mortality. Bacteriophages (phages) provide a promising antibiotic alternative due to their specificity towards specific bacteria. This research includes essential steps isolating phages from shrimp pond water and characterizing them, including plaque morphology, spot tests, phage density evaluations, host range assessments, and in vitro studies targeting V. parahaemolyticus. In-vitro tests encompassed six treatments, each with three replicates: negative control (K-), positive control (K+), antibiotic control, phage density of 107 (FB7), phage density of 108 (FB8), and phage density of FB109 (FB9). Phages were successfully isolated from shrimp pond water in Banyuwangi, indicated by plaque formation on double-layer agar media. These phages exhibited morphological characteristics, featuring small, round plaques (d= 0.02-0.5 ± 0.08 cm) with flat, wavy edges and clear plaque. Phage plaques were amplified with an average density of 3.5×109 PFU/mL. Host range tests revealed that only V. parahaemolyticus Situbondo was susceptible to the isolated phages, while five other bacterial strains were not. In bacterial inhibition tests, treatments with different phage densities significantly outperformed the negative control, media control, and antibiotic control. However, the antibiotic control performed better than phage density treatments (0.61 ± 0.01). All phage density treatments effectively reduced V. parahaemolyticus density compared to the negative control, with the most favorable results observed in the FB9 treatment at a density of 109 PFU/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sakura shrimp Lucensosergia lucens are pelagic shrimp that reside in the North Pacific Ocean. In Japan, commercial fishing activities aimed at this shrimp species only occurs in Suruga Bay in Shizuoka prefecture, but there has been a dramatic decrease in the magnitude of the harvest in recent years. Because sakura shrimp reside in the deep sea, their food habits and feeding behaviors are not well understood. The objective of this study was to establish a method for efficiently raising sakura shrimp larvae to juvenile shrimp. When a newly hatched larva was cultured individually, it developed to the post-larval stage when fed a sufficient amount. However, when ten individuals were cultured together, the survival rate sharply declined after 10 days owing to the cannibalism by elaphocaris III-stage larvae. This cannibalism was not due to the shortage of food because the cannibalism rate significantly dropped when larvae density was decreased to less than 1 individual/mL. The longest lifespan of a larva was 97 days, which is the longest recorded time for a sakura shrimp larval culture. Our results suggested that sakura shrimp larvae can develop to the post-larval stage in a laboratory-scale culture if the expression of cannibalism is inhibited by decreasing the larva density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system comprises five distinct components and is involved in many different physiological processes. Recent studies have shown that different viruses rely upon the host ESCRT system for viral infection. However, whether this system is involved in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection remains unclear. Here, we identified 24 homologs of ESCRT subunits in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, and found that some key components were strongly upregulated in shrimp after WSSV infection. Knockdown of key components of the ESCRT system using RNA interference inhibited virus replication, suggesting that the ESCRT system is beneficial for WSSV infection. We further focused on TSG101, a crucial member of the ESCRT-I family that plays a central role in recognizing cargo and activating the ESCRT-II and ESCRT-III complexes. TSG101 colocalized with WSSV in hemocytes. The addition of N16 (a TSG101 inhibitor) markedly decreased WSSV replication. TSG101 and ALIX of the ESCRT system interact with WSSV envelope proteins. The host proteins TSG101, RAB5, and RAB7, the viral protein VP28, and DNA were detected in endosomes isolated from hemocytes of WSSV-infected shrimp. Knockdown of Rab5 and Rab7 expression reduced viral replication. Taken together, these results suggest that the ESCRT system is hijacked by WSSV for transport through the early to late endosome pathway. Our work identified a novel requirement for the intracellular trafficking and infection of WSSV, and provided novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and control of WSSV in shrimp aquaculture. IMPORTANCE Viruses utilize the ESCRT machinery in a variety of strategies for their replication and infection. This study revealed that the interaction of ESCRT complexes with WSSV envelope proteins plays a crucial role in WSSV infection in shrimp. The ESCRT system is conserved in the shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus, and 24 homologs of the ESCRT system were identified in the shrimp. WSSV exploits the ESCRT system for transport and propagation via the interaction of envelope proteins with host TSG101 and ALIX in an endosome pathway-dependent manner. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of WSSV infection is important for disease control and breeding in shrimp aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation, specifically phytase and protease, in fish meal–free and phosphorus-limited diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei through two feeding trials. The trials aimed to assess shrimp growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility simultaneously in a clear-water recirculating tank system (34 ppt, 30 °C) employing a continuous feeding regime, with feces being collected on a daily basis throughout the feeding trials. In the first feeding 50-day feeding trial shrimp (3.4 g initial body weight) were fed diets supplemented with phytase (1000 and 2000 FTU/kg) and phytase together with protease (1000 FTU/kg + protease and 2000 FTU/kg + protease), in addition to animals fed a positive control (supplemented inorganic phosphate) and a negative control diet without supplementation. In the second shrimp feeding trial (4.3 g initial body weight), in addition to negative and positive controls, shrimp were fed increasing levels of phytase (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 8000 FTU/kg) over a 42-day experimental period. Both feeding trials showed beneficial effects phytase addition compared to the negative control, with significant improvements (P < 0.05) observed at dietary phytase levels of 2000 FTU/kg and above. Gains were obtained in growth performance (observed weekly growth of 1.46 and 1.86 g/week for shrimp fed the negative control and diet supplemented with 3000 FTU/kg, respectively), and apparent phosphorus digestibility increasing from 41.7% in animals fed the negative control diet to 52.9% in animals fed the 3000 FTU/kg supplemented. Results indicated that phytase supplementation yielded significant improvements in shrimp growth performance and phosphorus digestibility compared to the negative control. Notably, the observed benefits were evident at specific dietary phytase levels. However, the addition of protease supplements did not demonstrate any discernible effects on shrimp performance under the experimental conditions. