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[cat] En el primer estudi confirmem que el tractament amb enoxaparina es capaç de disminuir la pressió portal en rates amb cirrosi establerta i hipertensió portal. A més, la millora en la pressió portal es va produir sense efectes en el flux sanguini portal, suggerint una disminució en la resistència vascular intrahepàtica. La falta d’efectes de l’administració aguda d’enoxaparina en la pressió portal, en els paràmetres hemodinàmics sistèmics, i en el contingut de superòxid o GMPc, suggereix que l’enoxaparina no té un efecte directe sobre el component dinàmic de la resistència vascular intrahepàtica. Per acabar de confirmar aquests resultats, es va examinar la resposta dependent d’endoteli al vasodilatador acetilcolina i no es van observar diferències entre les rates tractades amb enoxaparina i les rates tractades amb vehicle en cap dels dos models de cirrosi.. A més a més, tot i que en els tractaments de més llarga durada amb enoxaparina es van observar sobretot millores en les alteracions arquitecturals, es van observar també canvis en el to vascular. Es van disminuir els nivells d’estrès oxidatiu, de proteïnes nitrotirosinades i es va augmentar en el contingut de GMPc. A més a més, es va observar una disminució de la ratio p-Moesina/Moesina en les rates tractades amb enoxaparina, suggerint que el tractament amb enoxaparina pot modular el to vascular mitjançant la relaxació de les CHE, almenys a llarg termini. Tot i això, s’ha de tenir en compte que aquest canvis en el to vascular poden ser deguts a la millora de l’alteració estructural observada. És cert que el tractament amb enoxaparina ja es va descriure com a un bon tractament per a millorar la fibrosi hepàtica en models de dany hepàtic lleu. El nostre estudi amplia aquestes observacions a models amb cirrosi establerta. El tractament amb enoxaparina va ser iniciat en el moment on es va aturar l’administració del tòxic (tant CCl4 com TAA) com a model de regressió de malaltia avançada, o es va administrar alhora amb el tòxic, com a model de prevenció de la progressió de la cirrosi, en el model de TAA. Això ens va permetre analitzar els efectes del tractament amb enoxaparina en dos escenaris diferents. En el model de regressió amb CCl4, les rates que van rebre durant 3 setmanes el tractament van tenir més temps de regressió espontània de la fibrosi que les rates que van rebre només una setmana de tractament. Tot i això, tant les d’una setmana de tractament com les de 3 setmanes de tractament van tenir una disminució del 25% del contingut de col·lagen analitzat per tinció de Sirius Red. Això també es va observar en el model de cirrosi de TAA tant en regressió com en prevenció. Tot els resultats van cap a la mateixa direcció i suggereixen el paper de l’enoxaparina en disminució de la fibrosi hepàtica. A més, es va observar una disminució dels nivells d’activació de les CHE en les rates tractades amb enoxaparina, tant a nivell de teixit com en cèl·lula aïllada de rata tractada. A part de l’efecte de l’enoxaparina en la fibrosi hepàtica, es va observar la influència de del tractament en la prevenció d’esdeveniments trombòtics en la microcirculació hepàtica. De fet, s’ha suggerit que aquests podrien jugar un paper important en la progressió de la fibrosi hepàtica. Per explorar aquest efecte hem avaluat el contingut de fibrina en el parènquima hepàtic com a marcador de la formació de microtrombes. Els fetges de rates tractades amb enoxaparina van tenir una menor deposició de fibrina. Aquest fet ja es va observar en les rates tractades durant una setmana, però l’efecte va ser més gran i significatiu en les rates tractades durant 3 setmanes. Aquestes troballes confirmen la connexió que hi ha entre trombosi i fibrosi hepàtica i consolida el concepte de l’ús dels anticoagulants per a la prevenció/dissolució dels microtrombes per a millorar la fibrosi hepàtica. Per contra, no es van observar canvis a nivell d’inflamació. Per tant, encara que no podem descartar completament el potencial efecte del tractament amb enoxaparina en la reducció de la inflamació, no sembla que aquests sigui el principal mecanisme responsable de la millora les alteracions arquitecturals en la cirrosi hepàtica. És important remarcar que els efectes beneficiosos del tractament amb enoxaparina en la reducció de la pressió portal, resistència vascular intrahepàtica i fibrosi hepàtica no es van associar a efectes deleteris en els animals. No es van observar diferencies en els enzims hepàtics, ni es va observar sagnats durant el tractament o durant l’estudi hemodinàmic. En el segon estudi es va avaluar l’efecte de l’anticoagulant oral, Rivaroxaban, en la cirrosi hepàtica. Com ja es va veure en el primer estudi, la teràpia anticoagulant pot ser una bona estratègia terapèutica per al tractament de la hipertensió portal en la cirrosi. Tot i això, les heparines de baix pes molecular són dependents dels nivells sanguinis d’antitrombina, que de fet poden estar disminuïts en els pacients cirròtics. Es per això que vam estudiar els efectes de Rivaroxaban, que és un inhibidor directe del factor Xa (tant el Factor Xa lliure com el que es troba unit al complex de protrombinasa) i és independent dels nivells d’antitrombina. A més a més, Rivaroxaban té l’avantatge de ser biodisponible via oral i té una acció ràpida. Tot això, fa de rivaroxaban un anticoagulant més previsible i potencialment més eficient comparat amb altres heparines. En aquest estudi hem confirmat els efectes beneficiosos de l’ús d’anticoagulants per a millora la hipertensió portal en la cirrosi. Hem demostrat que l’administració oral de rivaroxaban disminueix els nivells d’estrès oxidatiu, millora la biodisponibilitat de NO, desactiva les CHE i millora la hipertensió portal en dos models de cirrosi en rata. La disminució de la pressió portal observada en les rates tractades amb rivaroxaban no es va associar a canvis en el flux sanguini portal en cap dels dos models, suggerint que el principal efecte ve de la disminució en la resistència vascular intrahepàtica. De fet, es va observar una disminució de la resistència vascular intrahepàtica en fetges de rates tractades amb rivaroxaban quan es va avaluar en un sistema de perfusió ex vivo amb el flux controlat. L’estudi dels mecanismes de la millora en la funció microcirculatòria hepàtica van mostrar que rivaroxaban disminuïa els nivells d’estrès oxidatiu, probablement pel menor reclutament de cèl·lules inflamatòries. També augmentava els nivells de GMPc, millorava la resposta a dosis creixents d’acetilcolina i disminuïa l’expressió del marcador d’activació de CES, el factor von Willebrand. Tot això indicava que el tractament amb rivaroxaban té un efecte important en la millora de la disfunció endotelial en el fetge cirròtic. D’altra banda també es va estudiar l’efecte de rivaroxaban sobre les CHE. Es va observar que el tractament amb rivaroxaban disminuïa els marcadors d’activació i proliferació de les CHE que correlacionen amb la seva capacitat de síntesi de matriu extracel·lular. Aquest efecte no es va associar a canvis importants en el contingut de fibra en el fetge. Degut als canvis observats en els nivells d’activació de les CHE, es temptador especular que un tractament més llarg amb rivaroxaban s’associaria a una disminució en els nivells de fibrosi hepàtica. Això està recolzat pels efectes beneficiosos observats a sobre les alteracions del parènquima: estudis ultraestructurals realitzats mitjançant microscopia electrònica van confirmar que les rates tractades amb rivaroxaban tenien una menor formació de membrana basal en els sinusoides hepàtics i que els hepatòcits tenen més projeccions, suggerint una millor estructura del sinusoid hepàtic. Finalment, es va confirmar una disminució del contingut de fibrina en les rates tractades amb rivaroxaban, suggerint una disminució de la microtrombosi hepàtica. Els efectes beneficiosos deguts al tractament amb rivaroxaban no es van associar a efectes deleteris en l’hemodinàmica sistèmica ni en un augment de sagnats durant el tractament. El tercer estudi aporta nova informació, fins ara no coneguda, sobre el potencial dany de l’estès oxidatiu mitocondrial en les cèl·lules hepàtiques durant la cirrosi i sobre l’ús dels antioxidants dirigits a mitocondri com a estratègia terapèutica per a la hipertensió portal i la cirrosi. Tal i com s’ha explicat anteriorment, les CHE són les principals cèl·lules implicades en la síntesi de matriu extracel·lular que contribueix en l’augment de la resistència vascular intrahepàtica en la cirrosi. Tenint en compte que l’augment de l’estrès oxidatiu en la cirrosi és un dels principals mecanismes que activen les CHE i que els mitocondris són un dels principals productors d’espècies reactives d’oxigen, aquest estudi es va centrar en avaluar els efectes de l’antioxidant dirigit a mitocondri, mitoquinona en l’estrès oxidatiu, fenotip de les CHE, la fibrosi hepàtica i la hipertensió portal en models pre-clínics de cirrosi. Els resultats del present estudi mostren que el tractament amb mitoquinona disminueix l’estrès oxidatiu hepàtic, desactiva les CHE i disminueix la fibrosi hepàtica i la hipertensió portal en les rates cirròtiques. Estudis anteriors van demostrar el rol de l’estrès oxidatiu en la fisiopatologia de la cirrosi i la hipertensió portal. En el present estudi demostrem que el tractament amb mitoquinona va aconseguir disminuir els nivells d’estrès oxidatiu, com altres teràpies utilitzades com ara el tempol o el resveratrol, però amb la diferència que la mitoquinona té l’avantatge de ser administrada oralment. A més a més, les altres teràpies antioxidants no poden dirigir-se a l’interior del mitocondri i, per tant, no poden contrarestar l’estrès oxidatiu mitocondrial que pot resultar en dany i disfunció mitocondrial i endegar una cascada de conseqüències deletèries per a la cèl·lula com ara la inflamació o la mort cel·lular. El nostre estudi demostra que part de l’estrès oxidatiu observat en els fetges cirròtics prové del mitocondris dels hepatòcits i de les CHE. A més, demostrem que la mitoquinona es capaç de disminuir l’estrès oxidatiu mitocondrial en els principals tipus cel·lulars hepàtics. Aquest augment de l’estrès oxidatiu mitocondrial en la cirrosi pot ser causat, almenys en part, per la disminució en l’expressió i l’activitat de la isoforma mitocondrial de la superòxid dismutasa, que s’ha vist disminuïda en la cirrosi. És important destacar que el tractament amb mitoquinona és capaç de disminuir l’activació de les CHE de rata tant in vitro com in vivo. A més, la desactivació de les CHE es va confirmar tant en CHE aïllades de biòpsies humanes, en la línia cel·lular humana de CHE, LX2, i en el model ex vivo per a l’estudi de mostres de fetge humanes, els talls de precisió de fetges humans (hPCLS). Aquests efectes es van evidenciar quan es va veure que la proliferació de les CHE estava disminuïda però no la seva viabilitat. Per confirmar la capacitat terapèutica de la mitoquinona, es va avaluar els seus efectes en dos models de cirrosi. Les observacions in vivo van demostrar que el tractament amb mitoquinona disminuïa la pressió portal, sense canvis en el flux sanguini portal, suggerint una disminució en la resistència vascular intrahepàtica. A més, els animals tractats amb mitoquinona van tenir una disminució del contingut de fibra hepàtica en ambdós models. Suggerint que la disminució de la fibrosi hepàtica és el principal mecanisme amb el que la mitoquinona disminueix la pressió portal, ja que no es van trobar efectes importants de la mitoquinona sobre el to vascular hepàtic almenys durant el temps de tractament estudiat, i que altres antioxidants sí que han demostrat una millora de la disfunció endotelial. A més, es sap que els nivells de les espècies reactives d’oxigen estan directament lligades a la inflamació. Per això vam analitzar l’expressió dels marcadors CD68 i CD163 com a marcadors d’inflamació. En aquest estudi vam observar una disminució del nombre de cèl·lules positives per CD68, suggerint un efecte de la mitoquinona en la reducció de la inflamació hepàtica. Aquests resultats només es van observar en el model de CCl4 i no en el de TAA, suggerint que la reducció de la inflamació pot contribuir a la millora de la fibrosi hepàtica però no és el principal mecanisme. Les diferències observades entre els dos models de cirrosi, pot ser degut a les diferències intrínseques dels dos models. De fet, s’ha descrit que el model induït per CCl4 acumula més estrès oxidatiu que el model per TAA, fent així el model per CCl4 més susceptible per a una teràpia antioxidant que no el model de TAA. Tot i això, cal destacar que tots els beneficis observats pel tractament amb mitoquinona no es van associar a efectes deleteris en els animals cirròtics en cap dels dos models., [eng] The present doctoral thesis is focused in the development of new therapeutical strategies for the treatment of portal hypertension, one of the main complications of cirrhosis. Increase in portal pressure is directly related to the increased intrahepatic vascular resistance, mainly due to increased vascular tone and increased hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, the main objective of the present doctoral thesis was to study the use of the anticoagulants enoxaparin and rivaroxaban, and the mitochondrial-directed antioxidant mitoquinone and to evaluate their effects on intrahepatic vascular resistance and portal pressure in preclinical models of cirrhosis with portal hypertension. On the one hand, the results of the present doctoral thesis concluded that the anticoagulants, both the anti-thrombin like enoxaparin and the anti-factor Xa (thrombin-independent) rivaroxaban significantly improve portal pressure of animals with cirrhosis and portal hypertension mainly due to improved vascular tone and hepatic fibrosis. On the other hand, we observed that mitochondrial oxidative stress was increased in cirrhotic livers and hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells were the main cells producing mitochondrial oxidative stress. Furthermore, we confirmed the beneficial effects of antioxidants on cirrhosis. The results concluded that the mitochondrial-directed antioxidant mitoquinone decreased significantly portal pressure and intrahepatic vascular resistance. Moreover, an important deactivation of the main cells producing collagen was observed both in rat and in human cells. These results suggest that anticoagulant and antioxidant treatment may be a potential therapeutical strategy for the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients., [spa] Esta tesis estudia el efecto de diferentes estrategias terapéuticas para el tratamiento de la hipertensión portal en models preclínicos de cirrosis. Se han estudiado los efectos de dos anticoagulantes (enoxaparina y rivaroxaban) y el efecto de un antioxidante dirigido a mitocondria (mitoquinona). En el primer estudio, se evaluó el efecto del anticoagulante enoxaparina en modelos preclínicos de cirrosis. Se observó que el tratamiento agudo con enoxaparina no afectó los parámetros sistémicos ni hemodinámicos evaluados. Tampoco modificó los niveles de GMPc o el contenido de estrés oxidativo hepático. El tratamiento a corto plazo (1 semana) disminuyó de manera significativa la presión portal en ratas cirróticas sin modificar el flujo. También disminuyó de manera significativa los niveles de estrés oxidativo y aumentó la biodisponibilidad de óxido nítrico (NO). Además, el tratamiento disminuyó un 26% la fibra hepática. Estos cambios se asociaron a una mejora del fenotipo de las células estrelladas hepáticas (CEH). También se observó una mejor en la microtrombosis hepática. El tratamiento a largo plazo (3 semanas) también disminuyó de manera significativa la presión portal en los dos modelos de cirrosis preclínica, sin cambios en los otros parámetros hemodinámicos. En este caso, también se observó una disminución del estrés oxidativo, pero sin mejora en la biodisponibilidad de NO. El tratamiento con enoxaparina redujo un 35% el área de fibrosis, cambios también asociados a una mejora del fenotipo de las CHE. También disminuyó el contenido de fibrina, mejorando así la microtrombosis hepática. Finalmente, también se observaron efectos beneficiosos en el modelo de prevención en ratas cirróticas por tioacetamida. La presión portal fue menor, en las ratas tratadas con enoxaparina, aunque los cambios no fueron tan marcados como en el modelo de regresión. También se redujo el área de fibrosis hepática, se mejoró el fenotipo de las CHE y hubo una menor microtrombosis hepática. En el segundo estudio, el anticoagulante oral anti factor Xa Rivaroxaban, disminuyó significativamente la presión portal en los dos modelos de cirrosis preclínica. La disminución de la presión portal no se asoció a cambios ni en el flujo sanguíneo portal ni en la presión arterial media, sugiriendo una disminución en la resistencia vascular intrahepática. Este hecho se confirmó ex vivo, donde se observó una disminución significativa de la resistencia vascular intrahepática del 35% en un sistema de perfusión con el flujo controlado. El tratamiento durante dos semanas disminuyó los niveles de estrés oxidativo, el número de células de Kupffer y aumentó la biodisponibilidad del NO. Las ratas tratadas con rivaroxaban tuvieron una mejor respuesta, aunque no significativa, al vasodilatador acetilcolina. Para confirmar el efecto beneficioso de rivaroxaban sobre el endotelio sinusoidal hepático, se evaluó el fenotipo de las células endoteliales sinusoidales y se observó una disminución en el marcador de activación, el factor von Willebrand, y una menor presencia de membrana basal. El tratamiento con rivaroxaban disminuyó el número y la activación de las CHE tanto a nivel de tejido como a nivel de célula aislada. No se observaron cambios en la apoptosis sugiriendo que el menor número de CHE vendría de una menor proliferación y no de un aumento en la muerte celular. Finalmente se observó que el tratamiento disminuía el contenido de fibrina sugiriendo una disminución de la microtrombosis hepática y se confirmó que los efectos de rivaroxaban sobre las CHE no era directos sino a través de la inhibición de la cascada de coagulación e inhibiendo la activación de los receptores PAR. En el tercer y último estudio se evaluó el efecto del tratamiento con un antioxidante dirigido a mitocondria. En un inicio se confirmó que en la cirrosis existe un aumento significativo de estrés oxidativo mitocondrial y que las principales células productores de éste estrés eran las CHE y los hepatocitos. El tratamiento con mitoquinona in vitro disminuyó significativamente el nivel de estrés oxidativo en todas las estirpes celulares hepáticas estudiadas. Además, disminuyó el nivel de activación de las CHE tanto de rata como humanas. Esto se confirmó en cortes ultrafinos de biopsias humanas y en líneas celulares. A nivel in vivo se observó que mitoquinona produjo un descenso significativo del nivel de estrés oxidativo hepático, tanto a nivel mitocondrial como total. A demás se disminuyó el contenido de proteínas nitrotirosinadas y la expresión génica de un factor inducido por el estrés oxidativo, Hif1a. Las ratas tratadas con mitoquinona tuvieron una disminución significativa de la presión portal y no se asoció a cambios ni en el flujo sanguíneo portal ni en la presión arterial media, sugiriendo una disminución en la resistencia vascular intrahepática. Mitoquinona también disminuyó el grado de fibrosis hepática y el nivel de activación de las CHE. Finalmente, se observó que el tratamiento con mitoquinona disminuyó significativamente el nivel de inflamación hepática. Para finalizar, esta tesis doctoral concluye que tanto el tratamiento con anticoagulantes, como el tratamiento con antioxidantes dirigidos a mitocondria pueden ser una potencial vía de tratamiento para la hipertensión portal en pacientes cirróticos.

Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P.) is an Andean crop of high nutritional value and medicinal properties, which presents a great diversity in morphology and color. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of the most economically important mashua accessions in the Puno Region, Peru. Six accessions of mashua (three purple-colored and three yellow-colored) were evaluated. The content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and identification of phenolic compounds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric method and HPLC-DAD, respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the FRAP and DPPH assays. In general, the purple-colored mashua had a significantly higher content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity compared to the yellow-colored mashua; being the Tt-23 accession purple-colored (peel/pulp, purple/purple), which presented a significantly higher content of phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity compared to the other accessions evaluated (P

Producción Científica, Olive pomace (OP) is the main by-product of the olive oil industry produced in large quantities. Its valorization as a source of phenolic bioactive compounds is paramount for the sustainable growth of related industries. This work proposes an intensified process to maximize the recovery of phenolic compounds in dry extracts using hydroalcoholic mixtures. Supercritical carbon dioxide defatting pre-treatment was performed. Following this, pressurized liquid extraction was optimized through a circumscribed central composite design. The factors consisted of temperature (65.0–185.0 °C), ethanol percentage (8.0–92.0%), and solid/liquid ratio (0.2–0.8 gOP/mLSOLVENT). Besides the total phenolic content (TPC) and the total flavonoid content (TFC), the major phenolic compounds of OP [hydroxytyrosol (HT), tyrosol (TY), and oleuropein (OL)] were evaluated. Further, decarboxymethyl OL aglycone dialdehyde (3,4-DHPEA-DEDA) was identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS as the most abundant polyphenol and was studied for the first time for OP. Different conditions were found to optimize each key compound. In 67% shorter extraction time and 38% less solvent consumption compared to conventional extraction, an increase of 475% for OL, 428% for HT, 194% for TY, 373% for 3,4-DHPEA-DEDA, 89% for TPC, and 158% for TFC was observed. The antioxidant activity by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay increased 89% (optimal conditions) and correlated with TPC, 3,4-DHPEA-DEDA, and TFC. Thus, an efficient, selective, scalable, and green extraction process was established., European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Initial Training Network (ITN) “IT-DED3” (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2017) grant agreement No. 765608, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and Portugal 2020 to the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network (Rede Nacional de Espectrometria de Massa RNEM; LISBOA 01 0145 FEDER 402 022125)

