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In aquaculture, fishmeal is consumed in large quantities. Utilizing non-fishmeal protein sources to replace fishmeal in aquaculture feed and developing low-fishmeal feed has become a hot topic in current aquaculture industry research and development. However, non-fishmeal protein sources contain some anti-nutritional factors that can affect the application of low-fishmeal feed and to some extent, restrict the development of low-fishmeal feed. Adding exogenous enzyme preparations to low-fishmeal feed can effectively improve the digestibility of low-fishmeal and degrade the antinutritional substances in non-fishmeal protein sources, thereby enhancing the feeding value of low-fishmeal feed. The article analyzes the application value of feed enzyme preparations in aquaculture feed and reviews their application effects in low-fishmeal aquaculture feed, aiming to provide references for the efficient development of low-fishmeal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture contributes to the sustainable development of food security, marine resource conservation, and economy. Shifting aquaculture feed from fish meal and oil to terrestrial plant derivatives may result in cost savings. However, many carnivorous fish cannot be sustained on plant-derived materials, necessitating the need for the identification of important factors for farmed fish growth and the identification of whether components derived from terrestrial plants can be used in feed. Herein, we focused on the carnivorous fish leopard coral grouper (P. leopardus) to identify the essential growth factors and clarify their intake timing from feeds. Furthermore, we evaluated the functionality of starch, which are easily produced by terrestrial plants. Results reveal that carbohydrates, which are not considered essential for carnivorous fish, can be introduced as a major part of an artificial diet. The development of artificial feed using starch offers the possibility of increasing the growth of carnivorous fish in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture has been one of the fastest-growing sectors in agriculture and plays an important role in supplying high quality proteins for humans. Genetic improvement for important traits is essential for increasing aquaculture production. The aquaculture of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) has become important in Southeast Asia and Australia and has expanded to other countries. In Singapore, a breeding program was initiated in 2004, aimed at improving growth rates, high omega-3 content, and disease resistance within Asian seabass populations. Many genomic resources have been developed to achieve these goals. The breeding program was established with a broodstock of 549 broodfish collected from the wilds of Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. Through four generations of family-based selection, utilizing a combination of conventional selective breeding, molecular parentage analysis, marker-assisted selection, and genomic selection techniques, three distinct elite lines of Asian seabass were successfully established. Each line consisted of approximately 200 broodfish. These lines were selected for growth, higher omega-3 content, and disease resistance, respectively. These traits have been improved without dramatically reducing genetic variation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the methodologies adopted and status of the genetic improvement of the above-mentioned traits. Concurrently, certain gaps in the existing body of research have been identified. In the future, additional traits related to the ability to use feeds with reduced fishmeal, as well as adaptation to climate change and resistance against emerging diseases should be included in the breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is an urgent need for the growing aquaculture sector to rely on sustainable ingredients which can achieve optimal growth while maintaining fish's nutritional value (especially omega-3 fatty acid content) for human consumption. Here, C. reinhardtii biomass was substituted for fishmeal in zebrafish (Danio rerio) diets in wild-type and mutant (Casper) strains. Four isonitrogenous (46% cp), isocaloric (19–21 MJ/kg DW) diets were prepared with C. reinhardtii replacing 10% (C10), 20% (C20), and 50% (C50) of the fishmeal component of the diet formulation. Over 8 weeks of feeding trials, the zebrafish showed a significant growth improvement when fed C10, C20, and C50 compared with the control (no C. reinhardtii), with C20 giving the best performance in terms of growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR). Interestingly, C. reinhardtii in the diet increased the levels of linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) and hexadecatrienoic acid (C16: 4-n-3) (p ≤ 0.05) in the zebrafish. Yellow pigmentation, which was shown to be lutein, was observed in eggs and zebrafish flesh for fish fed a diet containing C. reinhardtii. Moreover, the zebrafish assimilated β-carotene from C. reinhardtii and converted it to vitamin A. Overall, while replacing 20% of fishmen in the zebrafish's diet with C. reinhardtii biomass offers the best results, replacement with only 10% showed a significant benefit for the zebrafish. Furthermore, replacing fishmeal with 50% C. reinhardtii is still possible and beneficial, and C. reinhardtii whole cells are digestible by zebrafish, thus demonstrating that C. reinhardtii not only has the potential to serve as a feed supplement but that it can also act as a feed substitute once the production cost of microalgae becomes competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishmeal is widely accepted as a protein source in fish feed formulation, making it a highly demanded ingredient, and this has probably contributed to its increased cost. Cheaper protein sources of plant and animal origin have been tested as potential replacements for fishmeal to reduce feed costs in fish production and guarantee a suitable nutrient supply for adequate growth. Therefore, this review assessed the effect of replacing fishmeal in the diet of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus based on empirical findings. Using a systematic literature review protocol, an extensive search of five databases resulted in the final inclusion of 32 articles for appraisal and meta-analysis. Fishmeal replacements were at levels ranging from 7–100%, while fish survival rate and feed conversion ratio recorded non-significant effects of fishmeal replacement (p > 0.05). However, final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio revealed a significant effect of fishmeal replacement (p < 0.05) in the diet of African catfish. Our overall analyses suggest that feed ingredients such as microalgae and insects/ worms are potentially perfect replacements for fishmeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable domestic aquaculture development is a critical component to achieving greater U.S. seafood security in the future, yet detrimental allegations have corrupted public support. A variety of longstanding and inaccurate myths and assumptions directed at offshore aquaculture farming and its regulation have been foisted on the public. This paper refutes the most prevalent critiques by reviewing current policies, regulations, research and industry production practices. These criticisms include: inadequate regulatory oversight; portrayal of farms as being high density factories unconcerned by food waste, untreated discharge, use of antibiotic and antifungal treatments; entanglement of marine mammals; impacts on wild stocks and habitats; use of feed additives to pigment fish flesh; unsustainable use of fish meal in feed formulations; potential market disruption by producing cheap, low quality products; and commercial farms and commercial fishers cannot coexist as for-profit businesses. Marine aquaculture is not risk-free in terms of potential environmental, economic, social, and cultural impacts and challenges remain to achieve a sustainable industry. These challenges are well known and addressable