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Background: About 150 million people worldwide are diagnosed with urinary tract infection every year and more than half of women will get at least one in their lifetimes. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to the growing problem of resistance amongst uropathogenic bacteria making it hard to treat UTIs. There is an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and that's why area-specific monitoring studies to document the microorganisms causing UTIs and their antimicrobial susceptibility is mandatory for helping the selection of an effective empirical treatment. Aim: The present study aimed to determine bacteria causing UTIs and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among patients attending Rwanda military hospital. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study and a total number of 118 patient's urine samples were tested in microbiology Lab. Results: Most frequently isolated bacteria to cause UTIs in this study was E. coli (59%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (16%), S. aureus (6%), Citrobacter freundii (5%), Proteus spp. (3%), S. Saprophyticus (3%), Streptococcus spp. (3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%), Klebsiella oxytosa (2%) and Acinetobacter baumanii (2%). Meropem, imipem, gentamicin and cefotaxime were the most effective antibiotics in susceptibility testing. Thus, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin were mostly developed resistance to isolated bacteria. Conclusion: The study recommended that the ministry of health in Rwanda should establish the commission or government body which will be in charge of controlling use of antibiotics properly and fighting against drugs resistance in Rwanda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diarrheal disease is common among children worldwide, especially in developing countries. Aims of study: To Test the inhibitory effectiveness of aqueous and alcoholic Eugenia caryophllata extracts on E.coli which were isolated from young children under five years with diarrhea. Materials & Methods: One hundred samples were collected from children with diarrhea under five years. 75 isolates of E.coli were isolated and diagnosed based on their phenotypic properities and biochemical tests. Results and Discussio: The results of the susceptibility test to 13 types of antibiotics using the disc diffusion method showed a variation in the level of resistance to the different antibiotics, and it was found that the most effective antibiotics were Imipenem and Nitrofurantoin. The study used aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Eugenia caryophllata seeds and was tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections that are most commonly encountered by physicians in all age groups both in the Nasocomial hospital and community acquired hospital. International guidelines are used for the selection of antibiotics. However, it is recommended to adopt the international guidelines into local epidemiological data before using it to select the routine treatment. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E.Coli) strains isolated from urinary tract infections in children applied due to urinary system infections and treated accordingly. It was designed to be examined to be raised from 249 children, with sales route design and sale to the pediatric and urinary outpatient clinic between July 1, 2019 and July 1, 2020. 210 patients with n≥105 cfu/ml bacteria. Patients with vesicourethral reflux and neurogenic patients were excluded from the study. At the same time, people who can be displayed in the products that have been in use in the last six months and people who have grown Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Candida and ESBL positive bacteria. 98 cultures included in the study were evaluated The mean age of totally 98 patients including 84 females and 14 males diagnosed with urinary tract infection was 37 (1-192) months. There was a statistically significant difference between each group with respect to age and they were as F:49 month and M: 9 respectively (p [Med-Science 2022; 11(2.000): 780-3]

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections that are most commonly encountered by physicians in all age groups both in the Nasocomial hospital and community acquired hospital. International guidelines are used for the selection of antibiotics. However, it is recommended to adopt the international guidelines into local epidemiological data before using it to select the routine treatment. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E.Coli) strains isolated from urinary tract infections in children applied due to urinary system infections and treated accordingly. It was designed to be examined to be raised from 249 children, with sales route design and sale to the pediatric and urinary outpatient clinic between July 1, 2019 and July 1, 2020. 210 patients with n≥105 cfu/ml bacteria. Patients with vesicourethral reflux and neurogenic patients were excluded from the study. At the same time, people who can be displayed in the products that have been in use in the last six months and people who have grown Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Candida and ESBL positive bacteria. 