15 results on '"Yang, Aifu"'
Search Results
2. Characterization of fifteen SNP markers by mining EST in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus
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YANG, AIFU, SUN, DAPENG, LIU, SHIKAI, DONG, YING, CHEN, ZHONG, and ZHOU, ZUNCHUN
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- 2014
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3. Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Heat Shock Cognate 70 After Heat Stress and Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Zhou, Zunchun, Yang, Aifu, Dong, Ying, Chen, Zhong, Guan, Xiaoyan, Jiang, Bei, and Wang, Bai
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- 2013
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4. Roles of phenoloxidases in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus under environmental stresses.
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Jiang, Jingwei, Zhao, Zelong, Yang, Aifu, Gao, Shan, Dong, Ying, Pan, Yongjia, Chen, Zhong, Jiang, Bei, Guan, Xiaoyan, Wang, Bai, Sun, Hongjuan, Liu, Yan, and Zhou, Zunchun
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APOSTICHOPUS japonicus ,SEA cucumbers ,PEARSON correlation (Statistics) ,PHENOL oxidase ,LOW temperatures ,ECHINODERMATA - Abstract
Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an important economic species in echinoderms; however, its culture frequently suffered from diseases. Environmental stress was found to be a dominant inducer of A. japonicus diseases, and thus, discovering the characteristics of immune system under environmental stress is of great significance for disease control in A. japonicus culture. Phenoloxidase (PO) is recognized as a crucial immune‐related enzyme in invertebrates. In order to preliminarily illustrate the different roles that A. japonicus PO isoforms play under environmental stresses, the transcriptional expression of three identified A. japonicus PO isoforms (named as AjPOI, AjPOII and AjPOIII respectively) after different in vivo environmental stress simulations was determined with quantitative real‐time PCR method. Meanwhile, the transcriptional expression analysis of other representational immune‐related factors under environmental stresses was also performed for the evaluation of relationships between AjPOs and other immune‐related factors. The correlations between AjPOs and other immune‐related factors were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient, and the effects of AjPOs on other immune‐related factors were then tested by dsRNA interference method. The results of transcriptional expression analysis indicated that AjPOI was involved in the resistance to low salinity, low temperature and hypoxia; AjPOII and AjPOIII were both required for the resistance to low salinity, high temperature, low temperature and hypoxia; and all three AjPOs were excluded from the response against high salinity. In addition, three AjPOs were found to take part in different periods of resistance to environmental stresses, and this property made A. japonicus PO system capable of outputting resistance activities continuously. The correlation analysis combined with dsRNA interference test revealed that AjPOI was capable of regulating AjCTSD, AjI‐LYZ and AjMTF expression; AjPOII and AjPOIII both played important roles in the regulation of AjC‐LYZ expression; and AjPOIII was also able to regulate AjToll expression. These findings suggested that A. japonicus PO isoforms function in innate immunity not only via catalysing the oxidative reactions, but also by broadly regulating the expression of other immune‐related factors. On the whole, three AjPOs showed obvious differences among each other in the resistance to environmental stresses and the regulation of other immune‐related factors, but comparatively, AjPOII and AjPOIII shared more similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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5. Expression of immune-related genes in embryos and larvae of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus
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Yang, Aifu, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Jiang, Bei, Wang, Xiaoyu, Chen, Zhong, Guan, Xiaoyan, Wang, Bai, and Sun, Dapeng
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APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *GENE expression , *IMMUNOGENETICS , *EMBRYOS , *LARVAE , *HEAT shock proteins , *FERRITIN , *THYMOSIN - Abstract
Abstract: The echinoderm immunity system has been extensively investigated in adults in several classes such as echinoid and holothuroidea. However, the defense mechanism in embryos and larvae remains largely unexplored. To profile the immune-related genes expression in embryos and larvae and to monitor the stimulation of the innate immune response by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenge, we investigated the expression patterns of nine immune-related genes in embryos and larvae of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) at eleven developmental stages using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of six encoding proteins including heat shock protein70 (Hsp70), Hsp90, Hsp gp96, thymosin-beta, ferritin and DD104 protein was detected at all eleven development stages according to mRNA expression data. However, the expression of mannan-binding C-type lectin (MBCL) was detected at early auricularia to juvenile stages, while lysozyme and serine proteinase inhibitor (SPI) were detected only at juvenile stage. Out of these nine genes, three (MBCL, lysozyme and SPI) were found to be up-regulated in mRNA expression upon LPS challenge, whereas the other six showed no significant change. Our study presents a first preliminary view into the expression patterns of immune-related genes at different developmental stages of sea cucumber, which increases the available information on echinoderm immunity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2010
