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This study aimed to examine and compare the main nutritional quality parameters and bioactive compounds of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grain in order to select genotypes suitable for human consumption and predict genotypes with higher antioxidant capacity. Sorghum grains from the restorer lines collection (172 genotypes) were analysed for their nutritional quality (ash, protein, fat and starch), phenolic compounds content (total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins), as well as for antioxidant activity and colour parameters. The content of the studied items was 1.6-6.6 % for total lipids, 8.7-19.8 % for proteins, 1.2-3.7 % for ash and 57.1-93.3 % for starch. Total phenolics content was 0.6-11.3 g·kg-1 (expressed as GAE) in methanolic extracts and 1.1-17.1 g·kg-1 (expressed as GAE) in acetone extracts, while the highest antioxidant activity was 90.4 %. There was no correlation between colour and tannin content. The expected and experimentally obtained antioxidant activity confirmed the effectiveness of artificial neural network as a predictive tool. This study showed that sorghum is a valuable material for developing functional food products and it has potential if cultivated in the European climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, our research aim was to assess the influence of pumpkin seed flour addition on the antioxidant properties, consumer acceptability, functional properties, and texture of wafers. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process was used to assess the effectiveness of fortification in terms of the potential bioavailability of phenolic compounds and peptides. The antioxidant activity of the obtained hydrolysates and potentially bioavailable fractions (≤3.5 kDa) was tested. The highest antiradical activity and Fe2+ chelation ability (IC50) were noted for the fraction obtained from wafers with the greatest addition of pumpkin seed flour—Pf4 (0.49 mg/mL for ABTS+*, 3.84 mg/mL for DPPH*, and 2.04 mg/mL for Fe2+ chelation). The addition of pumpkin seed flour caused the color of the wafers to change to a darker one (24.46% differences in L* between C and P4), which influenced consumer ratings. This study shows that adding pumpkin seed flour increases the peptide and phenolic contents of wafers (1.13 mg/mL and 1.01 mg/mL of peptides and 0.429 mg/mL and 0.351 mg/mL of phenolics for P4 and C hydrolysates, respectively) and enhances their antioxidant activity, with only minimal effects on taste, aroma, crispness, water and fat adsorption capacity, and foaming ability. Fractions ≤ 3.5 kDa showed greater antioxidative activity than hydrolysates, and the addition of pumpkin seed flour improved these properties. To sum up, pumpkin seeds are a valuable source of antioxidant compounds (phenolic compounds and peptides) and can be used to enrich various products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the expression of inflammatory factors. Regarding its anti-atopic activity, numerous traditional medicinal materials and secondary metabolic products play pivotal roles in modulating the associated mechanisms. Methods: This study aimed to utilize Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB) as an anti-AD source. In-vitro activity assessments and qualitative and quantitative analyses using UPLC-TQ-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD were conducted in two cultivars ('Dasan' and 'Kosan'). Statistical analysis indicated that the profiles of their secondary metabolites contribute significantly to their pharmacological properties. Consequently, bio-guided fractionation was undertaken to figure out the distinct roles of the secondary metabolites present in SMB. Results: Comparative study of two cultivars indicated that 'Dasan', having higher salvianolic acid A and B, exhibited stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Meanwhile, 'Kosan', containing higher tanshinones, showed higher alleviating activities on anti-AD related genes in mRNA levels. Additionally, performed bio-guided fractionation re-confirmed that the hydrophilic compounds of SMB can prevent AD by inhibiting accumulation of ROS and suppressing inflammatory factors and the lipophilic components can directly inhibit AD. Conclusions: SMB was revealed as a good source for anti-AD activity. Several bioactive compounds were identified from the UPLC-TQ-MS/MS and different compounds content was linked to biological activities. Characterization of these compounds may be helpful to understand differential role of secondary metabolites from SMB on alleviation of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the chemical content of Romanian juneberries (Amelanchier lamarckii), their effect on antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities, and their bioaccessibility after simulated in-vitro digestion. In Amelanchier lamarckii extract (AME), 16 polyphenolic compounds were identified by LC-ESI+-MS analysis. The most representative compounds found in the extract were cyanidin-galactoside, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid, feruloylquinic acid, and kaempferol, all belonging to the anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonols subclasses. The polyphenols of AME exert quenching abilities of harmful reactive oxygen species, as the CUPRAC antioxidant assay value was 323.99 µmol Trolox/g fruit (FW), whereas the FRAP antioxidant value was 4.10 μmol Fe2+/g fruit (FW). Enzyme inhibition assays targeting tyrosinase (IC50 = 8.843 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 14.03 mg/mL), and acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 49.55 mg/mL) were used for a screening of AME's inhibitory potential against these key enzymes as a common approach for the discovery of potential antidiabetic, skin pigmentation, and neurodegenerative effects. The screening for the potential antidiabetic effects due to the α-glucosidase inhibition was performed in glucose-induced disease conditions in a human retinal pigmented epithelial cell experimental model, proving that AME could have protective potential. In conclusion, AME is a valuable source of phenolic compounds with promising antioxidant potential and metabolic disease-protective effects, warranting further investigation for its use in the nutraceutical and health industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the phytochemical, total phenolic, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant of the methanolic extract of the leaf of Ipomoea hederifolia Linn. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical, reducing power and phosphomolybdenum method. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also determined using Folin Ciocalteau's and aluminium chloride method respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Results indicated that the total phenolic and flavonoid content were found to be 101.28±0.9238 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g and 14.91±0.672 quercetin equivalent/g respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of the extract based on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl was 20.33 µg/ml as compared to standard (ascorbic acid) which is 18.30 µg/ml while the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of the methanolic extract of Ipomoea hederifolia and standard (ascorbic acid) for hydroxyl scavenging activity were found to be 104.9 µg/ml and 16.88 µg/ml respectively. The reducing power of methanolic extract and standard (ascorbic acid) at 25 µg/ml were found to be 0.183±0.002 and 0.396±0.001 respectively and the total antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract and standard (ascorbic acid) at 100 µg/ml and were found to be 0.094±0.0002 and 0.368±0.002 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eimeria are the absolute intestinal parasites belonging to phylum Apicomplexa, causing the intestinal disease known as coccidiosis. It is a lethal disease that affects a large variety of animals and birds including cattle, camel, goats, sheep, poultry, etc. causing severe devastation and mortalities. Controlling poultry coccidiosis by the means of preventive and prophylactic use of chemical drugs is currently being practiced on a commercial scale. Regardless of a history of successful use of these drugs, resistance and public health concerns demand their alternatives. Several alternatives including vaccination, organic acids and botanicals, are being suggested. Several preparations of botanicals have been experimented and found useful, but exact compound identification is a question of interest for scientists. Phenolic compounds are among the most abundant phytochemicals found in diverse structural forms comprising mainly phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, and others. Research states that they have the potential to control coccidiosis because of their direct and indirect anticoccidial activities. Phenolics have been reported to control coccidiosis by targeting Eimeria species directly and reducing the damages by antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Phenolics kill Eimeria by engulfing schizonts, rupturing the cell membrane of sporozoites, and inhibiting growth by stopping ATP synthesis mechanisms and other pathways depending on their chemical nature and the subgroup of phenolic compounds. Because of the high potential of being oxidized; they capture the reactive species produced