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Fruit bars are prepared by combining different ingredients which are wholesome and nutrient rich. The current study was designed to develop roselle–fig (different proportions) fruit bars and further investigate their physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential. Moreover, the prepared fruit bars were scrutinized for microbial and sensory characteristics to assess the appropriateness of ingredients during storage (up to 90 days). It was observed that there was gradual increase in moisture content with the passage of time, while ash, fat, fiber, and protein contents did not change significantly during storage. The pH and total soluble solid contents of these fruit bars during storage were 3.54–4.07 and 1.71–1.86 Brix, respectively. According to the mean values for sensory evaluation, T2 was preferred over other treatments. The bars received an acceptable sensory evaluation, demonstrating that they were suitable for 90 days of storage. Phytochemical quantities significantly increased in subsequent treatments, but decreased during storage in all the treatments. Similar trend was observed regarding total antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The mineral contents increased significantly among the treatments. The microbial analysis of fruit bars exposed that the fruit were microbiologically safe. Hence, on the basis of the results obtained in this study, it may be concluded that the developed roselle–fig fruit bar would be acceptable and nutritious regarding physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the antioxidant potential of hen egg white lysozyme N-acetylmuramide Glycan hydrolase in full fat Mozzarella cheese, an experiment was conducted where control sample was brined without the addition of lysozyme; while four samples were brined along with 0.02%;w/v (T1), 0.04%;w/v (T2), 0.06%;w/v (T3) and 0.08%;w/v (T4) lysozyme. The antioxidant potential of hen egg white lysozyme in full fat Mozzarella cheese samples were measured through several methods, including 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulphonic acid assay (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, superoxide radical scavenging activity (PMS-NADH system), free fatty acid analysis and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay in a linoleic acid emulsion system. Intensity scale was used to evaluate the sensory characteristics of cheese. The results showed the percentage inhibition for DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion activity in control sample increased up to 30 days; but decreased afterwards till 40 days of storage However in case of lysozyme treated samples % inhibition increased throughout storage. Free fatty acid % in full fat Mozzarella cheese was affected by lysozyme and storage days. Lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity in α-linoleic acid model system of lysozyme added samples showed lower absorbance at 500 nm showing higher lipid peroxidation inhibition. Furthermore, it was observed that absorbance was decreased till 30 days of storage which increased further upto 40 days storage period. The study showed that addition of lysozyme improved the shelf life and sensory characteristics of full fat Mozzarella cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plums are the ubiquitous fruit belonging to genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus, consumed as food and have many health benefits and medicinal effect in the treatment of many diseases. Pulp from plums is also used in different beverages. Plums are the potential source of polyphenolic compounds and bioactive compounds such as phenolic, anthocyanins, and carotenoids and many organic acids such as citric acid and malic acid. Plums are also the abundant sources of many minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamins A, B, K, and C. Plums are the abundant sources of predominant antioxidants and phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, crypto-chlorogenic acid, and neo-chlorogenic acid. These antioxidants and bioactive compounds are effective in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, bone heath, and cardiovascular diseases and in maintaining the blood glucose level. Plums helps in the heart diseases prevention, as it is low in fat content and high in dietary fiber. It is also effective in the treatment of lung and oral cancer. The consumption of plums boosts human health and prevents many diseases. The review discusses the importance, production, different varieties of plums along with its nutritional profile, availability of bioactive compounds, phytochemical composition, and antioxidants mainly phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It also introduces the beneficial effect of the bioactive compounds in heart, lungs, and cardiovascular diseases, followed by its in vivo human and animal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactoferrin is the part of whey proteins, which does not become the part of curd and is lost in the whey. The objective of the current investigation was to develop lactoferrin-supplemented cheddar cheese. Cheddar cheese was supplemented with lactoferrin at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 0 mg/100 g concentrations (T1, T2, T3, T4, and control) and matured for 90 days. The supplementation of lactoferrin at all four concentrations did not affect the compositional attributes of cheddar cheese. In mature cheddar cheese, values of log-colony forming units in T1, T2, T3, T4, and control per mL were 7.82, 7.77, 6.51, 6.21, and 7.95, respectively. Lactoferrin contents of T1, T2, T3, T4, and control were 4.98, 9.89, 14.91, 19.88, and 0.11 mg/100 g cheese. In vitro total antioxidant capacity of mature T1, T2, T3, T4, and control were 32.47%, 47.68%, 65.37%, 78.82%, and 45.79%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that concentrations of citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in mature T4 were 2389, 16,468, 126, and 141 mg/kg. Analysis of cheese samples on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that fatty acids composition was not influenced by the supplementation of lactoferrin. Peroxide value of matured T1, T2, T3, T4, and control was 0.31, 0.30, 0.28, 0.35, and 0.28 (meqO2/kg) with no variation in color, flavor and texture score. The results of the current investigation proved that lactoferrin can be used for the supplementation of cheddar cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of variety and plant environment on nutritional composition, phenolic contents and antioxidant activities from commercial wheat cultivars grown in Pakistan. Chemical composition, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were measured in twenty-seven spring wheat varieties grown for two cropping years. Preliminary assessment of antioxidant strength of the extracts was carried out by the evaluation of total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and free radical scavenging activity (FRSA). The grain length, width and a thousand kernel weight of different wheat varieties ranged from 6.75-6.77 mm, 3.44-3.45 mm and 42.95-45.16 g respectively. Similarly, the moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, wet gluten, dry gluten, flour gliadins, flour glutenins contents and SDS-sedimentation value varied from 10.23-10.61%, 1.47-1.48%, 1.16-1.21%, 1.37-1.40%, 11.86-12.02%, 25.39-25.46%, 8.85-8.87%, 0.46-0.52%, 0.46-0.49% and 24.99-25.85 ml respectively among different wheat varieties. In the same way, the results for total phenolic contents, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and antioxidant activity via beta carotene