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of phytase supplementation as a means to enhance nutrient utilization and promote optimal growth in L. vannamei. Further investigations are warranted to explore the full range of benefits and mechanisms associated with protease supplementation in shrimp diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of resources for aquafeed production is one of the main constraints that could hinder the rapid expansion of aquaculture. Our aim was to investigate the inclusion of spent brewer's yeast as an ingredient in aquafeeds and evaluate the zootechnical performance, proximate and elemental body composition, amino acid profile, and egg development of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium borellii. We fed juvenile prawns with three feeds: D18, D25, and D32, which represent 18%, 25%, and 32% inclusion of SBY as a partial substitute for FM, respectively, during a 75-day trial. Prawns cultivated with D18 exhibited higher growth increment (97.73 ± 7.30%), specific growth rate (0.39 ± 0.02%), and protein efficiency ratio (0.27 ± 0.04%) than other treatments. However, the total biomass produced, as well as the proximate and elemental body composition of prawns, was similar across treatments. The most abundant essential amino acids in the prawn's body were arginine, leucine, and lysine while feeds showed good quality despite the limitations of arginine and phenylalanine. We observed successful hatching when prawns were fed with feed containing more SBY, indicating a more successful reproductive stock. Farming prawns with feeds containing different inclusion percentages of SBY is feasible. The inclusion of this raw material in high replacement percentages (up to 50%) is viable and could promote the bioeconomy by utilizing discarded local raw material instead of wild-caught resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp farming is a significant contributor to the GDP of several growing Asian countries. However, the emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopanaei (EHP) infection has had a negative impact on the Indian shrimp market, leading to increased mortality and growth retardation among shrimp populations. In order to address this issue, a study was conducted to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of neem aqueous extract (NAE) in treating EHP infection in shrimp. This study employed various approaches, including toxicity testing in zebrafish larvae to determine safe and suitable doses of NAE, as well as long-term exposure trials on adult shrimp. The results of the study indicated that NAE exposure improved the antioxidant defence system by boosting SOD, CAT and NO levels and immunological response of infected shrimp, effectively reducing oxidative stress and enhancing the activity of prophenoloxidase (PPO). Furthermore, histological evaluations demonstrated a decrease in EHP spore development in the shrimp hepatopancreas, while staining analyses revealed the presence of spores in shrimp faeces. Furthermore, the potential bioactive compounds in the extract were observed using GC-MS analysis. These findings highlight the potential of NAE as a natural and effective treatment option for EHP infection in shrimp, which holds significant implications for the aquaculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercetin is an important phytochemical that belongs to the flavonoid group of plant pigments. It has potential benefits as an antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory agent. However, the utilization of quercetin in aquaculture is not optimal. Hence, this study conducted a literature review to analyze the potential benefits of quercetin in aquaculture, especially for fish and prawn. Results showed that quercetin can be isolated from herbs using several methods, including sonication, maceration, and fractionation. Its amount in plants can be potentially determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Some of the plants containing high quercetin levels include shallot, garlic, apple skin, guava leaves, green tea, chia seeds, and desert rose flower. In aquaculture, quercetin can be applied to increase the ideal body weight, feed conversion ratio, and condition factor of aquatic cultured species and serves as an antioxidant, antistress, strengthening probiotic and an antiinfective agent. Latest research showed that quercetin benefits the immunity of goldfish against furunculosis. Furthermore, quercetin shows potential in prawn industry as an antioxidant protection that improves the meat quality. To date, the potential benefits of quercetin have not been widely utilized in aquaculture. The minimum utilization can be attributed to the lack of a systematic review regarding its potency either on fish or prawn. Hence, this study provides the essential review of quercetin in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality is crucial to the health of the prawn industry in Malaysia, where unpredictable weather is common. However, many breeders still monitor the water quality manually, which limits their capacity to respond quickly to changing conditions. To address this, an automated system was developed using Internet of Things (IoT) technology to continually monitor and control the pH level and temperature of the saltwater. Sensors are connected to a LabVIEW-equipped data acquisition, and a servo motor operates the probe of the sensors. The proposed system employs ThingSpeak software to display real-time water quality data and has a system of alarms that can be activated to notify the user of any issues. An acid or alkali solution is pumped into the tank using a submersible water pump to regulate the pH level, and a fuzzy logic controller is integrated into the submersible water pump to control the valve for the solutions. From the results, the systems managed to measure the maximum value of the temperature which is 33.86°C meanwhile the minimum value is 30.6 °C. These temperature values are in the desirable range of temperature for prawn which is between 25 °C to 35 °C. Hence, this system depicts that the water is a good temperature for the prawn. Furthermore, the data transfer through wireless via ThingSpeaks' website is the same as the data transfer through mobile's app. Hence, this prove that the system is able to deliver the water quality data accurately and can be monitored remotely. The system will greatly benefit the aquaculture industry, and continued development will only improve its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture provided 43% of the aquatic animal food consumed by humans in 2007, and it is anticipated to expand even more to meet the increasing future demand. Marine Science Techno Park (MSTP) is one of the Techno Parks in Indonesia and is located in Teluk Awur, Jepara. MSTP has an intensive system of Vannamei shrimp farming activities. The challenge that has been faced annually is the organic matter of the remaining shrimp feed that accumulates in the waters can cause a decrease in pond water quality. Ammonia-N anions derived from the decomposition of feed residues can cause toxins in shrimp culture ponds which can further interfere with shrimp survival. The objective of this study is to design a self-controlled water quality monitoring system that is equipped with an early warning system based on internet of things (IoT) and to implement the design for analyzing the water quality including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and temperature in the Vannamei farming pond of MSTP UNDIP through integrating IoT which is equipped with an early warning system. If the water quality reaches a threshold value, the monitoring system will send a sound signal to the buzzer followed by sending an alert notification in real-time conditions automatically to a smartphone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp aquaculture is the fastest-growing animal food-producing sector in the world due to its high demand in developed countries. