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The appearance of lines CBA and C57Bl/6 in the urine of mice irradiation volatile excretions with immunosupression property was associated with the violation at mice of ability to immunogenesis. It was established, that immunosupression activity of excretions irradiated mice CBA and C57Bl/6 did not depend on genotip of mice. However, by irradiated mice C57Bl/6 immunosupression components, depressing antibody formation at intact mice, appeared earlier, than at CBA. Immunosypression, limited postradiation volatile secretion in view of depression humoral immune response at intact mice kept for not a long time and mostly expressed on the course 2-3 days after exposition with postradiation secretion.

The effects of adult thymectomy (ATx) and preimmunization on the differentiation of cells responsible for delayed footpad reaction (DFR), plaque forming cells (PFC) and cell mediated lympholysis (CML) were examined in lethally irradiated and thy-1 negative bone marrow cell reconstituted C57BL/6 recipients. ATx reduced the degrees of immune responses in irradiated and reconstituted mice. When the recipients had been preimmunized, all of DFR, PFC and CML became detectable even in irradiated and reconstituted ATx mice. Preimmunization also evoked early maturation of precursor cells for CML. Therefore, it was suggested that radioresistant helper effects, presumably in the presence of antigens, could promote the differentiation and maturation of T cell precursors in bone marrow in the absence of the thymus. We also demonstrated differences in restoration periods of such responses after lethal irradiation and reconstitution. One or two weeks following irradiation and reconstitution, DFR was first detectable. On the other hand, the generation of PFC was detected later than 2 weeks after bone marrow cell reconstitution, and it took over 4 weeks for thy-1 negative bone marrow cells to raise CML. T cells responsible for DFR may have lower dependency on the thymus than those for PFC and CML.

An important role of Cs137 as a new ecological factor was shown by analyzing the works of 31 authors. This radioisotope may at present be deceted in the organisms of all the inhabitants of this planet. The migration of Cs137 along the chain lichen-deer-man leads to its accumulation in the organism of human subjects living in the Extreme North and utilizing venison in their diet. Although the high sensitivity of immunological reactions to various unfavourable environmental factors is well known, the materials on the effect of incorporated Cs137 on immunity are scanty, Experiments on animals have shown changes in factors of nonspecific immunity (phagocytic reaction of blood neutrophils, bactericidal activity, lysozyme and complement titres of blood serum) and specific immunity (formation of antiviral antibodies). The blood of animals injured by the isotope displays complete and incomplete autoantibodies. A dependance between the immunobiological changes and the dose absorbed by the organism was demonstrated. The entry of CS137 into the organism of the inhabitants of the Extreme North who use venison in their diet did not, with the absorbed dose equalling up to 50 Mrem per year, lead to changes in their immunological reactivity.

In this chapter I have dealt with the cellular and genetic basis of regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. I have knowingly omitted discussion of effectors such as ADCC, NK, and B cells, since my own experience with such effectors relates primarily to early events associated with small-tumor inocula (Greenberg and Greene, 1976). In that model, NK and ADCC mechanisms, in which natural antibody and macrophages participate, are of importance and T cells are not. In the studies I have dealt with herein, more advanced tumor models have been evaluated. It is clear, I hope, from this chapter that understanding the pathways to immune-cell or Ts activation will provide the basis for applied immunotherapy techniques in the future.

Induction of autoimmune phenomena by radiotherapy was evaluated with fluorescent antinuclear antibodies (FANA), latex fixation, and C'3 complement. 27 random serum samples obtained prior to radiotherapy revealed only a low C'3 in a patient with Hodgkin's disease and Sjögren's syndrome. 33 random serum samples obtained after radiotherapy revealed 7 positive values (5 FANA, 1 latex fixation, and 1 C'3). The increase in positive values was statistically significant.

The immunogenecity of a transplantable carcinoma, which has spontaneously developed from embryonal colonic tissues, ectopically transplanted into adult syngeneic mice, was investigated. Three methods were employed to check the immunogenicity of the tumor: 1) transplantation and subsequent surgical removal of the tumor; 2) injection of irradiated tumor cells, the effect of immunization in both cases was detected by the decreased weight of tumors, repeatedly transplanted into the immunized animals; 3) mice were immunized according to the 2nd method, the effect of the immunization was defined by calculating the number of tumors, arisen in lungs of mice injected i. v. tumoral cells. The 3rd method was found to be mostly sensitive. Significant differences in the immunogenicity of different passages of carcinoma were noted. An antigenic similarity of adenocarcinoma concerned and colonic sarcoma developed under identical conditions was revealed.

Sublethally x-ray irradiated C57 Bl/6 Bln. mice (whole body irradiation with 600 cGy) were treated with or without a splenopentin derivative (DA SP-5: N alpha-acetyl-L-arginyl)-(N alpha-acetyl-L-lysyl)-L-glutamyl-L-valyl-L-tyrosine and compared for their capacity to produce antibodies against target sheep red blood cells. As demonstrated DA SP-5 treated mice produced antibodies earlier and in a higher level than animals untreated. Furthermore, DA SP-5 influences the phagocytic capability of human granulocytes in a dose dependent matter.

In order to assess the mechanisms of host resistance to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the susceptibility of young adult normal, T cell deficient and agammaglobulinemic chickens to an avirulent live vaccine (Bl) and a mesogenic strain of NDV was studied. All animals, regardless of immunological status resisted the vaccine strain. Most normal birds resisted mesogenic NDV, HOWEVER T cell deficient birds were much more susceptible and agammaglobulinemic chickens were extremely susceptible. There was no difference in the kinetics and levels of hemmagglutination-inhibition activity of plasma between normal, control-irradiated and T cell deficient birds nor between dying and surviving birds. Agammaglobulinemic chickens could be partially protected against an otherwise lethal challenge following immunization with avirulent NDV, low doses of mesogenic NDV inoculated intranasally or im injection of beta-propriolactone inactivated NDV mixed in complete Freund's adjuvant. The possible mechanisms for this protection together with the relative roles of humoral, cell mediated and non-specific immunity are discussed.

The transfer of spleen cells from (C3H x C57Bl/6) F(1) mice, capable of responding to (T,G)-A--L, into irradiated C3H parental recipients, normally incapable of responding to (T,G)-A--L, transfers the ability to make either a primary or secondary immune response to this synthetic polypeptide antigen. This localizes the genetic control of the ability to respond to the spleen cell population and indicates that the genetic control is exerted upon a process directly related to antibody formation. Studies with congenic strains of mice and linkage studies in segregating backcross populations show that the ability to respond to (T,G)-A--L and (H,G)-A--L is linked to the H-2 locus and can thus be localized to the IXth mouse linkage group. Note Added in Proof: Of the three possible recombinant animals noted in Tables IV and V, two were infertile. The third animal was not a recombinant, since progeny testing and reimmunization showed that this animal was an H-2(2)/H-2(k) heterozygote capable of responding well to (T,G)-A--L.