by the U.S. and global research community. Current offshore farming realities bode well for the future: 1) there is a clear global imperative to sustainably produce more seafood to meet growing demand and the U.S. has the marine resources to become a major exporter, if U.S. law can be amended to grant offshore farmers a property right or security of tenure for sites in federal waters; 2) U.S. ocean farmers work within a very complex and effective legal, regulatory, science-driven environment to anticipate and mitigate potential impacts; 3) farm level management decisions and federal and state regulatory frameworks have worked together to bring about environmentally friendly siting, operational, and production outcomes, and 4) the farming community and its advocates in government, universities, and industry recognize it is essential to reach out to decision-makers and the interested public, as well as critics, with the latest research and empirical results to present an accurate picture of risks and rewards to development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) is considered one of the most promising functional ingredients as an alternative to the use of antibiotics, due to growth and immunity promotion. In the current work, we analyzed a mucosal immune response through challenging skin mucus antibacterial capacity and a systemic immune response through their splenocytes ex vivo with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Main skin mucus biomarkers were not modified by the SDPP diet, except for cortisol levels that were drastically reduced, which could be considered beneficial from a physiological perspective. In addition, the SDPP diet significantly reduced the growth of the pathogenic bacteria studied in the skin mucus. Anti- (tgf-β1), and pro-inflammatory (il-1β) cytokines, genes involved in humoral immunity (IgM), and the surface cell marker cd4 (cd4) were up-regulated in primary cell cultures of splenocytes exposed to lipopolysaccharide in fish fed the SDPP diet, which indicated that this functional ingredient was able to modulate the systemic immune response. In addition to promoting somatic growth, this study also indicated that SDPP, especially in the current low fish meal diets, seems to be useful and beneficial at the immunological level and mucosal health status, which makes it a good candidate for incorporation into the aquaculture sector. Blood by-products are an untapped source of high-quality ingredients for aquafeeds, containing a broad variety of cytokines, hormones, growth factors, proteins, bioactive peptides, and amino acids. The effects of the spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), a type of processed animal protein on several immune parameters, were evaluated in sea bream using ex vivo and in vitro assays. In this study, fish were fed with two isoproteic, isolipidic, and isoenergetic diets: control diet (7% fish meal, FM) and SDPP diet (2% FM and 5% SDPP). At the end of the 92-days trial, those fed the SDPP diet were larger in body weight (p < 0.05) without differences in feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05). The ex vivo immune stimulation of splenocytes indicated that SDPP had a beneficial effect in promoting systemic immunity, since the surface cell marker (cd4), pro- (il-1β), and anti-inflammatory (tgf-β1) cytokines, and genes involved in humoral immunity (IgM) were up-regulated. The co-culture assays of skin mucus corroborated that SDPP enhanced the antibacterial capacity of mucus against V. anguillarum. In addition, main mucus biomarkers did not show significant differences, except for cortisol levels which were lower in the SDPP diet. The present study indicated that SDPP may be considered a functional ingredient in aquafeeds formulated with low FM levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquaculture sector has been the key factor in meeting the growing demand for high‐quality food by contributing significantly to the global fish production. The portion of fishmeal in aqua feeds has been decreased significantly in recent years, however, increased production in aquaculture still led to demands of fishmeal that cannot be covered by sustainably caught small pelagic fish. Hence, alternatives for fishmeal in aqua feeds are an inevitable necessity. Different plant proteins have been evaluated in the past and rapeseed proteins are considered valuable protein sources for fishmeal‐free aqua feeds. Rapeseed is highly available on a global scale and provides one of the most balanced amino acid composition among plant‐based protein sources. Additionally, rapeseed cultivation is characterised by low production costs, ecological and economic benefits in cereal‐dominated agriculture and provision of two highly nutritive products. Subsequently, rapeseed proteins have been intensely investigated over the past decades and knowledge of the application of these proteins in diets for different species of fish has improved dramatically. However, there is no adequate complete review for the application of rapeseed proteins in aqua feeds. This review outlines and discusses the relevant factors influencing the inclusion of rapeseed proteins as fishmeal alternatives in fish diets and highlights provisional thresholds for anti‐nutritive substances as well as future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To replace fish meal for aquatic feed and develop new protein source are important requirements to ensure sustainable development of aquaculture industry and food security in China. This paper reviewed the application effects of common protein sources in aquatic animals and some new protein sources with promising application prospects in aquatic animals and the existing problems and solutions, and prospected the development direction of "non-food" new protein sources, hoping to provide reference for the research and technical personnel of aquaculture and aquatic feed production in the research and development of aquatic feed and protein source selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly is a kind of saprophagous insect belonging to genus flathorn soldier fly, which is characterized with wide feeding range, strong reproductive ability and rich nutrients. As one of the high nutritional insect protein sources, black soldier fly can partially replace fish meal in fish feed, and exhibit a good application prospect in aquaculture. The paper reviews the biological characteristics and nutritional value of black soldier fly and its effects on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, nutritional quality, intestinal morphology and immunity of aquatic animals, to provide reference for the application of black soldier fly products in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean meal (SBM) is the most widely used source of high-quality plant protein within the feed industry. Raw soybeans are conventionally processed to reduce antinutritional factors, enhance protein bioavailability and improve the overall quality of the final feed product. New high-oleic (HO) cultivars with enhanced unsaturated fatty acids are being utilized in the production of HO SBM for use in the animal feed industry. However, no studies to date have examined the impact of HO SBM on feed formulation and processing of aquaculture feeds. Therefore, we aimed to determine the quality of feed for juvenile domesticated striped bass (Morone saxatilis) using SBM prepared from HO or normal-oleic (NO) soybeans and extrusion-expeller processing. The following four soybean meals were used in our experimental diets: solvent-extracted defatted normal oleic (SENO), full-fat normal oleic (FFNO), extruded-expelled defatted normal oleic (EENO), or full-fat high oleic (FFHO). These meals replaced half of the fishmeal (FM) normally included in a nutritionally complete marine finfish diet. Physico-chemical feed variables and chemical composition were determined during feed production. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey's t-test. The specific mechanical energy of the diet was reduced with the addition of full-fat SBMs during the extrusion process. All finished fish diets were of similar high quality with high pellet durability index and protein content (P > 0.05). This suggested that using different types SBM, including high oleic, to replace 50 % of the fish meal in a floating feed for juvenile domesticated striped bass does not adversely affect the feed quality or nutritional content. • Dry extrusion of soybeans as full fat meal or as extruded and expelled meal produces the meal between particle size ranges of 1128–1177 µm. • Inclusion of different types of soybean meal in the fish feed formulation had a significant effect on the specific mechanical energy of the extrusion process. • The fat levels in the soybean meals inversely affected the pellet diameter. • Over 90 % of the fish feeds could float in water for 30 minutes and is indicative of the suitability of the soybean meals used in this study for producing floating feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feeding freshwater crayfish species with different diets not only affects the water quality but also induces the abundance of various microbial communities in their digestive tracts. In this context, very limited research has been undertaken to understand the impacts of various protein incorporated aqua-diets on the characteristics of water and its microbial communities. In this study, we have critically analysed the water quality parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphorus, as well as bacterial communities under marron (Cherax cainii) aquaculture, fed fishmeal (FM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM)-based diets for 60 days. The results unveiled that over the time, feeding has significant impacts on organic waste accumulation, especially ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate, while no effects were observed on pH and dissolved oxygen. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequence data of water sample indicated significant (P < 0.05) shift of microbial abundance in post-fed FM and PBM water with the evidence of microbial transmission from the gut of marron. Post-fed marron resulted in a significant correlation of Hafnia, Enterobacter, Candidatus Bacilloplasma and Aquitella with the quality and microbial population of water. The results of this study generated valuable knowledge database of microbes-water relationship for better health management practices and production of marron aquaculture fed with FM and PBM diets in under restricted feeding regime with the feeding ratios provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliance of aquaculture feed industry on fishmeal has been challenged by ecological, economic, and ethical limitations leading fish nutritionists to look for viable alternatives, and conventional animal-based protein sources showed varying degrees of success in this regard. However, a non-conventional protein source, black soldier fly Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758 larvae (BSFL), received due attention as a focal point in fish nutrition research. Though many studies were conducted on H. illucens as a potential protein source for fish, a comprehensive review is not available. Therefore, this article aims to review the existing literature on the use of BSFL as a fishmeal replacer in aquaculture. The nutrient composition of BSFL varied with the developmental stage and the composition of growing medium. High crude protein levels (40.4--56.2 %) and high crude fat levels (4.8--24.8 %) made BSFL suitable for high protein and high energy diet. Early prepupa was the best stage for harvesting, considering its high crude protein content and dry matter yield and less chitin content. Up to 100 % inclusion levels of BSFL meal were tested in a wide range of fish species. Most studies revealed that up to 50 % of fishmeal replacement would be possible without negative effects on the fish. Notable adverse effects were found beyond 50 % of fishmeal replacement, mainly due to high chitin levels in the pupal stage and high crude fat levels. Harvesting BSFL before the pupal stage and defattening made it possible to replace 100 % of fishmeal without adverse effects on fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To highlight some studies carried out with alternative protein sources from byproducts of animal origin to replace fish meal (FM) in the nutrition of aquaculture species. Design/Methodology/Approach A search for new protein sources of animal origin was carried out and experimentally evaluated with species of aquaculture interest, employing an information search methodology through the analysis of metadata kept in databases throughout the World Wide Web. Results Advantages and disadvantages of including byproduct flours of animal origin in the diet of aquatic organisms are pointed out. However, for worldwide aquaculture it is essential to emphasize that this protein exchange should not affect aquatic ecosystems but rather mitigate the effects of environmental impacts and promote the sustainability of aquaculture. Study Limitations/Implications The results of incorporating flours of animal origin in substitution of FM in the diets of aquaculture species are experimentally indicated, while specifying that there are no reports indicating the transcendence of such substitution in commercially balanced meals. Findings/conclusions Each of the dietary alternatives described here works at certain nutritional levels, decreases costs and increases the digestibility index, allowing for better water quality by disposing less nitrogen into the aquatic environment, without sacrificing the quality of the diets or the energy content of the final products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries like Pakistan, the main constraint in aquaculture progress is the cost of production mainly; the feed. The present project will be helpful in formulation of cost effective fish feed by replacing costly fish meal with comparatively cheaper plant origin, corn gluten meal without any negative impacts on fish growth. The present study was conducted for the period of 270-days to replace costly fish meal ingredient of fish feed with Corn Gluten Meal (CGM) @ 25% (CGM1), 50% (CGM2) and 75% (CGM3) for development of low cost fish feed for L. rohita being raised in earthen pond aquaculture. The overall average gain in weight observed for L. rohita in Standard/Control (SC), CGM1, CGM2 and CGM3 were 832 g, 778 g, 752 g and 641 g at the termination of experimental period. Net fish production per hectare during the experimental period of on final harvest was 1933 kg, 1808 kg, 1747 kg and 1489 kg from the SC, CGM1, CGM2 and CGM3, respectively. The month wise data collected for growth parameters viz., gain in weight, total length and fork length of fish were subjected to statistical analysis for comparison of means through ANOVA by using General Linear Model in SAS computer software showed no significant differences among the observations. During the cost benefit analysis it was concluded that replacement of fish meal from the L. rohita feed with corn gluten upto 50% will lower down the feed cost and there was no major differences in overall production from the fish ponds fed with control feed having fish meal and corn gluten replaced fed pond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture plays an important role in human nutrition and economic development but is often expanded to the detriment of the natural environment. Several research projects, aimed at cultivating microalgae in aquaculture wastewaters (AWWs) to reduce organic loads and minerals, along with the production of microalgal cell mass and metabolic products, are underway. Microalgal cell mass is of high nutritional value and is regarded as a candidate to replace, partially at least, the fish meal in the fish feed. Also, microalgal cell mass is considered as a feedstock in the bio-fuel manufacture, as well as a source of high-added value metabolic products. The production of these valuable products can be combined with the reuse of AWWs in the light of environmental concerns related with the aquaculture sector. Many research papers published