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a double-stranded virus, is primarily associated with high mortalities in the shrimp population, causing an imbalance in the aquaculture industry. Nanotechnology is advantageous due to its high surface area to volume ratio, targeted drug load and alteration of the charge of nanoparticle surface area, and prevention of adverse effects associated with commercial drug treatment. This review discusses the antiviral activity of chitosan triphosphate (CS/TPP)-coated nanoparticles encapsulating WSSV Viral protein 28 (VP28), innate immunity stimulation using polyamine-coated carbon quantum dots, and the investigation of silver nanoparticle designed Argovit-4 with or without PVP responsible for inhibiting viral activity. Nanotechnology-driven techniques have improved the stability of RNA-induced vaccines, paving the way for an effective cure for white spot syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Already a multibillion-dollar global industry, shrimp aquaculture, is growing all the time. The intensive method, which is the most common method in shrimp aquaculture, remains commercially challenged due to the expenditures associated with environmental pollution abatement. Although the comprehensive understanding of this intricate aquaculture environment has been advanced using mathematical modeling, recent attempts to improve the model's structure have not yielded enough results. This work upgraded the previous method to a three-dimensional hydrodynamic ecosystem model with the effects of shrimps being replaced by approximation equations for the environmental assessment of a shrimp aquaculture pond in Kyushu District, Japan. Our approach was successful, as demonstrated by the high consistency of the simulation results when compared to observation data and the previous results. Additionally, we first revealed the impacts of stratification and confirmed the notable daily variation in the water quality. Our case study offers significant practical information on the characteristics of intensive shrimp aquaculture, implications for long-term sustainable operations, and future research priorities on local-scale ecosystem modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Covid-19 outbreak, the production of the Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) actually increased and even increased the value of Indonesia's exports. The existence of shrimp culture is closely related to the nature of the surrounding environment, especially climate change. Climate change has a potential impact on aquaculture production, which affects livelihoods that depend on aquaculture. This study aims to analyze the development of sea surface temperature (SST) and high tides over the last 10 years and to analyze the vulnerability of the vannamei shrimp culture to climate change. This research uses a descriptive method. Data were collected through direct interviews with respondents, while the model was a structured interview. Secondary data were obtained from satellite imagery through geographic information systems, and from literature. Data analysis used spatial analysis with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and vulnerability analysis was carried out to build the Livelihood Vulnerability Index matrix. The results show that climate change affects the development of sea surface temperature (SST) and high tides on the coast of Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. It is proven that during the last 10 years SST and high tide data shows that it fluctuates every year, SST between 27.75-29.6°C, the high tide between 1.47-1.57 m. Changes in SST affects high tide, and both become variability that affects vannamei shrimp culture. The results of the vulnerability analysis show that vannamei shrimp culture livelihoods in Banyuwangi Regency are categorized as vulnerable to climate change, with a value of 3.30 (3.34 vulnerability threshold). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterotrophs may live in a wider range of environmental conditions and have long been used in probiotic treatments in aquaculture. For detritivores like shrimp, tilapia and carp, heterotrophic bacteria are essential constituents of their diet. In the present study, aimed to isolate and identify heterotrophic bacteria from fermentation sample of freshwater and brackish water shrimp farms. Liquid enrichment medium was used to isolate the bacteria. Bacteria were identified using DNA barcoding analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence using primer 533 F, 1100 Rand phylogenetic analysis with the MEGA X Software. The sequences obtained from the samples were aligned and edited using MEGA-X software. The results revealed that up to four bacteria were isolated from Shrimp ponds. These bacteria were EW1, SP1, SP2 and FD2. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence barcoding analysis, EW1 and SP1 was identified as Priestia flexa, SP2 identified as Acinetobacter venetianus and FD2 identified as Bacillus pumilus. These heterotrophic bacteria could be potential candidates to improve health of Shrimps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp is an important aquaculture species worldwide. The use of antibiotics to suppress disease outbreaks has led to antibiotic resistance; however, probiotics or natural herbal additives can enhance the health of farmed shrimp. In this study, the effects of formulations containing natural herbs and probiotics on shrimp farming were explored. Following indoor shrimp farming, the shrimp were returned to outdoor natural ponds for 1 week in the presence of a fermented probiotic product. The gut microbiota was surveyed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at 1, 2, 3, and 8 weeks after the natural pond release. The results showed that Vibrio-related bacterial genera increased significantly in the shrimp intestinal microbiota at 2 weeks and were particularly high at 3 weeks after natural pond release. The phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Vibrio-related bacteria, and the genus Cetobacterium emerged as crucial bacteria linked to shrimp health and growth. Overall, the diversity of the shrimp intestinal microbiota was lower upon release into the natural pond. However, this outcome may be associated with dysbiosis or influenced by the natural environment. Further research is warranted to substantiate these findings. A perspective on the shrimp gut microbiota provides important information for aquaculture management and explains the implementation of control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different air diffusers on the oxygen transfer rate, water quality, and growth performance of the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, for 60 days using a recirculating aquaculture system. The first experiment was conducted with six treatments applying two different air diffusers regarding two treatments (TRT): (i) rubber aeration tube and (ii) airstone at three different air pressures (0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 Mpa), respectively. Based on the first experiment's results, the second experiment was designed with two treatments: TRT1 - rubber aeration tube and TRT2 - airstone. Results indicated that the standard oxygen transfer rate increased as the pressure increased. The rubber aeration tube and air stone showed no significant difference at pressure levels. Therefore, the second experiment used a pressure level of 0.025 Mpa for TRT1 and TRT2. The results from the second trial showed that the dissolved oxygen in TRT1 did not differ significantly from that in TRT2. At the same time, the other parameters, such as temperature, pH, and alkalinity, remained steady throughout the culture period. The survival rate and biomass had the highest values in TRT2, but no significant differences were found in growth performance compared to TRT1. The results of this study suggest that either rubber aeration tubes or air stones are feasible and effective alternatives to improve the water quality and growth performance of P. vannamei in experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecies hybridization has been widely used in the development of aquaculture in fish species but there is not much impact in crustacean species. Several species of crustaceans that have been successfully crossed still have low hatching rates and the hybrids obtained have not met expectations. This review tries to summarize and analyse interspecific hybridization of cultured crustacean species (shrimps, lobsters, crayfish and crabs) and its potential for development of crustacean aquaculture production. The success of cross‐breeding on several species of shrimp