because of cell rupture during rapid schizogony and immune invasion. Phenolics give negative feedback to several inflammatory mediators and reduce the inflammatory destruction of the gut, hence minimizing the loss. Regardless of these activities, phenolics have some drawbacks i.e., they reduce nutrient uptake, disturb carbohydrate disturbance, have cytotoxic effects, and undefined long-term response. Extensive research is needed to investigate the proper anticoccidial compound and reduce the side effects of phenolics to manage coccidiosis in an accurate, rapid, and safe way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: Camellia L., belonging to the Theaceae family, is a diverse group of plant species native to various regions of Asia. Methods: Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves of three Camellia species, namely Camellia quephongensis, Camellia yokdonensis, and Camellia longii, were determined using a spectrophotometric method. Phenolic compounds of the leaf extracts were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, antioxidant activity, anti-α-amylase and in vitro antiinflammatory properties of the extracts were evaluated. Results: The total carotenoid content in C. longii was the highest, whereas the total chlorophyll content in this species was the lowest. Most of the phenolic compounds in C. quephongensis were found at the greatest concentrations compared to the other species. The extract from C. quephongensis exhibited the strongest antioxidant properties estimated by ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging assays. This activity was shown to be comparable with that of ascorbic acid. All the Camellia extracts may possess a much less potent anti-α-amylase activity in comparison with acarbose. They could also be weaker than diclofenac with respect to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity evaluated by albumin denaturation inhibition assay. Conclusions: The findings of this investigation provide the initial insights into pigments and phenolics present in the various Camellia species and pave the way for the development of functional foods that could potentially offer a range of health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of harvest time on the protein, oil, fatty acids and bioactive compounds in hazelnut cultivars (Corylus avellana L. cvs. 'Tombul', 'Palaz', 'Çakıldak', 'Okay 28' and 'Allahverdi'). The harvest was carried out at 7 different periods with weekly intervals from 20 July to 31 August. As the harvest time progressed, increases and decreases were detected in protein, oil, fatty acids and bioactive compounds. The highest oil content was measured in the H5 and H6 harvest periods. The highest content was determined in H3 for oleic acid. Higher total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were obtained in the first 3 harvest periods than in the other periods. The present findings revealed that the protein, fatty acids and bioactive compounds in hazelnut cultivars may differ according to the harvest time. The results obtained will provide clearer ideas to both the industry and the producers about the optimum harvest time for the intended use of these cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) blossoms are natural resources that are not put to economic use. They are completely mixed with soil as waste. Thus, this extensive study was designed and remarkable results were found showing the potential usefulness of chestnut blossoms. In addition to the phenolic capacity and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried chestnut flowers, the anti-urease activity of these extracts was studied to demonstrate their therapeutic value. The binding interaction of phenolic substances present in chestnut blossom with urease was shown using molecular docking research. The aqueous extract, with most effect, had total phenolic content of 46.67 ± 0.37 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content of 6.14 ± 0.40 mg QUE/g. The antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP (648.47 ± 5.27 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/g for aqueous extract and 347.53 ± 2.09 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/g for ethanolic extract) and DPPH (0.05 ± 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of aqueous extract and 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of ethanolic extract) assays, and rutin was found to be the dominant phenolic compound according to HPLC. IC50 values for urease in aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 2.55 ± 0.09 mg/mL and 4.57 ± 0.24 mg/mL, respectively. According to the docking experiments, which were important to support the hypothesis of anti-urease activity, myricetin and luteolin showed different and effective bonding degrees to the target protein when compared with the reference molecule acetohydroxamic acid. In summary, chestnut flowers are rich in phenolic compounds which are responsible for a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant features and urease inhibition. These blossoms could be evaluated as potentially important raw materials for food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) is a prevalent by-product of the brewing industry currently used in animal feed as a cheap source of protein. In this study, chemical composition of BSY from two different beer production (American IPA, BSY1, and Imperial Stout, BSY2) was characterized, aiming for potential use as nutraceutical sources. Cytotoxicity of BSY extracts was also tested in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in tumoral (pancreatic cancer tumor cells, PANC-1, and colorectal adenocarcinoma tumor cells, CACO-2) and non-tumoral (umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC) cell lineages. BSY samples showed similar lipid and ash content, but slight differences in the content of reducing sugars, total proteins, moisture and total proteins. BSY2 sample presented higher glucans and phenolic compound concentrations than BSY1. Main phenolic compounds identified were xanthohumol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid (BSY1 and BSY2), and gallic acid (BSY2). BSY1 and BSY2 extracts showed similar antioxidant capacity. Neither BSY1 nor BSY2 were cytotoxic to PBMCs, HUVEC and CACO-2, but were cytotoxic to PANC-1 cells, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings revealed that the residue of brewery can be a value-added functional food product with an adjuvant role against PANC-1 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phikud Bencha Thien (BT), Phikud Bencha Kot (BK), and Phikud Bencha Keson (BKS) are three of the most well-known compositions in Thai traditional medicine and are included in a wide range of Thai polyherbal formulas. Each individual formulation has potential as a rich source of natural antioxidants, especially polyphenolic compounds. The present study determined the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of water and methanol extracts of these three remedies as well as identifying the phenolic acid and flavonoid compounds present in these remedies using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH and ABTS reduction assays, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis were used to classify relationships between the extract contents and antioxidant activity. Methanol extracts had the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Antioxidant activities in each assay varied between methanol and water extracts. The BKS extract exhibited significantly stronger antioxidant activity than the BT and BK extracts in all antioxidant models. Caffeic acid was found in high amounts in BT and BK extracts, whereas gallic acid was found as the major constituent of BKS extract. Multivariate analysis revealed that methanol and water extracts of BKS displayed the highest antioxidant capacities and had the highest phytochemical contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red and purple corn varieties were well studied in terms of their profile of biological active compounds, trying to explore the great potential of agricultural resources in different advanced applications, in food, pharmaceutic or medical fields. In this research paper, Bloody Butcher red corn variety was studied related to its total phenolics content and antioxidant activity. The research was conducted with milled corn and sifted milled corn, analyzing the use of several solvents for the extraction experiments and different methods (magnetic stirring, ultrasound, microwaves). Water-ethanol (1/1) was found to be the optimal extraction solvent mixture and ultrasound treatment was chosen as the best method to obtain extracts with high polyphenolic content (290 mg GAE/100 g DM). Microwave assisted extraction lead to similar results at 700W power level and 20 seconds exposure. Also, the highest antioxidant activity resulted for sifted milled corn after 60 minutes of magnetic stirring extraction with aqueous-ethanol solvent (451.71 mM TE/100 g DM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aniseeds (Pimpinella anisum) have gained increasing attention for their nutritional and health benefits. Aniseed extracts are known to contain a range of compounds, including flavonoids, terpenes, and essential oils. These compounds have antimicrobial properties, meaning they can help inhibit the growth of nasty bacteria and other microbes. The purpose of this study was to determine if aniseed extracts have