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6. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a complement component 3 in the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)
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Zhou, Zunchun, Sun, Dapeng, Yang, Aifu, Dong, Ying, Chen, Zhong, Wang, Xiaoyu, Guan, Xiaoyan, Jiang, Bei, and Wang, Bai
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SEA cucumbers , *COMPLEMENT (Immunology) , *GENE expression , *NATURAL immunity , *IMMUNE response , *BACTERIAL diseases in animals - Abstract
Abstract: The complement system has been discovered in invertebrates and vertebrates, and plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens. As a central component in the complement system, complement component 3 (C3) is an intermediary between innate and adaptive immune system. In this study, a new isoform of C3 in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, termed AjC3-2 was identified. Its open reading frame (ORF) is 5085 bp and encodes for 1695 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 20 amino acid residues. The mature protein molecular weight of AjC3-2 was 187.72 kDa. It has a conserved thioester site and a linker R689RRR692 where AjC3-2 is splitted into β and α chain during posttranslational modification. The expression patterns of two distinct sea cucumber C3 genes, AjC3-2 and AjC3, were similar. During the different development stages from unfertilized egg to juvenile of the sea cucumber, the highest expression levels of AjC3-2 and AjC3 genes were both found in late auricularia. In the adult, the highest expression of these two genes was observed in the coelomocytes and followed by the body wall. AjC3-2 and AjC3 genes expression increased significantly at 6 h after the LPS challenge. These results indicated that these two C3 genes play a pivotal role in immune responses to the bacterial infection in sea cucumber. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2011
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7. Insights into the DNA methylation of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in response to skin ulceration syndrome infection.
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Sun, Hongjuan, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Yang, Aifu, and Jiang, Jingwei
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APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *DNA methylation , *SEA cucumbers , *GENE expression , *RAPAMYCIN , *FUNCTIONAL analysis - Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression in many biological processes, including immune response. In this study, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was carried out on healthy body wall (HB) and skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) infected body wall (SFB) to gain insights into the epigenetic regulatory mechanism in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. After comparison, a total of 116,522 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were obtained including 67,269 hyper-methylated and 49,253 hypo-methylated DMRs (p < 0.05, FDR < 0.001). GO enrichment analysis indicated that regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO: 0006355), where DNA methylation occurred, was the most significant term in the biology process. The integration of methylome and transcriptome analysis revealed that 10,499 DMRs were negatively correlated with 496 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were enriched in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Interestingly, two serine/threonine-protein kinases, nemo-like kinase (NLK) and mTOR, were highlighted after functional analysis. The variations of methylation in these two genes were associated with SUS infection and immune regulation. They regulated gene expression at different levels and showed interaction during response process. The validation of methylation sites showed high consistency between pyrosequencing and WGBS. WGBS analysis not only revealed the changes of DNA methylation, but also presented important information about the regulation of key genes after SUS infection in A. japonicus. • WGBS were conducted on the healthy and SUS-infected body wall of Apostichopus japonicus. • A total of 116,522 DMRs were obtained including 67,269 hyper-methylated and 49,253 hypo-methylated DMRs. • The integration of methylome and transcriptome revealed that 10,499 DMRs had a negative correlation with 496 DEGs. • The variations of methylation in mTOR and NLK were associated with SUS infection and immune regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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8. In-depth profiling of miRNA regulation in the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during skin ulceration syndrome progression.