and lobster has been supported by artificial insemination technology. In crabs, artificial insemination cannot be applied and cross‐breeding still relies on natural mating with an unstable success rate. In addition to cross‐breeding in captivity, cross‐breeding of crustacean species (shrimp, lobster, crayfish and crab) in nature has also been found. Interbreeding of crustacean species in nature cannot always be distinguished morphologically, hybrids between them can be known with certainty after carrying out molecular analysis. Even though the level of reproductive performance in cross‐breeding of shrimp, lobster, crayfish and crab species is still low, cross‐breeding efforts must be continued to obtain more information so that it can later be mapped which species have the potential to develop hybrids for cultivation. Furthermore, growth, reproductive performance, monosex hybridity and disease resistance are all hybrid parameters that must be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The caridean shrimps comprise one of the largest groups of amphidromous species, sharing their life cycle between freshwater habitats and the ocean. Key species of tropical ecosystems, some of which are also targets for local or international markets without any regulations being implemented, make carideans particularly vulnerable to the threats facing natural populations. We present an inventory of amphidromous carideans and an overview of their habitats, the interests they arouse, because of their ecological role as well as for their commercial importance and the threats they face. We suggest directions for future research following an experimental-biology approach, that may help to assess risks and impacts on natural habitats and ultimately prioritize conservation and management projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly contagious and economically costly virus that affects many crustacean species. Since its introduction into the United States in the 1990s, it has spread from aquaculture shrimp and crayfish to wild crustaceans throughout the southeastern United States. Transmission to natural systems may occur through contact between commodity (i.e. store-bought) and wild crustaceans or the use of infected frozen shrimp as bait, which has been proven capable of transmitting the virus. In this study, we surveyed both live (Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) and P. aztecus Ives, 1891) and frozen commodity shrimp (Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) and crayfish (Procambarus troglodytes (Le Conte, 1856) and P. clarkii (Girard, 1852)) as well as wild populations of some of these species of shrimp, crayfish, and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896) in South Carolina for WSSV. We found extremely low levels of the virus in wild-caught decapods but high levels of WSSV in commodity crayfish (50%) and imported frozen shrimp (43.3%). While additional work is needed to understand the environmental conditions that affect the transmission potential of WSSV, these results suggest that care must be taken with commodity crustaceans to prevent introductions of WSSV and subsequent harm to natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishmeal is an indispensable ingredient for most aquatic animals. However, the finite supply and escalating price of fishmeal seriously limit its use in aquaculture. Thus the development of new, sustainable protein ingredients has been a research focus. Microalgae are potential fishmeal alternatives owing to their high protein content and balanced amino acid profile. Studies suggest that suitable replacement of fishmeal with microalgae is beneficial for fish growth performance, but excessive replacement would induce poor growth and feed utilization. Therefore, this paper aims to review research on the maximum substitutional level of fishmeal by microalgae and propose the main issues and possible solutions for fishmeal replacement by microalgae. The maximum replacement level is affected by microalgal species, fish feeding habits, quality of fishmeal and microalgal meals, and supplemental levels of fishmeal in the control group. Microalgae could generally replace 100%, 95%, 95%, 64.1%, 25.6%, and 18.6% fishmeal protein in diets of carp, shrimp, catfish, tilapia, marine fish, and salmon and trout, respectively. The main issues with fishmeal replacement using microalgae include low production and high production cost, poor digestibility, and anti-nutritional factors. Possible solutions to these problems are recommended in this paper. Overall, microalgae are promising fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Shrimp aquaculture is an important industry due to its advantages of short production cycles and good economic benefits, but it faces challenges from diseases caused by tiny organisms that can lead to slow growth or large-scale shrimp deaths. Three such harmful pathogens are Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1). It is essential to quickly identify these organisms. In this study, we created a new test that can detect all three pathogens at once by using a melting curve-based Eva Green real-time PCR assay. We used this test on 190 shrimp samples from different regions in China and found that a significant number of shrimp were affected by these organisms. Our test is as accurate as the current standard test but faster because it looks for all three organisms simultaneously. This new method can help shrimp farmers identify diseases early, which is crucial for treating sick shrimp and preventing the spread of disease. This work is valuable because it offers a better way to keep shrimp healthy, which benefits the shrimp industry and supports aquaculture biosecurity. Infections with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) pose significant challenges to the shrimp industry. Here, a melting curve-based triple real-time PCR assay based on the fluorescent dye Eva Green was established for the simultaneous detection of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1. The assay showed high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. A total of 190 clinical samples from Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces in China were evaluated by the triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay. The positive rates of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1 were 10.5%, 18.9%, and 44.2%, respectively. The samples were also evaluated by TaqMan qPCR assays for EHP, DIV1, and IHHNV, and the concordance rate was 100%. This illustrated that the newly developed triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the simultaneous detection of three shrimp pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioremediation efficiency of the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, held at different stocking densities as an eco-based waste treatment technology on the quality of water and sediment of the Penaeus monodon pond culture, was evaluated in this study. Two separate experiments were simultaneously conducted indoors for five days using 100-L capacity aquaria. The treatments for the pond water experiment were: (T1) control, 10 L pond water only, (T2) 10 L pond water + one sea cucumber, and (T3) 10 L pond water + two sea cucumbers. For the pond sediment experiment, the conditions of the three treatments were the same except that pond sediments were added in each aquarium. The results showed that T2 had a significant reduction of ammonia (28%), and nitrite (84%) in pond water, and nitrogen (88%) and phosphorus (9%) in pond sediment. It also efficiently improved the management of the microbial load with a significant decrease, particularly in heterotrophs (39%) in pond water compared to that in the control treatment. The results showed that the presence and activity of H. scabra have a positive bioremediation effect on waste as demonstrated by reduced ammonia, nitrite, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels and microbial