This study aims to evaluate the bioaccessibility of antioxidant compounds of structured fruits. Samples were prepared with 50% of each pulp (mango/caja, mango/cashew apple and mango/acerola), agar and gellan gum (low acyl-LA and high acyl-HA) in LA:HA ratios of: 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50, in a concentration of 0.75%. There was a reduction in the antioxidant compounds contents after in vitro digestion. The bioaccessible ascorbic acid levels ranged from 15.10% (LA100/HA0 mango/acerola) to 71.18% (LA50/HA50 mango/cashew apple); Total Extractable Polyphenols (TEP) ranged from 24.58% (mango/caja pulp) to 75.50% (LA75/HA25 mango/acerola); antioxidant activity ranged from 21.10% (LA75/HA25 mango/caja) to 51.05% (LA75/HA25 mango/acerola). Mango/acerola ascorbic acid bioaccessibility was lower and the mango/cashew apple HA gellan gum sample antioxidant activity was higher than pulp, probably due to temperature increasing at processing. It was concluded that the agar and gellan gum (HA and LA) hydrocolloids were able to contain these compounds in the production process of the structured and during digestion, which proves the similarity of structured fruits with fresh pulps. RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a bioacessibilidade de compostos antioxidantes de frutas estruturadas. As amostras foram preparadas com 50% de cada polpa (manga/cajá, manga/caju e manga/acerola), ágar e goma de gel (baixo acil-LA e alto acil-HA) em relações LA:HA de: 100:0, 75:25 e 50:50, em uma concentração de 0,75%. Houve redução no conteúdo de compostos antioxidantes após a digestão in vitro. Os níveis de ácido ascórbico bioacessível variaram de 15,10% (LA100/HA0 manga/acerola) a 71,18% (LA50/HA50 manga/caju); os Polifenóis Extraíveis Totais (PET) variaram de 24,58% (manga/polpa de cajá) a 75,50% (LA75/HA25 manga/acerola); a atividade antioxidante variou de 21,10% (LA75/HA25 manga/cajá) a 51,05% (LA75/HA25 manga/acerola). A bioacessibilidade de ácido ascórbico da manga/acerola estruturada foi menor e a atividade antioxidante da amostra goma gelana HA manga/caju foi maior em relação à polpa, possível resultado da elevação de temperatura aplicada no processamento. Concluiu-se que os hidrocoloides ágar e goma gelana (HA e LA) foram capazes de reter esses compostos no processo de produção do estruturado e durante a digestão, o que comprova a semelhança das frutas estruturadas com polpas frescas.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar los compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante de la pulpa de café (Coffea arabica L.) deshidratada a través de dos métodos de secado (aire caliente y liofilizado). Las muestras de pulpa de café se obtuvieron de tres provincias de la región Amazonas (Perú), para luego ser sometidas a un proceso de lavado, oreado, deshidratado, molienda y extracción utilizando agua ultra pura y cuatro solventes orgánicos: etanol 50 %, etanol 95 %, metanol 50 % y metanol 95 %. Se encontró que los extractos obtenidos mediante liofilización y solvente etanol al 95 % tienen la mayor capacidad de extracción, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante, con 66.3 % y 402.6 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/100 g pulpa deshidratada, respectivamente. Se concluye que el etanol al 95 % es el mejor solvente para la extracción de compuestos fenólicos en pulpa de café deshidratada por liofilización.

The characteristic color of the palm fruits Aiphanes aculeata, also known as Cariota-de-Espinho, suggests the presence of pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, in addition these fruits present other compounds with health benefits such as minerals, vitamins and phenolics. However, there are no studies on the application of these fruits in food formulations since this palm tree is used only for urban landscaping. The present study aimed to characterize the Aiphanes aculeata pulp for proximate composition, physicochemical parameters, mineral contents, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity. Three ice cream formulations with the addition of different pulp concentrations were also produced, aimed to contribute to the technological and nutritional use of Aiphanes aculeata fruits. The choice of ice cream as the main investigation occurs due to the importance of functional ice creams to the balance of the physiological functions of the human organism that occurs through the ingestion of active and nutritional ingredients. Ice creams were characterized for overrun, melting behavior, color, and texture profile. The pulp presented representative minerals levels such as iron (49.82 ± 43.85 mg/100g) and zinc (96.07 ± 81.65 mg/100g). The total carotenoids level was significant, corresponding to 92.64 ± 0.83 μg/100g, with an emphasis on the beta-carotene levels (56.94 ± 2.11 μg/100g). The different pulp concentrations used in the formulations influenced the characteristics of the ice cream, as it interacted positively with the ingredients until the concentration of 30% pulp. Therefore, the Aiphanes aculeata fruits showed potential for application in the food industry, in the manufacture of ice cream with high nutritional value. El color característico de los frutos de la palma Aiphanes aculeata, también conocido como Cariota-de-Espinho, sugiere la presencia de pigmentos como carotenoides y antocianinas, además estos frutos presentan otros compuestos con beneficios para la salud como minerales, vitaminas y fenólicos. Sin embargo, no existen estudios sobre la aplicación de estos frutos en formulaciones alimentarias ya que esta palmera se utiliza únicamente para paisajismo urbano. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la pulpa de Aiphanes aculeata en cuanto a composición próxima, parámetros fisicoquímicos, contenido mineral, compuestos bioactivos y actividad antioxidante. También se elaboraron tres formulaciones de helado con la adición de diferentes concentraciones de pulpa, destinadas a contribuir al aprovechamiento tecnológico y nutricional de los frutos de Aiphanes aculeata. La elección del helado como principal investigación se da por la importancia de los helados funcionales para el equilibrio de las funciones fisiológicas del organismo humano que se produce a través de la ingestión de principios activos y nutricionales. Los helados se caracterizaron por su comportamiento de esponjamiento, fusión, color y perfil de textura. La pulpa presentó niveles representativos de minerales como hierro (49.82 ± 43.85 mg/100g) y zinc (96.07 ± 81.65 mg/100g). El nivel de carotenoides totales fue significativo, correspondiente a 92.64 ± 0.83 μg/100g, con énfasis en los niveles de betacaroteno (56.94 ± 2.11 μg/100g). Las diferentes concentraciones de pulpa empleadas en las formulaciones influyeron en las características del helado, ya que interactuó positivamente con los ingredientes hasta la concentración de 30% de pulpa. Por tanto, los frutos de Aiphanes aculeata mostraron potencial de aplicación en la industria alimentaria, en la fabricación de helados con alto valor nutricional. A cor característica das frutas de palmeira Aiphanes aculeata, também conhecida como Cariota-de-Espinho, sugere a presença de pigmentos como carotenoides e antocianinas, além disso esses frutos apresentam outros compostos com benefícios para a saúde como minerais, vitaminas e fenólicos. No entanto, não há estudos sobre a aplicação dessas frutas em formulações alimentares, uma vez que essa palmeira é utilizada apenas para o paisagismo urbano. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a polpa Aiphanes aculeata em composição, parâmetros físico-químicos, conteúdo mineral, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante. Também foram produzidas três formulações de sorvete com a adição de diferentes concentrações de polpa, visando contribuir para o uso tecnológico e nutricional das frutas Aiphanes aculeata. A escolha do sorvete como investigação principal se dá devido a importância de sorvetes funcionais ao equilíbrio das funções fisiológicas do organismo humano que se dá através da ingestão de ingredientes ativos e nutricionais. Os sorvetes foram caracterizados por excesso, comportamento de fusão, cor e perfil de textura. A polpa apresentou níveis minerais representativos como ferro (49.82 ± 43.85 mg/100g) e zinco (96.07 ± 81.65 mg/100g). O nível total de carotenoides foi significativo, correspondendo a 92.64 ± 0.83 μg/100g, com destaque para os níveis de betacaroteno (56.94 ± 2.11 μg/100g). As diferentes concentrações de polpa utilizadas nas formulações influenciaram as características do sorvete, pois interagiu positivamente com os ingredientes até a concentração de 30% da polpa. Por isso, as frutas Aiphanes aculeata apresentaram potencial de aplicação na indústria alimentícia, na fabricação de sorvetes de alto valor nutricional.

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are critical events in neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, molecules that increase cellular antioxidant defenses represent a future pharmacologic strategy to counteract such conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of (PhSe)2 on mouse hippocampal cell line (HT22) exposed to tert-BuOOH (in vitro model of oxidative stress), as well as to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying this protection. Our results showed that tert-BuOOH caused time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, which was preceded by increased oxidants production and mitochondrial dysfunction. (PhSe)2 pre-incubation significantly prevented these cytotoxic events and the observed protective effects were paralleled by the upregulation of the cellular glutathione-dependent antioxidant system: (PhSe)2 increased GSH levels (> 60%), GPx activity (6.9-fold) and the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes Gpx1 (3.9-fold) and Gclc (2.3-fold). Of note, the cytoprotective effect of (PhSe)2 was significantly decreased when cells were treated with mercaptosuccinic acid, an inhibitor of GPx, indicating the involvement of GPx modulation in the observed protective effect. In summary, the present findings bring out a new action mechanism concerning the antioxidant properties of (PhSe)2. The observed upregulation of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant system represents a future pharmacologic possibility that goes beyond the well-known thiol-peroxidase activity of this compound., Graphical abstract fx1, Highlights • (PhSe)2 protects HT22 cells against cell death induced by tert-BuOOH. • (PhSe)2 prevents the oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by tert-BuOOH. • (PhSe)2 increases GPx activity and GSH levels in HT22 cells. • The modulation of GPx is involved in the protective effect of (PhSe)2.

