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For biomedical applications, material scientists all over the world are working to develop cost-effective technologies and thereby synthesize new nanocomposite materials that are biocompatible, bioactive, scalable and naturally abundant. This study focuses on synthesizing and evaluating nanocomposites of zinc oxide (ZnO) and chitosan (CS) derived from crab shells, in three different weight proportions (1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2). ZnO/CS nanocomposites were synthesized using a soft-chemical method. Characterization of the nanocomposites was done using XRD, FESEM, EDAX, FTIR, and PL techniques. Among the three formulations, the ZnO/CS nanocomposite with a 1:2 ratio (ZnO/CS) 1:2 exhibited the most significant antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial properties. The (ZnO/CS) 1:2 demonstrated 89.46 and 90.85 % of inhibition in DPPH and superoxide free radical scavenging assays, respectively, and showed 91.86 % inhibition against the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. It also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the (ZnO/CS) 1:2 nanocomposite was assessed against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, showing an IC 50 value of 11.58 ± 0.05 μg/mL at 30 μg/mL. The (ZnO/CS) 1:2 nanocomposite shows potential as a candidate for biomedical applications, particularly in antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Green-synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs), along with their composites, exhibit various biological activities. Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil), traditionally used as medicine in South Asia, treats respiratory disorders, digestive issues, skin diseases and inflammatory conditions. Modern scientific studies support these bioactivities; however, no studies have investigated their bioactivity in combination with NPs. In this study, silver and copper NPs were synthesized using AgNO 3 and CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O solutions, respectively, with Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, and their antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties were examined. Spectroscopic analyses, including Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), elucidated the physicochemical characteristics of the green-synthesized nanoparticles ( Os -AgNPs and Os -CuNPs), revealing sizes of 11.7 and 13.1 nm, respectively. The Os -AgNPs: Os -CuNPs nano-composite with a 1:2 ratio exhibited a zone of inhibition ranging from 8 to 12 mm against tested bacterial pathogens. Additionally, the NPs and their composites demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with notable 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity observed in composites with ratios of 2:1 and 1:2. Furthermore, they displayed potential anticancer activity against human leukaemia (Jurkat) cancer cells. Although no distinct difference in anticancer property was observed among the NPs and their composites, our study highlights their well-defined nanostructure and significant biological activity, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents in the pharmaceutical industry.

Mushrooms have garnered significant attention for their nutritional composition and potential health benefits, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering properties. This review explores the nutritional composition of edible mushrooms, including their high protein content, essential amino acids, low fat, cholesterol levels, and bioactive compounds with medicinal value. Moreover, the study analyzes the microbiology of mushroom fermentation, focusing on the diverse microbial ecosystem involved in the transformation of raw mushrooms and the preservation methods employed to extend their shelf life. Special emphasis is placed on lactic acid fermentation as a cost-effective and efficient preservation technique. It involves controlling the growth of lactic acid bacteria to enhance the microbial stability and nutritional quality of mushrooms. Furthermore, the bioactivities of fermented mushrooms are elucidated, which are antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-glycemic, immune modulatory, and other biological activities. The mechanisms underlying these bioactivities are explored, emphasizing the role of fermented mushrooms in suppressing free radicals, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and modulating immune responses. Overall, this review provides comprehensive insights into the nutritional composition, microbiology, bioactivities, and underlying mechanisms of fermented mushrooms, highlighting their potential as functional foods with significant health-promoting properties., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.)

The focus of this paper is laid on synthesizing layered compounds of CuMoO 4 and Ti 3 C 2 Tx using a simple wet chemical etching method and sonochemical method to enable rapid detection of rutin using an electrochemical sensor. Following structural examinations using XRD, surface morphology analysis using SEM, and chemical composition state analysis using XPS, the obtained CuMoO 4 /Ti 3 C 2 Tx nanocomposite electrocatalyst was confirmed and characterized. By employing cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, the electrochemical properties of rutin on a CuMoO 4 /Ti 3 C 2 Tx modified electrode were examined, including its stability and response to variations in pH, loading, sweep rate, and interference. The CuMoO 4 /Ti 3 C 2 Tx modified electrode demonstrates rapid rutin sensing under optimal conditions and offers a linear range of 1 µΜ to 15 µΜ, thereby improving the minimal detection limit (LOD) to 42.9 nM. According to electrochemical analysis, the CuMoO 4 /Ti 3 C 2 Tx electrode also demonstrated cyclic stability and long-lasting anti-interference capabilities. The CuMoO 4 /Ti 3 C 2 Tx nanocomposite demonstrated acceptable recoveries when used to sense RT in apple and grape samples. In comparison to other interfering sample analytes encountered in the current study, the developed sensor demonstrated high selectivity and anti-interference performance. As a result, our research to design of high-performance electrochemical sensors in the biomedical and therapeutic fields., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Aloe barbadensis Miller (ABM) is a traditional medicinal plant all over the world. Numerous studies were conducted to exhibit its medicinal properties and most of them were concentrated on its metabolites against human pathogens. The current research work evaluates the attributes of different polar-based extracts (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, hexane, and petroleum ether) of dried Aloe barbadensis leaf (ABL) to investigate its phytochemical constituents, antioxidant potential (DPPH, ABTS), phenolic, tannin, flavonoid contents, identification of bioactive compounds, and functional groups by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively, and comparing antibacterial efficacy against human pathogens, aquatic bacterial pathogens, and zoonotic bacteria associated with fish and human. The present results showed that the methanolic extract of ABL showed higher antioxidant activity (DPPH-59.73 ± 2.01%; ABTS-74.1 ± 1.29%), total phenolic (10.660 ± 1.242 mg GAE/g), tannin (7.158 ± 0.668 mg TAE/g), and flavonoid content (49.545 ± 1.928 µg QE/g) than that of other solvent extracts. Non-polar solvents hexane and petroleum ether exhibited lesser activity among the extracts. In the case of antibacterial activity, higher inhibition zone was recorded in methanol extract of ABL (25.00 ± 0.70 mm) against Aeromonas salmonicida. Variations in antibacterial activity were observed depending on solvents and extracts. In the current study, polar solvents revealed higher antibacterial activity when compared to the non-polar and the mid-polar solvents. Diverse crucial bioactive compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis. The vital compounds were hexadecanoic acid (30.69%) and 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl (23.77%) which are responsible for higher antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Similar functional groups were identified in all the solvent extracts of ABL with slight variations in the FT-IR analysis. Polar-based solvent extraction influenced the elution of phytocompounds more than that of the other solvents used in this study. The obtained results suggested that the ABM could be an excellent source for antioxidant and antibacterial activities and can also serve as a potential source of effective bioactive compounds to combat human as well as aquatic pathogens., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a popular grain that is consumed by almost half of the world's population. Rice has several distinct breeds classified as traditional and ancient grains. The consumption of rice by 60% of the world's population is a staple food. Entire grain rice, often known as brown rice, is the unpolished counterpart of white rice, containing bran, germ, and endosperm. Eating whole-grain rice is linked to many health benefits; thus, scientists have focused on identifying and quantifying bioactive chemicals in this meal. The present study assessed the physio-chemical, cooking attributes, mineral contents, phytochemicals, and free radical scavenging capabilities of conventional rice cultivars using known approaches according to particle size analysis. Rice grain lengths varied between 4.10 ± 16 and 6.20 ± 007. The length and thickness ratios of rice were not substantially different (p > 0.05). Kattuyanam has the maximum protein content (9.99 ± 06%) of all the rice varieties that were physio-chemical investigated. It also has highest phenolic content and antioxidant properties compared to gallic acid equivalent (334.900 ± 61 g) (GAE)/100 g, followed by anthocyanins and flavonoids. Total phenolic content and phenolic fractions of the HPLC profile in tested landraces indicate the presence of bioactive substances derived from traditional rice cultivars and a range of phytonutrients, including phenol, revealing their healthy potentials in the present study., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In proso millet, in certain circumstances, drought stress greatly influences growth and metabolisms. Thus, the present study was aimed to examine morphological, biochemical and ROS mechanisms between plant and drought stress in Panicum miliaceum L. To create the drought condition, water irrigation was done at different time intervals including 4, 7, 10, 13 days and control. All the experiments were carried out at different maturity stages such as 30, 50, and 70 days (after sowing). The results demonstrated that the root length, proline, glycine betaine, amino acid and superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities were boosted in all treatments as compared with control. As the proso millet matured, the length of shoots and the amount of chlorophyll pigment in the leaves reduced in all treatments as compared to control. Induced reduction of shoot growth, chlorophyll estimation and increases of root growth, osmolyte accumulations, antioxidant enzymes, were found to be drought-tolerant adaptative mechanisms in this study., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory effects of Psydrax dicoccos leaf (PDL). Hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) was recorded with high concentration of total phenolics (59.68 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (57.85 ± 0.5 mgQRE/g) and proanthocyanidin (24.98 ± 0.17 mgAAE/g). Ethyl acetate (31.76 ± 1.52 mgQE/g), methanolic (34.99 ± 0.16 mgAAE/g) and aqueous (75.00 ± 0.30 mgGAE/g) extracts showed a high amount of total flavanols, vitamin E and total tannins, respectively. GC-MS analysis facilitated the identification of 56 metabolites with squalene and cinnamic acid as prominent compounds. HAE showed moderate α-amylase (IC 50 of 48.94 ± 0.5 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC 50 of 46.98 ± 0.5 µg/mL) inhibitory activities. HAE is also perceived as a potent radical scavenger, reducing agent, metal chelating power, and total antioxidant capacity. For antibacterial activity, the aqueous extract was most effective with the MIC ranged from 87.5 to 175 µg/mL. Further characterization and in vivo studies are suggested to validate its traditional claim as a potential source of therapeutic agents.

Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J. St.- Hil. ex H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi (Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant used to treat various ailments. In this study, we report the antiurolithiatic, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential of chloroform fraction (CF) from P. gangeticus roots. For the chemical profiling, HPTLC, FT-IR, and GC-MS techniques of the CF were carried out, and phytochemical investigation was revealed that stigmasterol (45.06%) is one of the major components present in the fraction. The nucleation and aggregation assays were used to evaluate the in vitro antiurolithiatic activity at various concentration (2-10 mg/mL) of the CF. The results showed that the chloroform fraction had dose-dependent effects on Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) crystal formation. In both the assays, the maximum concentration of 10 mg/mL has shown better results. This concentration resulted significant increase in CaOx crystal nucleation along with the reduction of crystal size and the inhibition of crystal aggregation. Further, the CF showed stronger antioxidant (DPPH, NO, SOD, TRC) potential with an IC 50 values of 415.9327, 391.729, 275.971, and 419.14 µg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial evaluation displayed effective results in the Agar well diffusion assay against selective urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus). A maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) 12.33 ± 1.05 mm for K pneumonia and minimum ZOI of 8.46 ± 0.27 mm for S. aureus were obtained. Further, the ADME-PK property of the stigmasterol was investigated, and it was found to pass the Lipinski and Ghose rules, supporting the drug-likeliness. This is the first record of the antiurolithiatic potential of P. gangeticus along with antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These findings give an insight into the effective drug development and treatment for kidney stones in future., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The present study evaluated the effect of chitosan thiamine nanoparticles (TCNP) on the activation of defence responses in chickpea against stress caused by wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC), under greenhouse condition. A significant increase in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants was observed in the TCNP treated chickpea plants challenged with FOC compared to the untreated control. Histochemical staining showed high deposition of lignin in the vascular bundles of chickpea stem tissues in TCNP treated plants challenged with FOC. More than 90% protection against wilt pathogen was observed in TCNP treated chickpea plants challenged with FOC, under greenhouse condition. Higher accumulation of antioxidants and phenylpropanoids in TCNP treated challenged chickpea plants well correlates with resistance against wilt pathogen. These results suggest that the elicitation of stress response in TCNP treated chickpea during FOC interaction play a vital role in suppressing the wilt disease in chickpea., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, which exhibits a plethora of biological properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. In the present study, lectin, with an antibacterial and antioxidant potential, was purified from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus flabellatus. The P. flabellatus Lectin (PFL-L) was purified by using a DEAE - cellulose anion exchange chromatography followed by gel-filtration chromatography. The PFL-L was characterized by CD, HPLC, and MALDI-TOF/MS. The purity of PFL-L increased to 62.40% with the recovery of hemagglutinating activity (HA) by 12.12%. On SDS - PAGE, the PFL-L gave a single band of 18 kDa. PFL-L, consisting of d-galactose, exhibits a strong hemagglutinating activity. It was stable at pH (6.0-7.5) and temperature (10-20 °C) in addition to having extensive hemagglutinating activity. PFL-L enhanced the HA with the use of different metal ions namely Mg 2+ , Ca 2+, and Fe 2+ . The study of bacterial growth inhibition led to the inference that the PFL-L was more potent against gram-negative bacteria. PFL-L showed the highest radical scavenging activity for the DPPH assay at 100 μg/mL (89.9 ± 2.53%). The highest antioxidant activities with IC 50 values (for DPPH assay) of 53.96 μg/mL were determined for PFL-L and the present study shows that lectin from P. flabellatus manifested distinctive character and potentially exploitable activities., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of gibberellic acids to enhance the growth, biomass, pigment, and exopolysaccharides production in Tetraselmis suecica under reciprocal nitrogen concentrations. For this study, the seven types of experimental media (N-P, NL-P/2GA3, N0-P/2GA3, NL-P/4GA3, N0-P/4GA3, NL-P/6GA3, and N0-P/6GA3) were prepared with the addition of gibberellic acids under various nitrogen concentrations. The experiment lasted for 15 days and the cell density, biomass, chlorophyll 'a', and exopolysaccharides (EPS) concentration of T. suecica were estimated for every 3 days. Then the EPS was subjected to the analyses of chemical (carbohydrate, protein, sulfate, and uronic acid), and antioxidant activity. In addition, nutrient removal efficiency was evaluated using different concentration of EPS. The highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (86.7 ± 0.95%) and hydroxyl radical activity (85.7 ± 2.48%) were observed at the EPS concentrations 2.5 and 1.2 mg/mL, respectively. The immobilized magnetic Fe 3 O 4 -EPS (ferric oxide-exopolysaccharides) nanoparticles (5.0 and 10.0 g/L) have efficiently removed the excessive phosphate (89.5 ± 1.65%) and nitrate (73.5 ± 1.72%) from the Litopenaeus vannamei cultured wastewater. Thus, the application of gibberellic acids combined with limited nitrogen concentration could produce higher EPS that could exhibit excellent antioxidant activity, and nutrient removal efficacy in the form of Fe 3 O 4 -EPS magnetic nanoparticles., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Cholinergic crisis and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of the brain have been known to induce anxiety disorders upon ageing. BOTOX® is a widely used therapeutic form of botulinum neurotoxin that acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction. BOTOX® can migrate from the muscle to the brain through retrograde axonal transport and modulate neuroplasticity. While a mild dose of BOTOX® has been used to manage various neurological deficits and psychiatric complications including depression, the efficacy and experimental evidence for its anxiolytic effects and antioxidant properties remain limited. In this study, we have investigated the effect of BOTOX® on the innate anxiety-like behaviours in ageing mice upon exposure to different behavioural paradigms like open field test, elevated plus maze and light-dark box test, and estimated the enzymatic activities of key antioxidants in the hippocampus. Results revealed that animals injected with a mild intramuscular dosage of BOTOX® showed reduced level of innate anxiety-related symptoms and increased activities of hippocampal antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group. This study strongly supports that BOTOX® could be implemented to prevent or treat anxiety and hippocampal oxidative stress resulting from ageing, emotional and mood disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Several research in the organisms of marine invertebrates to assess the medicinal ability of its bio-active molecules have yielded very positive results in recent times. Jellyfish secreted venoms are rich sources of toxins intended to catch prey or deter predators among invertebrate species, but they may also have harmful effects on humans. The nematocyst, a complex intracellular system that injects a venomous mixture into prey or predators that come into contact with the tentacles or other parts of the body of cnidarians, determines the venomous existence of cnidarians. Nematocyst venoms are mixtures of peptides, proteins and other components that in laboratory animals can induce cytotoxicity, blockade of ion channels, membrane pore formation, in vivo cardiovascular failure and lethal effects. There are also valuable pharmacological and biological aspects of jellyfish venoms. In the present review, overviews of the variety of possible toxin families in cnidarian venoms are addressed in this analysis and these potential toxins are surveyed with those from other cnidarians that offer insight into their potential functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer activity and much more. This research review will provide awareness of the growing repertoire of jellyfish venom proteins and will help to further isolate and classify particular proteins to understand its structure and functional relationship., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the extent of contribution of dopamine to antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities, by dopamine addition to vanillin. This study achieved the synthesis of dopamine-associated vanillin Mannich base derivatives prepared via a one-step reaction involving a green chemistry approach, and investigation of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities., Methods: Novel one-pot synthesis of Mannich base dopamine-connected vanillin ( 1a-l ) derivatives can be achieved via green chemistry without using a catalyst. Newly-prepared compounds were characterised with FTIR and NMR ( 1 H and 13 C) spectra, mass spectra, and elemental analyses. In total, 12 compounds ( 1a-l ) were synthesised and their antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities evaluated. Antioxidant activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and diammonium assays, ABTS •+ radical scavenging, and linoleic acid peroxidation were used to screen all synthesised compounds ( 1a-l ) for anti-tyrosinase activities and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Vero cell lines;., Results: The compound 1k inhibited (IC 50 :11.02µg/mL) the DPPH-scavenging activity to a greater extent than the standard BHT (IC 50 :25.17µg/mL), and showed high activity in H 2 O 2 and NO scavenging assays. Compound 1e was more potent (96.21%) against ABTS and compound 1k was more potent (95.28%) against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride antioxidant than the standard trolox. All synthesised compounds were screened for anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Compound 1e had higher activity against tyrosinase (IC 50 =10.63 µg/mL), than kojic acid (IC 50 =21.52µg/mL), and was more cytotoxic (GI 50 0.01µM) against MCF-7 cell line than the doxorubicin standard and other tested compounds., Conclusion: In this study, all compounds were found to possess significant antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Compounds 1e and 1k performed well, compared with other compounds, in all assays. In addition, this study successfully identified several promising molecules that exhibited antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2021 Mani et al.)