potential antioxidant, phytochemical, and antimicrobial properties against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. A disc diffusion test was conducted in vitro to test the aniseed methanolic extract's antibacterial activity. The MIC, MBC, and inhibition zone diameters measure the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and size of the zone developed when the extract is placed on a bacterial culture, respectively. HPLC and GC/MS are analytical techniques used for identifying the phenolics and chemical constituents in the extract. DPPH, ABTS, and iron-reducing power assays were performed to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of the extract. Using HPLC, oxygenated monoterpenes represented the majority of the aniseed content, mainly estragole, cis-anethole, and trans-anethole at 4422.39, 3150.11, and 2312.11 (g/g), respectively. All of the examined bacteria are very sensitive to aniseed's antibacterial effects. It is thought that aniseed's antibacterial activity could be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds which include catechins, methyl gallates, caffeic acid, and syringic acids. According to the GC analysis, several flavonoids were detected, including catechin, isochiapin, and trans-ferulic acid, as well as quercitin rhamnose, kaempferol-O-rutinoside, gibberellic acid, and hexadecadienoic acid. Upon quantification of the most abundant estragole, we found that estragole recovery was sufficient for proving its antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria. Utilizing three methods, the extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity. Aniseed extract clearly inhibited MDR bacterial isolates, indicating its potential use as an anti-virulence strategy. It is assumed that polyphenolic acids and flavonoids are responsible for this activity. Trans-anethole and estragole were aniseed chemotypes. Aniseed extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than vitamin C. Future investigations into the compatibility and synergism of aniseed phenolic compounds with commercial antibacterial treatments may also show them to be promising options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine how the intensity of the cluster drop effects nut traits, bioactive compounds, and fatty acid composition in Tombul, Palaz and Kalınkara hazelnut cultivars. The cluster drop significantly affected bioactive compounds and fatty acid composition while it did not affect the traits of the nuts. As cluster drop intensity increased, nut traits and bioactive compounds in all cultivars increased. Strong cluster drop intensity determined the highest total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Except for the Kalınkara cultivar, a low amount of linoleic acid was detected while high amounts of oleic and stearic acid were determined in slight cluster drop intensity. As cluster drop intensity increased, palmitic acid increased. Principal component analysis showed that the slight and intermediate drop intensity were generally associated with kernel length, oleic, linoleic, stearic, palmitoleic, 11-eicosenoic and arachidic acids. In contrast, strong intensity was associated with nut and kernel weight, kernel ratio, kernel width, kernel thickness, kernel size, bioactive compounds, and palmitic acid. As a result, the bioactive compounds and fatty acid composition, which are important for human health, was significantly affected by cluster drop intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, so its effect on quality parameters must be considered prior to any potential food application. The effect of gaseous ozone on the quality-related attributes of onion bulbs was examined. Onions were exposed to different ozone concentrations (100, 200, 300 ppm) at pulse mode (i.e., frequency of exposures 1, 2, 3). The pungency imparting pyruvic acid and ascorbic acid contents decreased with an increase in the concentration of ozone and the number of exposures, while total phenol and flavonoid content increased to an effective concentration of 400 ppm of ozone. Higher concentrations inadvertently decreased the antioxidant properties. Ozone treatment resulted in a non-significant decrease in firmness, anthocyanin content, and color of onion. Scanning electron microscopic analysis exhibited structural breakdown in the tunic (outer surface) of ozone-treated onion. At higher concentrations, structural changes were observed up to the first bulb scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centaurea pichleri subsp. pichleri, Conyza canadensis, and Jasminum fruticans are traditionally used plants grown in Turkey. Methanol extracts were obtained from these plants and pharmacological activity studies and phytochemical analyses were carried out. To evaluate the phytochemical composition, spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques were used. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH●, ABTS●+ radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were investigated on DU145 prostate cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines. The anti-inflammatory effects of extracts were investigated on the NO amount, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and PGE 2 levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The richest extract in terms of phenolic compounds (98.19 ± 1.64 mgGAE/gextract) and total flavonoids (21.85 ± 0.64 mgCA/gextract) was identified as C. pichleri subsp. pichleri methanol extract. According to antioxidant activity determinations, the C. pichleri subsp. pichleri extract was found to be the most active extract. Finally, the C. pichleri subsp. pichleri methanol extract was revealed to be the most effective inhibitor of viability in the cytotoxic activity investigation, and the extract with the best anti-inflammatory action. The findings point to C. pichleri subsp. pichleri as a promising source of bioactive compounds in the transition from natural sources to industrial uses, such as new medications, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thorough investigation of the viability of rice starch conjugation with three different phenolic compounds—gallic acid, sinapic acid, and crude Mon-pu (Glochidion wallichianum Muell Arg) (MP) extract—was conducted using a variety of developed methods which modified the techno-functionality and digestibility of the end product. With and without the aid of ultrasonication (US), phenolic compounds were complexed with hydrothermally pre-gelatinized rice starch prepared using distilled water or plasma-activated water (PAW). The in vitro digestibility, structural features, rheological and thermal properties, and in vitro antioxidant activity of starch–phenolic complexes were evaluated. The US-assisted starch–MP complex in water had the highest complexing index (CI) value (77.11%) and resistant starch (RS) content (88.35%), resulting in a more compact and stable ordered structure. In all complexes, XRD revealed a new minor crystalline region of V-type, which was stabilized by hydrogen bonding as defined by FTIR and H1-NMR. Polyphenols caused a looser gel structure of starch, as imaged by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Starch–phenolic complexes outperformed other complexes in terms of in vitro antioxidant activity. Gallic acid addition to starch molecules boosted DPPH scavenging activity, notably when synthesized in PAW regardless of US assistance, although having lower CI and RS values than the MP complex. Therefore, this research lays the groundwork for the efficient production of functional food ingredients based on rice starch and polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia L. genus, one of the medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is represented by many endemic species in temperate regions worldwide. The Salvia species have plenty of usages in traditional medicine, important pharmacological effects and economic value. In this context, this study was conducted to evaluate the chemical profile and potential bioactivity of ethyl acetate extracts from 3 different Salvia species; Salvia absconditiflora (Salvia cryptantha - an endemic species), S. sclarea and S. palaestina collected from different localities in Anatolia. Total phenolic-flavonoid contents, antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition experiments were investigated in tested Salvia species. The phenolic profiles were also determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in ethyl acetate extracts such as cynaroside, rosmarinic acid, cosmosiin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin. The highest level of phenolic components was detected in S. absconditiflora with 74.16 mg GAE/g. The best radical scavenging and reducing abilities were found in S. absconditiflora (DPPH: 251.39 mg TE/g; ABTS: 340.16 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 496.20 mg TE/g; FRAP: 322.94 mg TE/g). Moreover, the inhibition of AChE, BChE, and α -amylase has also been studied. The most potent AChE inhibitory ability was recorded in S. sclarea (4.00 mg GALAE/g), followed by S. palaestina (3.38 mg GALAE/g) and S. absconditiflora (3.01 mg GALAE/g). The extracts exhibited similar amylase inhibitory effects. These results reveal that Salvia species [ S. absconditiflora (S. cryptantha), S. sclarea and S. palaestina ] confirming their potential can be rich sources of promising bioactive compounds as a starting point for further analysis. In addition, it is thought that this