Important functional compounds present in fruits are often lost in technological processes and during storage. Microencapsulation technique allows maintaining the compounds of interest and adding value to the product using functional encapsulating materials. This work aimed to produce microencapsulated guava pulp using the spray-drying technique and a functional encapsulant material, i.e., a mix of inulin and maltodextrin. The guava pulp was analyzed for centesimal composition, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity. The microspheres were analyzed for retention of carotenoids, antioxidant activity over time, and morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Two proportions of coating material could maintain the antioxidant activity of guava pulp. The microencapsulation with a higher percentage of inulin is a preferred option due to the good results of retention and stability regarding antioxidant activity over time, relevant retention of the carotenoid content, and a more stable microstructure. In addition, inulin can add value to powders owing to its inherent functional properties. The product obtained in the study is innovative and interesting, as well as may provide a capable use of these materials as encapsulated agents. In fact, it can be considered a potential functional ingredient. Resumo Importantes compostos funcionais presentes nas frutas são frequentemente perdidos nos processos tecnológicos e durante o armazenamento. Com a técnica de microencapsulamento, é possível manter os compostos de interesse e agregar valor ao produto usando materiais de encapsulamento funcionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo produzir polpa de goiaba microencapsulada através da técnica de secagem por pulverização, utilizando material encapsulante funcional, uma mistura de inulina e maltodextrina. A polpa de goiaba foi analisada quanto à composição centesimal, ao teor de carotenoides e à atividade antioxidante. As microcápsulas foram analisadas quanto a retenção de carotenoides, atividade antioxidante ao longo do tempo e sua morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Ambas as proporções utilizadas no material de revestimento foram capazes de manter a atividade antioxidante da polpa de goiaba. O microencapsulamento com maior porcentagem de inulina mostrou-se como a melhor opção, devido aos bons resultados de retenção e estabilidade da atividade antioxidante ao longo do tempo, maior retenção do conteúdo de carotenoides e microestrutura mais estável, além de a inulina poder agregar valor aos pós devido às suas propriedades funcionais inerentes. O produto obtido no estudo representa um uso inovador, interessante e de possível utilização dos materiais como agentes encapsulantes, além de poder ser considerado como um potencial ingrediente funcional.

This research aimed at performing the molecular characterization of commercial Papelillo avocado (Persea americana cv Lorena) cultivars from the municipality of Marsella (Risaralda, Colombia), as well as the physicochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of the pulp and seed. An evaluation of 50 individuals among commercial varieties and possible patterns was performed using 17 microsatellite markers. Proximate analysis of the pulp was performed, and the fatty acid profile of oils, the antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the total phenolic content were evaluated. From the cluster analysis, Dice index, and Principal Coordinates Analysis, it became evident that all the individuals showed a tendency to group by populations. In addition, the pulp revealed high fiber contents (4.96–20.64%) and moisture (80.75–82.96%); however, it showed low oil content (5.97–6.56%). The fatty acid found in the highest proportion in seed oil is linoleic acid and that in pulp oil is oleic acid. The antioxidant activity by the DPPH method for seed oil (87.87 to 91.04%) presented a greater inhibition concerning to the pulp oil (20.34% and 24.43%), this same trend was observed by the FRAP method. Concerning the content of total phenols, the seed oil (31.94–76.30 mg GAE g-1) has a higher value than the pulp (30.18–54.30 mg GAE g-1). The set of samples was characterized as a significant source of genetic variability; thanks to the excellent alternatives they provide as rootstocks for commercial varieties such as the ‘Lorena’ cultivars. The chemical classification carried out in this study is of great importance, due to the lack of information about the oil of the ‘Papelillo’ avocado cultivated in different regions of Colombia. Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização molecular de cultivares comerciais de abacate Papelillo (Persea americana cv. Lorena) do município de Marsella (Risaralda, Colômbia); bem como a caracterização físico-química e avaliação da atividade antioxidante da polpa e da semente. Realizou-se uma avaliação de 50 indivíduos entre variedades comerciais e possíveis padrões utilizando 17 marcadores microssatélites. Analisou-se a composição centesimal da polpa e avaliou-se o perfil de ácidos graxos dos óleos, o conteúdo fenólico total e a atividade antioxidante pelos métodos DPPH e FRAP. A partir da análise de cluster, índice de dados e análise de coordenadas principais, tornou-se evidente que todos os indivíduos mostraram uma tendência de agrupar por populações. Além disso, a polpa revelou altos teores de fibras (4.96 a 20.64%) e umidade (80.75 a 82.96%); no entanto, mostrou baixo teor de óleo (5.97-6.56%). O ácido graxo encontrado na maior proporção no óleo de semente é o ácido linoléico e o do óleo de polpa é o ácido oleico. A atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH que o óleo de semente (87.87 a 91.04%) apresentou maior inibição em relação ao óleo de polpa (20.34% e 24.43%): essa mesma tendência foi observada pelo método FRAP. Com relação ao conteúdo de fenóis totais, o óleo de semente (31.94 a 76.30 mg de GAE g-1) tem um valor mais alto que a polpa (30.18 a 54.30 mg de GAE g-1). O conjunto de amostras foi caracterizado como uma fonte significativa de variabilidade genética, graças às excelentes alternativas que eles fornecem como porta-enxertos para variedades comerciais, como as cultivares ‘Lorena’. A classificação química realizada neste estudo é de grande importância, devido à falta de informações sobre o óleo do abacate ‘Papelillo’ cultivado em diferentes regiões da Colômbia.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) are lethal pulmonary diseases. Cigarette consumption is the main cause for development of COPD, while CF is produced by mutations in the CFTR gene. Although these diseases have a different etiology, both share a CFTR activity impairment and proinflammatory state even under sterile conditions. The aim of this work was to study the extent of the protective effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) over the proinflammatory state (IL-6 and IL-8), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), and CFTR levels, caused by Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) in Calu-3 airway epithelial cells. CSE treatment (100 µg/ml during 24 h) decreased CFTR mRNA expression and activity, and increased the release of IL-6 and IL-8. The effect on these cytokines was inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 5 mM) or the NF-kB inhibitor, IKK-2 (10 µM). CSE treatment also increased cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels. The cellular ROS levels were normalized to control values by NAC treatment, although significant effects on mitochondrial ROS levels were observed only at short times (5´) and effects on CFTR levels were not observed. In addition, CSE reduced the mitochondrial NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (mCx I-III) activity, an effect that was not reverted by NAC. The reduced CFTR expression and the mitochondrial damage induced by CSE could not be normalized by NAC treatment, evidencing the need for a more specific reagent. In conclusion, CSE causes a sterile proinflammatory state and mitochondrial damage in Calu-3 cells that was partially recovered by NAC treatment., Graphical abstract fx1, Highlights • Cigarette smoke extract stimulates IL-6/IL-8 secretion in epithelial airway cells. • The mechanism of IL-6/IL-8 induction involves NF-κB activation and ROS production. • N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment normalize cellular ROS and IL-6/IL-8 levels. • Mitochondrial ROS levels and Complex I-III impairment were not normalized by NAC. • Mitochondrial ROS scavengers might normalize the affected mitochondrial functions.

The aim of this study was developing formulations of H. undatus Haw. jam with pulp and peel, as well as evaluating nutritional compounds and texture properties through sensorial, instrumental, physical, biochemical and microbiological analyses of the final product. The fruit were selected, sanitized, pulped and grinded, and the formulations with different concentrations of pulp and peel (0 – 100%) were developed and evaluated. Microbiological evaluation showed that the formulations are in accordance with the current legislation. The increase in peel concentration in the jam formulations resulted in better consumer acceptance and higher concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidants and B complex vitamins, such as B1, B5 and B6. In addition, it gave the jams acceptable and pleasant sensorial characteristics and texture. Adding peel to the formulations enabled us to make total use of the fruit, with no waste, besides making the coproduct richer in compounds that are beneficial to consumers’ health. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar formulaciones de gelatina a partir de H. undatus Haw. con pulpa y piel, además de evaluar compuestos nutricionales y propiedades texturales mediante análisis sensorial, instrumental, físico, bioquímico y microbiológico del producto final. Los frutos fueron seleccionados, higienizados, despulpados y molidos, y se desarrollaron y evaluaron formulaciones con diferentes concentraciones de pulpa y piel (0 - 100%). La evaluación microbiológica mostró que las formulaciones están de acuerdo con la legislación vigente. El aumento de la concentración del peeling en las formulaciones de gelatina resultó en una mejor aceptación por parte del consumidor y una mayor concentración de compuestos fenólicos, antioxidantes y vitaminas B, como B1, B5 y B6. Además, estas formulaciones mostraron características sensoriales aceptables y agradables. La incorporación de las cáscaras a las formulaciones permitió aprovechar al máximo la fruta, sin desperdicio, además de enriquecer el coproducto en compuestos beneficiosos para la salud del consumidor. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver formulações de geleia a partir de H. undatus Haw. com polpa e casca, além de avaliar compostos nutricionais e propriedades de textura por meio de análises sensoriais, instrumentais, físicas, bioquímicas e microbiológicas do produto final. Os frutos foram selecionados, sanitizados, despolpados e moídos, e as formulações com diferentes concentrações de polpa e casca (0 - 100%) foram desenvolvidas e avaliadas. A avaliação microbiológica mostrou que as formulações estão de acordo com a legislação vigente. O aumento da concentração da casca nas formulações de geleias resultou em melhor aceitação pelo consumidor e maior concentração de compostos fenólicos, antioxidantes e vitaminas do complexo B, como B1, B5 e B6. Além disso, estas formulações apresentaram características sensoriais aceitáveis e agradáveis. Adicionar as cascas às formulações possibilitou o aproveitamento total da fruta, sem desperdício, além de enriquecer o coproduto em compostos benéficos à saúde do consumidor.