load from the P. monodon pond water and sediment. Furthermore, the stocking density of one sea cucumber is more efficient in reducing these wastes compared to the two sea cucumbers stocking density. The result suggested that H. scabra can be a potentially efficient bioremediator of waste in shrimp ponds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant freshwater prawn holds a significant position as a valuable crustacean species cultivated in the aquaculture industry, particularly well‐known and demanded among the Southeast Asian countries. Aquaculture production of this species has been impacted by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) infection, which particularly affects the larvae and post‐larvae stages of the prawn. The infection has been recorded to cause mortality rates of up to 100% among the affected prawns. A simple, fast, and easy to deploy on‐site detection or diagnostic method is crucial for early detection of MrNV to control the disease outbreak. In the present study, novel single‐stranded DNA aptamers targeting the MrNV capsid protein were identified using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) approach. The aptamer was then conjugated with the citrate‐capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and the sensitivity of this AuNP‐based aptasensor for the detection of MrNV capsid protein was evaluated. Findings revealed that the aptamer candidate, APT‐MrNV‐CP‐1 was enriched throughout the SELEX cycle 4, 9, and 12 with the sequence percentage of 1.76%, 9.09%, and 12.42%, respectively. The conjugation of APT‐MrNV‐CP‐1 with citrate‐capped AuNPs exhibited the highest sensitivity in detecting the MrNV capsid protein, where the presence of 62.5 nM of the viral capsid protein led to a significant agglomeration of the AuNPs. This study demonstrated the practicality of an AuNP‐based aptasensor for disease diagnosis, particularly for detecting MrNV infection in giant freshwater prawns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, modern shrimp aquaculture has been seriously affected by shrimp diseases worldwide. Shrimp aquaculture cooperates with scientists in the lab to develop biosecurity strategies and biotechnology products, such as specific-pathogen-free shrimp, vaccines and probiotics, to tackle the risk of shrimp disease. Securing shrimp health needs to manage the breeding environment, particularly water quality and water ecologies. Shrimp and water travel between the lab and the field for monitoring, experimentation and disease prevention. This article proposes the notion of hydro-social life to analyse how biosecurity strategies and biotechnology products are developed in the lab and deployed in the field by visiting private, governmental and university laboratories in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, Hô' Chí Minh City, and Taiwan. I argue that scientists innovate biotechnology products to improve biosecurity strategies by reconfiguring hydro-social lives, like managing shrimp health and water quality. The development and deployment of biosecurity from the lab to the field are influenced by capitalist forms of life and social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is one of the most prominent sectors of Bangladesh regarding nutrition, livelihood, and revenues. Although this nation has made promising improvements in aquaculture, several existing and imminent challenges can disrupt further development. Until now, no studies have extensively reviewed the existing aquaculture practices of this nation. Thus, this article elucidates the prospects, production, and problems of common aquaculture practices for the establishment of sustainable aquaculture in Bangladesh. The culture units are mainly natural bodies of water including earthen ponds, seasonal floodplains, baor, and gher. Although pond farming is the oldest and most dominant practice in this nation, the use of pen and cage cultures has also been intensified in the last decade. Regarding farmed fish species, indigenous major carps, exotic carps, tilapia, pangas catfish, and climbing perch are the major runners. Among crustaceans, giant freshwater prawns and tiger shrimp are the leading farmed species. Mud crab, biofloc, and seaweed farming are a growing focus that can evolve as artisanal and commercial‐scale farming practices in the near future. Major challenges that are potent enough to impede the establishment of viable aquaculture practices in Bangladesh are inadequate seed production, disease outbreaks, climate change, mediocre management practices, and limited mariculture propagations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become an important tool for monitoring chemical residues in food, but the time and effort required to evaluate the large amount of data generated by HRMS can be a limiting factor in the widespread application of this tool. Suspect screening, i.e., searching HRMS data against large compound databases or mass lists, represents a practical compromise between using HRMS data to only look for target compounds and performing full non-target analysis. Several different approaches for suspect screening using HRMS data were tested using data from shrimp and eel spiked with veterinary drugs and pesticides as well as from imported aquaculture samples. Most of the analytes (>70%) in the spiked samples were detected and identified by searching against compound databases. To query larger databases and on-line resources such as mzCloud, it was necessary to use software capable of differential analysis and selective filtering, such as Compound Discoverer. Using selective filtering, the number of compounds detected in fish sample extracts could be reduced from tens of thousands to a few hundred by subtracting method blanks and comparing to matrix blank extracts. This smaller list of potential compounds could be further evaluated and compared to available databases and libraries. Analysis of imported aquaculture samples resulted in detection of unexpected contaminants including the dewormer levamisole, the insecticide buprofezin, and potentially the plant alkaloid ricinine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penaeid shrimp are economically important marine crustaceans that include species such as the black tiger shrimp, whiteleg shrimp, Atlantic white shrimp, and Indian white shrimp. Shrimp aquaculture has become a significant contributor to the fisheries industry, particularly in Asia where India is the world's second-largest producer of whiteleg shrimp. However, disease outbreaks and breeding problems remain major obstacles to the sustainable growth of shrimp aquaculture, resulting in decreased revenues and inefficient output for shrimp farmers. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in shrimp development and health. Next-generation sequencing technologies have contributed significantly to the metagenomic resources of crustaceans, enabling functional investigation of the gut microbiome and providing insights into the precise role of this bacterial ecosystem in shrimp diseases and development. This review summarizes the microbial diversity in the gastrointestinal tract of penaeid shrimps and how they impact the health and development of the organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), the most cultured crustacean in the world, has become one of the key species in the international aquatic trade accounting for 11.96% of the total aquaculture production value in 2020. The development of the aquafeed industry, especially the large‐scale use of fish meal (FM) and fish oil, contributed to promoting the expansion of shrimp production. However, the supply of FM has fluctuated at about 5 million tons per year affected by the El Nino during the last decades. This finite supply in combination with continued demand contributes to high prices, prompting the development and use of alternative protein sources. This review contributes to the development of appropriate FM replacement strategies in shrimp