The present study aimed at chemical characterization of Canthium coromandelicum leaf extracts (CCLE) and their in vitro pharmacological (antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antibacterial) activities. Chemical characterization includes chemical profile of six extracts of CC by Gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and total phenolics and flavonoids by spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity was determined using eight assays. Enzymatic inhibitory property was evaluated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays and antibacterial activity was studied against 10 pathogenic bacteria by agar disc diffusion method. GC-MS analysis enabled the identification of 65 compounds with palmitic acid, n-pentacosane, cycloartenol, linoleic acid, squalene, γ-sitosterol, nonacosane and α-tocopherol as major constituents of CCLE. Highest amount of total phenolics (58.03 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (44.40 QE/g) was present in hydroalcoholic extract. Hydroalcoholic, methanolic and aqueous extracts showed significant free radical scavenging abilities and positive correlation was detected between antioxidant assays with recorded phenolics and flavonoids. Hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts exhibited significant α-amylase (IC 50 of 44.25 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC 50 of 30.82 μg/mL) respectively.Methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts at 750 μg/mL showed maximum antibacterial activity against S. typhi and S. flexneri respectively. Also, significant correlation was found between V. cholerae and R. equi as well as V. cholerae and S. epidermis. To conclude, C. coromandelicum could be considered as a natural antioxidant and potential source for therapeutic applications. However, widespread study is necessary to screen the role of recorded phytochemicals through in vivo studies to support its use in traditional medicine., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps) are one of the promising materials for the advancement of nanoscience and technology. In this work, we synthesized telmisartan copper nanoparticles and 2-pyrimidinamines via Biginelli reaction using telmisartan copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps) as a reusable catalyst. The synthesis of 2-pyrimidinamine derivatives (1a-c) was achieved in water and under solvent-free condition (Green chemistry approach). Synthesis of 2-pyrimidinamine with telmisartan copper nanoparticle (Cu-Nps-Pyr) unexpected product was also isolated from synthesis of 2-pyrimidinamine preparation. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were carried out both in 2-pyrimidinamine (1a-1c) and 2-pyrimidinamine with telmisartan copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps-Pyr). The synthesized 2-pyrimidinamine derivatives (1a-c) were characterized from FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, mass and elemental analyses. The synthesized telmisartan copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps) were characterized from UV spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, AFM (atomic force microscopy), profile, waviness, and roughness analyses. Antioxidant activity was screened based on ABTS ·+ radical scavenging and linoleic acid peroxidation performance. Cu-Nps-Pyr-1b showed substantial antioxidant (97.2%) activity against ABTS ·+ assay and 91.2% activity against AAPH assays compared with Trolox. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using HepG2, HeLa, and MCF-7 cell lines, the Cu-Nps-Pyr-1a is high in toxicities (GI 50 = 0.01  μ m) against the HeLa cancel cell line compared with doxorubicin. The developed copper NPs with 2-pyrimidinamine (Cu-Nps-Pyr) could provide promising advances as antioxidant activities; this nanocomposition could be considered an anticancer treatment in future investigations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Radhakrishnan Surendrakumar et al.)