In recent years the consumption of tropical fruits has increased, mainly due to their health benefits. This study aimed to identify and quantify the content of rutin using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other bioactive compounds in the pulp and in the by-products of tropical fruits from Brazil (acerola, guava, mango and caja-umbu). The levels of total polyphenols (Folin-Ciocaulteau), yellow flavonoids, anthocyanins and total antioxidant activity (ABTS method) were also analyzed. The results shows the large amount of bioactive compounds found in by-products, that have beneficial properties for health, and which are mostly wasted. The presence of rutin was observed in all pulps and by-products, but it was highest in the by-product of caja-umbu and acerola pulp. This study provides new information about the content of rutin in the pulp and by-products of tropical fruits, which is essential for future applications in the food industry. Moreover, it contributes to the recovery of by-products from the agro-industrial process. En los últimos años, el consumo de frutas tropicales ha aumentado, principalmente debido a sus beneficios para la salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y cuantificar el contenido de rutina por cromatografia líquida de alto rendimento (HPLC) y otros compuestos bioactivos en la pulpa y en los subproductos de frutas tropicales de Brasil (acerola, guayaba, mango y caja-umbu). También se analizaron los niveles de polifenoles totales (Folin-Ciocalteau), flavonoides amarillos, antocianinas y actividad antioxidante total (ABTS method). Los resultados muestran la gran cantidad de compuestos bioactivos que se encuentran en los subproductos, que tienen propiedades beneficiosas para la salud y que en su mayoría se desperdician. La presencia de rutina se observó en todas las pulpas y subproductos, pero fue más alta en el subproducto de pulpa de caja-umbu y acerola. Este estudio proporciona nueva información sobre el contenido de rutina en la pulpa y los subproductos de las frutas tropicales, que es esencial para futuras aplicaciones en la industria alimentaria. Además, contribuye a la recuperación de subproductos del proceso agroindustrial. Nos últimos anos, o consumo de frutas tropicais aumentou, principalmente devido aos seus benefícios à saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar o conteúdo de rutina por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e outros compostos bioativos na polpa e nos subprodutos de frutas tropicais do Brasil (acerola, goiaba, manga e caja-umbu). Também foram analisados os níveis de polifenóis totais, flavonóides amarelos, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante total. Os resultados mostram a grande quantidade de compostos bioativos encontrados em subprodutos, que possuem propriedades benéficas para a saúde e que são desperdiçados principalmente. A presença de rutina foi observada em todas as polpas e subprodutos, mas foi maior no subproduto da polpa de caja-umbu e acerola. Este estudo fornece novas informações sobre o conteúdo de rutina na polpa e subprodutos de frutas tropicais, essencial para futuras aplicações na indústria de alimentos. Além disso, contribui para a utilização de subprodutos do processo agroindustrial.

The content of phenolic compounds and their relationship with the antioxidant capacity of quince fruit were evaluated before and after jam processing at industrial scale. Waste samples from industrial processing were also analyzed. Twelve phenolics and one organic acid were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-QTOF. According to the results, jam processing did not produce a decrease in polyphenolic content, and, in some cases, the polyphenolic content even increased. Antioxidant capacities determined by DPPH and FRAP assays showed similar results. On the other hand, the waste samples analyzed retained large amounts of polyphenols, even though their antioxidant capacity was lower than that in pulp samples. Boosted Regression Trees analysis showed a good correlation between phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity, with 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid being the most relevant compound to explain the antioxidant capacity by both methods. Fil: Baroni, María Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina Fil: Gastaminza, Joaquín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Podio, Natalia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina Fil: Lingua, Mariana Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Wunderlin, Daniel Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Rovasio, Jose L.. Dulcor Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Dotti, Roberto. Dulcor Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Rosso, Juan Carlos. Dulcor Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Ghione, Silvina. Dulcor Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Ribotta, Pablo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) pulp is rich in bioactive compounds. However, seasonality and perishability limit its availability in the market. This work aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics, including phenolic compounds and carotenoid concentrations, as well as the antioxidant capacity of lyophilized pequi pulp during storage in various packaging materials for 180 days. Pequi fruits were pulped, ground, freeze-dried and then vacuum packaged in transparent polyethylene (TP), polyethylene coated by aluminum foil (PA) and laminated foil (LA), respectively. The samples were stored under controlled temperature, humidity and luminosity. Proximate composition, phenolic compounds and carotenoids concentrations, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH• assay) were determined at the beginning of the study and the end of each month, during 180 days. Lyophilized pequi pulp had 48.87, 6.17, and 4.20 g.100 g-1 lipids, proteins, and total dietary fiber, respectively, and 556.79 kcal.100 g-1 energy. PA and LA had similar effects against light-induced carotenoid oxidation. Negative correlations between the phenolic compound concentration and storage period, and antioxidant capacity and storage period; and a positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and phenolic compound content were observed. Light-resistant packaging decreased the carotenoid loss. Among the packaging, LA preserved the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity most effectively. RESUMO A polpa de pequi apresenta quantidade elevada de compostos bioativos, contudo, sua sazonalidade e alta perecibilidade limitam sua disponibilidade no mercado. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar as características físico-químicas, o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e de carotenoides, e a capacidade antioxidante da polpa liofilizada de pequi, e avaliar sua estabilidade durante 180 dias de armazenamento, em diferentes embalagens. Os frutos de pequi foram despolpados, e a polpa foi triturada, liofilizada e acondicionada a vácuo em três embalagens diferentes: polietileno transparente, polietileno revestida com papel alumínio e laminada (bopp metalizado com pet). As amostras foram armazenadas em condições controladas de temperatura, umidade e luminosidade. Foram determinadas a composição centesimal, os teores de compostos fenólicos e carotenoides e a capacidade antioxidante (DPPH•), no início do estudo e ao final de cada mês, por 180 dias. A polpa liofilizada de pequi apresentou 48,87 g.100g-1 de lipídios; 6,17 g.100g-1 de proteína; 4,20 g.100g-1 de fibra alimentar total, e valor energético de 556,79 kcal.100g-1. A proteção à oxidação dos carotenoides pela ação da luz foi igualmente eficaz com o uso da embalagem de polietileno revestida com papel alumínio e da embalagem laminada. Observou-se correlação negativa entre concentração de compostos fenólicos e tempo de armazenamento, e capacidade antioxidante e o tempo de armazenamento; e positiva entre capacidade antioxidante e compostos fenólicos. As embalagens protegidas da luz reduziram a perda de carotenoides. A embalagem laminada se destacou por melhor preservar os compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, investigar o efeito da temperatura sobre o metabolismo oxidativo, por meio da atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), ascorbato peroxidase (APX) e catalase (CAT) no eixo embrionário e no endosperma micropilar de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna Schott, durante a germinação. As sementes foram semeadas em rolos de papel germitest umedecidos com água destilada e submetidas às temperaturas constantes de 15, 25, 30 e 40ºC, durante 10 dias. As determinações das atividades das enzimas SOD, APX e CAT foram feitas nas sementes colocadas para germinar sob as mesmas condições descritas acima e a cada 12 horas foram retiradas amostras até a protrusão radicular de 50% das sementes ou 168 horas para a temperatura de 15ºC. Não foram detectadas atividades das enzimas SOD, APX e CAT no endosperma micropilar nas diferentes temperaturas. No eixo embrionário, as atividades das enzimas SOD e CAT apresentaram maiores alterações ao longo da germinação em 15ºC e 40ºC, demonstrando que temperaturas estressantes provocam danos oxidativos. A atividade da enzima APX, no eixo embrionário, não foi afetada pela temperatura ao longo da germinação e sua atividade foi extremamente baixa. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the oxidative metabolism through the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) in the embryonic axis and micropylar endosperm of Melanoxylon brauna Schott seeds during germination. The seeds were sown in paper rolls germitest moistened with distilled water and subjected to constant temperatures of 15, 25, 30 and 40ºC for 10 days. Measurements of the activities of enzymes SOD, APX and CAT were made in the seeds germinated under the same conditions described above, and every 12 hours until the samples were taken root protrusion of 50% of the seeds or 168 hours for the temperature 15ºC. There were no activities of the enzymes SOD, APX and CAT in the micropylar endosperm at different temperatures. In the embryonic axis, the activities of the enzymes SOD and CAT showed greater changes over the germination of 15ºC and 40ºC, demonstrating that temperature stress causes oxidative damage. The APX enzyme activity in the embryonic axis was not affected by temperature during germination and its activity was extremely low.

Upregulation of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) increases vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and contributes to nitroso-redox imbalance. However, XOR can generate nitric oxide (NO) from nitrite, and increased superoxide could inactivate NO formed from nitrite. This study tested the hypothesis that XOR contributes to the cardiovascular effects of nitrite in renovascular hypertension, and that treatment with the antioxidant tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) improves XOR-mediated effects of nitrite. Blood pressure was assessed weekly in two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) and control rats. After six weeks of hypertension, the relaxing responses to nitrite were assessed in aortic rings in the presence of the XOR inhibitor oxypurinol (or vehicle), either in the absence or in the presence of tempol. Moreover, in vivo hypotensive responses to nitrite were also examined in the presence of oxypurinol (or vehicle) and tempol (or vehicle). Aortic XOR activity and expression were evaluated by fluorescence and Western blot, respectively. Vascular ROS production was assessed by the dihydroethidium assay. 2K1C hypertensive rats showed increased aortic XOR activity and vascular ROS production compared with control rats. Oxypurinol shifted the nitrite concentration–response curve to the right in aortic rings from 2K1C rats (but not in controls). Oxypurinol also attenuated the hypotensive responses to nitrite in 2K1C rats (but not in controls). These functional findings agree with increased aortic and plasma XOR activity found in 2K1C rats. Tempol treatment enhanced oxypurinol-induced shift of the nitrite concentration–response curve to the right. However, antioxidant treatment did not affect XOR-mediated hypotensive effects of nitrite. Our results show that XOR is important to the cardiovascular responses to nitrite in 2K1C hypertension, and XOR inhibitors commonly used by patients may cancel this effect. This finding suggests that nitrite treatment may not be effective in patients being treated with XOR inhibitors. Moreover, while tempol may improve the vascular responses to nitrite, antihypertensive responses are not affected., Graphical abstract fx1, Highlights • Upregulation of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is usually found in hypertension. • While XOR produces superoxide, it can also produce NO from nitrite. • This study shows that XOR mediates vasorelaxing effects of nitrite in renovascular hypertension. • XOR inhibition prevents against the antihypertensive effects of nitrite. • Antioxidant treatment improves XOR-mediated vasorelaxing effects of nitrite.