98 cultures included in the study were evaluated The mean age of totally 98 patients including 84 females and 14 males diagnosed with urinary tract infection was 37 (1-192) months. There was a statistically significant difference between each group with respect to age and they were as F:49 month and M: 9 respectively (p<0.001). Amoclavin-claviculinate 33.6%, ampicillin 20.4%, cefuroxime 25.5%, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) 19.4%, ciprofloxacin 7.1%, ceftriaxone 19.3% by disc diffusion and / or automated system tests in 141 isolated E. coli strains, 6.1% and 11.2% nitrofurantoin resistance rates were determined. ESBL was found positive in 7 (4.96%) of 141 E. coli isolated and these patients were excluded from the study. Recently, antibiotics are given empirically before performing urine culture and antibiograms and this situation causes the problem of resistance to widely preferred antibiotics. Cefixime, ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can be used as the first option in empirical treatment of pediatric urinary tract infections. However, urine culture and antibiogram should be performed if possible before antibiotics are given. It should not be ignored that the rates of resistance may change over time according to the frequent preference of antibiotics initiated empirically in that region or country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main serotypes, pathogenicity, and antibiotic susceptibility of avian Escherichia coli isolated from colibacillosis cases in the Aljabel Al Akhdar region of Libya were investigated in this study. To determine the pathogenicity of E. coli isolates, Congo red binding, hemolysis, and lethality tests were conducted on Seventy-two unvaccinated broilers chicks on the day of hatching. Avian pathogen serotypes and antibacterial susceptibility testing to twelve antibiotics were also performed according to the standard methods. Results revealed that the only (O114) serotype that had been orally inoculated caused mortality on the first day. While all E. coli isolates inoculated by subcutaneous route showed mortality on the first day. The highly pathogenic serotypes were (O26) induced (100%) mortality. Congo red (CR) binding assay showed that (100%) of isolates were positive. Only (O26) was found to be hemolytic. Serotyping results revealed that E. coli strains belong to serotypes (O26, O111 O114, O119). According to the results, (100%) of E. coli isolates were less sensitive to Cephalothin, Lincomycin, as well as Erythromycin, while the sensitivity level to Amoxyclav and Doxycycline was (40%) and (60%) respectively. Only (20%) of E. coli isolates showed resistance to Enrofloxacin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline. All strains were susceptible to Imipenem (100%). Significantly, O26 serotype was highly resistant (75%) to 9 out of 12 different antibiotics tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple mutations in the quinolone-determining resistant regions of topoisomerase enzymes are usually associated with high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli. Gyr A gene encodes (gyrase II) enzyme that changes topology by introducing transient double-stranded breaks into DNA and passing a second doublestranded DNA segment through the break before resealing it. The current investigation aims to reveal the correlation between functional gyrase enzyme and non-functional gyrase with level MIC of quinolone resistance under study. Patients with various illnesses such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), gastro enteritis (diarrhea) and wound infections were involved in the investigation. A total of 200 clinical samples were obtained. There are 30 samples diagnostic as E. coli clinical strain after identification by biochemical test, VITEK-2 compact system, and by molecular method using 16SrDNA marker. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and Gatifloxacin was performed by broth microdilution method. According to manufacturing company (Topogen-USA); cell lysate are produced;then Bacterial gyrase assay (Topogen-USA) has been used to show the activity of gyrase enzyme by observation of negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA. Gyr A gene is detectable in all tested E. coli (100%); but There are only 16/30 isolates have active topoisomerase type2 with percentage 53.33% only; while; (14) isolates with non-functional gyrase enzyme since they not produce negative supercoiling DNA bands after gel electrophoreses with ethidium bromide stain. non-functional gyrase enzyme are associated with high E. coli resistance level against quinolone antimicrobial under study. MIC value for two groups are show significantly different concerning Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, while no significant difference concerning Levofloxacin and Gatifloxacin antibiotics. As a result, this research representsto be an effective method for determining the primary target of a quinolone drug in E. coli clinical isolates, and for the purification and characterization of DNA Gyrase so. E. coli are highly isolated from vagina samples 40% and then from urine samples (32%) followed by (24%) from wounds infections and (21%) from stool. There are correlation between the reduced sensitivity of quinolone under study and bacterial topoisomerases activity in E. coli isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study was performed to identify the