study may be the new report for the construction of helpful databases in terms of shedding light on future research and researchers with the valuable information obtained about these economically important Salvia species. [Display omitted] • The phytochemical composition of ethyl acetate extracts from 3 different Salvia species was investigated by LC-MS/MS. • The highest level of phenolics was detected in Salvia absconditiflora. • Cyranoside, rosmarinic acid, cosmosiin, luteolin, apigenin, and acacetin were the main components in ethyl acetate extracts. • The best radical scavenging and reducing abilities were found in Salvia absconditiflora. • The most potent AChE inhibitory ability was recorded in Salvia sclarea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White cabbage and gherkin are vegetables that are widely consumed as pickles as well as raw vegetables. In this research, we explored the effect of pickling on the bioaccessibility of phenolics and flavonoids and changes in antioxidant activity after in vitro digestion. In general, the pickling process enhances the bioaccessibility of phenolics and flavonoids in white cabbage and gherkin. The bioaccessibility of total phenolics (TP) in cabbages, pickled cabbages, gherkins, and pickled gherkins is determined as 125.2%, 185.1%, 369.2%, and 462%, respectively. In contrast, after in vitro digestion of raw and pickled vegetables, total antioxidant activity is reduced. So it can be concluded that both raw and pickled gherkins are good sources of bioaccessible phenolics and flavonoids. The consumption of these vegetables and their pickles is suggested to promote the reduction of diseases plagued by free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research focused on the hypoglycemic capability and the possible mechanisms of extract and fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba (PAH) based on α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibition assays, glucose uptake experiment, HPLC-MS analysis, and molecular docking experiment. In addition, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were used for determining the antioxidant capability. The results of total flavonoids and phenolics contents showed that ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) possessed the highest flavonoids and phenolics with values of 159.7 ± 2.5 mg rutin equivalents/g and 107.6 ± 2.0 mg galic acid equivalents/g, respectively. The results of in vitro hypoglycemic activity showed that all samples had effective α-glucosidase inhibition capacities, and EAF possessed the best inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 1.58 ± 0.24 μg/mL. In addition, n-butanol fraction (NBF) significantly promoted the glucose uptake rate of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. HPLC-MS analysis and molecular docking results proved the interactions between candidates and α-glucosidase. The results of antioxidation capacities showed that EAF possessed the best antioxidation abilities with DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. In summary, the hypoglycemic activity of PAH might be related to the inhibition of α-glucosidase (EAF > PEF > NBF) and the promotion of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (NBF). Simultaneously, the antioxidation capacity of PAH might be related to the abundant contents of flavonoids and other phenolics (EAF > PEF > NBF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is highlighted for its content of macronutrients and bioactive compounds, such as vitamins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential, being used as a spice in Brazilian cuisine. This work aims to analyze the physicochemical, proximate, mineral and microbiological composition, in addition to quantifying bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of chilli pepper in natura and lyophilized form. Fresh and freeze-dried peppers were evaluated in terms of their physicochemical characteristics (pH, water activity, titratable acidity and total soluble solids), centesimal (protein, lipids, moisture, ash, reducing and non-reducing carbohydrates and caloric value) mineral (macro and microminerals) and microbiological (total coliforms, thermotolerants, molds and yeasts and Salmonella research). It was observed that the chilli peppers in natura and freeze-dried showed good nutritional composition, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential. Drying by lyophilization did not affect the components evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nitrogen (N), protein, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were investigated in dried samples of the Moringa oleifera plant grown in Bulancak, Çamoluk, Espiye, Şebinkarahisar and Tirebolu districts of Giresun province in Türkiye. The analyses were performed by DPPH and FRAP methods for antioxidant activity. In the study, the plants grown in Bulancak location had significantly higher nitrogen, protein and antioxidant activity than other growing regions. On the contrary, significantly lower nitrogen and protein were measured in plants grown in Espiye and Tirebolu. The total phenolics and total flavonoids were determined the highest in plants grown in Espiye and Tirebolu locations, the lowest values in Çamoluk and Şebinkarahisar locations. According to the antioxidant activity tests, the antioxidant activity of the plants grown in Espiye location was significantly higher than in other growing regions. The lowest antioxidant activity was measured in Şebinkarahisar and Çamoluk locations. As a result, it was revealed that region conducted the cultivation affects on the protein and bioactive compounds of the Moringa oleifera plant. Espiye, Bulancak and Tirebolu locations can be recommended for cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible flowers are regaining popularity as therapeutic agents, due to their phytochemical composition. The present study assessed the recovery of phenolics along with the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of seven edible flowers of the Fabaceae family after being subjected to simulated gastrointestinal conditions and dialysis. The total phenolic content of all the flowers decreased after the gastric phase, whereas the total flavonoid content increased. The total anthocyanin content of four flower species decreased after the intestinal phase of digestion. Cassia auriculata expressed the highest hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging activities in the dialyzed fraction. Bauhinia racemose had the highest activity in the inhibition of heat‐induced hemolysis of red blood cells after dialysis (4.43 ± 01.5%). In general, the results suggest a reduction in the phenolic contents after gastrointestinal digestion and dialysis; however, phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins were sufficiently available to be absorbed with the dialysis to exert antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. Practical application: The presence of various phenolic compounds in edible flowers has attracted the attention of consumers as well as the food industry, due to their potential to be incorporated in functional foods and drugs. However, the availability of phenolics after digestion is an important measure to get a realistic view of the health effects exerted upon the consumption of these edible flowers. The present study provides new information on the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory potential of selected edible flowers before and after in vitro digestion. This would be more useful for nutritionists, policymakers and consumers to effectively utilize edible flowers by understanding the changes undergone by the phenolic compounds upon digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have focused on the biological and chemical properties of different species of the family Arecaceae. Isolation and characterization of the phytochemicals of Archontophoenix alexandrae (Wendl. & Drude) and Dictyosperma album (Bory) H. Wendl & Drude ex Scheff. leaves (family Arecaceae) and determination of their total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity were investigated in this study. Chromatographic and spectral techniques were used for the phytochemical investigation. Total phenolics content was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids content was determined using AlCl3 assay, while antioxidant activity was estimated using DPPH and reducing power assays. Nine compounds; stigmasterol (1), β-sitosterol (2), tricin (3), luteolin (4), quercetin (5), β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (6), ent-epicatechin-(2α→7, 4α→8)-ent-catechin (7), rutin (8) and orientin (9) were isolated and identified. Their structures were established based on spectral techniques (UV, ¹H, 13C and 2D-NMR). The antioxidant activity of Dictyosperma album leaves is higher than that of Archontophoenix alexandrae leaves. This work enriched the phytochemical data of Archontophoenix alexandrae (Wendl. & Drude) and Dictyosperma album (Bory) H. Wendl & drudeex. Scheff and their leaves may be a potential antioxidant drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first report on phenolics and biological activity of C. oppositifolia and S. cilicius. • The plant extracts possessed significant antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. • Kaempferol and quercetin were identified as major flavonoids in the extracts. • Protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were