Resumo As palmeiras do gênero Euterpe têm notável importância econômica e cultural, sendo que o seu valor se deve em parte às inúmeras formas de utilização, dentre as quais se destacam o consumo da bebida proveniente dos frutos e do palmito. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a eficiência do tratamento térmico prévio nos frutos de juçara (E. edulis Martius) utilizados para o processamento da polpa de juçara, visando à obtenção de um preparado para bebida, com qualidade nutricional e segura para o consumo. Os frutos foram selecionados, higienizados com hipoclorito de sódio (200 ppm/15 min) e submetidos a três tratamentos térmicos (100 °C/5 s, 80 °C/10 s e 80 °C/30 s). Depois do tratamento foram realizados o despolpamento e o congelamento, seguidos de armazenamento. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas demonstram que é necessário o tratamento térmico a 100 °C/5 s para atender aos parâmetros microbiológicos exigidos pela legislação para polpa de açaí, além de preservar o conteúdo de antocianinas totais e atividade antioxidante. Desta forma, o tratamento térmico dos frutos apresenta-se como um método viável e de baixo custo, contribuindo para a produção da bebida com qualidade e segurança. Summary Palms of the genus Euterpe have remarkable economic and cultural importance, their value residing, in part, from the numerous forms of use, amongst which one can highlight the consumption of the palm hearts and of a beverage made from their fruits. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of a prior heat treatment of the juçara fruits (E. edulis Martius) used in the processing of the pulp destined to produce a beverage preparation with high nutritional quality and safe for consumption. The fruits were sorted, sanitized with sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm/15 min) and subjected to three heat treatments (100 °C/5 s, 80 °C/10 s and 80 °C/30 s). After the heat treatments, the fruits were pulped, followed by freezing of the pulp and storage at -20 °C. The results of the microbiological analyses demonstrated that only the treatment at 100 °C/5 s was adequate to conform with the microbiological parameters required by Brazilian legislation for açaí pulp, and also preserve the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the heat treatment (100 °C/5 s) is a feasible, fast and low-cost method, which contributes to the production of a high quality and safe beverage.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo de antocianinas, fenóis totais, taninos e ácido ascórbico, em variedade de uva 'Bordô', cultivada sobre os porta-enxertos '420A', 'IAC-766' e 'Ripária-do-Traviú', em três períodos de colheita distintos. O experimento foi realizado em vinhedo de uva 'Bordô', no município de Missal, no Oeste do Paraná, na safra 2007/2008. O efeito dos porta-enxertos foi avaliado em três períodos de colheita, a partir da época de floração: 90 dias, com bagas em amadurecimento, tendendo ao roxo definitivo; 100 dias, com bagas totalmente roxas; e 110 dias, com bagas em sobrematuração. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As variáveis analisadas foram sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, índice de fenóis totais, antocianinas, taninos e teor de ácido ascórbico. Os resultados mostraram que, nos porta-enxertos '420A' e 'IAC-766', a uva 'Bordô' apresentou respostas similares em acúmulos de antocianinas, taninos, acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis, mas os acúmulos de fenóis totais, tanto na polpa, quanto na epiderme das bagas, foram maiores no '420A'. Ocorreram menores acúmulos de antocianinas, fenóis totais e taninos da epiderme da uva 'Bordô', quando enxertada em 'Ripária-do-Traviú'. Acúmulos superiores de ácido ascórbico foram verificados nas uvas enxertadas em 'IAC-766'. Há evidências que apontam o porta-enxerto 'Ripária-do-Traviú' como inferior aos demais, nos aspectos nutricional e enológico. This study aimed to evaluate the content of anthocyanins, total phenols, tannins and ascorbic acid in grape grown onto '420A', 'IAC-766' and 'Ripária-of-Traviú' rootstocks in three different harvest periods. The experiment was conducted in 'Bordo' grapes vineyard in Missal city, Paraná West, in the 2007/2008 harvest. The rootstock effect was evaluated in three periods after flowering: 90 days, with ripening berries , tending to a definite purple; 100 days, with berries completely purple , and 110 days, with berries overripening. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design in randomized blocks. The variables soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenols index, anthocyanins, tannins and ascorbic acid were analyzed. The results showed that in the rootstocks '420A' and 'IAC-766', the 'Bordô' grape showed similar responses for anthocyanins, tannins, acidity and soluble solids accumulation, but the contents of phenolic compounds in the pulp and epidermis of berries were higher in '420A'. On the rootstock 'Ripária-do-Traviú', the 'Bordô' grape showed lower accumulation of anthocyanins, total phenols and tannins in the epidermis. Higher accumulations of ascorbic acid were found in 'Bordô' grapes on the rootstock 'IAC-766'. There is evidence suggesting that the 'Ripária-do-Traviú' rootstock as inferior to others in nutritional and enological aspects.

Fruit of the lychee cv. Bengal are approximately 50% peel and seeds, which are discarded. These by-products have antioxidant compounds which are capable of blocking the harmful effects of free radicals in the body. Bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, lycopene and phenols) and antioxidant activity were evaluated in different extracts, both fresh and dried at 45 °C, of the skin, pulp and seeds of the lychee, which were subjected to principal component analysis to clarify which of the compounds are responsible for this activity. Principal component analysis explained 82.90% of the variance of the antioxidant profile of the lychee. The peel displayed higher levels of phenols, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and antioxidant activity, while the seeds stood out due to their levels of lycopene. With drying, there was a decrease in the levels of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene and in antioxidant activity, with an increase in the levels of phenols and lycopene. The antioxidant activity found in the peel and seeds of the lychee is high, and is mainly due to ascorbic acid and beta-carotene, as demonstrated by principal component analysis, allowing the use of these fractions as sources of natural antioxidants. Os frutos da lichieira cv. Bengal possuem aproximadamente 50% de casca e semente, que são descartadas. Estes subprodutos apresentam compostos antioxidantes capazes de bloquear os efeitos danosos dos radicais livres, no organismo. Foram avaliados os compostos bioativos (ácido ascórbico, betacaroteno, licopeno e fenóis) e a atividade antioxidante, em diferentes extratos da casca, polpa e semente de lichia, in natura e secas a 45 ºC, os quais foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais, para elucidar quais compostos são responsáveis por esta atividade. A análise de componentes principais explicou 82,90% da variância do perfil antioxidante da lichia. A casca apresentou maiores teores de fenólicos, ácido ascórbico, betacaroteno e atividade antioxidante, enquanto a semente destacou-se pelos teores de licopeno. Com a secagem, houve decréscimo nos teores de ácido ascórbico e betacaroteno e na atividade antioxidante e aumento nos teores de fenólicos e licopeno. A atividade antioxidante encontrada na casca e semente de lichia é elevada e se deve, sobretudo, ao ácido ascórbico e ao betacaroteno, conforme demonstrado pela análise de componentes principais, o que possibilita o uso destas frações como fontes de antioxidantes naturais.

The literature indicates that red wine presents in its composition several substances that are beneficial to health. This study has investigated the antioxidant effects of Tannat red wine on oxidative stress induced by glucose and fructose in erythrocytes in vitro, with the purpose to determine some of its majoritarian phenolic compounds and its antioxidant capacity. Erythrocytes were incubated using different concentrations of glucose and fructose in the presence or absence of wine. From these erythrocytes were determined the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), glucose consumption, and osmotic fragility. Moreover, quantification of total phenolic, gallic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, resveratrol, and DPPH scavenging activity in wine were also assessed. Red wine showed high levels of polyphenols analyzed, as well as high antioxidant potential. Erythrocytes incubated with glucose and fructose had an increase in lipid peroxidation and this was prevented by the addition of wine. The wine increased glucose uptake into erythrocytes and was able to decrease the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes incubated with fructose. Altogether, these results suggest that wine leads to a reduction of the oxidative stress induced by high concentrations of glucose and fructose.

Hypertension is a common disease that includes oxidative stress as a major feature, and oxidative stress impairs physiological nitric oxide (NO) activity promoting cardiovascular pathophysiological mechanisms. While inorganic nitrite and nitrate are now recognized as relevant sources of NO after their bioactivation by enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, thus lowering blood pressure, mounting evidence suggests that sodium nitrite also exerts antioxidant effects. Here we show for the first time that sodium nitrite exerts consistent systemic and vascular antioxidant and antihypertensive effects in the deoxycorticosterone-salt (DOCA-salt) hypertension model. This is particularly important because increased oxidative stress plays a major role in the DOCA-salt hypertension model, which is less dependent on activation of the renin-angiotensin system than other hypertension models. Indeed, antihypertensive effects of oral nitrite were associated with increased plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations, and completely blunted hypertension-induced increases in plasma 8-isoprostane and lipid peroxide levels, in vascular reactive oxygen species, in vascular NADPH oxidase activity, and in vascular xanthine oxidoreductase activity. Together, these findings provide evidence that the oral administration of sodium nitrite consistently decreases the blood pressure in association with major antioxidant effects in experimental hypertension., Graphical abstract, Highlights ● Nitrite is known to recycle back to NO under specific conditions. ● Antihypertensive effects have been shown for sodium nitrite in some animal models. ● The DOCA-salt hypertension model includes oxidative stress as a major pathogenetic mechanism. ● This study shows antihypertensive effects of nitrite in the DOCA-salt hypertension model. ● Reduction in arterial blood pressure was associated with important antioxidant effects of sodium nitrite.

Four Citrus species (C. sinensis, cvs. Pera and Lima; C. latifolia Tanaka cv. Tahiti; C. limettioides Tanaka cv. Sweet lime and C. reticulate, cv. Ponkan) grown in Brazil were characterised in relation to contents of minerals, ascorbic acid, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of pulps and peels. In general, the peels demonstrated significantly higher contents of all compounds than the pulps (p0.05), with the exception of the Pera orange pulp that presented the highest acid ascorbic content (68 mg/100 ml), while the Tahiti lime peel presented the lowest (8 mg/100 g). Citrus showed high levels of potassium, calcium and magnesium, and the peels were considered sources of these minerals. The Ponkan mandarin peel presented the highest antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of citrus was correlated both to vitamin C and phenolics. Aside from citrus pulps, the peels are also good sources of bioactive compounds and minerals, and can be explored for their health promoting values in food products.