bleaching assay varied from 12.40-11.73 mg GE/g, 18.48-18.99% and 14.23-15.97% respectively. Our research clearly indicated that wheat variety, input conditions, environmental and genotypic variations gave effects on the phenolic antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate antioxidant/antidiabetic activities of aqueous and aqueous ethanol (20–80% ethanol:water, v/v) extracts from Calotropis procera leaves followed by profiling of related bioactives using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS technique. Of the extracts produced, 80% ethanolic extract offered highest level of total phenolics and total flavonoids with contribution 176.31 ± 2.09 mg GAE/g DE and 65.38 ± 2.65 mg RE/g DE, respectively. The α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effect of 80% extract was found to be maximum with IC50 value of 0.78 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.93 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively among others. The same extract also showed higher total antioxidant power (184.91 ± 3.65 mg/g AAE) and antiradical effect with corresponding IC50 of 87.35 ± 2.45 µg/mL. UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS investigation of 80% ethanolic extract led to identification/characterization of different antioxidant and antidiabetic metabolites such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-fructose, myrciacitrin IV, quinic acid and astragaloside/kaempferol/quinic acid derivatives. Based on the present findings, 80% ethanol leaf extract of C. procera was found to be an important source of bioactives with significant potency of antioxidant, α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory effects. Binding affinity data and interaction patterns, elucidated via docking simulations, of potential bioactives in C. procera leaf extract predicted that they can inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase synergistically to prevent hyperglycemia. These results explore potential uses of C. procera for development of functional foods and antioxidant/antidiabetic nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of paneer, a soft cheese supplemented with various water soluble date extracts during storage. Further, the whey obtained from all the paneer samples was also investigated for its antioxidant potential. Methods: The date cultivars were evaluated for their physico-chemical characteristics and date extracts were assessed for their antioxidant potential. Physico-chemical evaluation, microbiological quality and further antioxidant potential of the prepared paneer were carried out during storage period (0 to 8 days, 5°C). Results: All the date extracts were found to have considerable antioxidant activity due to presence of total phenolics and flavonoids. Owing to the presence of phenolics and flavoinds in date extracts, supplemented paneer showed higher trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, reducing power and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than control paneer. Paneer supplemented with Rabi extracts had the highest total phenolics (190.7 µg gallic acid equivalent/g paneer), DPPH radical scavenging activity (928.1 µmol equivalent of Trolx/g paneer) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (9.2 µmol equivalent of Trolx/g paneer). The whey obtained from control paneer showed lower values of total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and reducing power as compared to the values of whey obtained from paneer supplemented with date extracts. Conclusion: Paneer supplemented with date extracts and its whey may offer potent antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this present study was to explore antioxidant and bioactive profile of ginger and turmeric. For the purpose, turmeric and ginger (Haldi and Adric) were procured from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab-Pakistan. The study was comprised of different phases. Both of the spices were characterized for their chemical composition and mineral profile. Bioactive compound was extracted by using solvent followed by quantification through the high-pressure liquid chromatography. Furthermore, antioxidant potential including total phenolics content, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power test (FRAP assay) was analyzed. Results revealed that the antioxidant profile including free radical scavenging activity (47.67 ± 0.19 mg/100 g) and DPPH (80.16 ± 0.23%) of turmeric ginger powder extract was much higher than turmeric and ginger powder extract. Similarly, total phenolics content (103.39 ± 0.58 mg of GAE/g) and flavonoids (4.27 ± 0.05 mg CE/100 g) were much higher in turmeric ginger powder as compared to turmeric powder and ginger powder, respectively. Conclusively, turmeric ginger powder showed higher antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower head (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae) is a residual by-product generated during the production of sunflower seed oil and contains a considerable amount of bioactive components. The aim of the present study was to determine and optimize extraction conditions for total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity of SH. The solute solvent ratio showed a significant effect on yield, TPC, antioxidant activities and XOD inhibition. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed for optimization of extraction parameters (yield, TPC and antioxidant activities). The statistical findings for optimized conditions reveal that the best extraction of SH was obtained with the following parameters: ethanol (54.5%), temperature (72.3°C) and time (138.8 min). This present study may help in the industrial extraction process; moreover, further deep studies are required to optimize sequential steps to increase the efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are the archetypal paradigms of fruits used not only for nutritional purposes, but also for exclusive therapeutics. Grapes are a prominent and promising source of phytochemicals, especially resveratrol, a phytoalexin antioxidant found in red grapes which has both chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against various ailments. Resveratrol's role in reducing different human cancers, including breast, cervical, uterine, blood, kidney, liver, eye, bladder, thyroid, esophageal, prostate, brain, lung, skin, gastric, colon, head and neck, bone, ovarian, and cervical, has been reviewed. This review covers the literature that deals with the anti-cancer mechanism of resveratrol with special reference to antioxidant potential. Furthermore, this article summarizes the literature pertaining to resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical profile of green grasses including barley and wheat. Green grasses were procured from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. All the phytochemical parameters were determined through standard methods with slight modifications. The explored parameters include proximate analysis, mineral profile, vitamin profile, and especially antioxidant profile (total phenolic contents (TPCs), free radical scavenging activity, flavonoids, and phenolic acids). The results portrayed that there was a significant difference between the proximate parameters, vitamin, and minerals profile of both barley and wheatgreen grasses. The antioxidant profile - antioxidant activity (283.5%) and free radical scavenging activity (99.29%) - of barley grass was much higher than wheatgrass. The TPCs (203.52 µmol of GAE/g) and flavonoids (161.12 μmol/L) were much higher in wheatgrass as compared to barley grass. Barley grass showed maximum contents of phenolic acids including