A simple, eco-friendly, green routine co-precipitation method was experimented to synthesize iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) using the cell-free supernatant of actinobacteria. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), zeta potential analyser and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles were crystalline, quasi-spherical in shape and their average size ranged from 65.0 to 86.7 nm. In our radical scavenging assays, the nanoparticles have revealed a strong antioxidant activity with respective standard ascorbic acid. The nanoparticles also exhibited a wide bactericidal action on pathogens namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli. At 75 μg/ml concentration, the nanoparticles showed the highest inhibition against S. aureus (16.2 ± 0.45 mm), the lowest zone of inhibition was seen against K. pneumoniae (12.3 ± 0.50 mm) and moderate inhibition on other strains. Further, its cytotoxicity was seen as effective against DU145 and PC3 cells. The morphological changes caused in the prostate cell lines due to antiproliferative effect were observed through DAPI and AO/EB staining. This synthesis method specifies a new route for biosynthesis of Fe-NPs and the accomplished results illustrates that it can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Momordica cymbalaria, a wild vegetable belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, has long been used as a food and a remedy for diabetes mellitus in the Asian native medicinal system., Aim of the Study: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of skin (EESK) and methanolic extract of seed (MESE) of M. cymbalaria (MC), for their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic rats., Materials and Methods: The diabetes induced rats were given skin and seed extracts at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. p.o. for 28 days. Alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes mellitus. Daily food and water intake were assessed. Blood glucose levels and body weights were measured every 7 days throughout the experiment. Antioxidant assays, different biochemical and glycemic parameters were evaluated. Histopathological studies on pancreas, liver and kidney were also studied., Results: Treatment of EESK and MESE showed dose significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level (FBG) in experimental diabetic animals with significant reduction in food and water intake and increase in body weight. Findings confirmed the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of EESK and MESE in the experimental groups. The impaired glucose tolerance and altered activities of the hepatic enzymes such as AST, ALT and ALP levels of diabetic rats were significantly improved by the administration of EESK and MESE. Oral treatment with MC extract for 28 days demonstrated significant protective effects on the lipid profile, biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels. Besides, biochemical findings were supported by histopathological investigations., Conclusion: These results suggest that the treatment with EESK and MESE of MC at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. have better protective effects against hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress generated during diabetes justifying the use of the plant in traditional systems of medicine., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Colon cancer is aggressive and it causes 0.5 million deaths per year. Practicing natural medicines for cancer treatment is safer than conventional drugs. World health organization emphasizes on the importance of practicing natural medicines and developing natural product based drugs for cancer treatment. Recently we reported an anti colon cancer activity associated with pyrogallol isolated from medicinal plant Acacia nilotica in HT-29 cells in vitro. To extend our observation in this study we evaluated in vivo colon tumor remission property of acetone extract of A. nilotica (ACE) and pyrogallol. Materials and Methods: In vivo toxicity of ACE and pyrogallol was assessed and In vivo tumor remission activity of ACE and pyrogallol was determined in murine model. Results: Mice were tolerated different doses of ACE and pyrogallol. Tumor size was considerably reduced in pyrogallol treated mice similar to doxorubicin. Tumor bearing mice treated with ACE and pyrogallol showed mild decline in body weight. Conclusion: Pyrogallol was found to be an effective anti colon cancer agent with less toxicity.

In the present study pufferfish, Arothron immaculatus muscle methanol extract (AIME) was used to evaluate the antidiabetic activity against the high-fat diet (HFD) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat models. Initially, the In vitro antioxidant activity of the different muscle extract was evaluated which showed that AIME has higher efficiency to scavenge the free radicals. The animal study results revealed that the AIME could decrease the blood glucose level after 14 days of oral treatment and recover the animal from the severe progression of the disease. The LC-ESI/MS analysis of AIME extract revealed the presence of compounds such as docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid, docosanol, codeine and metoprolol. Among these compounds, docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid and docosanol are reported for its antidiabetic studies. Hence, the muscle is recommended to consume by humans as natural food in order to overcome the development of diabetes. This is the first study on the muscle extract of marine pufferfish which is used as antidiabetic agent to treat the diabetes-induced in the animal model., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using partially purified ethyl acetate extract of Nannochloropsis sp. hexane (EAENH) fraction of microalga. Methods: The green synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed with UV-Vis spectrum which shows the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 421 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) presented the involvement of functional groups like carboxyl groups of fatty acids, tetraterpenoids of xanthophylls, hydroxyl groups of polyphenols, carbonyl and amide linkage of proteins in the AgNP synthesis. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis (GCMS) revealed that phytochemicals like octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid imply in capping, bioreduction, and stabilization of AgNps. Result: High-resolution Transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and EDX analysis showed the crystalline form of the AgNPs with Z-average size 57.25 nm. The zeta potential value of -25.7 mV demonstrated the negative surface charge and colloidal stability of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs displayed effective inhibition zone against selected bacterial and fungal pathogens. In vitro, antioxidant effects were assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide and reducing power assays which revealed excellent scavenging potential for AgNPs than the extracts. The anti-proliferative potential of biofabricated AgNPs and extracts on Human Non-small lung cancer cell line (A549) was assessed using 3–(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with IC50 values of 15 μgmL-1 and 175 μgmL-1 respectively. Conclusion: The study reveals that the microalgae-mediated AgNPs possesses potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activity along with the ability to stimulate apoptosis in A-549 cell line.

Soil salinity globally affects the productivity of staple food crops. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to salt tolerance induced by antioxidant mechanisms can assist in the development of salt-tolerant crops. To decipher the molecular fingerprint of salt resistance, in this study, six salt-tolerant cowpea genotypes at the seedling stage were assessed for their antioxidant responses, yield, genetic polymorphism and proteomics under salt stress. Leaves and roots showed distinct tissue-specific responses to salinity, and leaves showed a better protection against salt stress-induced oxidative stress than roots. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting allowed molecular discrimination between salt-tolerant cowpea genotypes. Proteome analysis of cowpea leaves under salt stress revealed up-regulation of ATP synthase, vacuolar ATPase, pentatricopeptide repeat protein, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and outer envelope pore protein. Thus, ISSR and proteome analysis allow the identification of salt-tolerant cowpea cultivars.

Pterostilbene (PTS), a naturally occurring stilbene, confers protection against oxidative and cytokine stress induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. To provide insights into the molecular mechanism, we performed a proteomic study on the pancreas of PTS-treated diabetic mice using electrospray ionization tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 1,260 proteins were detected in triplicate samples. Of which, 359 proteins were found to be differentially regulated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice pancreas with two fold difference ( P < 0.05, two or more peptides) and on PTS treatment 315 proteins were normalized to control levels. Gene ontology (GO) indicated that majority of the differentially regulated proteins are involved in cellular functions such as metabolism, cellular structure, oxidative stress, endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway and several stress sensors. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of these differentially expressed proteins showed clustering of proteins involved in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis machinery and protein folding), oxidative phosphorylation/oxidative stress proteins, oligosaccharide metabolic process, and antioxidant activity. Our results highlighted that PTS administration rehabilitated the defective metabolic process and redox imbalance, and also suppressed the unfolded protein response and ERAD pathways. The effects on targeting ER machinery and suppressing oxidative stress suggest the great potential of PTS for diabetes management., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