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Sun, Hongjuan, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Yang, Aifu, Pan, Yongjia, Jiang, Jingwei, Chen, Zhong, Guan, Xiaoyan, Wang, Bai, Gao, Shan, and Jiang, Bei
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MICRORNA , *SKIN cancer prevention , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *SEA cucumbers , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *PHYSIOLOGY , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that mediate mRNA degradation or translation repression. Previous study showed that the expression of miRNAs was significantly changed in the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus after skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) infection, which is a dynamic process. However, the critical miRNAs from body wall that involved in different infection stages of SUS remain unknown. In this study, four cDNA libraries were constructed with the body wall from healthy and three SUS-infected stages of A. japonicus . A total of 248 conserved miRNAs and five novel miRNAs were identified through Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Compared to the control, 238 miRNAs showed significant differential expression at three stages of SUS progression. Totally, 3149 miRNA-mRNA pairs were identified by target prediction and 314 miRNA-mRNA pairs showed negative correlation. It is noteworthy that 15 miRNAs and four mRNAs were located at the crucial positions of the network built with the anti-correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the predicted targets were involved in many immune-related processes. Deep analysis of miR-31c-5p, miR-29b-3p, NF-kB, mucin 2 and titin showed that they may play important roles in the pathogens attachment and recognition, signaling transduction and lesions repair of A. japonicus after SUS infection. These results would be useful for further investigating the potential roles of critical miRNAs and mRNAs in A. japonicus immune regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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9. Comparative study of three phenoloxidases in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.
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Jiang, Jingwei, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Chen, Zhong, Sun, Hongjuan, Yang, Aifu, Gao, Shan, and Su, Hesheng
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PHENOL oxidase , *SEA cucumbers , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *IMMUNE response , *COELOMOCYTES , *MOLECULAR cloning - Abstract
In order to preliminarily illustrate the functional differences of phenoloxidases (POs) in Apostichopus japonicus , the full-length cDNAs of two POs (named as AjPOⅡ and AjPOⅢ, respectively) were cloned from the coelomocytes of A. japonicus using 3′- and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, and combined with the previously acquired full-length cDNA of a laccase-type PO from A. japonicus (Accession No. KF040052 , named as AjPOⅠ), the sequence structure and phylogenic status of POs from A. japonicus (AjPOs) were comparatively analyzed, and the transcriptional expression of AjPOs in different tissues, at different developmental stages and after different bacterial challenges was determined with quantitative real-time PCR method. Sequence analysis indicated AjPOⅡ and AjPOⅢ were both laccase-type POs, coincident to the results of phylogenic analysis. Sequence analysis also showed that AjPOⅠ had a transmembrane domain (J. Jiang et al., 2014), AjPOⅡ contained a signal peptide, and AjPOⅢ possessed a signal peptide and a transmembrane domain, implying that three AjPOs might play different roles in immune and physiological processes. Transcriptional expression analysis showed that AjPOⅡ and AjPOⅢ were most abundant in tube feet, while AjPOⅠhad the highest expression level in coelomocytes (J. Jiang et al., 2014), suggesting that AjPOⅠ may be mainly involved in immune response, while AjPOⅡ and AjPOⅢ are probably responsible for other physiological processes in addition to immune response. Besides, three AjPOs were determined to have different expression patterns during organism development and different spectrums of response against bacteria, which further indicated that there might be immune and physiological functional differentiation among three AjPOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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10. Comparative analysis of immunocompetence between females and males in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.
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Jiang, Jingwei, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Gao, Shan, Sun, Hongjuan, Chen, Zhong, Yang, Aifu, and Su, Hesheng
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COMPARATIVE studies , *IMMUNE response , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *SUPEROXIDE dismutase , *PHENOL oxidase , *ACID phosphatase - Abstract
In order to preliminarily understand the immune difference between females and males in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus , the activities assay of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), phenoloxidase (PO), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with biochemical methods, the detection of PO isozymes with native-PAGE and catechol staining, and the test of antibacterial activities with bacterial growth curve determination method were performed in this study using cell-free coelomic fluid (CCF) and coelomocyte lysate supernatant (CLS) from females and males as the samples. The PO activities were not detected in the CLS and showed no significant difference between the CCF from females and males. However, totally five PO isozyme bands were detected in the CLS of females while only four were detected in the CLS of males after zymogram analysis. These results implied that the PO isozymes in the coelomocytes of viripotent A. japonicus were inactive under natural condition and may be activated by some certain treatments during native-PAGE, and PO might play different immune and physiological roles between females and males. In addition, the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and ALP in the CCF and the activities of CAT, POD, ACP and ALP in the CLS from males were all significantly higher than those from females. The results collectively suggested that in viripotent A. japonicus , the gender had a remarkable effect on the immunity, and the immunocompetence of males might have an advantage over that of females. Furthermore, the activities of all determined enzymes except PO and the number of detected PO isozymes showed higher values in CLS than in CCF, implying that in viripotent A. japonicus , the coelomocytes might take more immune responsibility in comparison with CCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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11. Molecular characterization, expression analysis of the myostatin gene and its association with growth traits in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus).