feed and summarises the status of research on alternative protein sources, including plant, animal and single‐cell proteins in commercial feeds for Pacific white shrimp. Furthermore, several key aspects of nutritional balances were mentioned including amino acid profiles, fatty acid nutrients and trace elements in low FM diets as well as some easily overlooked concepts that deserve attention such as epigenetics, feed processing characteristics, animal growth stages, and shrimp species improvement. Also, the prospects of future research are proposed including the application of advanced technologies (16S rRNA sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics), developments in the new feed additives, along with the optimisation of new protein sources and the establishment of a precise nutritional programming for shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starvation and refeeding is an efficient method to excel the quality of the harvesting yields and reduce feeding costs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-, moderate-, and severe-intensity starvation on compensatory growth and economic efficiency of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five feeding strategies were designed: feeding every day (C); starving for 1 day followed by 4-day refeeding (T1); starving for 2 days followed by 8-day refeeding (T2); starving for 4 days followed by 16-day refeeding (T3); and starving for 8 days followed by 32-day refeeding (T4). All treatments were fed for a total of 32 days during a 40-day experiment. Low and moderate starvation did not significantly affect growth indices including weight, length, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and biomass in T1, T2, and T3 compared with C (p > 0.05), while T4 exhibited lower (p < 0.05) growth rate. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in survival, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and net protein utilization (NPU) among the control and other experimental treatments. Nevertheless, a higher protein and lipid content was observed in T1, T2, and T3 in comparison with C. The economic conversion ratio (ECR) and feeding cost reduction were similar and suggested that T1 showed the highest economic efficiency (p < 0.05). These results revealed that low- and moderate-intensity starvation significantly improved the compensatory growth, survival, protein utilization efficiency, and body composition of L. vannamei, while the lowest economic efficiency can be attributed to severe starvation and refeeding intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquaculture industry is growing quickly due to increased fish consumption and a decline in wild fish catch. About half of the world's seafood demand for human consumption is now met by farmed seafood. The aquafeed market is expanding along with the aquaculture sector. Some of the elements in shrimp feed are derived from terrestrial plants and low-value forage fishes (fish meal). It is impossible to produce more fish meals since doing so would harm the ocean's environment and sustainability. The reduction in shrimp feed cost can also be done by introducing low-cost, environment-friendly ingredients in shrimp feed formulation. Therefore, new and ecologically friendly shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed component sources must be created. Live food organisms are a preferable option for this since they provide a variety of essential amino acids and beneficial triglyce rides like fat, vitamins, and colors in their cell metabolites. Microalgae biomasses also represent feasible ingredients for shrimp feed sources. Their distinctive variety of bioactive chemicals can enhance color and pellet quality, act as a bulk element in shri mp feed, and boost the viability of farmed species. Live food organisms have a great economic potential since they have the highest biomass productivity of all photosynthetic organisms. In addition to giving farmers and exporters a better choice for feeding their fish, the availability of on-grown live food would also open up the prospect of improving the performance and quality of the fish and shrimp through bioencapsulation. This review study examines the possibility of generating natural food biomass as a component in shrimp feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) and the Ecological Stoichiometry Theory (EST) are central and complementary in the consumer-driven recycling conceptual basis. The understanding of physiological processes of organisms is essential to explore and predict nutrient recycling behavior, and to design integrated productive systems that efficiently use the nutrient inputs through an adjusted mass balance. We fed with fish-feed three species of decapods (prawn, anomuran, crab) from different families and with aquacultural potential to explore the animal-mediated nutrient dynamic and its applicability in productive systems. We tested whether body mass, body elemental content, and feeds predict N and P excretion rates and ratios within taxa. We also verified if body content scales allometrically with body mass within taxa. Finally, we compared the nutrient excretion rates and body elemental content among taxa. N excretion rates of prawns and anomurans were negatively related to body mass, emphasizing the importance of MTE. Feed interacted with body mass to explain P excretion of anomurans and N excretion of crabs. Body C:N content positively scaled with body mass in prawns and crabs. Among taxa, prawns mineralised more N and N:P, and less P, and exhibited higher N and C body content (and lower C:N) than the other decapods. Body P and N:P content were different among all species. Body content and body mass were the main factors that explained the differences among taxa and influence the role of crustaceans as nutrient recyclers. These features should be considered to select complementary species that efficiently use feed resources. Prawns need more protein in feed and might be integrated with fish of higher N-requirements, in contrast to crabs and anomurans. Our study contributed to the background of MTE and EST through empirical data obtained from decapods and it provided insightful information to achieve more efficient aquaculture integration systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Evaluate experimentally the effect of the food ration on the accumulation of total ammonia nitrogen and the survival of D. latifrons. Materials and methods. A completely randomized experimental design was implemented, without 72 h water replacement, 10 fish per replicate and three replicates per treatment, with feed rations of 2, 4, 6 and 8% in relation to biomass and 35% protein balanced shrimp feed. Water quality variables and survival were recorded every 24 h. Results. Total ammonia varied between 1.05 and 7.80 mg*L-1, while non-ionized ammonium varied between 0.33 and 2.27 mg*L-1. Total ammoniacal nitrogen (5.16±1.70 mg*L-1) and non-ionized ammonium (1.56±0.48 mg*L-1) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 2% ration; however, this ration showed the highest survival (56–100%). Survival was reduced in all treatments; rations of 6 and 8% recorded mortality from 24 h. LD50% at 72 h was estimated with a food ration of 5.54% with respect to biomass. Conclusions. Dormitator latifrons resists concentrations of non-ionised ammonium above 1 mg*L-1. In intensive cultures of D. latifrons, a food ration less than 4% of biomass should be used, with water replacements at least every 48 h to avoid mortalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the aquaculture wastes is shrimp pond wastewater (SPW). Generally, SPW comes from the rest of shrimp feed, shrimp dung, and died shrimp during the cultivation. As SPW is organic waste, biological wastewater treatment is the best choice. Biological method has low operating costs and environmentally friendly. There are two kind of biological methods, namely aerobic and anaerobic. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. In this research, the performance of aerobic and anaerobic methods in treating SPW were investigated using batch experiment during start-up for 105 days. The results showed that the performance of the aerobic system in the initial phase was better than that of the anaerobic system, especially, in phase one which is the adaptation phase. At the beginning of the experiment, the performance of aerobic system is better than that of the anaerobic system. The COD, carbohydrate and protein removals in the aerobic system were 25.93%, 75.20% and 88.59%, while in the anaerobic system were 12.82%, 36.03% and 51.01%. Overall, based on the COD removal, the performances of start-up process of both systems were quite similar. Therefore, it needs more study to investigate the aerobic and anaerobic systems for a longer duration in a continuous or semi-continuous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: IMTA is an integrated and eco-friendly farming approach, where organisms from different trophic levels can be cultured in the same system to take advantage of the synergistic interaction between species. Methods: The experiment was conducted in earthen ponds for four months to investigate the effect of bivalves (M. casta) in halophytebased IMTA on water quality, growth performance and microbial load. Shrimp and fish were fed with commercial feed containing 35% and 30% crude protein, respectively. Result: The total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and nitrite were comparatively low in treatments, T1 (0.13±0.012, 0.013±0.003 and 0.45±0.01, respectively) and T2 (0.15±0.005, 0.017±0.003 and 0.50±0.01, respectively). Similarly, the better average body weight, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were found in treatments, T1 (Shrimp: 33.87±0.88 g, 6.20±0.01% 1.10±0.02 respectively, Fish: 94.18±0.08 g, 1.59±0.001% and 1.60±0.006 respectively) and T2 (Shrimp: 32.37±0.60 g, 6.16±0.02% and 1.15±0.02 respectively fish: 92.91±0.2 g, 1.59±0.009 and 1.63±0.08 respectively). Therefore it can be concluded that the use of bivalves helps to create better water quality for the growth and survival of P. vannamei and M. cephalus in halophyte-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the effects of ambient microbiota on the gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at different aquaculture stages, shrimp gut and ambient water and sediment microbiota at different aquaculture stages were collected and analyzed through high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA. Our results showed that various gut microbiota alpha‐diversity indices at the late aquaculture stage (LAS) were significantly higher than those at the early aquaculture stage (EAS). The average degree of the co‐occurrence network constructed based on the samples at the EAS was significantly higher than that at the middle aquaculture stage (MAS), and they were both significantly higher than those at the LAS. The proportions of gut microbiota from the water microbiota in the MAS and LAS were significantly higher than those at the EAS, and the proportion of gut microbiota from the sediment microbiota at the LAS was significantly higher than that at the EAS. These results imply that the gut microbiota of shrimp seedlings obtained a small amount of microorganisms from the ambient microbiota and gradually formed new gut microbiota with the inherent microbiota. These results provide support for the subsequent development of aquaculture technology to prevent bacterial diseases in Pacific white shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While coastal habitat conversion was a primary environmental concern in Asia for the mostly extensive shrimp aquaculture sector in previous decades, the transition towards intensive production is creating new environmental risks, primarily water quality impacts from nutrient- rich effluent. There is a need to compare the performance of conventional and Naturebased Solution (NbS) effluent treatment options given the increasing nutrient loads from more intensive aquaculture and historic loss of ecosystem services from mangrove deforestation. This study evaluates the potential for common and emerging effluent treatment systems to address total nitrogen and total phosphorus effluent from shrimp farms across a spectrum of production intensities. Nutrient waste loading for four stocking density scenarios (7PLm-2, 20PLm-2, 75PLm-2, and 120PLm-2) are estimated to compare the treatment efficiency, economic feasibility, spatial requirements, and ecosystem service provision of conventional and NbS effluent treatment systems. We use secondary data to assess effluent treatment systems applicable for shrimp aquaculture in Asia. Findings provide the conceptual framework for comparing the characteristics and tradeoffs of aquaculture effluent treatment systems. Constructed mangrove wetlands are an NbS approach that can meet the intensification needs of aquaculture producers and reduce negative impacts from aquaculture effluent at competitive costs, while also providing ecosystem service co-benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current information on biosecurity measures implemented by shrimp farmers in Indonesia is limited. This study describes farmer demographic characteristics, on-farm biosecurity practices, farm production and disease status, among small and medium holder shrimp farms on Java Island, Indonesia. A questionnairebased survey was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 to collect data from shrimp farms operating in various regions of the Java Island. A numerical score was assigned for each of the assessed biosecurity practices, based on whether it was a conventional risk factor or a protective factor. Based on responses from 90 shrimp farmers, who volunteered to participate in the study, mean overall biosecurity scores ranged from 32 to 54 (out of a maximum score of 100). Most farms (88.9%) either shared common water sources with other aquaculture farms or were connected to other farms via water channel. Farm equipment sharing was common both within (91.1%) and between (41%) farms. Water pre-treatment was common (99%), but approximately a third of the farms did not practice any routine quality assessment for post larvae before stocking. On average, farms produced 1.6 kg/m² (95% CI: 1.2, 2.0) of shrimp with a harvest size of 43 shrimp/kg (95% CI: 37, 49) or an average weight of 23.3 g at time of harvest. An increasing trend in harvest weight per pond area and shrimp size at harvest was noted with increasing overall biosecurity score. These results indicated that farms with better biosecurity practices tended to have a higher production yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Shrimp Farming a subsector of aquaculture plays major role in protein production for the world and attaining a remarkable growth from the past decades. The present work was carried out on data collected from 80 shrimp farms along with farmers in different mandals of Nellore district. Increased cost of production on account of feed, labor and the mandatory certificates requirements are suggested to be some of the important factors leading to the production decline. The present study focuses on technical competence of shrimp farmers in the Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh using Stochastic Production Function and Technical Incompetence. The estimates mean Technical Competence of the shrimp farmers was 93.08% which means the shrimp farmers operate at 6.94% below the stochastic production. Age, Education, Technology Adopted, Farmers Associations and Societies, Experience of the farmers were found to have a substantial effect on the Technical Competence. Major technological training opportunities could make the difference in adopting value added technologies to upsurge the overall productivity of the farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese herbal medicine is rich in a variety of nutrients and biologically active