In this present study, isolation, characterization and protective effect of sulfated polysaccharide (SP) isolated from the brown algae Padina gymnospora was investigated. SP was isolated and characterized through FT-IR, 1 H NMR, TGA, GC-MS and CHN analysis. The molecular weight of SP was found to be 16 kDa. The isolated SP contains 29.4 ± 0.35% of sulfate, 27 ± 0.11% of fucose, 0.05 ± 0.12% of protein, respectively. Furthermore, SP exhibits its excellent radical scavenging effects were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Moreover, pretreatment with SP significantly mitigates H 2 O 2 induced cytotoxicity in L-929 cells in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, SP pretreatment ameliorates oxidative stress induced apoptosis and DNA damage, alleviates the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restores mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in L-929 cells through its antioxidant potential. Together, these results suggest that SP can be exploited as a natural antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The fluorescence quenching of Acriflavine (AFN) by certain estrogens was examined in aqueous media by employing steady state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The absorption spectra of AFN change with significant bathochromic shift in presence of quencher molecules. The quenching behavior was examined by correlating the bimolecular quenching rate constant (k q ) with the free energy change (ΔG). The decrease in quenching rate constant depends on the increase in oxidation potential of quencher molecules. The fluorescence quenching experiments were carried out in different solvents of varying polarities and reveals the possibility of charge transfer quenching mechanism. Lifetime measurements indicate static quenching. The quenching behavior is addressed from bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) calculations. The antioxidant activity of estrogen compounds were evaluated by deoxyribose oxidation assay., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study, emphasis on the encapsulation of Ocimum basilicum L. leaf essential oil by utilizing Polysorbate 80 and its evaluation of antibacterial (MIC), antioxidants and larvicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus. After the encapsulation, nanoemulsion characterized by using a Zeta potential analyzer and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Nanoemulsion was exhibited significantly more antibacterial activity (MIC) against different enteric bacterial pathogens, Enterococcus faecalis (MTCC-2729), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-441), Salmonella paratyphi (MTCC-735), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC-432) and antioxidant ability of the formulated nanoemulsion and essential oil was tested and results of DPPH, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Superoxide scavenging activity and FRAP activities exhibits highest antioxidant activity. The larvicidal activities of C. quinquefasciatus larva was observed at 24 h exposure period and significant mortality were observed after the treatments of essential oil II instar larvae have the maximum mortality at 100 ppm (91.07 ± 0.57) and nanoemulsion (96.87 ± 0.55). The III instar larvae maximum mortality was observed at 24 h exposure period in essential oil at 100 ppm (88.95 ± 0.80) and nanoemulsion (93.89 ± 0.55). These results proposed for developed plant essential oil based nanoemulsion is thermodynamically stable and formulated nanoemulsion will be used for various biomedical applications, food industry and will be drug delivery against the mosquito vector control., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

In the present work, five macrocyclic compounds, C 18 H 12 N 2 O 4 (1), C 38 H 24 N 8 O 6 (1a), C 38 H 24 N 8 O 4 S 2 (1b), C 40 H 32 N 8 O 4 (2a) and C 48 H 32 N 8 O 4 (2b) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1D & 2D NMR and electron spray ionization mass spectral analysis. The DNA binding ability of these compounds were investigated in vitro by UV-Visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The results indicate that these compounds possess strong DNA binding affinity via intercalation, while the order of binding strength followed the trend 2b (1.52 ± 0.06 × 10 5  M -1 ) > 2a (1.12 ± 0.11 × 10 5  M -1 ) > 1b (1.05 ± 0.04 × 10 5  M -1 ) > 1a (0.97 ± 0.14 × 10 4  M -1 ) > 1 (0.75 ± 0.21 × 10 4  M -1 ). The radical scavenging potencies of the compounds were explored by employing DPPH, OH and NO assays, in which 1a exhibited highest inhibitory effect on the radicals (IC 50  = 23.59 μM (DPPH), 26.14 μM (OH), 28.41 μM (NO)). The in vitro antibacterial studies showed that these compounds have the potential to arrest the growth of bacteria, among which, 1a was found to be vulnerable against the bacterial stains. In addition, in silico molecular docking stimulations were also performed to position these compounds into the active sites of bacterial membrane proteins. The results of in vitro and in silico investigations reveal that the compounds apprehend the bacterial growth significantly. The data obtained from this piece of work would be helpful to design antibacterial drugs incorporating isatin based macrocyclic frameworks., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nanoceria were synthesized by discharging plasma at 800 V with a frequency of 30 kHz for 0-25 min using a pulsed unipolar power supply into solutions containing 1 or 2 mM of Ce(NO 3 ) 2 . UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorbance maxima at 304-320 nm for the nanoceria with increase in the intensity of the peaks as the concentration of Ce(NO 3 ) 2 increased. The peaks exhibited transition red shift due to nanoceria formation. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 7.0 ± 0.2 nm were formed by discharging plasma for 15 min. The nanoceria showed excellent pH dependent antioxidant properties in hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Effect of the nanoceria on cell viability in vitro and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the nanoceria were examined using HeLa cell lines. As the results, no toxic effect was found up to 1600 μg mL -1 of nanoceria and they had an effective antioxidant property. Therefore, the nanoceria synthesized by one-step solution plasma process without employing hazardous chemicals have potential for utilization as antioxidant biomaterials and sustained release in the stream to scavenge ROS in the modern medicine., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The development of neuroprotective drugs through eco-friendly production routes is a major challenge for current pharmacology. The present study was carried out to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through biogenic route using ethanolic bark extract of Terminalia arjuna, a plant of high interest in Asian traditional medicine, and to evaluate its neuroprotective effects. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, DLS, and zeta potential analyses. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristics SPR absorption band at 536 nm specific for AuNPs. XRD, TEM, and FESEM analyses revealed the formation of face-centered cubic crystalline, spherical and triangular shaped AuNPs, with size ranging between 20 and 50 nm. DLS and ZP analysis illustrated that the average size of AuNPs was 30 nm, which was found to be stable at 45 mv. The neuroprotective potential of AuNPs was evaluated by assessing its antioxidant, cholinesterase inhibitory, and antiamyloidogenic activities. AuNPs showed dose-dependant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with IC 50 value of 4.25 ± 0.02 and 5.05 ± 0.02 μg/ml, respectively. In vitro antioxidant assays illustrated that AuNPs exhibited the highest reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity. In addition, AuNPs also efficiently suppressed the fibrillation of Aβ and destabilized the preformed mature fibrils. Results of toxicity studies in PBMC and adult zebra fish illustrated that AuNPs are non-toxic and biocompatible. Overall, our results highlighted the AuNPs promising potential in terms of antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antiamyloidogenic effects, and non-lethality allowing us to propose these nanomaterials as a suitable candidate for the development of drugs helpful in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from lipids of microalgae is known to have wide bio-functional materials including antimicrobials. FAME is an ideal super-curator and superior anti-pathogenic. The present study evaluated the efficiency of FAME extracted from microalgae Scenedesmus intermedius as an antimicrobial agent against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Bacillus cereus) Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and Fungi (Aspergillus parasiticus and Candida albicans). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the gram negative bacteria was determined as 12-24 μg mL -1 , whereas MIC for gram positive bacteria was 24-48 μg mL -1 . MIC for the fungi was as high as 60-192 μg mL -1 . The FAME profiles determined by gas chromatography showed 18 methyl esters. Among them, pharmacologically active FAME such as palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0) was detected at high percentage (23.08%), which accounted for the bioactivity. FAME obtained in this study exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity at the lowest MIC than those of recent reports. This result clearly indicated that FAME of S. intermedius has a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant property and that could be used as an effective resource against microbial diseases., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Chitosan is the second most abundant polymer obtained from the byproduct of seafood. Chitosan and its derivatives and chitosan loaded drugs are the recent area of interest against microbial pathogenesis. The cationic chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) interact with the anionic surfaces of the microbial cell membrane, which promotes antimicrobial activity. Although, ChNPs are potential against pathogenic microbes, selection of adaptable, suitable and cost effective synthesis method is much important. In the present study, ChNPs were synthesized adopting ionic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate as a cross linking agent and characterized by FTIR, DLS, SEM and TEM analysis. ChNPs were investigated for antimicrobial activity against bacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal (Candida albicans) pathogens. ChNPs showed bactericidal activity at the lower minimum inhibitory concentration of about 40-80 μg mL -1 . Interestingly, ChNPs exhibits biocompatible antioxidant property by inhibiting DPPH free radicals at 76% and also proven to be a potential candidate against the microbial pathogenesis with an inevitable applications in biomedicine., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been found useful in biological systems and in medicine since they possess a large surface area to volume ratio, which confers on them several unique properties. In the present study, AgNPs that had been biosynthesized using an ethanolic extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata leaf were evaluated for putative antioxidant potential and efficacy in preventing experimental in-vitro selenite-induced opacification of the ocular lens (cataractogenesis). The antioxidant potential of the AgNPs was evaluated in-vitro by looking for radical-scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) free radicals as well as by determining reducing power. The anticataractogenic potential of the AgNPs was evaluated in an in-vitro model of selenite-induced cataractogenesis in five groups of Wistar rat lenses cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) for 24h: Group I lenses (negative control) were cultured in DMEM alone; Group II lenses were exposed to sodium selenite alone (100μM); Group III lenses were exposed simultaneously to sodium selenite and the T. divaricata extract (250μg/ml); Group IV lenses were exposed simultaneously to sodium selenite and the biosynthesized AgNPs (125μg/ml); and Group V lenses were exposed to the AgNPs alone. In these lenses, gross morphological changes, as well as activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), were determined. In-vitro, the AgNPs (which were spherical in shape with an average diameter ranging from 15 to 50nm) showed potent and concentration-dependent radical-scavenging activity on DPPH and H 2 O 2 free radicals as well as reducing power. The gross morphological changes seen in the cultured rat lenses were: all eight control (Group I) lenses remained transparent; dense opacification was noted in all eight selenite-challenged untreated (Group II) lenses; in selenite-challenged, simultaneously T. divaricata extract-treated (Group III) lenses, no opacification occurred in seven of eight (87.5%) lenses and only minimal opacification in one (12.5%) lens; all the eight Group IV (selenite-challenged, simultaneously AgNPs-treated) lenses did not show any opacification; and all the eight Group V lenses (exposed to AgNPs alone) remained as transparent as control lenses. The mean activities of CAT, SOD, GPx and GST, and the mean levels of GSH, were significantly (p<0.05) lower in Group II lenses than those in Groups I, III, IV and V lenses, while the mean MDA level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Group II lenses than those in Groups I, III, IV and V lenses; oxidative damage possibly occurred in Group II lenses, whereas this appears to have been prevented in Groups III and IV lenses. These observations suggest that the T. divaricata leaf ethanolic extract, and also the AgNPs biosynthesized using the T. divaricata extract, possess effective in-vitro antioxidant activity and the potential to prevent experimental selenite-induced opacification in cultured Wistar rat lenses., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Deterioration of cholesterol metabolism has recently been a frontier subject of investigation in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Though amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) primes the pathological cascade, changes in cholesterol levels and its intermediates, geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate, is expected to have a different consequence on AβPP processing and amyloid-β (Aβ) generation. However, the use of statins (HMG-COA reductase inhibitor) has been widely implicated in slowing down the pathogenic progression of AD, while the epidemiological reports on its biological effect remains controversial. Considering this fact, the choice of drug that could maintain cholesterol homeostasis without altering its biosynthesis may yield a better therapeutic efficacy on AD. Thus, the present study focused on determining the influence of cholesterol and isoprenoids on amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, in addition to resveratrol as a potent therapeutic drug in CHO-APPswe cell lines. High levels of cholesterol were found to enhance the maturation of AβPP and altered the expression and subcellular localization of ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1 thereby promoting Aβ generation, whereas high isoprenoids increased both maturation as well as amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, which was evident through β-CTF production. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol maintained cholesterol homeostasis and reduced the amyloidogenic burden through its ability to enhance SIRT1 expression and thereby regulating differential expression of AD determinants.