La investigación que compone la presente Memoria de Tesis doctoral forma parte de las principales líneas de investigación del grupo de investigación AGR-270 Fruit Processing de la Universidad de Córdoba, asumiendo como objetivo general la elaboración de bebidas alcohólicas a partir de zumos enriquecidos de frutas. En el primer trabajo descrito en el capítulo III de la Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, titulado “Bioactive compounds of chamber-dried blueberries at controlled temperature and wines obtained from them”, se ha estudiado la influencia del secado de arándanos de la variedad Star a 40 ºC, con el objetivo de aumentar el contenido en azúcar de los frutos y poder obtener vinos semi-dulces, dulces y secos con un contenido alcohólico similar a los vinos de uva comerciales. Para ello, se elaboraron tres tipos de vinos, un vino seco, uno semidulce y uno dulce, con diferentes tiempos de fermentación y, por lo tanto, diferentes contenidos de azúcares residuales. En primer lugar, se demostró que tras el proceso de secado aumentaron tanto el contenido de antocianos como el de taninos totales debido al efecto de deshidratación del fruto y a la mayor difusión de los compuestos de la piel a la pulpa; pero en cambio, se perdieron flavonoles, flavanoles y vitamina C que resultaron más sensibles a la temperatura. En segundo lugar, en el proceso de fermentación hubo una pérdida de compuestos fenólicos (antocianos, flavonoles, flavanoles y taninos) y actividad antioxidante con respecto al mosto de partida. En el análisis sensorial los vinos que tenían un mayor contenido de azúcar residual obtuvieron las mejores puntuaciones, siendo el vino fermentado hasta un 14 % v/v de alcohol el vino mejor valorado y con mayor carga de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante. En el segundo trabajo descrito en el capítulo IV de la Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, titulado “The influence of berry perforation on grape drying kinetic and total phenolic compounds”, se ha estudiado el secado en cámara con aire caliente en el rango de temperatura de 30 – 50 ºC, de uva de la variedad Tempranillo con y sin pedicelo, con el objetivo de evaluar la influencia que tiene la perforación de la baya a la hora de establecer modelos predictivos de la cinética de secado y en la composición de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante de la fruta. En primer lugar, el modelo Midilli et al. (MR = a exp(-kt) + bt) fue el modelo que mejor se ajustaba a las características de secado de las uvas que mantienen el pedicelo, mientras que en las uvas perforadas el modelo Two term (MR = a exp(-k0t) + b exp(-k1t)) fue el que presenta el mejor ajuste para las temperaturas de 30 y 40 ºC, y el modelo de Approximation of diffusion (MR = a exp(-kt) + (1-a) exp(-kbt)) para la temperatura de 50 ºC. El secado de la baya perforada permitió una mayor difusión del agua y, por lo tanto, presentó una mayor velocidad de secado. En todas las temperaturas la baya perforada tuvo un mayor coeficiente de difusividad y, además, la energía de activación para las bayas enteras fue de 56.49 kJ/mol mientras que para las perforadas fue de 54.43 kJ/mol, lo que indica que estas últimas necesitan menos energía para eliminar el agua de la fruta. Las uvas perforadas fueron las que tenían mayor velocidad de secado, pero fueron las bayas enteras las que obtuvieron la mayor concentración en compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante. En el tercer trabajo descrito en el capítulo V de la Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, titulado “Influence of drying processes on anthocyanin profiles, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”, se ha estudiado el secado convectivo de arándanos de la variedad Ventura hasta la pérdida del 50 % de su humedad inicial en una cámara con aire caliente, en el rango de temperatura de 30-50 ºC, con el objetivo de obtener zumos de arándanos enriquecidos en compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante. Para poder predecir cambios en el contenido de humedad frente al tiempo de secado, se ajustaron los secados a diferentes modelos, siendo el modelo de Page (MR = exp(-ktn)) el que mejor se ajustó a las características de secado a 30 y 50 ºC, mientras que para el secado a 40 ºC el mejor modelo fue Approximation of diffusion (MR = a exp(-kt) + (1-a) exp(-kbt)). Además, se calculó el coeficiente de difusividad efectiva, que fue mayor conforme aumentó la temperatura y la energía necesaria para eliminar un mol de agua que fue de 23.13 kJ/mol. Estudiada la cinética de secado, se analizaron los zumos obtenidos del prensado de los arándanos secos, de donde se pudo establecer que conforme aumentaba la temperatura aumentaron tanto el color (absorbancia a 420, 520 y 620 nm), como el contenido en compuestos fenólicos totales, la concentración de antocianos y la actividad antioxidante, medida por los ensayos ABTS y DPPH. Siendo, por lo tanto, el secado de arándanos a 50 ºC el más efectivo eliminando agua y el que obtuvo el zumo de arándanos más enriquecido. En el cuarto trabajo descrito en el capítulo VI de la Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, titulado “Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and color in the fermentation of blueberry and grape juice with different yeasts”, se ha estudiado la fermentación de mostos de arándano y uva mezclados con una proporción 1:1 con 4 cepas de levaduras diferentes, con el objetivo de evaluar qué levaduras son las que mantienen el mayor contenido en compuestos fenólicos, color y actividad antioxidante. Los mostos fueron fermentados con cuatro tipos de cepas, de las cuales 3 eran levaduras comerciales QA23, Elegance MP061 y M05 Mead; y una aislada de mostos parcialmente fermentados de uva Pedro Ximenez, X5 (CECT131015). Además del uso de estas cepas de levaduras se utilizó como control la fermentación espontánea de los vinos con las levaduras autóctonas de las frutas. En primer lugar, se demostró que el uso de inóculos de levadura reducía el tiempo de fermentación evitando la fase de latencia donde la levadura se adapta al medio de fermentación de las dos frutas. De los vinos obtenidos, fue el vino control el que menos compuestos fenólicos totales perdió y, por ende, menos actividad antioxidante. En cambio, los vinos obtenidos de la fermentación con inóculos presentaron una menor pérdida de color (absorbancias a 420, 520 y 620 nm) y un mayor contenido en antocianos y flavonoles. La levadura M05 Mead fue la que obtuvo las menores pérdidas de color, compuestos fenólicos totales y actividad antioxidante, y la mayor concentración tanto de antocianos como de flavonoles de las levaduras utilizadas. Por lo tanto, la levadura más apropiada para la vinificación de mostos mezcla de arándanos y uvas es M05 Mead. En el quinto trabajo descrito en el capítulo VII de la Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, titulado “Fermentation of blueberry and grape dried mix juices. Color, phenolics compounds and antioxidant activity”, se ha estudiado la fermentación de mostos procedentes de la mezcla de arándano y uva 1:1, tras la deshidratación de una de las frutas de la mezcla, con el objetivo de obtener mostos enriquecidos en azúcar, compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante. El proceso de secado se llevó a cabo en una cámara de secado por aire a 50 ºC, las frutas se deshidrataron hasta que perdieron el 50 % de la humedad inicial. Tras esto, se procedió a la mezcla de frutas y al prensado, de donde salieron dos mostos diferentes, uno procedente de uva y arándano deshidratado (M1) y otro procedente de arándano y uva deshidratada (M2). Estos mostos junto con parte de los restos sólidos del prensado se fermentaron a 25 ºC con las levaduras propias de las frutas (fermentación espontánea), con una levadura comercial (M05 Mead) y una levadura aislada de mostos de uva Pedro Ximénez (X5 CECT131015). Los vinos obtenidos de la fermentación espontánea son aquellos que presentaron los peores valores tanto de color, compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante, así como las peores puntuaciones en el análisis sensorial. A pesar de que los mostos de partida (M1 y M2) presentaron diferentes contenidos en azúcar, y por lo tanto tiempos de fermentación y maceración diferentes, los vinos elaborados con la ayuda de preinóculos presentaron valores de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante muy similares, destacando aquellos que fueron elaborados con la levadura comercial M05 Mead. Siendo el vino W2M el mejor puntuado y de mayor calidad sensorial, tanto por catadores expertos como por consumidores habituales de vino. The research that composes the present Doctoral Thesis Report is part of the main lines of research from AGR-270 Fruit Processing research group of the University of Córdoba, assuming as a general objective the production of alcoholic beverages from enriched fruit juices. In the first work described in Chapter III of the Doctoral Thesis Report, entitled “Bioactive compounds of chamber-dried blueberries at controlled temperature and wines obtained from them”, the influence of drying blueberries of the variety Star at 40 ºC has been studied with the aim of increasing the sugar content of the fruits to obtain semi-sweet, sweet and dry wines with similar alcoholic content to commercial grape wines. For this purpose, three types of wines were produced, one dry, one semi-sweet and one sweet, with different fermentation times and, therefore, different residual sugar content. Firstly, it was shown that after drying process the anthocyanin and the total tannin contents increased due to the dehydration effect of the fruit and a greater diffusion of the compounds from the skin to the pulp, was achieved contrarily. Flavonols, flavanols and vitamin C were lost because they were more sensitive to temperature. Secondly, in the fermentation process there was a loss of phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols and tannins) and antioxidant activity with respect to the starting must. In sensory analysis, wines with a higher residual sugar content obtained the best scores, among which fermented wine up to 14 % v/v of alcohol was the bestvalued wine and had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. In the second work described in Chapter IV of the Doctoral Thesis Report, entitled “The influence of berry perforation on grape drying kinetic and total phenolic compounds”, chamber-drying process in temperature range of 30 – 50 ºC in Tempranillo grapes with and without pedicel has been studied, to evaluate the influence of berry perforation in establishing predictive models of drying kinetics and in the composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the fruit. Firstly, the model Midilli et al. (MR = a exp(-kt) + bt) was the best fit of the drying characteristics of the grapes maintaining pedicel, while in the perforated grapes the model Two term (MR = a exp(-k0t) + b exp(-k1t)) was the best fit for 30 and 40 ºC and the Approximation of diffusion (MR = a exp(-kt) + (1-a) exp(-kbt)) model for the 50 ºC of temperature. The drying of punched berries allowed a greater diffusion of water and, therefore, presented a higher drying speed. In all temperatures, the punched berries had a higher coefficient of diffusivity and, in addition, the activation energy for whole berries was 56.49 kJ/mol while for punched berries was 54.43 kJ/mol, indicating that the latter need less energy to remove water from the fruit. The punched grapes were the ones having the highest drying speed, but whole berries obtained the highest concentration in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. In the third work described in Chapter V of the Doctoral Thesis Report, entitled “Influence of drying processes on anthocyanin profiles, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”, convective drying of blueberries of variety Ventura up to the loss of 50 % of its initial humidity in a hot air chamber has been studied in a temperature range of 30 – 50 ºC. The aim was to obtain blueberry juices enriched in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. In order to predict changes in moisture content over drying time, the drying processes were adjusted to different models. Being Page model (MR = exp(-ktn)) the best fit for drying characteristics at 30 and 50 ºC, while for drying at 40 ºC the best model was Approximation of diffusion (MR = a exp(-kt) + (1-a) exp(-kbt)). In addition, the effective diffusivity coefficient was calculated, which was higher as the temperature increased and energy needed to remove a mole of water resulted 23.13 kJ/mol. After studying the drying kinetics, the juices obtained from the pressing of dried blueberries were analyzed. From results could be established that as the temperature increased so did the color (absorbance at 420, 520 and 620 nm), the content of total phenolic compounds, anthocyanin concentration and antioxidant activity, measured by the ABTS and DPPH assay. Therefore, the drying of blueberries at 50 ºC was the most effective removing water and obtained the most enriched blueberry juice. In the fourth paper described in Chapter VI of the Doctoral Thesis Report, entitled “A Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and color in the fermentation of blueberry and grape juice with different yeasts”, fermentation of blueberry and grape mixed musts in a 1:1 ratio with 4 different yeast strains has been studied. Searching the aim of evaluate that yeasts are those which maintain the highest phenolic compounds content, color and antioxidant activity. The musts were fermented with four types of strains, of which three were commercial yeasts QA23, Elegance MP061, M05 Mead and one isolated from partially fermented musts of Pedro Ximenez, X5 (CECT131015). In addition, the use of these yeast strains was used to control the spontaneous fermentation of the wines with the endigenous yeasts of the fruits. First, it was shown that the use of yeast inoculums reduced the fermentation time avoiding the latency phase where the yeast adapts to the fermentation medium of both fruits. Among the wines obtained, the control wine was the one losing the least total phenolic compounds and, therefore, less antioxidant activity. However, wines obtained from fermentation with inoculum showed the least color loss (absorbances at 420, 520 and 620 nm) and a higher content of anthocyanins and flavonols. In fact, the M05 Mead yeast obtained the lowest loss of color, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity; and the highest concentration of anthocyanins and flavonols. Therefore, the most appropriate yeast for the winemaking of mixed blueberries and grapes musts. In the fifth paper described in Chapter VII of the Doctoral Thesis Report, entitled “Fermentation of blueberry and grape dried mix juices. Color, phenolics compounds and antioxidant activity”, fermentation of must from the mixture of blueberry and grape 1:1 has been studied, after dehydration of one of the fruits of the mixture, with the aim of obtaining musts enriched in sugar, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The drying process was carried out in an air-drying chamber at 50 ºC, the fruits were dehydrated until they lost 50 % of the initial humidity. This was followed by the mixing of fruits and pressing, from which two different musts were obtained, one from dried grapes and undried blueberries (M1) and the other from dried blueberries and undried grapes (M2). These musts with part of the solid remains of the pressing were fermented at 25 ºC with endogenous yeasts (spontaneous fermentation), with a commercial yeast (M05 Mead) and an isolated yeast from grape musts Pedro Ximenez (X5 CECT131015). The wines obtained from the spontaneous fermentation are those which presented the worst values of color, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, as well as the worst scores in sensory analysis. Although the starting musts (M1 and M2) had different sugar contents and, therefore, different fermentation and maceration times, wines made with the help of pre-inoculums had very similar values of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, highlighting those that were made with commercial yeast M05 Mead. Particularly, W2M wine was the best rated and that of higher sensory quality, after evaluation by expert tasters and regular wine consumers.