benzoic acid (73.84 µg/g), caffeic acid (86.61 µg/g), gallic acid (6.33 µg/g), syringic acid (170.46 µg/g), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (42.52 µg/g), and Ferulic acid (1560.3 µg/g). Conclusively, barley grass showed higher antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidant capacity of milk is largely due to vitamins A, E, carotenoids, zinc, selenium, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and enzyme systems. Cow milk has antioxidant capacity while the antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk has been studied in a limited way. The information regarding the effect of pasteurization and boiling on antioxidant capacity of cow and buffalo milk is also scared. Methods: Cow and buffalo milk was exposed to two different heat treatments i.e. 65 °C for 30 min and boiling for 1 min. After heat treatments, milk samples were cooled down to 4 °C packaged in transparent 250 ml polyethylene PET bottles and stored at 4 °C for 6 days. Milk composition, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity in linoleic acid, vitamin C, A, E, selenium, Zinc, fatty acid profile, peroxide value and sensory characteristics were studied in raw, pasteurized and boiled cow and buffalo milk at 0, 3 and 6 days of storage period. Results: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of raw, pasteurized and boiled milk for cow (42.1, 41.3 and 40.7%) and buffalo (58.4, 57.6 and 56.5%) samples was found, respectively. Reducing power (RP) of raw cow and buffalo milk was 6.74 and 13.7 while pasteurization and boiling did not showed significant effect on RP of both cow and buffalo milk. DPPH activity of raw, pasteurized and boiled milk for cow (24.3, 23.8 and 23.6%) and buffalo (31.8, 31.5 and 30.4%) samples was noted, respectively. Storage period up to 3 days was non-significant while DPPH assay after 6 days of storage period indicated significant decline in antioxidant activity of milk samples. Antioxidant activity in linoleic acid (AALA) of buffalo and cow milk were recorded 11.7 and 17.4%, respectively. Pasteurization and boiling did not showed any impact on antioxidant capacity of cow and buffalo milk. The Loss of vitamin C in pasteurization (40 and 42%) and boiling (82 and 61%) of cow and buffalomilk was recorded, respectively. Concentration of vitamin A and E in pasteurized cow and buffalomilk was not significantly different from raw milk samples of cow and buffalo. Concentration of selenium and zinc was not influenced by the heat treatment in both cow and buffalo milk samples. After 3 days of refrigerated storage, antioxidant capacity of both cow and buffalo milk decreased. Concentrations of short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids increased in pasteurized and boiled cow and buffalo milk, while long-chain fatty acids decreased in pasteurized and boiled cow and buffalo milk, with no effect on colour and flavor score. Peroxide value of pasteurized and boiled cow and buffalo milk was not influenced by the storage up to 3 days. Conclusions: These results suggest that buffalo milk had a higher antioxidant capacity than cow milk and pasteurized milk should be consumed within 3 days of refrigerated storage for better antioxidant perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out to extract the polyphenols from mango peels by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and maceration techniques and to assess the antioxidant potential and quantification of phenolic compounds by high performance chromatography. Results showed that highest extraction yield obtained through solvent methanol at 80% concentration level while ultrasound-assisted extraction was more efficient technique and led to comparatively higher polyphenols content than maceration. Highest polyphenols were extracted with 80% ethanol (67.58 mg GAE/g of extract) by employing UAE whereas least polyphenols (18.66 mg GAE/g of extract) were obtained with 100% ethyl acetate through maceration technique. The high antioxidant activity of mango peel extracts was exhibited in three antioxidant assays with 80% ethanolic extracts had the highest antioxidant activity 31.51 + 0.79 mM/100 g for ferric reducing antioxidant power, highest scavenging activity 83.19 + 0.96% and 67.23 + 0.85% for 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide anion radical assays, respectively. Strong correlations between total polyphenols and antioxidant activity were observed. Practical Applications Polyphenols are the natural antioxidants in plants having a significant role in human health by prevention of certain oxidative stress-related diseases. Mango peels are the major agro-industrial wastes in fruit juice processing which are not further utilized despite being an abundant source of phenolic compounds even more than the mango pulp. The study revealed that mango peels as a potential source of phenolic compounds which may be utilized as an ingredient for the preparation of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In millennia, nutritionists are motivated to explore innovative approaches against lifestyle-related syndromes for improving public health and life span. Spices are the promising and cost-effective choice for consumer owing to their high antioxidant potential, that is, ability to entrap free radicals at cellular level to alleviate various metabolic syndromes. Besides that, spices are not only popular in developed countries, but also attaining consideration in developing world due to extensive biological activity and safe status. In this regard, contemporary nutrition regime has gained researchers’ attention on spices to mitigate various metabolic syndromes. Moreover, the promising bioactive moieties – that is, curcumin and curcuminoids (turmeric); limonene (cardamom), allicin, allyl isothiocyanate (garlic), cinnamic aldehyde, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, and eugenol (cinnamon); gingerol, zingiberone, zingiberene (ginger), dipropyle disulfides, and quercetin (onion); piperidine piperine, limonene,α- andβ-pinene (black pepper); crocetin, crocin, and safranal (saffron) – have been identified as chemopreventing agents against various malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current day consumers prefer natural antioxidants to synthetic antioxidants because they are more active. However, the activity generally depends on the specific condition and composition of food. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wheat germ oil and α-lipoic acid on the quality characteristics, antioxidant status, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of chicken nuggets. Methods: Six types of diets were prepared for feeding the chickens to evaluate the quality of nuggets made from the leg meat of these experimental animals. These included control, diet enriched with wheat germ oil (WGO), which is a rich natural source of α-tocopherol (AT), diet with added AT or α-lipoic acid (ALA), diet with a combination of either ALA and WGO (ALA + WGO) or ALA and synthetic AT (ALA + AT). ALA has great synergism with synthetic as well as natural AT (WGO). Results: The diet with WGO and ALA showed the best potential with respect to both antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. HPLC results revealed that the chicken nuggets made from WGO + ALA group showed maximum deposition of AT and ALA. The stability of the nuggets from control group was found to be significantly lower than that of nuggets from the WGO + ALA group. Total fatty acid content too was higher in the nuggets from this group. The poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found to be higher in the nuggets from the groups fed with a combination of natural