In this study, 27 strains of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and identified from different milk sources. All the isolates were biochemically characterized and screened for their ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS), among which two isolates namely Lactobacillus plantarum NTMI05 (197mg/L) and Lactobacillus plantarum NTMI20 (187mg/L) showed higher EPS production. Both the isolates were molecular characterized and tested for their probiotic properties. The chemical composition of EPS from L. plantarum NTMI05 and NTMI20 revealed the presence of 95.45% and 92.35% carbohydrates, 14±0.1and 11±0.15mg/L lactic acid, 10.5±0.2 and 9±0.1mg/mL of reducing sugar, respectively. HPLC analysis showed galactose at the retention time of 2.29.The maximum EPS yield was optimized for the media components like glucose (20g/L), yeast extract (25g/L) and ammonium sulphate (2g/L) using Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Under optimum conditions the predicted maximum EPS production was 0.891g/L, 0.797g/L, while the actual experimental value was 0.956g/L and 0.827g/L for L. plantarum NTMI05 and NTMI20, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was also evaluated by DPPH and reducing power assay proving the potentiality of these organisms in food and dairy industries., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, phytochemical constituents and toxicological properties of six coastal medicinal plants (CMP's) such as Ipomea biloba, Cantharanthus roseus, Cymbopogon citratus, Vitex negundo, Thespesia populnea and Pandanus tectorius was done. The maximum antimicrobial activity was recorded by methanolic extracts of V. negundo and T. populnea against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Similarly, methanolic extracts of V. negundo and T. populnea evidenced highest antioxidant properties. The extract of T. populnea showed the maximum cytotoxicity against Artemia salina with the LC 50 value of 478.11μg/ml. The hemolytic property of CMP's extracts was V. negundo (8.91%), T. populnea (21%) and C. citratus (64%) also the hemolytic index did not show any hemolysis of human erythrocytes. Furthermore, the TLC separation of V. negundo and T. populnea extracts exhibited the presence of Flavonoids (Rf-0.74) and Terpenoids (Rf-0.64). The present findings propose the promising clinical applications of selected CMP's., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are the most commonly co-occurring mycotoxins in a wide variety of food and feed commodities. The major target organ of these toxins is kidney but liver could also be a target organ. The combined toxicity of these two toxins in kidney cells has been studied but not in liver cell. In this study HepG2 cells were exposed to OTA and CTN, alone and in combination, with a view to compare the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying OTA, CTN and OTA + CTN hepatotoxicity. OTA and CTN alone as well as in combination affected the viability of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. OTA + CTN, at a dose of 20% of IC50 of each, produced effect almost similar to that produced by either of the toxins at its IC50 concentration, indicating that the two toxins in combination act synergistically. The cytotoxicity of OTA + CTN on hepatocytes is mediated by increased level of intracellular ROS followed/accompanied by DNA strand breaks and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. Co-treatment of vitamin E (Vit E) with OTA, CTN and OTA + CTN reduced the levels of ROS and the cytotoxicity. But the genotoxic effect of OTA and OTA + CTN was not completely alleviated by Vit E treatment whereas the DNA damage as caused by CTN when treated alone was obviated, indicating that OTA induces DNA damage directly whereas CTN induces ROS-mediated DNA damage and OTA + CTN combination induces DNA damage not exclusively relying on but influenced by ROS generation. Taken together, these findings indicate that OTA and CTN in combination affect hepatocytes at very low concentrations and, thereby, pose a potential threat to public and animal health., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: This study investigated the effect of pesticide chlorpyrifos (CP) on a freshwater cyanobacterium Chroococcus turgidus NTMS12. The changes in chlorophyll-a, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and fatty acid composition of the test organism were analysed. Organism was grown at 6, 9 and 12 mg l(-1) of CP, and based on the chlorophyll-a content, 6 mg l(-1) of CP was found to be the tolerable concentration. Hence, 6 mg l(-1) of CP was taken to evaluate the concentration of proline and activities of SOD and CAT at 48-h exposure. The changes in the fatty acid profile were analysed after 7 days of exposure. Upon pesticide exposure, increased concentration of proline and activities of SOD and CAT were found. Significant changes in fatty acid profile have also been observed. However, polyunsaturated fatty acid content was decreased in treated cultures when compared with the untreated control. Changes in biochemical activities indicate that cyanobacteria C. turgidus NTMS12 undergo adaptive changes against CP-induced oxidative stress., Significance and Impact of the Study: : Chlorpyrifos induces oxidative stress in Chroococcus turgidus NTMS12. A strong inference was made on increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and proline content and lowering the level of unsaturated fatty acids under the pesticide-exposed condition. These significant changes are the defence mechanisms against the oxidative stress. Thus, this organism holds great promise in resisting toxic pesticide., (© 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