identified as major phenolic acids in the extracts. • The plant extracts could be potential sources of bioactive molecules. In the paper, the phenolic compounds and biological activity of Corydalis oppositifolia DC. and Senecio cilicius Boiss., the endemic plants growing in Turkey, were investigated for the first time. The ethanol extract of C. oppositifolia exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity while the ethanol extract of S. cilicius exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity on ABTS (81.4±1.1a mg TE g−1 extract) and DPPH (23.4±0.2a mg TE g−1 extract). In C. oppositifolia , the highest total flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were found to be in the ethanol (94.2±3.5a mg QE g−1 extract) and methanol (320.5±3.3c mg GAE g−1 extract) extracts, respectively. In S. cilicius , the highest total flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were found to be in the methanol (56.9±0.9c mg QE g−1 extract) and ethanol (568.0±3.3a mg GAE g−1 extract) extracts, respectively. The ethanol extract of C. oppositifolia has the most prominent activity against α-amylase, AChE and BChE whereas the methanol extract of this plant displayed the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. HPLC analysis of the ethanol extracts revealed that the major flavonoids were kaempferol and quercetin whereas the major phenolic acids were protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, gentistic acid and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The findings suggested that the plants and their extracts have the potential to be used in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds contribute to the antioxidant property of plants and the efficient extraction of plant phenolics could enhance its antioxidant potential. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. has been investigated for its pharmacological activities, but comparing its antioxidant activities of phenolics derived from its various parts has a key role in developing natural antioxidants. This study was conducted to standardize the extraction of phenolics from leaves, pods and branches of L. speciosa plant, followed by determination of antioxidant activities of their solvent fractions. Phenolic compounds were extracted from the leaves, pods and branches under different parameters such as temperature, pH, type of solvent and volume of the solvent. The extracted phenolic compounds were subjected to solvent fractions and antioxidant assays were performed. Among the various extraction methods tested, the best method was 50% ethanol +1% HCl, refluxing temperature, 100 ml of solvent and 1 hour extraction time. The best solvent fractions were determined as NaHCO3 + ethyl acetate for pods and ethyl acetate alone for leaves and branches with extracted phenolics content of 150.2 mg/g, 136.2 mg/g and 82.9 mg/g, respectively. The chloroform fraction was best among the fractions with maximum ascorbic acid equivalent (ASE) in all the parts of L. speciosa tested. Ferrous ion chelating capacity indicated that butanol fraction had the highest chelation and the same was recorded in ferric ion chelating assay with an EC50 value of 28.2. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the fractions indicated that NaHCO3 + EtOAc fraction of pods had potential activity. Thus, the phenolic compounds from L. speciosa are excellent sources for future investigation on potent natural antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Moringa oleifera accumulate osmoprotectants and antioxidant compounds to cope with the effects moisture. • Phenolic compounds accumulation increased corresponding to the severity of moisture stress. • Proline content increased with increase in moisture stress. • Antioxidant activity correlated with increase in moisture stress. Continual water loss through transpiration and evaporation as a result of drought leads to stomatal closure and subsequently the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes oxidative stress in plants. A set of biochemical mechanisms are concurrently triggered to set in motion a defence line, which, among others, involves the synthesis of antioxidant and osmoprotectants compounds. These play a protective role to overcome stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying moisture regimes on the accumulation patterns and concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and osmolyte proline in Moringa oleifera. The study was conducted in a greenhouse (25 ± 3°C) at ARC, Roodeplaat in Pretoria, South Africa. Moringa oleifera seeds were individually planted in pots using hygro-mix as the growth media. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with four watering regimes of 100%, 75%, 50% and 35% field water capacity (FWC) each with 50 replicate plants. Proline content increased with the severity of moisture stress in all plant parts (root, stem and leaf), with the leaves under severe stress (35% FWC) recording the highest concentration. Folin C, aluminium chloride and butanol-HCL assays were used to determine total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin concentrations, respectively, in the different plant parts at different growth stages and harvests. The concentrations of these secondary metabolites were consistently higher in leaves and increased with an increase in moisture stress. The highest concentrations were recorded in the second harvest under severe stress (35% FWC) for total phenolics and proanthocyanidins at 50% FWC for flavonoids. Leaves showed a better antioxidant ability and antioxidant activities increased with drought progression as determined by FRAP while DPPH radical scavenging and the β-carotene-linoleic acid model system did not show a distinct trend in antioxidant activities in relation to the different moisture levels. Based on the results of this study, antioxidant and osmoprotectant compounds as well as antioxidant activity appears to increase corresponding to severity of moisture stress in all plant parts at both harvests. This trend suggests that M. oleifera employs these mechanisms in adapting to moisture stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The influence of freeze‐drying, pasteurisation and high‐intensity ultrasound on gastrointestinal stability and antioxidant activity of cultivated blueberry phenolics was investigated. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were done before and after a two‐phase in vitro digestion by human digestive enzymes. Antioxidant capacity of blueberry phenolics before and after simulated digestion was evaluated using DPPH and the FRAP assays. After the simulated gastric digestion phase, high stability of phenolics was determined, especially after freeze‐drying. During the simulated duodenal digestion, the most affected compounds were anthocyanins. The average loss of quercetin derivatives was 60%, while in all ultrasound‐treated samples, a 3‐fold increase in the concentration of phenolic acids was observed. The highest antioxidant activity after in vitro gastric and duodenal digestion was determined in a freeze‐dried sample. The results after in vitro digestion demonstrated that the use of freeze‐drying and high‐intensity ultrasound can ensure better gastrointestinal stability and higher antioxidant activity of blueberry phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to characterize the phytochemical constituents of Acanthus ilicifolius and Heliotropium curassavicum with antioxidant and nutraceutical activities using different solvents. Analysis of bioactive compounds included the application of common phytochemical screening assays, proximate analysis, FTIR analysis and antioxidant assays. The results showed that the highest extraction yield was observed with methanol. The qualitative phytochemical analysis carried out on the leaves from the methanol extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius revealed the presence of medicinally important constituents such as alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, tannins and terpenoids. Similarly, H. curassavicum extracts showed the presence of all the phytochemicals including anthocyanin except cardiac glycosides. As a defensive metabolite, both the halophytes accumulate proline in their leaves, but A. ilicifolius has showed relatively high content of proline (37.6 μmol g-1) as of true mangrove than H. curassavicum (21.6 μmol g-1). The maximum total phenolic content and highest antioxidant potential were obtained in the methanolic extract of A. ilicifolius. The DPPH assay revealed that A. ilicifolius has a maximum of 74.5% radical scavenging activity and comparatively H. curassavicum has a lesser activity of 68.2%. The antimicrobial assays explored that S. aureus and Bacillus sps were susceptible to the extracts at the lowest concentration used (<50 mg/ml) whereas none of the fungi was susceptible to the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango is one of the most important crops in the Philippines but there had been no local study on the possible utilization of its non-food parts such as the barks and leaves, which were reported to be rich in compounds with biological activities that are of significance in the development of cosmetic products (Masibo and He 2008; DA 2018). In this study, aqueous acetone extracts from leaves of the Philippine mango cultivars ("carabao," "pico," "apple mango, "sinaging," and "sipsipin") were investigated for their total phenolics