ingredients, which has advantages of being natural, pollution-free and low residue. Chinese herbal medicine additives can improve production performance of aquatic animals, enhance immunity, prevent diseases, improve meat quality. The paper reviews effective ingredients and biological functions of Chinese herbal medicine, elaborate on current application status of Chinese herbal medicine additives in aquaculture such as fish, shrimp, crab, turtle, etc., in order to provide reference for in-depth research, development, promotion and application of Chinese herbal medicine additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freshwater longarm river prawn (Macrobrachium tenellum Smith, 1871) is common in the coastal lagoons and freshwater bodies of the Mexican Pacific region. Its potential for aquaculture has been investigated recently, including evaluating its nutritional needs by investigating the digestive enzymatic activity of wild and culture individuals. We collected wild prawns from three different habitats and fed two laboratory-prepared diets and a commercial food for two months. The levels of lipase, trypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase were measured at the time of sampling and after one and two months of culture. Survival and growth were also recorded. It was observed that food consumption during culture causes a significant increase in growth and survival as well as a tendency towards an increase in the digestive enzymatic activity with time. The habitat of origin can also influence performance in digestion from the start. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of two commercial probiotics, zymetin, and super PS, on the culture environment, production, and economics of Macrobrachium rosenbergii aquaculture. The experiment was conducted using three treatments, including T1, probiotics applied in all culture phases; T2, during grow‐out; and a control (C). Prawns were fed commercial pelleted diets. Earthen ponds were used at a stocking density of two juveniles/m2. Water concentrations of non‐ionized ammonia and nitrite‐nitrogen were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in T1 than in T2 and C. Probiotic application significantly (p < 0.05) reduced phosphate content and balanced soil pH. Growth performance, condition factor, survival, protein utilization, and production were significantly higher in T1 followed by T2 compared to C by the end of grow‐out. Application of zymetin and super PS in all culture phases significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the feed conversion ratio in T1 compared to T2 and C. Positive allometric growth was observed in T1, whereas growth was isometric in C and T2. Probiotic treatment during all culture phases achieved the highest net returns to land, family labor, and management. Application of probiotics during the entire culture cycle could be the best practice for improving production and economics in M. rosenbergii aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture and aquatic animals are important for national food security since they are a good source of animal meat and protein for mankind. Aquaculture is currently the most economically and financially viable option for farmers, so the majority of them are interested in it. In aquaculture, shrimp farming plays a major role and exists in either a freshwater or marine environment for human consumption. Although shrimps are very susceptible to diseases during breeding and farming, these diseases are identified by several methods, i.e., microbiology test, antigen-antibody testand molecular methods. For molecular screening and testing of shrimps, it is necessary to extract nucleic acid, i.e., DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). So many traditional and commercial methods are available on the market for nucleic acid extraction. In our study, we developed a simple, rapid, efficient, and effective nucleic acid extraction method. DNA was isolated from shrimps and shrimp seeds using this method (A260/280 range: 70 ng/uL to 350 ng/uL) and tested using molecular (PCR-Polymerase Chain Reaction) methods, specifically the SYBR Green assay on Real Time PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for shrimp from Indonesia continues to increase every year, thus creating more significant interest in the shrimp farming industry. Although shrimp is relatively easy to farm, many variables affect the harvest's success. The harvest in shrimp farming is calculated using % SR (Survival Rate). Our research uses machine learning approaches: logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT) and k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN). LR, DT and KNN will be used to predict whether we will have a successful harvest. From these predictions, we also provide suggestions for business improvements to utilize data. The expected result of such advice is that the business can improve its performance and get more consistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics have been used to control the aquatic environment in both therapeutic and prophylactic ways. Antibiotics are particularly difficult to extract due to their strong interactions with biological matrices. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantitative confirmatory analysis of multi-class antibiotics residues in fish and shrimp. Fourteen antibiotics belonging to sulphonamides, β-lactams, quinolones, sulfones and macrolides were determined within one chromatographic run. The samples were suspended in 0.1 M HCl, and the analytes were extracted into ethyl acetate. The extracts were defatted with cyclohexane. The limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.24 to 1.32 µg kg−1 for fish and 0.42–1.62 µg kg−1 for shrimp samples. The recoveries ranged from 75 to 105%. The method was applied to the analysis of farmed freshwater Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon) collected in Sri Lanka. Sulfacetamide (4.31 ± 0.70 µg kg−1) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (0.75 ± 0.15 µg kg−1) were detected in the fish, and sulfapyridine (0.21–0.56 µg kg−1) and sulfadoxine (0.35–1.44 µg kg−1) were detected in the shrimp samples. The concentrations complied with the EU regulation limits for veterinary drug residues in seafood and did not pose a risk in terms of food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of the shrimp breeding project began in 2018-2019. And the creation of suitable conditions for farming larvae of the white-legged shrimp, Penaeus vennami. The shrimp project is funded by the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. The shrimp project was designed by specialists at the Marine Science Centre (MSC). It aims to introduce P. vennami from neighboring Iranian shrimp farms and transfer experiences after reviewing all its details and sharing with them in similar environmental conditions. A contract was signed between MSC and an Iranian company in Abadan, which operates an integrated shrimp farm that includes a hatchery, ponds for breeding larvae, ponds for shrimp production, a plant for making pellets, and a factory for canning shrimp products, visits between both sides were conducted according to the signed contract, and a shrimp farm was designed in one of the mud ponds at the site of the University of Basra in Karmat Ali, with careful follow-up and under the supervision of specialists from both countries. So far, it is possible to start the project to be successful according to the considerations applied in shrimp farms from Iran. Two types of breeding systems were equipped, one of which is 3 fiberglass basins with dimensions of 2.5 m³, and the other system is a mud pond with dimensions of 2500 m² with ideal specifications linked to a pond through four pipes covered on both sides with a 60-micron mesh. After passing through the mechanical filter made for the farm, a toilet was constructed with an area of 7 meters and a depth of 150 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]