in the last decade demonstrate that plenty of microalgae species are able to efficiently grow in AWWs, mainly derived from fish and shrimp farms, and produce valuable metabolites reducing the AWW pollutant load. We conclude that bio-remediation of AWWs combining with the production of microalgae cell mass and specific metabolites is probably the most convenient and economical solution for AWWs management and can contribute to the sustainable growth of the aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was focused on assessing the effect of diets formulated with different sources and levels of protein on the production response of white leg shrimp Penaeus vannamei farmed at low salinity (3 g L-1). The protein sources were: soy meal (SM) and fish meal (FM), included at three levels: low (22-25%), medium (32-35%), and high (41-45%). A bioassay of 49 days was done in experimental tanks of 100 L (three tanks per treatment). Juvenile P. vannamei having a mean weight of 1.41 ± 0.30 g were stocked at a density of 100 ind m-3. Shrimp fed diets formulated with FM recorded significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and protein assimilation efficiency rate (PER). Additionally, it showed a higher concentration of essential amino acids like methionine and threonine, and higher ash, calcium, iodine, phosphorous, and sodium content, which could favor the growth and survival of shrimp. Regression analysis showed that the optimum protein levels for diets formulated with SM and FM were 34.8 and 29.3%, respectively. These findings may help shrimp farmers to implement better feeding strategies for P. vannamei farmed at low salinity and on the use of alternative ingredients to substitute fish meal in the formulated feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the past few years, there is rapid growth in aquaculture. It is definitely agreed that global aquaculture production will continue to increase. So, nutrition and aqua feed plays an important role in sustainable aquaculture. Fish meal an ideal ingredient in aquatic and terrestrial animal feeds, which assure the best growth, survival and reproduction. However there are many key challenges and some issues related in aquatic animal nutrition and feeding such as availability of feed resources, cost, increasing competition related to agriculture and live stock, market supply, quality and sustainability of aquaculture systems. Aqua feed is biggest source of nutrient loading in fish and shrimp aquaculture production so, it is also important to understand its impact to improve the environment effects, which is essential for sustainable aquaculture so, the environment impacts on aqua feed can be reduced by feeding fish with more environment friendly diets developing better feeding strategies and feed cost reduction. Aquaculture species has been fed with fish meal, plant based feed, and animal based diet as well as oil from fish and plants. Due to increasing prices of fish meal and oil, more plant based material from legumes, oil seeds or cereal gluten has been used in the feed. But, it is difficult to substitute large amount of fish meal and fish oil with plant based material. For this reason, insect meal could be beneficial and could replace in fish meal or plant content. An alternative to fish meal and soya bean have found in insect meal. Insects generally consist of 40 to 60% protein. Insect's meal can replace fish meal and plant based ingredient in feed. Insects require less space and utilize less energy for cultivation. Insect meal can be mixed with other feed components to form a mixture of balanced composition, and then pressed in pellets for better and convenient feeding to cultured species.This paper reviews about the insects in fish feed, digestibility, taste, nutritional composition and quality, production technologies, advantages, disadvantages, potential constraints, ethical issues and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of aquaculture and the increasing demand of farmed fish have led to a rise in the price of fishmeal and fish oil used in fish feeding during the last years. The experimental use of insect meal as a sustainable alternative to fish meal has recently grown. Insects are easy to rear, have a small ecological impact and have high protein content. The present work analyzes through a Discrete Choice Experiment method, the preferences and willingness to pay of Spanish consumers towards an aquaculture production system based on this protein source as ingredient in aquafeed, using the gilthead seabream as a case study. It also analyzes the information level of consumers about aquaculture and their perceptions towards its environmental impact compared to other animal production systems. This study also summarizes research advances regarding the insect meals as substitutes or complements for fish meals focusing on fish species of interest in Spain and Europe. Special emphasis was made on the limitation of their use, its impact towards the conversion feed ratio and its main nutritional problems for fish feeding, such as fatty acids and chitin. The studies showed that the use of insect meal, in particular, from the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the common housefly (Musca domestica) and the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative of feeding in aquaculture seems to be promising both at technical-productive level and at consumer acceptance level. Results showed that Spanish consumers were willing to pay a premium for this type of fish compared to fish produced with the current feeding systems. Furthermore, the gilthead sea bream fed with insect meal was the most valued regarding its environmental impact compared to the current fish feeding systems. However, taste expectation for this fish type still low, highlighting the importance of including hedonic evaluation studies for further research. • Labelled Discrete Choice experiment was used to analyze feed preference in fish. • Spanish consumers are willing to accept fish fed with insect meal alternative. • Aquaculture is perceived as the most environmental friendly animal production system. • Consumers perceived the fish fed with insect meal with lower environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The raising demand of fish for human consumption has caused a rise in fish cultivation to become a more intense activity and has increased the need for fish feed formulas for aquaculture. Tilapia are aquatic organisms with moderate protein requirements. One of the traditional ingredients used to develop protein diets is fish meal. Despite its high cost, this supply is of high demand for both aquaculture and terrestrial animals. Efforts to seek for alternative sources of conventional and unconventional proteins are ongoing. The purpose of this study is to review alternative sources of proteins with potential to partially or fully substitute fish meal in tilapia feed. Also, it addresses the challenges that aquaculture feeding is facing regarding the substitution of fish meal with proteins from plant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A 50‐day feeding trial was conducted for juvenile pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) to determine the optimal amount of Tenebrio molitor meal (TM) that could replace fishmeal (FM) in feeds without reducing growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities and resistance. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with TM replacing 0% (T0), 6.25% (T6), 12.5% (T12), 18.75% (T18), 25% (T25), 31.25% (T31) FM respectively. Each diet was randomly divided into triplicate groups with 30 juveniles (initial weight 6.60 ± 0.00 g). After feeding trail, fish were challenged by Vibrio harveyi for 7 days. The results showed that each treatment had better survival rate between 96.67% and 100%. Fish fed with control and T6 diet showed lower final weight and weight gain rate as compared to other diets. The feed conversion ratio of fish fed on T12 and T18 diet had no significant difference compared to control diet. As compared to control diet, other diets had no significant differences on specific growth rate and temperature growth coefficient. Fish fed with T6 diet had highest liver glutathione reductase activities. No significant differences were observed in liver superoxide dismutase activities in fish fed with T6, T12, T25, T31 and control diet. Fish fed on T18 diet had lowest hepatic malondialdehyde contents and a highest relative per cent survival. According to a broken‐line model, the recommended substituted ratio of TM for FM was estimated to be 12.3% for grouper obtaining maximum WGR, corresponding to additive amount of TM is 4.92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Shrimp farms in India had average yields (pond surface basis) of 7.86 ± 1.04 (SE) m.t./ha/yr for Litopenaeus vannamei (n = 89) and 3.88 m.t./ha/yr for Penaeus monodon (n = 11). Average feed conversion ratio was 1.48 ± 0.04 for L. vannamei and 1.24 ± 0.12 for P. monodon. Land use for production ponds, supporting area, and feed ingredients averaged 0.634 ± 0.053 ha/m.t. for L. vannamei and 0.716 ± 0.087 ha/m.t. for P. monodon. Saline water volume used at farms without water exchange was 18,522 ± 4065 m3/m.t. for L. vannamei and 9528 m3/m.t. for P. monodon. Farms exchanging water used 149,188 m3/m.t. for L. vannamei and 191,500 m3/m.t. for P. monodon. Freshwater embodied in feed was 1678 ± 508 m3/m.t. for L. vannamei and 1401 ± 137 m3/m.t. for P. monodon. Average energy use for farm construction and repair, farm operations, and embodied in feed and liming materials was 82.14 ± 9.08 GJ/m.t. for L. vannamei and 59.03 ± 24.92 GJ/m.t. for P. monodon. Wildfish used to make fishmeal included in feed was 1209 kg/m.t. for L. vannamei and 1611 kg/m.t. for P. monodon. Farm infrastructure, pond management methods, yields, and resource use in India were similar to those previously reported for shrimp farms in Thailand and Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Physiological effects from supplementation of blue mussel meal (BM) were investigated. • Inclusion of BM in salmon diet maintained the n-3 PUFA level in the salmon fillet. • Inclusion of BM in mouse diet improved the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in mouse liver. • No BM-induced adverse effects were observed in the mouse model of obesity. Alternative feed ingredients for farmed salmon are warranted due to increasing pressure on wild fish stocks. As locally farmed blue mussels may represent an environmentally sustainable substitute with a lower carbon footprint, we aimed to test the potential and safety of substituting fish meal with blue mussel meal in feed for Atlantic salmon. Salmon were fed diets in which fish meal was partially replaced with blue mussel meal in increments, accounting for up to 13.1 % of the ingredients. Fillets from the salmon were subsequently used to prepare obesity-promoting western diets for a 13-weeks mouse feeding trial. In a second mouse trial, we tested the effects of inclusion of up to 8% blue mussel meal directly in a meat-based western diet. Partial replacement of fish meal with blue mussel meal in fish feed preserved the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in salmon fillets. The observed blue mussel-induced changes in the fatty acid profiles in salmon fillets did not translate into similar changes in the livers of mice that consumed the salmon, and no clear dose-dependent responses were found. The relative levels of the marine n-3 fatty acids, EPA, and DHA were not reduced, and the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios in livers from all salmon-fed mice were unchanged. The inclusion of blue mussel meal in a meat-based western diet led to a small, but dose-dependent increase in the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios in mice livers. Diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis were unaffected in both mice trials and no blue mussel-induced adverse effects were observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that replacing fish meal with blue mussel meal in salmon feed will not cause adverse effects in those who consume the salmon fillets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total replacement of fishmeal using marine co-product meals in the diets for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its effects on growth, feed utilization and muscle HUFA and sterol composition were assessed in a 45-day feeding trial with juvenile shrimp (0.32 g mean initial weight). Eight dietary treatments were tested: a control diet containing fishmeal ( FM), a commercial shrimp diet as external reference and six diets where the FM in the control diet was totally replaced by pen shell scallop viscera ( Pinna rugosa), squid viscera ( Dosidicus gigas) or whole chub mackerel ( Scomber japonicus) meals, produced by two methods: (i) cooking followed by grinding and drying and (ii) grinding followed by drying. Survival in all treatments was above 92%, except in the commercial diet (77%). The growth response, feed utilization and chemical composition of shrimp varied among the treatments and were affected in different ways by the by-products and the meals preparation process. Growth and feed intake were significantly higher in shrimp fed diets containing cooked-dried squid and pen shell scallop viscera meals, and whole mackerel meal produced by grinding followed by drying. Muscle fatty acid profiles were improved for human consumption when these ingredients were used, compared with the diets containing FM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated sunflower seed meal (SSM) as dietary protein replacement of fish meal (FM) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles (initial mean weight of 19.8 ± 6.3 g) reared in earthen ponds for 210 days. SSM replaced 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (i.e., D25, D50, D75, and D100, respectively) of FM in an isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet. The optimum FM replacement level of D25as predicted by the equation y = 177.5 + 26.5x – 7.9x2yielded an optimum weight of about 184 g within 100 days. Thus D25was the most effective SSM level for Nile tilapia growth in earthen ponds. Fish growth declined as SSM exceeded D25. The length-weight relationship (r ≥ 90%) depicted an isometric fish growth. Nutrient utilization parameters were similar in all the diets except for D100. The protein content of fish carcass was highest in the control and D25, while fiber level was highest in D100. Amino acids imbalance and high fiber content could have reduced the fish growth at D50, D75, and D100. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Atlantic salmon farming industry has progressively decreased the proportion of fishmeal used in commercial diets due to rising costs and sustainability concerns. A variety of alternate proteins have been identified to partially replace fishmeal; however, very little research has described the effect of feeding alternate protein, fishmeal-free diets to Atlantic salmon, particularly post-smolts cultured in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). Therefore, a 6-month study was conducted to compare the effects of feeding a fishmeal-free diet (FMF) versus a fishmeal-based diet (FM) on post-smolt Atlantic salmon performance, water quality, and waste production rates in six replicated RAS. Experimental diets were fed to Atlantic salmon (281 ± 5 g to begin) in triplicate RAS. Protein ingredients used in the FMF diet included mixed nut meal, poultry meal, wheat flour, and corn protein concentrate; while the FM diet contained menhaden meal, poultry meal, soy protein concentrate, and blood meal proteins. Fish oil derived from whiting fish trimmings was used in the FMF diet to establish a wild fisheries input to farmed fish output ratio of 0:1; while menhaden oil was the primary lipid source for the FM diet. Both diets were formulated with approximately 42% crude protein and 27% crude fat. Each RAS was operated with flushing rates that created an average system hydraulic retention time of 20 days (5% system volume flushed daily) and a mean feed loading rate of 3.2 kg feed/m 3 of daily make-up water volume. Atlantic