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Li, Shilei, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Sun, Hongjuan, Gao, Shan, Chen, Zhong, Yang, Aifu, Liu, Weidong, and Wang, Qingzhi
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MYOSTATIN , *TRANSFORMING growth factors-beta , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *STRONGYLOCENTROTUS purpuratus , *DRY-bodied stoneware - Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN), also referred to as growth and differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily (TGF-β) and an important negative regulator for skeletal muscle development and growth in vertebrates. However, its function is not clear in invertebrates. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the MSTN gene (Aj-MSTN) from sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ). The full-length cDNA sequence of Aj-MSTN gene was composed of 2912 bp, which contained a 5′ UTR of 487 bp, an ORF of 1356 bp encoding 452 amino acids and a 3′ UTR of 1069 bp. The structure of Aj-MSTN included a putative signal peptide, a TGF-β propeptide domain and a conserved TGF-β domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Aj-MSTN gene was clustered in the same subgroup with the MSTN-like gene found in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . Quantitative real-time PCR detection results indicated that the Aj-MSTN gene expressed widely in adult tissues and the highest expression level was observed in the body wall. At different developmental stages, the expression levels were increased significantly at early auricularia and doliolaria stages, and reached the peak at juvenile stage. Six SNPs were identified in 5′ flanking region and exons of the Aj-MSTN gene. Association analysis showed that SNP-1, SNP-2 and SNP-4 had significant effects on dry body weight. The results suggested that Aj-MSTN gene could be used as a candidate gene for the selective breeding of A. japonicus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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12. Expression analysis of microRNAs related to the skin ulceration syndrome of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.
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Sun, Hongjuan, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Yang, Aifu, Jiang, Jingwei, Chen, Zhong, Guan, Xiaoyan, Wang, Bai, Gao, Shan, and Jiang, Bei
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APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *RIBONUCLEASES , *ULCERS , *COELOMOCYTES , *IMMUNE response - Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in many biological processes. To investigate the miRNAs related to skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) of Apostichopus japonicus , small RNA libraries of body wall, intestine, respiratory tree and coelomocytes from healthy and diseased A. japonicus were sequenced on Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform. A total of 247 conserved and 10 novel miRNAs were identified across all libraries. After pair-wise comparisons, 215 miRNAs in body wall, 36 in intestine, 2 in respiratory tree and 38 in coelomocytes showed significant expression differences. Further analyses were conducted on some tissue-specific differentially expressed miRNAs: miR-8 and miR-486-5p in body wall, miR-200-3p, let-7-5p and miR-125 in intestine, miR-278a-3p and bantam in respiratory, miR-10a and miR-184 in coelomocytes. Notably, these miRNAs in some species were reported to function in various physiological or pathological processes associated with immune regulations. Using stem-loop quantitative real time PCR, six representative miRNAs in four tissues were selected to validate the sequencing results. The Pearson's correlation coefficient ( R ) of the six miRNAs ranged from 0.777 to 0.948, which confirmed the consistency and accuracy between these two approaches. This study provides comprehensive expression and regulation patterns of functional miRNAs in different tissues and gives insights into the tissue-specific immune response mechanisms in SUS-infected A. japonicus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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13. Characterization of phenoloxidase from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.