and synthetic antioxidants. Conclusion: It is concluded that the combination of natural and synthetic antioxidants in the animal feed exerts a synergistic effect in enhancing the stability and quality of chicken nuggets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is known as power house of omega fatty acids which has great health benefits. It contains up to 78% linolenic acid (ω-3) and 18% linoleic acid (ω-6), which could be a great source of omega-3 fatty acids for functional foods. Therefore, in this study, margarines were prepared with supplementation of different concentrations of chia oil to enhance omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of the product. Methods: Margarines were formulated from non-hydrogenated palm oil, palm kernel and butter. Margarines were supplemented with 5, 10, 15 and 20% chia oil (T1, T2, T3 and T4), respectively. Margarine without any addition of chia oil was kept as control. Margarine samples were stored at 5 °C for a period of 90 days. Physico-chemical (fat, moisture, refractive index, melting point, solid fat index, fatty acids profile, total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, free fatty acids and peroxide value) and sensory characteristics were studied at the interval of 45 days. Results: The melting point of T1, T2, T3 and T4 developed in current investigation were 34.2, 33.8, 33.1 and 32.5 °C, respectively. The solid fat index of control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 47.21, 22.71, 20.33, 18.12 and 16.58%, respectively. The α-linolenic acid contents in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were found 2.92, 5.85, 9.22, 12.29%, respectively. The concentration of eicosanoic acid in T2, T3 and T4 was 1.82, 3.52, 6.43 and 9.81%, respectively. The content of docosahexanoic acid in T2, T3 and T4 was present 1.26, 2.64, 3.49 and 5.19%, respectively. The omega-3 fatty acids were not detected in the control sample. Total phenolic contents of control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 samples were 0.27, 2.22, 4.15, 7.23 and 11.42 mg GAE/mL, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was noted 65.8, 5.37, 17.82, 24.95, 45.42 and 62.8%, respectively. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, phenolic glycoside k and phenolic glycoside Q in T3 were present 0.78, 0.73, 1.82, 4.12 and 4.49 mg/mL, respectively. After 90 days of storage period, free fatty acids and peroxide value of all the treatments were less than 0.2 (% and MeqO2/kg). Sensory characteristics of treatments were not different from the control. Conclusion: Margarines supplemented with chia oil showed enhanced level of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant characteristics. These results suggest that chia oil can be used for formulation of margarine with increased level of omega-3 fatty acids and acceptable sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural antioxidants efficiently increase the shelf life of meat. Lipid peroxidation decreases in meat when natural antioxidants supplemented in feed and hence there is increase in stability of meat. This project has been designed to determine α-lipoic acid (ALA), α-tocopherol and wheat germ oil (WGO) effect on growth parameters, antioxidant activity, physico-chemical analysis and sensory attributes of breast nuggets. The broilers were fed on WGO gain higher body weight and better FCR. The physico-chemical analysis of the nuggets showed that the feed treatments exerted significant effect on the sensory attributes of the nuggets during storage. The nuggets made from broilers which were fed on WGO and ALA yielded higher pH, color and water activity but lower TBARS value in the breast nuggets during storage. In conclusion, the nuggets made by the broiler birds fed on synthetic alpha tocopherol and ALA got significantly higher scores for sensory attributes during storage. Practical Application Poultry meat is widely consumed by the humans, therefore there is dire need to produce such type of functional meat and meat products which have more shelf life and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits are rich sources of natural bioactive components especially antioxidants. Such type of bioactive components may be responsible to delay the development of many diseases. Antioxidants such as carotenoids, vitamin C, E and peptides are present in milk. Yogurt, a fermented milk product, is a good source of antioxidant compounds with therapeutic and high nutritional value and is consumed in most of the countries in the world. This review paper covers the subject research work published during 1978-2016. Many researchers have supplemented yogurt with different fruit juices, pulp, seeds and pomace and investigated their antioxidant activity owing to the presence of bioactive compounds in both fruits and yogurt. These researchers used various methods to measure the antioxidant activity of flavored (containing fruits) yogurts. It was confirmed that the bioactivity of such yogurt increased due to presence of antioxidant compounds incorporated by fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are the concentrated source of energy, fat soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids, carriers of flavours and many bio-active compounds with important role in maintaining physiological functions of biological body. Moringa oleifera is native to Himalaya and widely grown in many Asian and African countries with seed oil content range from 35-40%. Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) has light yellow colour with mild nutty flavour and fatty acids composition suggests that MOO is highly suitable for both edible and non-edible applications. MOO is extremely resistant to autoxidation which can be used as an antioxidant for the long term stabilization of commercial edible oils. Thermal stability of MOO is greater than soybean, sunflower, canola and cottonseed oils. High oleic contents of MOO are believed to have the capability of increasing beneficial HDL cholesterol and decreased the serum cholesterol and triglycerides. MOO applications have also been explored in cosmetics, folk medicines and skin care formulations. Overall, this review focuses on commercial production status, food applications, antioxidant characteristics, health benefits, thermal stability, fractionation, cholesterol contents, medicinal, nutraceutical action, toxicological evaluation, biodiesel production, personal care formulations and future perspectives of the MOO for the stake holders to process and utilize MOO as a new source of edible oil for industrial purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of anhydrous milk fat products is a serious problem making them unfit for consumption. Moringa oleifera oil ( MOO) is known to contain substantial amount of natural antioxidants. In this study, the effect of various concentrations of MOO for the stabilization of butter oil ( BO) at ambient temperature was investigated. MOO was incorporated into BO at four different levels i.e., T1 (97.5% BO and 2.5% MOO) T2 (95% BO and 5% MOO) T3 (92.5% BO and 7.5% MOO) and T4 (90% BO and 10% MOO). Control was used for comparison (100% BO). Concentration of oleic acid in T3 was 14.02 ± 0.11% higher than control, total phenolic content of MOO, BO and T3 were 38.75 ± 0.15, 2.84 ± 0.07 and 5.51 ± 0.09 mg/100 g, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity of control, MOO and T3 was 51.11 ± 0.42, 15.74 ± 0.36 and 31.65 ± 0.34%, respectively. Peroxide value of control and T3 at elevated temperature was 16.94 ± 0.56, 8.35 ± 0.29 (meq./kg) and induction period was 5.9 ± 0.06, 8.2. ± 0.14 h, respectively. BO samples added with various concentration