"Ngari" is a traditional fermented fish of Manipur and considered for its therapeutic value in healing stomach ulcers. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and identify an efficient antioxidant probiotic isolate from Ngari. BDU7 with potent antioxidant property was isolated and characterized. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA genotyping as Enterococcus faecium. E. faecium showed auto aggregation and hydrophobicity of 72.7 and 54.8% respectively. The extrapolysaccharide (EPS) was extracted from the culture free supernatant and assayed for its radical scavenging activity. The EPS showed significant 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (63.5%), superoxide (77.3%) and hydroxyl (38.4%) radical scavenging ability. The structural analysis of the extracted and purified EPS was performed by FTIR and NMR analysis. From the present study E. faecium BDU7 can be claimed as a promising and an efficient probiotic candidate. The present study evidenced that EPS from E. faecium BDU7 showed strong DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging ability in vitro. Considering its potency as a potential antioxidant the extracted EPS can find wide application in functional food and pharmaceutical formulations., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and lipid peroxidation status in erythrocytes and serum lipid profile parameters, in relation to haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in normal healthy individuals., Methods: Sixty test individuals with diabetes and 15 control individuals were categorized as: Group I, control (non-diabetes); Group II, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels ≤7.0% (53 mmol/mol); Group III, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels between 7.1 and 8.0% (54 and 64 mmol/mol); Group IV, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels between 8.1 and 9.0% (65 and 75 mmol/mol); Group V, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels >9.0% (75 mmol/mol). Blood samples were collected to measure: blood glucose and HbA1c levels; haemolysate levels of enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants and malondialdehyde (MDA); and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Correlations between blood HbA1c values and all parameters were sought., Results: Significantly lower mean activities/levels of antioxidant parameters and significantly higher mean levels of MDA were noted in haemolysate samples from patients with diabetes than in those from control individuals. Significantly higher mean serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides and significantly lower mean concentrations of HDL-cholesterol were noted in patients with diabetes than in control individuals. Further, moderate to strong correlations were observed between values of antioxidants, MDA and lipid profile parameters and blood concentrations of HbA1c., Conclusion: These results suggest that HbA1c values may be potentially useful not only to indicate long-term glycemic control to indicate onset of complications at a clinically detectable level and molecular level., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate the possible free radical-scavenging activity of an extract of Cineraria maritima on selenite-induced cataractous lenses in Wistar rat pups., Methods: In the present study, Wistar rat pups were divided into three experimental groups. On P10, Group I (control) rat pups received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.89% saline. Rats in groups II (selenite-challenged, untreated) and III (selenite-challenged, C. maritima treated) received a subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (19 μmol/kg bodyweight); Group III rat pups also received an intraperitoneal injection of the extract of C. maritima (350 mg/kg bodyweight) once daily P9-14. Both eyes of each pup were examined from P16 until P30. Cytochemical localization of nitroblue tetrazolium salts and generation of superoxide, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide levels were measured. The expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene was evaluated with reverse transcription-PCR. Immunoblot analysis was also performed to confirm the differential expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase protein., Results: Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite led to severe oxidative damage in the lenticular tissues, shown by increased formation of formazan crystals, elevated generation of superoxide, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide radicals, and elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase gene and protein expression that possibly contributed to the opacification of the lens and thus cataract formation. When rat pups were treated with intraperitoneal administration of the extract of C. maritima, the generation of free radicals as well as the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase were maintained at near normal levels., Conclusions: The data generated by this study suggest that an ethanolic extract of C. maritima possibly prevents cataractogenesis in a rat model by minimizing free radical generation.

Tephrosia tinctoria, a perennial under shrub of Fabaceae family, is endemic to Western Ghats. In this study, friable whitish yellow callus was developed after 45 days using Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.0 mg/l) + 6-benzylaminopurine (0.5 mg/l) in various explants of T. tinctoria. The ethyl acetate extracts of leaf (LE), stem (SE), and root (RE) were compared with leaf (LCE), stem (SCE), and root (RCE) derived callus, for antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. The SE possessed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content among all the extracts tested and showed a significant antioxidant assays. The study of anticancer activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line revealed that the callus extracts especially RCE possessed significant inhibition of cell growth (IC50 20 μg/ml) at 72 h treatment period on analysis with MTT assay. The apoptotic cell death was observed through DNA fragmentation analysis in HepG2 cells treated with the T. tinctoria extracts. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry finger printing profile showed that more than 60 % percentage of metabolites are similar in both SE and SCE. The higher percentage area of antioxidant compound (stigmast-4-en-3-one) was observed in SE (2.01 %) and higher percentage area of anticancer compound (phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)) in SCE (0.91 %). In addition to that, callus extracts contain squalene, which is used for target deliver and also used as anticancer drug. Thus, the present study revealed that the T. tinctoria has potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activity and the callus culture can be used for the production of the bioactive compounds due to the endemic nature of this plant.

Hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress are known to accelerate coronary artery disease and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the putative antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of an ethanolic extract of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and chrysin, one of its major components, in hypercholesterolemic rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.)), which resulted in persistently elevated blood/serum levels of glucose, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-, and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), and of hepatic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase). In addition, lowered mean activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) and lowered mean levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E) were observed. Oral administration of the mushroom extract (500 mg/kg b.wt.) and chrysin (200 mg/kg b.wt.) to hypercholesterolemic rats for 7 days resulted in a significant decrease in mean blood/serum levels of glucose, lipid profile parameters, and hepatic marker enzymes and a concomitant increase in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant parameters. The hypercholesterolemia-ameliorating effect was more pronounced in chrysin-treated rats than in extract-treated rats, being almost as effective as that of the standard lipid-lowering drug, lovastatin (10 mg/kg b.wt.). These results suggest that chrysin, a major component of the oyster mushroom extract, may protect against the hypercholesterolemia and elevated serum hepatic marker enzyme levels induced in rats injected with Triton WR-1339.