salmon growth, survival, and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were unaffected ( P > 0.05) by diet. At the conclusion of the study, Atlantic salmon fed the FMF and FM diets were 1.716 ± 0.076 and 1.720 ± 0.065 kg; cumulative survival was >99% for both; and average FCR was 0.89 ± 0.03 and 0.90 ± 0.02, respectively. The FMF diet resulted in greater total phosphorous (TP), carbonaceous biochemical oxygen (cBOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) mass per kg feed in the effluent ( P < 0.05). The FMF and FM diets produced 0.009 ± 0.001 v. 0.006 ± 0.001 kg TP/kg feed; 0.079 ± 0.005 v. 0.056 ± 0.005 kg cBOD/kg feed; and 0.297 ± 0.028 v. 0.221 ± 0.032 kg TSS/kg feed, respectively. A significantly higher percentage of TSS was captured by radial flow settlers of RAS receiving the FMF diet compared to capture by settlers associated with the FM diet. Mass balance data, radial settler removal efficiency, and observations of flushed solids suggested that the FMF diet produced fecal matter with better settling characteristics. Lower TSS and true color values ( P < 0.05), indicative of clearer water, were measured in RAS receiving the FMF diet. Total phosphorous (most of which was dissolved) was 4 times greater in the culture water of RAS that received the FMF diet, e.g., 4.3 ± 0.1 mg/L v. 0.9 ± 0.0 mg/L for the FM Diet. This was the first research attempt to formulate a fishmeal-free diet for Atlantic salmon with this ingredient profile and one of few studies to demonstrate uncompromised Atlantic salmon performance when feeding a diet without fishmeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects on growth and body composition that result from tuna byproduct meal ( TBM) substituted for fish meal in the diet of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus, were determined. One thousand two hundred sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into 18 70-L plastic rectangular containers. Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. The TBM0 diet included 28% fish meal and 13% soybean meal as the protein source. Twenty-five, 50, 75, and 100% of the fish meal were substituted with TBM. Finally, salted sea tangle was prepared. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, lysine, and valine, tended to decrease with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal in the experimental diets. The weight gain and specific growth rate ( SGR) of abalone that were fed the TBM25 diet were higher than those of abalone that were fed the other diets. The crude protein content of the soft body of the abalone linearly decreased with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal. In conclusion, as much as 75% of the fish meal in the diet of abalone can be replaced with TBM without retardation in weight gain and SGR of the abalone when 28% fish meal was included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sturgeon culture has developed greatly since the 1980s. Cultured sturgeon are often fed a commercial salmonid feed high in fish meal (FM). However, economic and sustainability concerns have put pressure on aquafeed manufactures to incorporate alternative proteins such as soybean meal (SBM). This experiment investigates dietary SBM sensitivity in shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus). Diets were formulated to contain 0%, 17%, 34%, and 51% SBM and fed for 8 weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), body and liver composition, and intestinal histology were determined. Although sturgeon growth rates were low for all diets, weight gain in fish fed the diet with 17% SBM averaged 55.6% of sturgeon fed the fish meal-based control diets. Statistically lower negative growth and FE (P < 0.05) were observed when SBM was included at 51% of the diet. However, whole-body proximate composition and hepatic lipid and glycogen content were not altered by dietary SBM inclusion level, and histological evaluation of the distal intestine was inconclusive. These results provide preliminary insight into the effect of diets containing high levels of SBM on growth and health of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative protein feedstuffs are potential surrogates for fish meal in the diet of Florida pompano. This study was designed to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal in a soybean meal-based diet for Florida pompano. In Trial I (10 wk), the basal diet ( FM15, formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid) containing 15% fish meal was modified by the isonitrogenous replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal producing diets with 10 ( FM10), 5 ( FM05), and 0% ( FM0) fish meal. In Trial II (8 wk), the FM0 served as the basal diet (Tau 0) and was modified by the additive supplementation of taurine to produce three test diets containing 0.25 (Tau 0.25), 0.5 (Tau 0.50), and 0.75% (Tau 0.75) taurine. In Trial I, reduced weight gain (220.1%), feed efficiency (0.31), and survival (84.5%) were observed in fish fed the FM0 diet ( P < 0.05). In Trial II, the supplementation of taurine improved the growth performance, survival, and protein and energy retention efficiencies of Florida pompano ( P < 0.05). These results indicate that the supplementation of taurine was required in these feed formulations and that meat and bone meal is a good alternative ingredient for fish meal in soybean meal-based diets for Florida pompano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60–70% increase in consumption of animal products is expected by 2050. This increase in the consumption will demand enormous resources, the feed being the most challenging because of the limited availability of natural resources, ongoing climatic changes and food–feed–fuel competition. The costs of conventional feed resources such as soymeal and fishmeal are very high and moreover their availability in the future will be limited. Insect rearing could be a part of the solutions. Although some studies have been conducted on evaluation of insects, insect larvae or insect meals as an ingredient in the diets of some animal species, this field is in infancy. Here we collate, synthesize and discuss the available information on five major insect species studied with respect to evaluation of their products as animal feed. The nutritional quality of black soldier fly larvae, the house fly maggots, mealworm, locusts–grasshoppers–crickets, and silkworm meal and their use as a replacement of soymeal and fishmeal in the diets of poultry, pigs, fish species and ruminants are discussed. The crude protein contents of these alternate resources are high: 42–63% and so are the lipid contents (up to 36% oil), which could possibly be extracted and used for various applications including biodiesel production. Unsaturated fatty acid concentrations are high in housefly maggot meal, mealworm and house cricket (60–70%), while their concentrations in black soldier fly larvae are lowest (19–37%). The studies have confirmed that palatability of these alternate feeds to animals is good and they can replace 25–100% of soymeal or fishmeal depending on the animal species. Except silkworm meal other insect meals are deficient in methionine and lysine and their supplementation in the diet can enhance both the performance of the animals and the soymeal and fishmeal replacement rates. Most insect meals are deficient in Ca and its supplementation in the diet is also required, especially for growing animals and laying hens. The levels of Ca and fatty acids in insect meals can be enhanced by manipulation of the substrate on which insects are reared. The paper also presents future areas of research. The information synthesized is expected to open new avenues for a large scale use of insect products as animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued expansion of intensive aquaculture activities requires that substitutes for fish meal-based protein be identified. In this study, we evaluated partial (50 and 75%) replacement of fish meal in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, diets with soy protein concentrate (S) and barley protein concentrate (B). Growth, feed efficiency, survival, tolerance to low temperature, and tolerance to handling in warm, hypersaline water were evaluated. Only the diet with a 50% replacement of fish meal with S yielded results comparable to fish fed a nonsubstituted fish meal diet. However, the low-temperature studies were complicated by differences in mean fish weight among the groups. The results of this study indicate S may be partially substituted for fish meal in red drum diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A constraint for the expansion of cobia aquaculture is the availability of high quality formulated diets which reduce or eliminate fish meal (FM) protein. Therefore, the nutritive value of a novel soybean cultivar, Navita™ (Navita, non-genetically modified and selectively bred soy), and regular, commodity soybean meal (SBM, de-hulled, defatted, roasted and solvent-extracted) was evaluated for cobia, Rachycentron canadum via separate digestibility and growth trials. In the first experiment Navita's apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were higher than those of SBM for nearly every nutrient evaluated. Crude protein ADCs were 82 and 69% for Navita and SBM, respectively. Apparent DC for amino acids ranged from 68 to 109% for Navita whereas, amino acid ADCs for SBM varied from 42 to 98%. The feeding trial utilized fish of a size that more closely resembles commercial cobia stocking (1.8kg), and was conducted over a 91-day period. Experimental diets (iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic) were formulated such that 67% of the FM protein in the reference diet was replaced by either a combination of SBM+soy protein concentrate (SPC, Solae Profine®) labeled MXSB-diet, or by a combination of SPC+Navita; Navita-diet, hereafter. A fourth experimental diet had 80% of the FM protein replaced by a combination of Navita+SPC and was identified as Navita-high. No significant differences (P >0.05) were observed in fish fed the experimental diets for feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency, mean daily intake, gross protein intake, gross energy intake, visceral somatic index, muscle ratio, and hepatosomatic index. Fish fed the Navita-high diet had the lowest fish in:fish out ratio (FIFO) at 0.9±0.16. These results indicate that Navita meal can be incorporated at very high levels in the diet of marine carnivorous fish such as cobia with no detriment to performance, making it a prime candidate for FM replacement in aquafeeds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Ethanol yeast (EY) has been shown to be an effective alternative to fish meal (FM) in diets of sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis). Diets containing blends of FM and EY yield production performance similar or superior to that of diets containing no EY. Complete replacement of FM with EY, however, reduces feed palatability, impairs production performance, and may affect other aspects of livestock vigor. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary EY inclusion (with or without a palatant) on the feed intake, growth performance, and physiological robustness of sunshine bass after stressor exposure. Formulations were developed containing 15, 7.5, and 0% FM with EY as the primary alternative protein source. Experimental diets were prepared according to these formulations with and without the addition of 1% soluble canola protein concentrate as a palatant. Replicate tanks of juvenile sunshine bass (∼4.4 g) were fed the experimental feeds twice daily to apparent satiation for 9 weeks. Production performance was assessed, and then the fish were subjected to a 2-min net-chasing stress challenge protocol. Tissue samples were collected to allow for the determination of organosomatic indices and pre- and postchallenge hematology. Complete replacement of FM with EY resulted in reduced growth performance and efficiency and significantly altered whole-body proximate composition, reducing carcass protein and increasing carcass lipid. Palatant inclusion had no effect on diet acceptance or production performance. Plasma glucose and lysozyme activity were significantly affected by stress; however, dietary treatment did not affect these parameters. While cortisol levels were marginally higher among stressed fish, they were higher than expected in unstressed fish. Our results confirm previous research suggesting that the optimal level of FM in EY-based sunshine bass feed is between 7.5% and 15%. Further research is needed to fully understand the utilization of these feeds and their effects on the physiological status of sunshine bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was conducted with juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (initial mean weight, 40.7 g) in which a combination of dried Nannochloropsis sp. and Isochrysis sp. replaced fish meal protein in isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets. Three experimental diets (55% protein, 16.5% fat; calculated gross energy = 5,328 kcal/kg) were formulated to replace 0, 15, or 30% of dietary fish meal protein. At the conclusion of the 84-d study, no differences in survival, feed conversion ratios, viscerosomatic indices, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in the muscle were found among the treatment groups. Feed intake and growth, which were proportional to the level of algal incorporation, were significantly reduced in the algae-fed fish and were probably due to palatability problems. Feed intake improved in the fish fed the diet with 15% fish meal protein replacement as the study progressed, but hepatosomatic indices indicate that those fed the diet with 30% replacement were approaching starvation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Intestinal microbiota and host inflammatory marker gene expression were characterized in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during a feeding trial designed to determine the digestibility of soybean meal and fish meal. The trial was conducted in a freshwater, biofiltered recirculating aquaculture system in Saskatoon, Canada. Intestinal contents and tissue were collected from nine fish on each of the two experimental diets and a synthetic, casein-based reference diet. Total DNA from contents of each group was pooled to create template for PCR and construction of libraries of cloned cpn60 universal target sequences. A total of 3357 sequences were produced. The most frequently observed sequences were similar to Firmicutes (particularly Carnobacterium maltaromaticum) and Gamma Proteobacteria, including enterobacteria genera Hafnia, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. The fish meal diet associated microbiota was balanced between Gamma Proteobacteria and Firmicutes while the soybean meal diet associated microbiota was less diverse and dominated by C. maltaromaticum. Species-specific qPCR of several bacterial species revealed a large amount of variation in target abundance between individual fish. Analysis of inflammatory marker genes including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) showed a significantly higher level of PCNA associated with the reference diet and a non-significant trend of elevated IL-1β, suggesting that the semi-purified reference diet may be associated with sub-acute intestinal damage. A high level of variation between individual animals was also observed in the gene expression analysis. An examination of correlations within the combined results support the model that diet effects on the fish intestine include indirect effects mediated through modifications of the intestinal microbiota. These results illustrate the benefits of collecting experimental data from individual fish to increase the analytical power of results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Four growth trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of fishmeal replacement with various levels of soybean meal (SBM) and poultry byproduct meal (PBM) on growth performance in practical diets for juvenile and sub-adult red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus. In addition, the need for taurine and