of MOO showed less concentration of conjugated dienes, trienes, free fatty acids and anisidine value than control. The overall acceptability score of T3 was 7.6 out of 9; these results give indications for exploiting the antioxidant properties of MOO in different dairy and nondairy fat products. Practical Applications The antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera oil can be used for the enhancement of keeping quality of butter oil in tropical regions. Moringa oleifera oil is highly resistant to autoxidation and can be used as a replacement of synthetic oxidants due to their perceived carcinogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of ethanolic sesame cake extract on oxidative stabilization of olein based butter. Fractionation of cream was performed by the dry fractionation technique at 10 °C, ethanolic sesame cake extract (SCE) was incorporated into olein butter at three different concentrations; 50, 100, 150 ppm (T, T, T) and compared with a control. The total phenolic content of SCE was 1.72 (mg gallic acid equivalent g dry weight). The HPLC characterization of ethanolic sesame cake revealed the presence of antioxidant substances viz. sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin in higher extents. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of SCE was 83 % as compared to 64 and 75 % in BHA and BHT. Fractionation of milk fat at 10 °C significantly ( p < 0.05) influenced the fatty acid profile of olein and stearin fractions from the parent milk fat. Concentration of oleic acid and linoleic acid in olein fraction was 29.62 and 33.46 % greater than the parent milk fat. The loss of C18:1 in 90 days stored control and T was 24.37 and 3.58 %, respectively, 58 % C18:2 was broken down into oxidation products over 8.55 % loss in T. The peroxide value of control, T, T, BHT and T in the Schaal oven test was 8.59, 8.12, 5.34, 4.52 and 2.49 (mequiv O/kg). The peroxide value and anisidine value of 3 months stored control and T were 1.21, 0.42 (mequiv O/kg) and 27.25, 13.25, respectively. The concentration of conjugated dienes in T was substantially less than the control. The induction period of T was considerably higher than BHT with no difference in sensory characteristics ( p > 0.05). Ethanolic SCE can be used for the long-term preservation of olein butter, with acceptable sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the growing demand for vegetable oils and fats, currently exploration of some under-utilized and non-conventional oil seed crops is of great concern. This work presents data on the detailed physicochemical and antioxidant attributes of kapok ( Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.) seed oil. The kapok seeds contained an appreciable amount of oil (27.5 %), protein (35.0 %) and fiber (19.0 %). The extracted kapok seed oil (KSO) had an iodine value of 101.8 g of I/100 g of oil, a saponification value of 187 mg of KOH/g of oil), and unsaponifiable matter 0.83 %. KSO also showed a good oxidation state as indicated by the measurements of the peroxide value, conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes, para-anisidine and the induction period (Rancimat method). The tested oil showed a considerable amount of total phenolics (2.50 mg/100 g) and an appreciable free radical scavenging capacity. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids (FA) reveals that KSO mainly has linoleic acid (33.6 %) followed by oleic acid (23.4 %) and palmitic acid (22.4 %). Besides, a notable amount of cyclopropenoid fatty acids such as malvalic acid (9.1 %) and sterculic acid (2.8 %) was also detected. The FA composition of the tested oil was further verified by recording FTIR and NMR spectra. Among the oil phytosterols, analyzed by GC/GC-MS, β-sitosterol was found to be the principal component whereas RP-HPLC analysis showed the occurrence of γ-tocopherol (550 mg/kg) as the major tocopherol along with considerable amount of α-tocopherol (91 mg/kg) and δ-tocopherol (5.52 mg/kg). It can be concluded from the results of this comprehensive study that under-utilized kapok seeds are a potential feed stock for the production of a useful oil for edible and/or oleochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant potential of a leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) -- LEMO was studied for the stabilisation of butter at refrigeration temperature. LEMO was obtained by extracting the ground and dried leaves with 80% ethanol at room temperature for 48 hours. LEMO was added into butter at three different concentrations, i.e. 400 ppm (T1), 600 ppm (T2), and 800 ppm (T3) and compared with a treatment which was not supplemented with LEMO, i.e. control (T0). The addition of LEMO at all three levels did not have any effect on butter composition. Free fatty acids, peroxide value and p-anisidine value (AnV) of T2 after 90 days of storage were 0.10%, 0.71 meq/kg and 14.85 as compared to the control 0.16%, 1.24 meq/kg and 28.85, respectively. Peroxide value of the control and T2 in Schaal oven test after 5 days in oven was 8.19 and 2.99 meq/kg, respectively. Induction period and overall acceptability score of the control and T2 were 6.35 h, 8.91 h and 7.6, 7.2, respectively. The results of this study suggest that LEMO at 600 ppm may be used for reasonable storage stability of butter at refrigeration temperate with acceptable sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of multiple functions of the coriander plant, including its nutritional and nutraceutical benefits, with special reference to linalool. Design/methodology/approach – The authors undertake a literature review of the coriander plant's history, chemical composition of coriander parts and its oil, and their nutraceutical potential. Various phytopharmacological appraisals have been discussed at length to investigate their important potential. Findings – Coriander is an annual, herbaceous plant which originated from the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions and known as medicinal plants. Coriander contains an essential oil (0.03-2.6%). The different parts of this plant contain monoterpenes, limpnene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, citronellol, borneol, camphor, coriandrin, geraniol, dihydrocoriandrin, coriandronsA-E, flavonoids and essential oils. It is used as a stomachic, spasmolytic and carminative which have a greater bioactive property. Various parts of this plant, such as seeds, leaves, flower and fruit, possess antioxidant activity, diuretic, anti-convulsant anti-diabetic activity, sedative hypnotic activity, anti-mutagenic, anti-microbial activity, anthelmintic activity. The physical properties, chemical composition and bioactivity affect the coriander's commercial value. Research limitations/implications – Currently available information on coriander seeds and leaves is insufficient. These observations have led to continuing research aimed at identifying specific bioactive components in foods, such as antioxidants, which may be responsible for improving and maintaining health. Antioxidants are present in foods as vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Coriander is also rich in such compounds. Research supports that some of these foods, as part of an overall healthful diet, have the potential to delay the onset of many age-related diseases, so there is urgent need to explore the role of these compounds. Originality/value – This review is unique in its comprehensive nature and reflects the importance of coriander as a medicinal food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was the characterization of coriander essential oil. The major volatile compounds in coriander seed essential oil were