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The Paleo-Tethyan arc belt is host to a small number of porphyry Cu deposits the key controls on which remains poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that the Paleo-Tethyan arc magmas were reduced and therefore less fertile for porphyry Cu formation but few studies have been conducted to directly assess the magmatic oxygen fugacity. We investigate the magma fertility of eastern Paleo-Tethyan arc igneous rocks in the Sanjiang region, SW China, represented by the Maoding (268.3 ± 2.3 Ma), Suwalong (275.6 ± 1.4 Ma to 264.7 ± 1.4 Ma) and Baimaxueshan (255.7 ± 1.5 Ma to 249.3 ± 1.1 Ma) granitoids. They have geochemical features consistent with typical continental arc rocks, formed from partial melting of the mantle wedge, with increasing contamination of crust-derived melts over time. The presence of amphibole, high Sr/Y ratios (35 ± 20, n = 17), and lack of negative Eu anomalies (Eu N /Eu N ⁎ = 1.04 ± 0.3, n = 17) are consistent with derivation from hydrous magmas. Zircons from the intrusive rocks have relatively low Eu N /Eu N ⁎ (mostly <0.4) ratios and calculated ΔFMQ values (−2.1 ± 1.2, n = 86). Combined with apatite microphenocrysts with extremely low sulfur contents (< 0.12 wt% SO 3), it suggests that the intrusions originated from water-rich but reduced arc magmas, that were less fertile for porphyry Cu formation. Our study highlights that magmatic f O 2 is probably a critical control on the prospectivity of arc systems and confirms that zircon and apatite compositions can be used to evaluate porphyry Cu fertility. • The Paleo-Tethyan arc igneous rocks were dated from ~275 to 249 Ma. • They were derived from partial melting of mantle wedge during MASH processes. • These arc magmas were reduced and less fertile for porphyry Cu formation. • Zircon and apatite compositions can be used to evaluate porphyry Cu fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] New geochronology data to constrain the duration of magmatic-hydrothermal activity. [•] Two stages cooling history, early rapid cooling and late slow cooling. [•] Hydrothermal fluid circulation related to multiple stages of magma emplacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Pulang composite intrusion defined a magmatic duration of 10 m.y. from ∼226 Ma to ∼216 Ma. • Six porphyry phases (i.e., premineralized and synmineralized porphyries) at Pulang were all derived from relatively oxidized and hydrous magmas. • The synmineralized porphyries showed higher magmatic sulfur and chlorine contents than those for the premineralized porphyry phases. • Magmatic sulfur and chlorine contents might be important for Pulang porphyry Cu-Au formation. The giant Pulang porphyry Cu-Au district (446.8 million tonnes at 0.52% Cu and 0.18 g/t Au) is located in the southern Yidun terrane of the Sanjiang (Three-river) region, southwest China. It has six phases of porphyry intrusions: premineralized fine-grained quartz diorite (FQD) and coarse-grained quartz diorite porphyry (CQD), the main synmineralized quartz monzonite porphyry (QMP), and late synmineralized granodiorite porphyry (GP), diorite porphyry (DP), and aplite. New zircon U-Pb ages for the premineralized FQD and late synmineralized GP, DP, and aplite are 226.3 ± 2.6 Ma (MSWD = 1.9), 216.4 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 2.0), 216.0 ± 1.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.7), and 216.0 ± 1.5 Ma (MSWD = 1.7), respectively. All Pulang porphyry rocks have high whole-rock Sr/Y ratios (37.8–184) with minor or no negative Eu anomalies (0.73–1.04), and are characterized by high large-ion-lithophile-element (LILE: Th, U, Ba, Rb) abundances and low high-field-strength-element (HFSE: Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf). Zircons from premineralized FQD and synmineralized GP, DP, and aplite rocks have consistently high Eu N /Eu N * ratios (mostly > 0.4). The magmatic oxygen fugacity calculated from zircon compositions, show that the FQD (ΔFMQ = 1.59 ± 0.43), GP (ΔFMQ = 1.52 ± 0.18), DP (ΔFMQ = 1.52 ± 0.30), and aplite (ΔFMQ = 1.75 ± 0.60) were all derived from moderately oxidized magmas. Magmatic water contents estimated from amphibole compositions and the extensive presence of amphibole phenocrysts suggest that H 2 O contents are >4 wt%. Together with the published results for premineralized CQD and main synmineralized QMP, it is concluded the causative magmas for the six porphyry phases at Pulang were all relatively oxidized and hydrous. The difference between premineralized FQD and CQD and synmineralized QMP, GP, and DP are reflected in magmatic chlorine and sulfur contents. To minimize the effect of hydrothermal alteration, the apatite microphenocrysts enclosed by least altered phenocrysts were selected for analyses. The Cl contents of magmatic apatite microphenocrysts from the synmineralized QMP (avg = 0.340 ± 0.192, n = 26), GP (avg = 0.317 ± 0.151, n = 21), and DP (avg = 0.179 ± 0.112, n = 18) are significantly higher than those from the premineralized FQD (avg = 0.046 ± 0.032, n = 9) and CQD (avg = 0.043 ± 0.034, n = 13). Similarly, the SO 3 contents of igneous apatite microphenocrysts from the synmineralized QMP (avg = 0.259 ± 0.156, n = 25), GP (avg = 0.203 ± 0.163, n = 20), and DP (avg = 0.306 ± 0.173, n = 18) are higher than those from the premineralized FQD (avg = 0.181 ± 0.136, n = 10) and CQD (avg = 0.085 ± 0.068, n = 6). The S-Cl contents of synmineralized melts estimated from apatite S-Cl compositions are higher than those of premineralized magmas, suggesting that the elevated magmatic S-Cl contents in the synmineralized porphyries might have been important for Cu-Au mineralization. This was likely due to S-Cl rich mafic magma recharge, supported by the presence of abundant mafic magmatic enclaves in the synmineralized QMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]