organisms and the sensitivity patterns of antibiotics in children with Urinary Tract Infections. It was conducted in a Tertiary care hospital of Salem district, Tamil Nadu in a sample size of 150 children in the age group of 0-14 in both genders. In this study, female children (57.3%) were mostly affected by Urinary Tract Infection. Children in the age group of 1 month to 2 years (45.33%) were mostly affected. The most prevalent organism isolated was E. coli (74.66%). Most of the children presented with complaints of fever along with urinary symptoms (35%) which included burning micturition, abdominal pain, vomiting, etc. Usually, amikacin was administered to these children (25.33%). The majority of these children were prescribed single antibiotic (68%). Intravenous administration was the common dosage form of the prescribed antibiotics (76%). More than half of the children were hospitalized for 4-6 days (71%). E. coli showed high sensitivity to aminoglycosides (amikacin and gentamicin), cephalosporins (ceftriaxone and cefotaxime). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are compounds, which inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms. But for some reason, microorganisms may develop resistance to antibiotics. One of the reasons for resistance to antibiotics is efflux pumps. By means of these pumps, microorganisms export antibiotics into the bacterial cell; consequently, they cannot inhibit the growth of or destroy bacteria. This situation decreases the spectrum of antibiotic activity and increases the antibiotic resistance. Thus, microorganisms could develop multiple drug resistance against not only the antibiotic used, but also for many other antibiotics and rapidly spread in the environment. Antibiotic resistance has become a major global issue, new antibiotics and efflux pump inhibitor studies are continuing rapidly. The aim of the present study is to observe the response of some Escherichia coli clinical isolate strains with multiple drug resistance and overexpressed efflux pumps against efflux pump inhibitors to use these strains for further studies. Ethidium bromide (EtBr)-agar cartwheel method was firstly used to identify E. coli strains with overexpressed efflux pumps by transferring inoculum of all strains to EtBr containing agars, and overexpressed efflux pumps were determined by exposing agar plates to UV light. Verapamil, phenyl arginine beta naphthylamide (PApN) and thioridazine hydrochloride were used as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), and the lowest concentration of EPIs, which inhibit the growth of E. coli strains were determined by minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) test. Responses of microorganisms against efflux pump inhibitors were determined with a microplate-based assay, by using EPIs below their MIC values. According to the results of this study, effects of verapamil and thioridazine were observed to be more effective than PApN. As a result, 98.41% of E. coli strains used in the study was found to be affected by Verapamil, where 96.82% by thioridazine and only 38.09% were affected by PApN inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze and compare activity of four different antibiotics namely Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Study Design: A prospective experimental study. Place and Duration: At Pharmaceutical Microbiology Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan from December 10, 2017 to May 18, 2018. Methodology: Kirby-Bauer's Disk Diffusion method was employed for antibiotic testing and One-way ANOVA determined significant differences of zone of inhibitions (at p<0.05). Results: High resistance was shown towards Ceftriaxone both by E.coli and S.typhi strains as 67% and 50.94% respectively. 91.75% susceptibility to Imipenem was noted for E.coli and that of 75.47% was shown by S.typhi. Conclusion: Higher susceptibility patterns were noted towards Imipenem and maximum resistivity was highlighted against Ceftriaxone by both E.coli and S.typhi amongst all the four tested antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin and Amikacin exhibited moderate activity against both E.coli and S.typhi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to determine the sensitivity of S.aureus and E. coli isolated fromfresh milk against against several antibiotics and to determine the safety of the milk for humancomsumsion. Milk was collected from milking diary cow and was used for the bacterial isolation. E.coli were were identified using Total Plate Count (TPC), Gram staining, their growth on Endo Agarand Eosin MethyleneBlue Agar, Biochemical analysis including glucose, lactose, sucrose,maltose, andsorbitol would be followed by Sorbitol Mac Conkey Agar Test for the identification of E.coliO157:H7.The isolation and identification of S.aureus were performed using Gram stain, TPC, growth on BairdParker Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar. S. aureus and S. epidermidis were differentiated by coagulaseand catalase tests. The antibiotic sensitivity tests for both S. aureus and E.coli were carried out usingthe following antibiotics: ampicillin, bacitracin, vancomycin, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cefotamine,cefuroxime, cefepime, cefazoline, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, amikacin,kanamycin, neomycin, ertapenem, meropenem, imipenem, erythromycin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid,ciprofloxacin, levofloxacine, norfloxacine, ofloxacin, and novobiocin. Fresh milk obtained from thefarm was positive for S.aureus and E.coli and resistant to most antibiotics tested. The best antibioticsfor S. aureus were imipenem (54.1 mm), ampicillin (42.3 mm), cefazolin (41.6 mm), doxycycline (41.15mm), and for E.coli were Imipenem (30.1 mm), ertapenem (29.5 mm), and meropenem (25.35 mm). Thebovine fresh milk examined was contaminated by S.aureus and E.coli and to some extent, were alsoresistant to most antibiotics tested.