linalool, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, camphor, decanal geranyl acetate, limonene, geraniol, camphene, and D-limonene, while the major volatile compounds identified in coriander leaves essential oil were (E)-2-decenal, linalool, (E)-2-dodecenal, (E)-2-tetradecenal, 2-decen-1-ol, (E)-2-undecenal, dodecanal, (E)-2-tridecenal, (E)-2-hexadecenal, pentadecenal, and α-pinene. The essential oil from coriander seeds showed significant radical scavenging activity (66.48 ± 0.80%) at a concentration of 500 μg in comparison with essential oil of coriander leaves (56.73 ± 1.82%). Methanol extracts of both seed and leaves showed the significant radical scavenging activity (64.40 ± 0.81%) and (72.19 ± 0.64%) at 500 μg/mL, respectively, in comparison with the n-hexane extracts, which were (52.67 ± 2.05%) and (60.80 ± 1.01%), respectively, at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Reducing power results showed that at a concentration from 100–500 μg, coriander seed essential oil gave the absorbance (0.734 ± 1.146), while coriander leaves essential oil gave the absorbance (0.815 ± 1.274). While in non-volatile extracts, the maximum value reached 0.796 ± 0.01 for methanol extract of coriander leaves and for seeds is 0.593 ± 0.04, while the maximum value for n-hexane extract of coriander seeds was 0.624 ± 0.01 and leaves was 0.734 ± 0.04 at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Our study suggested that coriander seeds and leaves may be used as a potential source of food flavoring and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose |!|#8211; The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of multiple functions of sunflower seeds including their nutritional and nutraceutical benefits. Design/methodology/approach |!|#8211; The literature review is of the chemical composition of sunflower seeds, their health benefits and their utilization in different products. Findings |!|#8211; |!|#34;We are what we eat.|!|#34; All living creatures need to take in nutrients to live. Nutrients provide energy for processes in the body and can promote growth, maintenance and repair. The classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Sunflower seeds are a good source of all these nutrients. Plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, oil crops and whole grains contain many components that are beneficial to human health. Research supports that some of these foods, as part of an overall healthful diet, have the potential to delay the onset of many age-related diseases. Research limitations/implications |!|#8211; Currently available information on sunflower seeds is insufficient. These observations have led to continuing research aimed at identifying specific bioactive components in foods, such as antioxidants, which may be responsible for improving and maintaining health. Antioxidants are present in foods as vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Originality/value |!|#8211; This review is unique in its comprehensive nature. This article will reflect the role of sunflower seeds as nutritional and nutraceutical package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop an in-vitro digestion protocol to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the peptides found in processed cheddar cheese using digestion enzymes. We first studied antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and antioxidant activities of processed cheddar cheese with the addition of spices e.g., cumin, clove, and black pepper made from buffalo milk and ripened for 9 months. Then we conducted an in vitro digestion of processed cheddar cheese by gastric and duodenal enzymes. Freeze-dried water (WSE) and ethanol-soluble fractions (ESE) of processed cheddar cheese were also monitored for their ACE inhibition activity and antioxidant activities. In our preliminary experiments, different levels of spices (cumin, clove, and black pepper) were tested into a cheese matrix and only one level 0.2 g/100 g (0.2%) based on cheese weight was considered good after sensory evaluation. Findings of the present study revealed that ACE-inhibitory potential was the highest in processed cheese made from buffalo milk with the addition of 0.2% cumin, clove, and black pepper. A significant increase in ACE-inhibition (%) of processed cheddar cheese, as well as its WSE and ESE, was obtained. Lower IC50 values were found after duodenal phase digestion compared to oral phase digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prior milk processing affects proteolysis during cheese ripening. • Sonication, microwaves and HPP of milk increased bioactive compounds in cheese. • Antihypertensive properties of cheese can be improved by milk pre-processing. Dairy processing provides acceptable safety and shelf-life to final products, and improves their bioactivity. The present study evaluated the potential of different milk processing techniques to improve the antioxidant and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity of Cheddar cheese, during ripening. Cheese was made from milk subjected to different pre-treatments (C = untreated control, US-1 = ultrasonication, specific energy = 23 J/g, 20 kHz frequency; US-2 = Ultrasonication specific energy = 41 J/g, 20 kHz; HPP = high-pressure processing, 400 MPa for 15 min, at temperature < 40 °C; MW = microwave, temperature<40 °C, specific energy = 86.5 J/g) and analysed after ripening for 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. The results showed that the rate of proteolysis during both cheese making and subsequent ripening was significantly affected by the pre-treatment. Antioxidant activity and ACE-inhibitory potential of cheeses made from pre-treated milk significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the following order: US-2 > HPP > US-1 > MW > C. These findings demonstrate the possibility of using ultrasound, microwaves or high-pressure processing as pre-treatments to improve the nutritional attributes of cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants play an important role in animal and plant life owing to their involvement in complex metabolic and signaling mechanisms, hence uncovering the genetic basis associated with antioxidant activity is very important for the development of improved varieties. Here, a total of 182 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) landraces and six commercial cultivars collected from 19 provinces of Turkey were evaluated for seed antioxidant activity under four environments and two locations. Antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS radical scavenging capacity and mean antioxidant activity in common bean landraces was 20.03 µmol TE/g. Analysis of variance reflected that genotype by environment interaction was statistically non-significant and heritability analysis showed higher heritability of antioxidant activity. Variations in seed color were observed, and a higher antioxidant activity was present in seeds having colored seed as compared to those having white seeds. A negative correlation was found between white-colored seeds and antioxidant activity. A total of 7900 DArTseq markers were used to explore the population structure that grouped the studied germplasm into two sub-populations on the basis of their geographical origins and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity contents. Mean linkage disequilibrium (LD) was 54%, and mean LD decay was 1.15 Mb. Mixed linear model i.e., the Q + K model demonstrated that four DArTseq markers had significant association (p < 0.01) for antioxidant activity. Three of these markers were present on chromosome Pv07, while the fourth marker was located on chromosome