Introdução geral: Os radicais livres são átomos ou moléculas altamente reativas e suscetíveis a interagirem e modificarem com outras moléculas. Além dos radicais livres, existem as espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que em níveis elevados podem promover desequilíbrio redox, responsável por comprometer a estrutura e o funcionamento celular. Dessa forma, mecanismos de defesa antioxidante agem para reduzir o estresse oxidativo provocado pelo desequilíbrio entre agentes pró e antioxidantes em favor do pró - oxidantes. A glutationa (GSH) é um importante sistema de defesa antioxidante. O exercício físico induz a formação de ERO e desse modo gera modificações no metabolismo da GSH. Ao mesmo tempo, a hipertermia e desidratação também são apontadas por contribuir no metabolismo da GSH. No entanto ainda não está claro, além das fontes já conhecidas de liberação de GSH (hepatócitos) se outros tecidos, como os eritrócitos, contribuem nos níveis circulantes de GSH. Objetivo revisão sistemática: Avaliar as respostas de marcadores pro e antioxidantes do exercício associado a hipertermia e desidratação. Métodos revisão sistemática: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, Clinical Trials.gov, PEDRO e LILACS. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que investigaram indivíduos jovens saudáveis sobre as respostas pró e antioxidante do exercício associadas ao calor (hipertermia) e / ou exercício associado à desidratação. Dois revisores independentes extraíram os dados e avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos incluídos. Resultados revisão sistemática: Um total de 1.014 artigos foram selecionados, nove artigos completos foram avaliados para elegibilidade, e oito artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Estudos que investigam os efeitos do exercício associado a hipertermia indicam que o exercício no calor pode promover adaptações na defesa antioxidante, reduzindo os efeitos negativos do calor isolado sobre a resposta oxidativa. Por outro lado, estudos mostram que a desidratação induzida pelo exercício aumenta os marcadores pró-oxidantes e é atenuada pela reidratação. Objetivos artigo original: Investigar os efeitos do exercício no calor com e sem desidratação (em humanos) e do estresse térmico isolado nos eritrócitos (in vitro) sobre o metabolismo da GSH. Métodos artigo original: Dez homens fisicamente ativos realizaram exercício em quatro condições experimentais: termoneutro + euhidratação (T-EU); termoneutro + desidratação (T-DE); calor + euhidratação (C-EU); calor + desidratação (C-DE). As temperaturas das condições termoneutro e calor foram, respectivamente, de 23°C e 38°C. Os participantes realizaram exercício de intensidade moderada (60% VO2pico) durante 60 minutos. A gravidade específica da urina foi analisada no início de cada visita. A frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal foram monitorados continuamente durante o exercício. Os registros da massa corporal para determinar o percentual de desidratação foram realizados pré e pós o exercício. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas para mensurar a glutationa reduzida (GSH) e glutationa oxidada (GSSG) circulantes. Para a visita de coleta de sangue para realizar o aquecimento dos eritrócitos, o sangue foi coletado e separado em tubos, organizados nas condições de aquecimento: a 35°C e a 41°C. Após exposição ao calor, o plasma e os eritrócitos foram extraídos para análises de GSH e GSSG. Resultados artigo original: Os resultados da temperatura corporal e do percentual de desidratação nas condições de exercício obtiveram aumentos significativos em todas as visitas. A frequência cardíaca teve aumento significativo nas condições calor comparada as condições termoneutro. A desidratação promoveu reduções significativas na GSH, independentemente da temperatura ambiente, resultando na alteração do balanço redox. Para os resultados da exposição isolada dos eritrócitos, o estresse térmico promoveu aumento dos níveis de GSH. Considerações finais: O exercício de intensidade moderada no calor previne as alterações no balanço redox, na ausência de desidratação. Sugere-se que a manutenção do equilíbrio redox durante o exercício moderado no calor tem contribuição dos eritrócitos com a liberação de GSH. General background: Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that are susceptible to interact and modify with other molecules. In addition to free radicals, there are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that at high levels may promote redox imbalance, which is responsible for compromising cell structure and function. Thus, antioxidant defense mechanisms act to reduce oxidative stress caused by the imbalance between pro and antioxidant agents in favor of pro- oxidants. Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant defense system. Physical exercise induces the formation of ROS and thus generates changes in GSH metabolism. At the same time, hyperthermia and dehydration are also reported to contribute to GSH metabolism. However, it is not yet clear beyond the known sources of GSH (hepatocyte) release whether other tissues, such as erythrocytes, contribute to circulating levels of GSH. Objective systematic review: The aim to verify the pro and antioxidant responses during exercise associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. Methods systematic review: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, Clinical Trials.gov, PEDRO and LILACS. We included clinical trials that investigated healthy young individuals on the pro and antioxidant responses of exercise associated with heat (hyperthermia) and / or exercise associated with dehydration. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. Results systematic review: A total of 1,014 records were selected, nine full papers were evaluated for eligibility, and eight papers met the inclusion criteria. Studies investigating the effects of exercise associated with hyperthermia indicate that exercise in heat may promote adaptations in antioxidant defense, reducing the negative effects of isolated heat on the oxidative response. On the other hand, studies show that exercise-induced dehydration increases pro-oxidant markers and is attenuated by rehydration. Objectives original article: The aims were to investigate the effects of exercise on heat with and without dehydration (in humans) and isolated thermal stress in erythrocytes (in vitro) on GSH metabolism. Methods original article: Ten physically active men performed exercise under four trials: thermoneutral + euhydration (T-EU); thermoneutral + dehydration (T-DE); heat + euhydration (H-EU); heat + dehydration (H-DE). The temperatures of the thermoneutral and heat conditions were, respectively, 23 °C and 38 °C. Participants performed moderate intensity exercise (60% VO2peak) for 60 minutes. The specific gravity of urine was analyzed at the beginning of each trials. Heart rate and rectal temperature were monitored throughout trials. Body mass records to determine the percentage of dehydration were measured before and after exercise. Blood samples were taken to measure circulating reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). For the blood collection visit to warm the erythrocytes, the blood was collected and separated into tubes, organized under warming conditions: at 35 ° C and at 41 ° C . After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analysis. Results original article: Results of body temperature and dehydration percentage under exercise conditions showed significant increases in all trials. Heart rate had a significant increase in heat conditions compared to thermoneutral conditions. Dehydration promoted significant reductions in GSH, regardless of ambient temperature, resulting in redox imbalance. For the results of isolated erythrocyte exposure, thermal stress promoted increased GSH levels. Conclusions: Moderate exercise in the heat prevents changes in the redox balance, in the absence of dehydration. It is suggested that maintaining redox balance during moderate exercise in the heat has red blood cell contribution to GSH release.