content (TPC), phenolics composition, and biological activities - specifically, antioxidant as well as tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory properties. Results show that all mango leaf extracts had significant levels of TPC. Phenolic compounds such as mangiferin, gallic acid, quercetin 3-ß-D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol were all found to be present in the extracts with mangiferin as the predominant compound. All the extracts exhibited greater antioxidant capacity than the standard ascorbic acid, implying greater protection against skin damages due to free radicals. Also, all extracts exhibited greater inhibition on elastase than tocopherol, suggesting a greater anti-aging property. While only some extracts showed greater inhibition on tyrosinase than ascorbic acid, it did not surpass but gave comparable inhibitory activity with that of kojic acid. This implies that the extracts and kojic acid have comparable whitening capacities. Overall, the results affirm the great potential of the extracts of the local mango leaves as a cosmetic active ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinopodium serpyllifolium is a perennial medicinal plant generally used as herbal tea in folk medicine. Leaves of C. serpyllifolium from the representative exemplars in the Newe Ya'ar living germplasm collection were analyzed for their polyphenolic and volatiles composition, and tested for their antioxidant activity. The oxygenated monoterpenes pulegone (10.4–50.6%), piperitenone oxide (3.2–28.6%), piperitenone (0.9–14.6%), trans -piperitone oxide (0.3–11.2%), iso-menthol (0.3–8.8%) and sesquiterpene β -caryophyllene (7.4–13.7%) were found to be the major constituents from the solvent extraction of C. serpyllifolium analyzed by GC-MS. The representative exemplars were grouped into two chemotypes: one rich in pulegone and the second rich in piperitenone oxide and piperitenone. The total polyphenolics content, determined range from 26.6 to 62.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (DW). The antioxidant activity ranged from (42.8–77.1 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/g DW). HPLC analysis revealed the rosmarinic acid content also showed remarkable differences in C. serpyllifolium (0.3–1.8 dry weight %). The results indicate that there is chemical diversity and also difference in the content of polyphenols of the representative exemplars. Antioxidant activity was in correlation with phenolic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 5 mM glutamic acid enhanced phenolic levels and antioxidant potential of sprouts. • Elicitation elevated activities of phenylpropanoid triggering enzymes. • H 2 O 2 induced with glutamic acid elicitation were non-lethal against sprout growth. • Elicitation is a tool to enhance the nutraceutical value of common bean sprouts. This study evaluated the impact of different concentrations of glutamic acid (1, 3, 5 and 7 mM) and sodium chloride (NaCl- 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM) elicitations on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties in common bean sprouts. Results showed that high glutamic acid concentrations (5 and 7 mM) elicited maximum levels of stress markers (H 2 O 2 , catalase and peroxidase), phenylpropanoid triggering enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase), and subsequent elevation of phenolic compounds. Although stress markers were elevated, it recorded no negative influence on the sprouting potential of common beans. Also, maximum antioxidant capacities were observed with phenolic compounds extract elicited with 5 mM glutamic acid at 96 h of sprouting, over their NaCl and control counterparts. Multiple quadratic regression studies led to the conclusion that, for optimum biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, synergistic activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase are required rather than in their isolated catalytic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various species from the genus Aloe, which there are more than 500 in the world, are considered to be important sources of biologically active compounds, and their numerous biological qualities are attracting research interest. Of Aloe species, A. arborescens and A. vera are the most studied and used; however, some other species from this genus exhibit no less biological activity, in particular, antioxidant activity, than these two. In this work, the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from A. аrborescens, A. pillansii, and A. squarrosa leaves is evaluated and compared using the model of initiated oxidation of phosphotidylcholine liposomes, and their total phenolic content is determined. The antioxidant activity of A. pillansii extract was ~12 and 4 times greater than that of A. arborescens and A. squarrosa, respectively. However, the difference in the total phenolic content of these extracts is not so large, suggesting that A. pillansii leaves may have a more complex antioxidant profile and a higher concentration of active phenolic metabolites than does A. arborescens. The findings of this study inspire further research into the biological activity of A. pillansii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the fruits frequently found with several terms referring to ripening of date fruits including Tamar. The Holy Qur‟an has stated Date fruits in several verses (20 times) indicating the valuable values of Date fruit (DF) both in terms of their uniqueness and usefulness. The nutritional values, phytochemical compositions, and biological activities are influenced by some factors. The aim of this review was to highlight the Quranic perspectives on date fruit and to describe nutritional values, phytochemical profiles, and antioxidant effects of DF. During this study, some databases of Scopus, American Chemical Society, Science direct, Springer, Google Scholar covering abstract and full texts are downloaded and evaluated to be used as references during this review. From Quranic perspective, dates are unique fruits because Allah mentions them 20 times in 16 different chapters in the Quran indicating something valuable both in terms of their uniqueness and usefulness. DF contained large numbers of phenolics and flavonoids compounds contributing to high antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo. It is recommended to consume DF as a functional food to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases. These benefits prove that DF is a good source to improve the life quality of human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify bioactive phenolics of eleven black walnut cultivars using a cloud-based metabolomics platform. The metabolomics software platform, XCMS Online, was used to incorporate peak detection, peak grouping, spectra extraction and non-linear retention time correction/alignment. In total, 49 phenolics previously known to promote health benefits were putatively identified in the black walnut kernels. The relative abundance of these phenolics differed significantly among the studied cultivars. Antioxidant activity of the Mystry extract was highest among the six examined cultivars. In addition, the antioxidant activities were found to be positively correlated with the relative abundance of thirteen phenolics. The principal component analysis provided a visible differentiation in phenolic metabolite profiles among the examined black walnuts. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis showed three clusters of black walnuts. Mystry differed from the other cultivars due to its highest relative abundance of gallic acid and ellagitannins. This study demonstrated that metabolite profiling could be an efficient analytical tool to identify potential health-promoting compounds and investigate metabolite variations among black walnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ravenala madagascariensis (Sonn.) family Strelitziaceae, commonly called traveler’s tree or palm; it is used traditionally in India as tea made from young leaves for treatment of diabetes. On the other hand its seed found to have antiseptic properties. Objective: Phytochemical investigation and isolation as well as testing the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the crude total and different successive fractions. Material and Method: The leaves total ethanol extract was subjected for phytochemical screening. The n- BuOH fraction was fractionated using chromatographic isolation. Total phenolics and flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the crude total ethanol extract as well as n-hexane, CH2Cl2, EtOAc and n- BuOH successive fractions were determined using ABTS assays. On the other hand the antimicrobial of the crude total ethanol was carried out against 13 microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and sterols. Three phenolic compounds were isolated from the n- BuOH fraction and they were identified using different spectroscopic techniques. The different fractions showed high antioxidant activities especially EtOAc fraction that showed 88.96% for ABTS inhibition. Crude total ethanol extract showed selective moderate antimicrobial activity against the tested strains of Cryptococcus neoformans, Bacillus cereus and Serratia marcenscens. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction showed significant antioxidant activity probably due to presence of the flavonoids contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrated significant effects of legume flours addition to wheat flour on gross chemical composition, phenolic compounds, phytic acid, antioxidant activity and essential amino acids of pan bread baked from wheatlegume composite flours. The results showed that the substituting of wheat flour with different ratio (10, 20 and 30%) of each defatted soybean, sweet lupine, and (5, 10, and 15%) fenugreek flours , separately, increased the protein, ash, crude fiber and fat contents of wheat-legume pan bread with increment the addition of legume flour while the available carbohydrate contents decreased. The bread baked from wheat-legume composite flours exhibited higher phenolics content and antioxidant activity than that determined for wheat bread as control. The 70%wheat-30% sweet lupine pan bread showed higher antioxidant activity than other treatments. Slight increases were observed in phytic acid content in bread made from wheat-soybean and wheat-fenugreek composite flours while it decreased in bread made from wheat-sweet lupine flour blends when compared with wheat bread as control. The substitution of wheat flour with legumes flours increased the essential amino acids contents in baked pan bread except the methionine. However, methionine and lysine values were lower than the FAO/WHO (2007) recommended values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes the effectiveness of the bioactive compounds of two varieties of grape pomace (Romy and Banaty) extracts as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral agents. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH•, ABTS•+ assays reducing power and iron-chelating methods. The results show that the total flavonoid (TF), total phenolic (TP), and total tannin (TT) of the red grape pomace (Romy) were high (17.38 mg/g DW, 16.39 mg/g DW and 5.79 mg/g DW) respectively, while for the white grape pomace (Banaty), these were (11.09 mg/g DW, 6.61 mg/g DW and 2.45 mg/g DW respectively. When using HPLC for the phenolic profile detection, the red grape 80 % acetone extract exhibited a high content of phenolic compounds, above all benzoic and pyrogallol compounds (122.54 and 44.11 mg/100g, respectively). While the chlorogenic compounds were mostly found in the red pomace aqueous extract (34.20 mg/100g). The highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were spotted in the red pomace extract. The red grape pomace has an antiviral activity slightly higher than that of the white grape pomace and the aqueous extract at 400μg was much better than the ethanol and acetone extracts. This study highlights the possibility of using grape pomace to develop new potential sources in the pharmaceutical industry as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocos nucifera L. is known as a tree of life because of its economic, domestic, and nutritional usefulness. Coconut oil (CO), which is derived from Cocos nucifera L., has received considerable attention because of its reported folkloric, nutritional, biological, and pharmacological properties. We previously reported the outstanding physicochemical properties of CO; therefore, we analyzed its antioxidant activity and chemical composition in this study. CO was extracted using a fermentation method with and without applying heat. Its antioxidant activity was investigated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method, the metal chelation capacity, the reduction of antioxidant power, and the nitric oxide scavenging capacity index. The compounds were identified using GC-MS. The data were expressed as a mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 21.0 with data being considered significant at P < 0.05. The results showed that CO demonstrated a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitric oxide scavenging capacity index, with the highest activity in the heat-extracted virgin CO (HEVCO). The ferric-reducing antioxidant power and metal chelation capacity significantly varied (P < 0.05) between the HEVCO and the cold extracted virgin CO (CEVCO). The GCMS analysis of virgin CO identified important active compounds. The results revealed a higher content of phenolic compounds in HEVCO compared to CEVCO. In conclusion, applying heat favored incorporating phenolic compounds into CO and consequently improved the antioxidant potential of HEVCO compared to CEVCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quisqualis indica L., commonly known as 'Rangoon-ki-bel' or 'Madhumalti', has been used by the traditional healers as it is active against some of the commonly occurring diseases like boils, fevers diarrhea and helminthiasis. However, no systematic and scientifically validated studies on antifilarial activity of Q. indica are available. In the present study, we report in vitro antifilarial activity of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves (QILE and QILEW) and flowers (QIFE and QIFEW) of this plant on microfilariae (mf) and female adult worms of human lymphatic filariid Brugia malayi using motility and or 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-reduction assays. The hydroalcoholic extract of flowers (QIFEW) was found effective as it killed adult female worms (LC100: 62.5 μg/mL) and mf (LC100: 125 μg/mL); IC50 values for the respective parasite stages were 34.50 and 31.88 μg/mL. SI values recorded with respect to motility of female parasite and mf was more than 20. The active principle(s) responsible for antifilarial activity may thus be present in QIFEW. The antioxidant activity results also indicated QIFEW to possess better antioxidant potential than the other extracts studied. HPLC analysis showed that the 02 keyphenolics present in hydroalcoholic extract of the flowers (QIFEW) were gallic acid and ellagic acid. In the different extracts, the concentration of gallic acid was found to vary from 26.9 mg/g to 2.50 mg/g while ellagic acid ranged between 11.5 mg/g to 6.77 mg/g. It was also observed that the leaves were rich in flavonoids whereas the flowers were rich in phenolics. The findings indicate that active molecule (s) of hydroalcoholic extractfrom Q. indica flowers may help in providing new leads for developing antifilarial agents. We believe that this is the first systematically studied report on the in vitro antifilarial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Q. indica flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate phenolic compounds of strawberry which is organically-grown in Bursa region and blueberry in Trabzon region. The phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected by RP-HPLC according to their retention times with the help of diode array detector at 280 nm, 320 nm and 360 nm. Investigated compounds were gallic acid, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, 2 coumaric acid, 3 coumaric acid, 4 coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cafeic acid, neochlorogenic acid, trans resveratrol, ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. According to results it was determined that bluberry fruit contains high amounts of chlorogenic acid (644.25 mg/kg) and among the phenolic acids in strawberries, 4 coumaric acid is regarded as major phenolic compound (3.76 mg/kg). The highest level of myricetin compounds was measured in blueberry (14.41 mg/kg), on the contrary, myricetin was not identified in strawberry fruits but this fruit is especially rich in catechins (58.34 mg/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, phenolic compounds, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Cyclotrichium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden & Scheng and Thymus sipyleus Boiss teas were investigated. Two methods were used for the preparation of the teas: infusion and decoction. The quantitative amounts of the phenolic contents were determined by LC-MS/MS. Anticholinesterase activity was measured by Ellman method. Also, the antioxidant activity of the tea samples was determined by three methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, β-carotene linoleic acid and CUPRAC assays. Flavonoids and derivatives were the most abundant components of the C. origanifolium and T. sipyleus teas. The infusion of C. origanifolium and decoction of T. sipyleus were found to be rich in phenolics. The tea samples exhibited beneficial antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. There is a useful relationship between the antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic composition of the decoction and infusion of C. origanifolium and T. sipyleus. This study supported that C. origanifolium and T. sipyleus used as tea traditionally, are source of natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural phenolic compounds are recognized as bioactive ingredients in food but can also have a role as effective alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in stability improvement of foods prone to oxidation, such as edible oils. This study aimed at the preparation and HPLC-DAD characterization of phenolic extracts from Vaccinium corymbosum L. (raw, pasteurized, freeze-dried and treated with high-intensity ultrasound), and at testing their antioxidant potential in the prevention of olive oil oxidation in the native state and encapsulated into microemulsions and liposomes systems. Water- -in-oil structured microemulsions used in this study were prepared using mechanical, ultrasonic, and high pressure homogenization. Liposomes with the average size of 589.1±2.9 nm were produced with the