Pv03. Among the identified markers, DArT-3369938 marker showed maximum (14.61%) variation. A total of four putative candidate genes were predicted from sequences reflecting homology to identified DArTseq markers. This is a pioneering study involving the identification of association for antioxidant activity in common bean seeds. We envisage that this study will be very helpful for global common bean breeding community in order to develop cultivars with higher antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants are important bio-regulators and suppressors of oxidation and are useful in enhancing the shelf life of consumer products. Formulated natural herbal soaps contain ingredients with antioxidant activities, but it is unknown how this influences shelf life. Herein, we evaluated whether natural additives or wild berry extracts were effective in improving the quality of natural herbal soaps. Three natural soaps, base bar (BB), forest grove (FG), and hibiscus rosehip (HR), were formulated using several wild berry extracts or natural additives and evaluated against similar commercial brands. The total phenolic content (TPC) of BB and FG infused with partridgeberry and HR with rosemary was 35.22, 44.72, and 33.26 µmole quercetin equivalent/g soap, while the total antioxidant activity (TAA) was 125.20, 119.23, and 126.94 µmole Trolox equivalent/g soap, respectively. Conversely, the commercial brand (BSG) with the highest TPC (56.24 µmole) contained lower TAA (59.68 µmole). As expected, the TPC and TAA of natural soaps were strongly correlated, and the majority (55–82%) of the polyunsaturated di/triacylglycerols remained unsaponified. Some extracts were inhibitory, while others promoted microbial growth. The results indicate that natural antioxidants from some Newfoundland wild berries have applications in improving the shelf life of natural herbal soaps, but care must be taken with the choice of berry used in the final soap formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Buffalo milk is the second largest source of milk on the globe, it is highly suitable for the preparation of mozzarella cheese, however, it is not suitable for the preparation of cheddar cheese due to high buffering capacity, low acid development, excessive syneresis, lower lipolysis that lead to lower sensory score. Accelerated ripening can enhance lipolysis and improve sensory characteristics of cheddar cheese. Lipolysis and antioxidant capacity of buffalo cheddar cheese in conventional ripening is not previously studied. Optimization of ripening conditions can lead to better utilization of buffalo milk in cheese industry. Methods: Effect of accelerated ripening on lipolysis and antioxidant properties of cow and buffalo cheddar cheese were investigated. Cheddar cheese prepared from standardized (3.5% fat) cow and buffalo milk was subjected to conventional and accelerated ripening (4 °C and 12 °C) for a period of 120 days. Fatty acid profile, organic acids, free fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidant activity and sensory characteristics were studied at 0, 40, 80 and 120 days of ripening. Results: Fatty acid profile of cow and buffalo cheddar in conventional (120 days old) and accelerated ripening were different from each other (p < 0.05). Free fatty acids in 120 days old buffalo and control cheddar, in accelerated ripening were 0.55% and 0.62%. After accelerated ripening, cholesterol in buffalo and control cheddars were 16 and 72 mg/100 g. After accelerated ripening, concentrations of formic, pyruvic, lactic, acetic and citric acids in buffalo cheddar cheese were, 922, 136, 19,200, 468 and 2845 ppm. At the end of accelerated ripening (120 days), concentrations of formic, pyruvic, lactic, acetic and citric acids in cow cheddar cheese were 578, 95, 9600, 347 and 1015 ppm. Total antioxidant capacity of control cow and buffalo cheddar in accelerated ripening was 77.26 and 88.30%. Colour, flavour and texture score of rapid ripened 80 and 120 days old buffalo cheddar was not different from cow cheddar. Conclusions: Results of this investigations showed that flavour profile buffalo cheddar subjected to accelerate ripening was similar to cow cheddar cheese. Accelerated ripening can be used for better utilization of buffalo milk in cheddar cheese industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant meats contain functional lipids including fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), diglycerides (DG), monoacetyldiglycerides (MAcDG) and medium chain triglycerides (McTG) whose consumption in the normal diet can confer benefits for consumer health. However, very little is known concerning how meat processing techniques such as marination and grilling affect the quantity and quality of these functional lipids in ruminant meats. We used ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLCHRAM-MS/MS) to show how grilling following marination with either India or Wheat ale unfiltered beer-based marinades affected the quantity and quality of these functional lipids in ruminant meats. We observed MAcDG was completely degraded in grilled meats. Both unfiltered beer-based marinades retained higher (p < 0.05) levels of FAHFA, DG and McTG in grilled meats compared to their unmarinated counterparts. Furthermore, India ale-based marinade was more effective (p < 0.05) compared to Wheat ale-based marinade in preserving these lipids in marinated grilled beef and moose meat. Significantly, strong correlations between antioxidants, polyphenols and oxygenated terpenes present in the marinades and preserved lipid molecular species appear to suggest that antioxidants, polyphenols, and oxygenated terpenes present in the marinades could be associated with preservation of these functional lipids in the grilled meats. These findings appear to suggest that marination could preserve some of these functional lipids with India ale-based marination proving to be more effective. However, further work is required to better improve the retention of MAcDG in grilled ruminant meats. This could potentially increase consumption of FAHFA, DG, MAcDG and McTG in the diet and thereby promote consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant meats contain ester and ether-linked phosphatidylcholines-(PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines-(PE) enriched with ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids-(PUFA) essential for human health and nutrition. Oxidative degradation of these lipids during grilling compromises meat quality and safety. The effect of marinades containing unfiltered session ales, herbs and spices on these lipids in grilled beef and moose meat was investigated in current study. Marination preserved (P < 0.05) ester and ether linked PUFA-enriched PC and PE in moose, and PUFA-enriched ether PC and diacyl PE in beef against oxidative degradation. Furthermore, India ale-based marinated meats retained higher (P < 0.05) PUFA-enriched lysophosphatidylcholines-(LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines-(LPE) compared to Wheat ale-based marinated meats. The preserved PUFA-enriched lipids were positively correlated with phenolics, oxygenated terpenes, and antioxidants present in the marinades, and negatively correlated to oxidation status. These findings appear to suggest that unfiltered beer-based marination could be a useful precooking technique to increase dietary access and consumption of essential fatty acids while preserving grilled meat nutritional quality and safety. • Marination preserved PUFA ether and ester PC and PE lipids in grilled moose meats. • Marination retained PUFA ePC, ePE, dPE, LPC, and LPE lipids in grilled beef. • PUFA PC and PE contained ω3 and