palatability enhancement (krill meal) were evaluated in the high SBM, low fishmeal diet. Across the trials, ten diets were formulated to contain 36% protein and 10% lipids. All diets except for one included a taurine supplement of 1%. A supplement of 5% krill meal was added as an attractant to one of the low fishmeal and high SBM diets to explore potential palatability issues associated with plant-based proteins. No statistically significant differences were found between the performance of the basal diet and the PBM replacement diets, indicating that PBM is a suitable replacement for fishmeal in red snapper diets. On the contrary, a clear negative linear relationship was observed with increasing levels of SBM replacement. The reduced growth performance of high SBM inclusion diets is unlikely to be due to palatability issues, as no significant difference was observed between the performance of the high SBM diet with krill meal and an identical diet without krill meal. The significant reduction in growth observed in snapper fed a diet lacking a taurine supplement indicates that red snapper have a taurine requirement that is limiting at low (0.2%) levels. Gut samples were taken from fish that received the SBM diets to determine if reduced growth performance could be attributed to inflammation. However, no statistically significant difference was observed, indicating that reduced growth was not necessarily the result of a hypersensitivity reaction. Further investigation will be necessary to determine the optimal taurine requirement and required dietary supplements to improve the performance of low fishmeal feed formulations. • Fishmeal was replaced with soybean meal (SBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM). • 100% fishmeal replacement with PBM showed no difference in growth of red snapper. • Negative linear relationships between growth and increasing levels of SBM in diets • The addition of krill meal as an attractant did not improve growth performance. • Red snapper have a taurine requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the plan of Plant Products in Aquafeed (PPA) to utilize plant-based ingredients in replacement of fish meal. It presents a draft for the research including the rationale for the development of plant-based aquaculture feeds, as well as the objectives which include standardization of research protocols and approaches, enhancing fish germplasm and discover genes and plant feedstocks. It also discussed the feed processing and the establishment of communication networks.

Abstract Juvenile barramundi (∼220–280 g start weight) were fed extruded dry-pelleted diets containing varying amounts of fish meal and meat meal in three experiments (E). E1 and E2 were each 66-day farm studies utilizing 16 floating cages (400 fish per cage) in an aerated freshwater pond. E3 examined the same diets as fed in E2 but under controlled water temperature (28 ± 0.7 °C) and photoperiod (12:12) laboratory conditions in a 42-day study involving 24 aquaria (eight fish per aquarium). In all studies, the same 430 g kg-1 crude protein (CP), 15 kJ g-1 digestible energy (DE) control (Ctl) diet (containing 35% Chilean anchovy fish meal) was compared with two high-inclusion meat meal diets and a proprietary diet. The meat meal diets evaluated in E1 were a high-ash (260 g kg-1 ) meat meal that contained 520 g kg-1 CP and a low-ash (140 g kg-1 ) meat meal that contained 600 g kg-1 CP when included at either 450 or 400 g kg-1 , respectively, in combination with 100 g kg-1 Chilean fish meal in diets that were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic with the Ctl diet. Growth rates and feed conversions were similar (P > 0.05) for all diets. In E2 and E3, the 520 g kg-1 CP meat meal was included at 500 g kg-1 without any marine protein source in diets formulated to provide either 15 or 16.2 kJ g-1 DE and the same CP/DE ratio (29 mg kJ-1 ) as the Ctl diet. Fish performance ranking of diets was similar in both experiments, with the 16.2 kJ g-1 DE diet supporting better (P < 0.05) growth rates than the Ctl diet and feed conversion ratios equivalent to the Ctl diet but better (P < 0.05) than all other diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two trials were conducted to test the effect of partial replacement of fishmeal by two brewery industry by-products, yeast and spent grain, included in isoproteic and isolipidic diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), having in mind the commercial availability of these by-products. According to the obtained results, the inclusion of up to 30% brewers' spent yeast and 15% spent grain in the feed for gilthead seabream gave similar results in terms of growth, food conversion and fillet final composition to a feed with fish meal as the main protein source and show a protein digestibility of 89–95%. Taking into account that these by-products are produced in large quantities in Europe, they can be a potential source of protein to reduce the use of plant proteins or fish/animal by-products (trimmings) and increase the sustainability of both sectors, brewery industry and aquaculture. • Spent yeast and spent grain are highly digestible by seabream and can be included up to 30% and 15%, respectively. • Seabream growth and conversion using these by-products are similar to those obtained using a commercial feed. • Final fillet quality of gilthead seabream is similar to that obtained using a commercial feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the connections between aquaculture production and wild fisheries in China. Particular focus is given to the fishmeal demand and trade, as well as the potential use of fish-processing wastes for aquafeeds. Topics covered include the growth in the country's production of capture and farmed fish, the recovery of feed ingredients from fish-processing wastes and the constraints on the utilization of fish-processing wastes for aquafeeds.

The Bokashi leachate (BL) is a by-product from the anaerobic digestion of food waste, following the Bokashi composting method. Bokashi leachate is acidic and it contains effective microorganisms hence it has potential to be a functional feed additive to the plant proteins based diets for fish farming. This study evaluated the growth performance and feed utilization of the red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fingerlings fed with the BL supplemented soybean meal (SBM) based diets. After an 8-week feeding trial, fish fed with the 5% BL supplemented SBM diet attained the highest weight gain. This result was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those fed with the 0% BL supplemented SBM diet, and comparable (p > 0.05) to those fed with the control full fish meal (FM) diet. Generally, dietary inclusion of BL enhanced the fish feed intake on the SBM diet but it did not show clear sign of improvement in their feed utilization. In addition, no significant difference was found across the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index from all dietary treatments. These outcomes concluded that dietary inclusion of BL can enhance the feed intake and growth performance of the red tilapia fingerlings fed with the SBM based diet without compromising their health, and the optimum BL inclusion level was 5%. Nevertheless, further study on the properties and substances content of the BL produced from different types and ratios of food waste is strongly recommended. In this study, BL was also discovered to be capable of reducing the crude fiber content in the SBM diets. Such observation deserves a further exploitation on the application of BL to manipulate the crude fiber content in the plant proteins based diets in fish farming. • First study to exploit the potential usage of Bokashi leachate (BL) in fish farming. • BL dietary inclusion enhanced growth of tilapia fed soybean meal (SBM) based diet. • Growth of fish fed BL added diet was comparable to that fed fish meal based diet. • BL inclusion reduced the crude fiber content of SBM diets. • This study has achieved the goal of "Turning Waste to Gold". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]