proliposome method using commercially available phosphatidylcholine - Phospolipon 90G. The obtained results showed significant prolongation of the oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil enriched with encapsulated blueberry phenolic extracts than with native phenolic extracts, regardless of the method used for blueberry processing. Phenolic extracts encapsulated in microemulsions had a stronger effect on the prolongation of olive oil oxidative stability in comparison with the extracts encapsulated in liposomes. The average prolongation rate of oxidative stability was 45.65% by phenolic extracts encapsulated in microemulsions prepared by mechanical homogenization (p=0.012), and 58.72% by microemulsions prepared by ultrasound homogenization (p=0.011). Phenolic extracts encapsulated in microemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization had no effect on oil oxidative stability prolongation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many studies dealing with the comparison of the quality and biological characteristics of honey of distinct geographical and botanical origins. However, there is scarce literary data on the physico-chemical and biological properties of different types of honey from the same production regions. Honey samples used in this study were from the following botanical origins: forest honey (honeydew), polyfloral honey and monofloral acacia honey. All samples were provided by a local beekeeper from Šumadija district (Central Serbia) and produced during the flowering season in 2018. Spectrophotometry determination of phenolic compounds in honey samples showed that the forest honey contained the highest total phenolics (806.10 mg GAE/kg) and flavonoids (146.27 mg QU/kg) contents, more than ten times higher than acacia honey (68.48 mg GAE/kg and 18.59 mg QU/kg, respectively). Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH- and ABTS+ assays. Forest honey showed better antioxidant activity than the other examined honey samples (594.77 mg Trolox/kg for ABTS assay and 260.77 mg Trolox/kg for DPPH assay). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of honey samples against a panel of eleven bacterial and eight fungal species, along with yeast Candida albicans, showed that forest honey was the most effective in inhibition of their growth. These results suggest that forest honey has the best potential, among studied honey samples, for use in the human diet as food with valuable biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carob (Cerationa soliqua L.) pod is the good source of dietary fiber, minerals and polyphenolic substances. The aim of this study was to prepare muffin where wheat flour was substituted with carob powder, and determine some physicochemical properties. Carob powder was prepared by milling dry carob pods to particles smaller than 600 µm. Then wheat flour in muffin dough was replaced by carob powder in 5, 10, 15 and 20% (w/w) and subsequently baked at 180 °C for 20 min. It was found that the height of the muffin fortified with carob powder decreased in comparison with that in control muffin sample. Although the height of muffins decreased with the increase in level of carob powder, the differences were not statistically significant. Weight loss was similar for all the muffin samples in this study. Moisture content of muffins with carob powder was significantly higher than that in control. Addition of carob powder had also effect on water activity of muffin. While 0.905 aw was observed in control sample, significantly higher aw values were determinated in fortified muffins (0.912 - 0.923 aw). The antioxidant characteristics were determinated using spectrophotometric assays for total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), radical scavenging activities (DPPH, ABTS) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging (HPS). TPC values gradually increased with the increase in level of carob powder from 348.1 to 829.1 µg gallic acid.g-1 dry matter but TFC values significantly increased in muffin with 15 and 20% (w/w) of carob powder. All the antioxidant assays showed strong and positive association with the increase in level of carob powder. Addition of carob powder resulted in the increase of browning index and FAST index as a metrics of the formation of Maillard products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halocnemum strobilaceum is a halophyte present in the humid and arid bioclimatic regions of Egypt. The current study aimed at UPLC/PDA/ESI-MSn qualitative chemical profiling of the phyto-constituents underlining both antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the bio-active fraction in comparison with the other fractions. It resulted in detection of several related compounds to prenylated flavonol icariin as a first report in this species. Results showed that ethyl acetate exhibits an appreciable antioxidant activity using in-vitro DPPH assay with percentage of 82.35% and remarkable anticancer capacity against most common types of cancer in Egypt; breast (MCF-7), human prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines, and human lung carcinoma (A-549) with IC50 43.1± 2 µg/mL, 115±5 µg/ml, and 53.3±3 µg/mL respectively. These findings point out the appropriate solvent for extraction of the bio-phenolics with this halophyte which is a considerable source of remarkable potential secondary metabolites that exhibit original and interesting anticancer capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly with regards to their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. An evolving area of research involving phenolics in foods and their products pertains to the functional, biological, and nutritional consequences resulting from the binding between certain phenolic compounds and the macronutrient and micronutrient constituents of foods. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of studies investigating endogenous phenolic interactions with major components in food systems, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins, with a focus on the phenolic compounds and nutrients in oil-bearing plants. Another major objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical nature of phenolic interactions with food constituents that could affect the quality, nutritional and functional properties of foods. Such information can assist in the discovery and optimization of specific phenolic complexes in plant-based foods that could be utilized towards various applications in the food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Resveratrol, formononetin and 4-caffeoylquinic acid were identified for the first time in mustard species; • Digestion promoted the release of phenolic compounds from the mustard matrix and increased its antioxidant potential; • The sinapic acid content released after digestion was higher for germinated mustard; • Phenolic behavior during digestion depends on soluble/insoluble fraction and type of molecule. Germination has been regarded as a promising natural process to improve the antioxidant properties of mustard. However, there ís one question to be solved in this area: does germination improve mustard phenolics' bioaccessibility? The aim of this study was to answer this question by using INFOGEST protocol to simulate in vitro digestion. Resveratrol, formononetin and cryptochlorogenic acid were identified for the first time as evaluated by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. In general, digestion positively impacted the antioxidant potential of soluble phenolics from non-germinated and germinated grains, which were probably released from cell wall matrix by digestive enzymes. Although digestion seemed to nullify the antioxidant improvement caused by germination, phenolic quantities were distinctive. The main difference was found for sinapic acid, as its concentration reached a value 1.75-fold higher in germinated digested mustard compared to non-germinated. The results obtained suggested that germination improved the phenolic bioaccessibility of mustard grains, which encourages its use and investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatments on fruit quality parameters and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruits (Prunus avium L. cvs. ’0900 Ziraat’, ‘Regina’ and ’Sweetheart’). Whole trees were sprayed once with an aqueous solution containing AVG (0, 100 and 200 mg L−1) three weeks before the anticipated commercial harvest. Measurements were performed a week before anticipated harvest date, at anticipated harvest date and a week after anticipated harvest date. AVG treatments significantly maintained flesh firmness of all three sweet cherry cultivars. Harvest was delayed at least for a week through the keeping of flesh firmness with AVG treatments. The treatments slowed down the red skin color development in all three cultivars. The measurements performed over fruits collected at different ripening stages revealed that AVG resulted in decreased total phenolics and total anthocyanin and ultimately decreased antioxidant capacity in sweet cherry fruits. AVG treatments also decreased soluble solids content and increased titratable acidity of the fruits. This study revealed that pre-harvest AVG treatments were more effective in delaying sweet cherry fruit softening. The main advantage is to maintain the firmness of late-harvested fruit by retaining fruit quality attributes of sweet cherry fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]