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In this study, the therapeutic potential and phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of Cephalaria elazigensis var . purpurea (CE), an endemic species, were investigated. For this purpose, the antiproliferative effect of CE on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and its effectiveness on colony formation and cell migration was analyzed with clonogenic assay and wound healing assay, respectively. In addition, the cell death detection ELISA (CDDE) assay was conducted to determine the pro-apoptotic capacity of CE. The IC 50 value of the CE was determined as 324.2 ± 14.7 µg/mL. Furthermore, upon 1000 µg/mL CE treatment, there was 4.96-fold increase in the population of cells undergoing apoptosis compared to the untreated control cells. The antioxidant activity tests were performed by DPPH free radical, ABTS cation radical, ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) and ferrous-ion chelating power (FCAP) assays. Antioxidant activity values for the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were found to be 125.6 ± 6.3, 34.09 ± 0.1 and 123.4 ± 4.2 µmol TE/mg DE, respectively. We further determined the effect of CE ethanolic extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. CE plays an effective inhibitory role in AChE and BuChE (AChE: IC 50 : 10.54 µg/mL, BuChE: IC 50 : 6.84 µg/mL) respectively. Further, molecular docking stuy was conducted to understand the nature of the all compound against AChE an BChE. It is revealed that α-Linolenic acid shows lowest binding energy (-7.90 kcal/mol) towards AChE, on the other side, Linoleic acid shows good binding affinity (-7.40 kcal/mol) for BChE.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Gallocatechin gallate is a form of catechin and an ester of gallocatechin and gallic acid. This is an epimer of the gallate epigallocatechin. In this study, the effect of this molecule, containing a biologically active group, was investigated in terms of important metabolic enzymes (carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II (hCA I and II), achethylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glycosidase (α-Gly) enzymes). The molecular docking method used to compare the biological activities of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule against enzymes was used. Afterwards, the ADME/T analysis was performed to investigate the drug availability of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule and the parameters obtained from ADME/T analysis were examined. Continuation of this study, for evaluating antioxidant and radical scavenging capacity Catechin 5-O-gallate, cupric ion (Cu 2+ ) reduction capacity by CUPRAC method, Fe 3+ -Fe 2+ reducing capacity, DPPH free radical clarifying (DPPH·), ABTS radical clarifying (ABTS •+ ) were performed separately and during the study, trolox, α-tocopherol BHT and BHA were used as the reference antioxidant compound. Comparisons were applied with the four standard substances. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

This study attempts to evaluate the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and anticancer properties as well as fatty acid compositions of endemic Saponaria prostrata WILLD. subsp. anatolica HEDGE. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the fatty acid content of methanol: dichloromethane extract from S. prostrata subsp. anatolica (SPA). Enzymatic activity was measured against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) were conducted to antioxidant properties. The anticancer effect of SPA on human MCF-7 breast cancer and human HCT116 colorectal cancer cell line was evaluated by WST-1 cell viability assay, colony formation assay and wound healing assay. In addition, human VEGF Elisa method was used to determine the anti-angiogenic effect, and the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method on p53, Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA levels were used to evaluate apoptosis. While high amounts of palmitic acid (40.8%), linoleic acid (17.75%) and α-linolenic acid (16.84%) were detected in the SPA, the total amount of unsaturated fatty acid (51.34%) was higher than the total amount of saturated fatty acid (48.66%). SPA displayed the most promising acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and α-glycosidase (AG) inhibitory activities (AChE: IC 50 : 18.03 µg/mL, BuChE: IC 50 : 44.24 µg/mL and AG: IC 50 : 210.85 µg/mL). The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of SPA in MCF-7 and HCT116 cells was determined as 259.79 µg/mL and 97.24 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, it was determined that SPA suppresses colony formation and wound closure, and suppresses angiogenesis as well as triggering apoptosis at a significant level. It is true that endemic S. prostrata subsp. anatolica is a potential source of functional food ingredients, but more analytical and in vivo experiments are needed to explore further secondary metabolite diversity and pharmacological properties., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Formalin bath treatments are widely used to control of parasitic infections in aquaculture. However, effects of formaldehyde on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system were not still need elucidation. Fish were exposed to formalin at doses of 50, 100 and 200 ppm for 1 h. Fish were then left to depurate for 24 h in formalin-free water. At the end of the test, whole bodies were isolated and homogenized to measured malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione  (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx ) activities. Results obtained showed that formalin significantly (p < 0.05) increased the MDA level. There was statistically significant decrease in the CAT activity of the experimental groups when compared to the control group. After recovery period, the CAT activity was still found to be lower than the control level. The GPx  activity and GSH level decreased by formalin exposures and did not return to the control values during recovery periods. From the findings of our study, it can be interpreted that acute formalin inhalation may cause oxidative stress and thus, some secondary toxic effects in whole body.

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to different concentrations of copper sulphate (CuSO4). Fish were exposed to 0 (Group I-control), 5 (Group II), 15 (Group III) and 30 µg/L (Group IV) concentrations of CuSO4 for 14 days. Liver and gills samples were collected at the end of the experiment, and analysed for their oxidant-antioxidant status, including the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities as well as the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration. Results obtained showed that the levels of MDA increased in tissues of fish. Compared to control, GSH level and GSH-Px and CAT activities were significantly reduced in the fish that were exposed to different concentrations of CuSO4. The result demonstrated that CuSO4 has an oxidative-stress-inducing potential in fish.

Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) is commonly used as a general biocide in the agricultural fields surrounding freshwater reservoirs. So the aim of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of CuSO4.5H2O by examining oxidative damage markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) for lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymatic defense system components (glutathione reductase (GR), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT)) in freshwater fish Capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843) liver, kidney and gill. In this purpose, the 96 h LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of CuSO4.5H2O for C. umbla was estimated as a 1.478 mg/L. Three different CuSO4.5H2O sublethal doses (0.185, 0.370 and 0.739 mg/L) were administered to C. umbla at different time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Liver, kidney and gills samples were collected at the end of the experiment, and analysed for their oxidant-antioxidant status, including MDA level, GR, G6PD, SOD, CAT and GPx activities. Results obtained showed that CuSO4.5H2O, significantly decreased (P<0.05) the GR, G6PD and GPx activities, but increased (P<0.05) the CAT, SOD activities and MDA levels of C. umbla liver, kidney and gill tissue in a dose-dependent manner. However, CuSO4.5H2O exposure did not cause to changes significantly (P<0.05) in enzyme activities and MDA levels of C. umbla liver, kidney and gill tissue in a time-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]