This investigation examined the efficiency of Dolichospermum flos-aquae NTMS07 in the removal of Cr(VI) from exposure water at various concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mg/L) over different time intervals of contact (1-5 days). Chromium removal was maximum at 2.5 mg/L, and decreased with increased concentration. The responses of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured, and the composition of fatty acids was evaluated at a concentration of 5 mg Cr/L. Significant increases in the activity levels of SOD and CAT were obtained. The level of total unsaturated fatty acids decreased with exposure to Cr. It is proposed that the observed decrease in total unsaturated fatty acid level is a defense mechanism against Cr-induced oxidative stress and cell membrane damage.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant potential of an aqueous extract from Merremia emarginata leaves because this plant has a very high flavonoid and phenol content. The in vitro antioxidant activity was measured by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), superoxide anion scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation activity; the total reducing capability of the plant extract indicates that this plant is a source for natural antioxidants. Furthermore, we investigated thio glycolic acid-capped cadmium telluride quantum dots (TGA-CdTe QDs) as fluorescent probes to study the antioxidant activity of the M. emarginata extract through fluorescence quenching. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated using a disc diffusion method and fluorescence microscopy. The TGA-CdTe QDs and M. emarginata complex could provide antimicrobial activity through a reactive oxygen species pathway and/or microbial endocytosis through an electrostatic attraction. Based on our findings, we suggest that the QDs act as potential probes for the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In addition, their cooperative effect with the plant extract indicates that QDs could be used as nanocarriers to enhance the antimicrobial capability. Further in vivo studies on the photolabelling of antioxidants with QDs will provide insights into the mechanistic pathways of secondary metabolites against various degenerative diseases., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The flower extract of Cassia auriculata, herb has been used traditionally in India for medicinal purposes. The plant has been reported to treat hyperglycemia and associated hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are known to accelerate coronary artery disease and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. The present work was undertaken to investigate the possible antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative effect of C. auriculata flower on hyperlipidemic rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats by a single intravenous (iv) injection of Triton WR 1339 (300 mg/kg b.w.) and it showed sustained elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Ethanolic extract of C. auriculata flowers (Et-CAF) (150, 300, 450 mg/kg b.w./day) was administered to normal and hyperlipidemic rats for 14 days. Serum and liver tissue were analysed at three different time intervals for lipid profile, lipid peroxidation products, antioxidants enzymes and the activity were compared to the cholesterol-lowering drug, lovastatin (10 mg/kg/b.w.). Parameters were altered during hyperlipidemia and reverted back to near normal values after Et-CAF treatment or standard drug lovastatin. Lipid peroxidation decreased whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased in Et-CAF treated rats. Pronounced changes were observed at 450 mg/kg b.w. of Et-CAF for 2 weeks and it was comparable to the standard drug lovastatin. The current study provides a strong evidence that Et-CAF has a beneficial effect in treating hyperlipidemia and ROS without any side effects at the dosage and duration studied., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Context: Several studies have reported the antioxidant activity and potential therapeutic properties of Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) fruit. Medicinal properties have also been attributed to other parts of P. granatum tree, which are rich in bioactive phytochemicals., Objective: To explore the phytochemical characteristics, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and in vivo antigenotoxic potential of P. granatum leaf extract (PLE)., Materials and Methods: The in vitro antioxidant potential of PLE was assessed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the total phenolic content of the samples were also determined. Thirty-six male Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups (six animals each). Group 1 (control) and group 2 mice received vehicle and genotoxin alone, respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were pretreated with PLE (400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight, respectively) prior to the administration of genotoxin. Group 6 received highest test dose of PLE. DNA damage in the bone marrow cells, hepatic LPO and antioxidants were recorded., Results: Phytochemical analysis of PLE showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, tannins and carbohydrates. Aqueous PLE demonstrated free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of LPO with the EC₅₀ values of 10.25, 59.88 and 20.05, respectively. A significant protective effect was observed against cyclophosphamide induced DNA damage and inhibition of hepatic LPO with concomitant increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in mice pretreated with PLE., Discussion and Conclusion: PLE demonstrated a significant antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential and hence can be a potential natural source in health and medicine.

In the present study, the putative antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of a flavanone, naringenin, were evaluated in comparison with those of glyclazide, a standard drug for therapy of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced experimentally in 12-h-fasted rats by intraperitoneal injections of first streptozotocin (50 mg/kg b.w.) and then of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg b.w.) after a 15-min interval. Untreated diabetic rats revealed the following in comparison with normal rats: significantly higher mean levels of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, significantly lower mean levels of serum insulin, significantly lower mean activities of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase), significantly lower mean levels of plasma non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C , vitamin E), significantly elevated mean levels of pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly elevated mean activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Following oral administration of naringenin (50 mg/kg b.w./day) to diabetic rats for 21 days, the following observations were made in comparison with untreated diabetic rats: significantly lower mean levels of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, significantly elevated serum insulin levels, significantly higher mean activities of pancreatic enzymatic antioxidants, significantly higher mean levels of plasma non-enzymatic antioxidants, lower mean pancreatic tissue levels of MDA and lower mean activities of ALT, AST, ALP and LDH in serum. The values obtained in the naringenin-treated animals approximated those observed in glyclazide-treated animals. Histopathological studies appeared to suggest a protective effect of naringenin on the pancreatic tissue in diabetic rats. These results suggest that naringenin exhibits antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects in experimental diabetic rats.

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), an industrial solvent widely used throughout the world is a known toxic compound. Here, we studied the effects of acute exposure of DMF on liver and kidney in rats. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with a single dose of DMF (1.5 g/kg) for 24 and 48 h. Hepatic and nephrotoxicity was confirmed based on the significant increase in the serum levels of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, creatinine and electrolytes. Oxidative stress was assessed by determining the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidants in liver and kidney. The LPO levels were elevated in both the tissues upon DMF exposure, whereas the activities of enzymatic antioxidants SOD, CAT and Gpx and non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione and vitamin C) were declined. The hepatic- and nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by the increasing incidence of inflammation in the histopathological studies. The findings indicate that acute exposure of DMF results in oxidative stress, antioxidant deficiency, attenuating liver and kidney marker enzymes, resulting in tissue inflammation and damage.

Unlabelled: In India's indigenous system of medicine, Coriandrum sativum (CS), commonly used as a food ingredient, is claimed to be useful for various ailments. To establish its utility in diabetes mellitus, the present study evaluated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of CS in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extracts were shown to contain bioactive compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. The extracts of CS in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were found to significantly lower blood glucose levels. Antidiabetic activity of the CS extracts was compared with the clinically available drug glibenclamide. The levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in the extract-treated group and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher than the diabetic control rats. The extracts of CS exhibited strong scavenging effect on 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The free radical scavenging effect of the extracts was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants. Furthermore, it also showed an improved antioxidant potential as evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation and a significant increase in the activity of various antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the liver of diabetic rats. These results indicate that the extracts could protect liver function and exhibited hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant efficacies in the diabetic rats. These results support the use of this plant extract to manage diabetes mellitus., Practical Applications: The leaves and stem of this plant Coriandrum sativum if used in cuisine would be a remedy for diabetes., (© 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®)