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Yak-Kong (YK), a small black soybean ( Glycine max ) in Korea, contained higher concentrations of antioxidants than ordinary black soybean or yellow soybean in our previous study. We prepared the fermented YK extract by using a novel lactic acid bacterium, Pediococcus pentosaceus AOA2017 (AOA2017) isolated from Eleusine coracana , and found that the antioxidant ability was enhanced after fermentation. In order to investigate the cause of the enhanced antioxidant ability in the fermented YK extract, we conducted a phenolic composition analysis. The results show that proanthocyanidin decreased and phenolic acids increased with a statistical significance after fermentation. Among the phenolic acids, p-coumaric acid was newly produced at about 11.7 mg/100 g, which did not exist before the fermentation. Further, the fermented YK extract with increased p-coumaric acid significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced THP-1 monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion compared to the unfermented YK extract. The fermented YK extract also suppressed the protein expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Together with the previous studies, our results suggest that the extract of YK fermented by AOA2017 has potential to be a new functional food material with its enhanced bioactive compounds which may help to prevent atherosclerosis caused by oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress contributes to cellular injury following clinical and experimental ischemia/reperfusion episodes. Oxidative injury can induce cellular and subcellular damage that results in apoptotic cell death. We tested whether 2',4',7-trihydroxyflavanone, a synthetic flavonoid derivative, inhibits hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced toxicity in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cultured HUVECs were incubated for 30 minutes with 0.2 mM H(2)O(2) in the absence and presence of 2',4',7-trihydroxyflavanone at a non-toxic concentration of 50 microM. The effect of 2',4',7-trihydroxyflavanone on apoptosis parameters was compared with that of naringenin and two flavonol derivatives, 2',4',7-trihydroxyflavonol and 2',4',6-trihydroxyflavonol. H(2)O(2) induced cell death within 24 hours over the range of 0.05-1.0 mM, and decreased cell viability by approximately 30% at 0.2 mM. This cytotoxicity was associated with nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation, indicating induction of apoptosis. 2',4',7-Trihydroxyflavanone, as well as naringenin, was effective as an inhibitor of oxidative stress, protecting cell viability with >/=85% viable cells compared with the control, and no apparent nuclear condensation or DNA fragmentation. In contrast, the flavonol derivatives had no such effect. In addition, immunocytochemical data and Western blot analysis revealed that, unlike flavonol derivatives, the expression of Bcl-2 was markedly up-regulated, and that the expression of Bax and activation of caspase-3 were strongly inhibited by this flavanone derivative, thereby implicating antioxidant activity-related anti-apoptotic mechanisms of 2',4',7-trihydroxyflavanone. These results indicate that the synthetic flavonoid derivative 2',4',7-trihydroxyflavanone is an effective antioxidant, preventing endothelial apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2).