ω6 fatty acids essential for health and nutrition. • Preserved PUFA lipids strongly associated with antioxidants, polyphenols, terpenes. • Marination suppressed oxidation of PUFA ether and ester PC and PE in grilled meats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmalogens are important phospholipids essential for maintaining cardiovascular and brain health. Ruminant meats are excellent dietary sources of plasmalogens. Globally, grilling remains a popular technique for preparing meats. However, little is known concerning how marination affects retention and quality of plasmalogens in grilled ruminant meats. Here we present information on effects of two unfiltered beer-based marinades infused with herbs and spices on plasmalogens in grilled beef and moose meats. Although total plasmalogen contents of marinated grilled meats were lower compared to unmarinated controls; compositionally, wheat ale- and India session ale-based marinades retained higher levels of PUFA plasmalogen PC (phosphatidylcholine) and PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) species enriched with ω3 and ω6 fatty acids in grilled moose meats. In grilled beef, significantly higher levels of plasmalogen PC species enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA were retained by Wheat ale-based marinade. Furthermore, strong positive correlations were observed between antioxidants, polyphenols, oxygenated terpenes and plasmalogens retained in the marinated grilled meats which contrasted negative correlations with total oxidation status of the marinated grilled meats. These findings appear to suggest that the phenolics, oxygenated terpenes and antioxidants present in the beer-based marinades preserved these plasmalogens in marinated meats against degradation during grilling. In view of the benefits associated with plasmalogens and essential fatty acid consumption, marination of beef and moose meats with unfiltered beer-based marinades could be useful for retaining MUFA and PUFA-enriched plasmalogens, as well as preserving the nutritional quality of grilled beef and moose meats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants and play a very vital role in inhibition of oxidative stress as induced by free radicals in the body. Apple and pomegranate peels are significant agro-industrial wastes. The waste could be utilized to extract polyphenols for processing various functional foods and nutraceuticals. An investigation was executed for extraction of polyphenols from apple and pomegranate peels by sonication and maceration. Three different polar solvents: methanol, ethanol, and acetone were used in the study at two different concentrations (50% and 75%). Yield (%), total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed. The extracts were then utilized in processing functional date bars with 2% and 3% concentrations. The results from the current study articulated that extraction from sonication yields higher quantity of polyphenols than that of maceration technique. The highest polyphenols were extracted at acetone 75% (44.71 mg GAE/g) in apple peel and at methanol 50% (72.21 mg GAE/g) in pomegranate peel. The results also revealed that pomegranate peel has higher polyphenols and greater radical scavenging activity as compared to apple peel. It was concluded that apple and pomegranate peel polyphenolic extract fortified date bars could be utilized as a preventive therapeutic agent against certain oxidative stress degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current rate of population growth is so fast that, to feed this massive population, a 2-fold increase in land is required for the production of quality food. Improved dietary products such as milk and its products with antioxidant properties and functional foods of animal origin have been utilized to prevent chronic diseases. The designer milk contains low fat and less lactose, more protein, modified level of fatty acids, and desired amino acid profiles. The importance of milk and its products is due to the presence of protein, bioactive peptides, conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acid, Vitamin D, selenium, and calcium. These constituents are present in milk product, play a key role in the physiological activities in human bodies, and act as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, immune boosting, and antimicrobial activities. Consumer awareness regarding benefits of designer foods such as milk and its products is almost non-existent worldwide and needs to be established to reach the benefits of designer food technologies in the near future. The main objective of this review was to collect data on the antioxidant properties of milk and its constituents which keep milk-derived products safe and preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work was aimed to synthesize biologically active Schiff base compound, 2-{(E)-[(3-{[(Z)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}phenol (L) by condensation reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole. In order to evaluate the effect of metal ions on the biological properties, ligand (L) was then coordinated to the metal ions such as Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II). Characterization of ligand and its metal complexes was done by physical, spectral and analytical data. The synthesized compounds were screened for antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and antibacterial/antifungal activities. The screening results indicated the ligand to possess bioactivity which significantly enhanced upon chelation/coordination with the metal ions. Computational studies were also carried out on the ligand to check orbital involvement and bonding interactions. The optimized frequency, intensity and geometry of the vibrational bands of ligand (L) were obtained through density functional theory (DFT) using 6–311++G (d.p) basis sets. Molecular stability and bond strength were also studied by carrying out the natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies confirmed the charge transfer in the molecule of ligand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grilled meat consumption is associated with exposure to carcinogenic compounds and increased risk factors for cancers. We investigated the efficacy of novel formulations of unfiltered India session ale and Wheat ale based-marinades enhanced with antioxidant-rich herbs and spices to suppress formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) while protecting anticarcinogenic conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) from lipid oxidation in grilled ruminant meats. Both formulations significantly enhanced the polyphenolic content of grilled beef by 54–71% and moose meat by 178–314% compared to their unmarinated controls. The antioxidant activities increased by 57–96% and 58–139% with concomitant suppression of total conjugated linoleic acid oxidation by 30–37% and 432% in grilled beef and moose meats respectively compared to their unmarinated counterparts. Furthermore, 88–97% of HCA suppression and 61–71% of CLAs retention came from phenolics in the marinades. This system could be useful for reducing the risk factors associated with red meat consumption while promoting health. • Novel beer marinates retained high levels of meat anti-carcinogenic linoleic acids. • Marination significantly suppressed formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. • The novel beer marinades enhanced the antioxidant and phenolic content of meats. • Marination with beer marinades suppressed lipid oxidation in grilled meats. • Session beers are novel sources of dietary phenols and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]