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Jiang, Jingwei, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Guan, Xiaoyan, Wang, Bai, Jiang, Bei, Yang, Aifu, Chen, Zhong, Gao, Shan, and Sun, Hongjuan
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PHENOL oxidase , *SEA cucumbers , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *MOLECULAR weights , *ENZYME activation , *HYDROQUINONE - Abstract
Abstract: Phenoloxidase (PO) is a crucial immune-related enzyme in invertebrates. In this study, three POs of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were detected in coelomic fluid using linear-gradient native-PAGE combined with catechol staining and then partially purified by gel excising. The results showed that the three POs had a color of mahogany (AjPO1), yellow (AjPO2) and purple (AjPO3) respectively with molecular weights smaller than 21kDa in native-PAGE after staining with catechol. Enzymatic activities analysis revealed that AjPO1, AjPO2 and AjPO3 had optimal temperature of 45, 95 and 85°C and pH of 5.0, 8.0 and 8.0, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that the K m values of AjPO1 for catechol, l-DOPA, dopamine and hydroquinone were 3.23, 0.86, 3.98 and 1.20mmol/l, respectively, those of AjPO2 were 0.31, 0.38, 2.05 and 1.30mmol/l, respectively, and those of AjPO3 were 5.95, 1.28, 5.81 and 0.62mmol/l, respectively. These results suggest that the three POs are laccase-type phenoloxidase. The activities of all three A. japonicus POs were significantly promoted by Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+, and strongly inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) and some common antioxidants. The inhibitions by EDTA and DETC suggest that the three A. japonicus POs are copper-containing metalloenzymes. Immune-responsive analysis showed that the total PO activities in coelomocytes (TPAC) increased greatly after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and declined significantly after polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) challenge, implying that A. japonicus PO immune system, which is composed of several isoenzymes with different characteristics, is closely involved in the defense against the infection of Gram-negative bacteria and double-stranded RNA viruses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2014
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14. Phenoloxidase from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: cDNA cloning, expression and substrate specificity analysis.
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Jiang, Jingwei, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Sun, Hongjuan, Chen, Zhong, Yang, Aifu, Gao, Shan, Wang, Bai, Jiang, Bei, and Guan, Xiaoyan
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PHENOL oxidase , *SEA cucumbers , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *ANTISENSE DNA , *MOLECULAR cloning , *GENE expression , *ECHINODERMATA - Abstract
Abstract: Phenoloxidase (PO) is a crucial component of the immune system of echinoderms. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of PO (AjPO) was cloned from coelomocytes of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using 3′- and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR method, which is 2508 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2040 bp encoding 679 amino acids. AjPO contains a transmembrane domain, and three Cu-oxidase domains with copper binding centers formed by 10 histidines, one cysteine and one methionine respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AjPO was clustered with laccase-type POs of invertebrates. Using the isolated membrane proteins as crude AjPO, the enzyme could catalyze the substrates catechol, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), dopamine and hydroquinone, but failed to oxidize tyrosine. The results described above collectively proved that AjPO was a membrane-binding laccase-type PO. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that AjPO mRNA was expressed in muscle, body wall, coelomocytes, tube feet, respiratory tree and intestine with the highest expression level in coelomocytes. AjPO could be significantly induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), Zymosan A and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C), suggesting AjPO is closely involved in the defense against the infection of bacteria, fungi and double-stranded RNA viruses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2014
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15. Identification and expression analysis of two Toll-like receptor genes from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)
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Sun, Hongjuan, Zhou, Zunchun, Dong, Ying, Yang, Aifu, Jiang, Bei, Gao, Shan, Chen, Zhong, Guan, Xiaoyan, Wang, Bai, and Wang, Xiuli
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TOLL-like receptors , *SEA cucumbers , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *GENE expression , *MEMBRANE glycoproteins , *NATURAL immunity , *OPEN reading frames (Genetics) - Abstract
Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of type I integral membrane glycoproteins which play pivotal roles in innate immunity. In this study, two TLRs named AjTLR3 and AjToll were cloned from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). The full-length cDNA sequences of AjTLR3 and AjToll are 3484 bp and 4211 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2679 bp and 2853 bp, encoding 892 and 950 amino acids, respectively. Both AjTLR3 and AjToll are composed of a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and an intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Evolution analysis revealed that AjTLR3 and AjToll were clustered with the vertebrate-like TLRs (V-TLRs) and the protostome-like TLRs (P-TLRs), respectively. These two genes were widely expressed in all five tested tissues (body wall, coelomocytes, tube feet, intestine and respiratory tree), but showed different expression patterns. The significantly up-regulated expressions of AjTLR3 and AjToll after peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Zymosan A and polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) challenges suggested that they were functionally involved in the immune responses to the Cram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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