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis spores probiotic as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter by monitoring its effect on broiler chickens performance and determination of the intestinal bacterial count. Three experimental trials were conducted on 480 broiler chickens, 160 birds per each one, four treatments (40 birds) with four replicates (10 broilers per pen). In the first experimental trial; T1: control group (supplemented with basal diet) was compared against T2: supplemented with basel diet + amoxicillin 50% as an antibiotic growth promoter, T3: supplemented with basal diet + Bacillus subtilis spores probiotic and T4: supplemented with basal diet + both antibiotic and probiotic together. An improvement was recorded in feed conversion ratio (FCR) on 42-days-old broiler chickens supplemented with Bacillus subtilis spores probiotic (T3) when compared with the other groups. Reduction in E.coli count in T2 and T3 was observed. Notable reduction in clostridium perfringens count in T3 compared to others. Treatments of the second and third experiment were: T1: unmedicated, unchallenged group: control, T2: unmedicated, challenged group, T3: medicated with amoxicillin 50%, challenged group, T4: medicated with Bacillus subtillis spores probiotic, challenged group, challenge was done with E.coli and Clostridium perfringens in the second and third experiment respectively. The results demonstrated a reduction in E.coli and Clostridium perfringens count in treatment supplemented with Bacillus subtilis spores probiotic (T4) and also show a better FCR in both experiments. The current study concluded that the Bacillus subtilis spores probiotic could replace antibiotic growth promoter under investigation with better FCR and lower intestinal bacterial pathogens count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acinetobacter baumannii appears as an often multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen in hospitals worldwide. Its remarkable persistence in the hospital environment is probably due to intrinsic and acquired resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics, tolerance to desiccation stress, capability to form biofilms, and is possibly facilitated by surface-associated motility. Our attempts to elucidate surface-associated motility in A. baumannii revealed a mutant inactivated in a putative DNA-(adenine N6)-methyltransferase, designated A1S_0222 in strain ATCC 17978. We recombinantly produced A1S_0222 as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein and purified it to near homogeneity through a combination of GST affinity chromatography, cation exchange chromatography and PD-10 desalting column. Furthermore we demonstrate A1S_0222-dependent adenine methylation at a GA A TTC site. We propose the name AamA ( A cinetobacter a denine m ethyltransferase A ) in addition to the formal names M.AbaBGORF222P/M.Aba17978ORF8565P. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed that the protein is monomeric and has an extended and likely two-domain shape in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the bacterial pathogens causing calf diarrhea in Baghdad province and study it's susceptibility toward different antibiotics. The study was conducted on 105 faecal samples collected directly from the rectum of diarrhoeic calves and brought to the laboratory for bacteriological examination. Isolation and identification of the microorganisms were confirmed on the basis of their, staining, cultural, morphology and biochemical tests. Furthermore, antibacterial test was study for different clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria toward varying concentration of antibiotics by disc diffusion technique. samples were examined for the isolation of bacteria of which 45 (42.85%) samples were positive for E. coli, 22 (20.95%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp, 16 (15.23%) samples were positive for Staphylococcus, 12 (10.5%) samples were positive for Mixed infection, 10 (9.52%) samples were negative for bacteria. The susceptibility study revealed that most of the E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycin and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole with varying percentages, and susceptible to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. The findings of the present study indicate that the clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria resistance to a number of bacterial antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the gender diff erences in the microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in urolithiasis patients. Methods: A descriptive comparative study was undertaken at Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan, from July 2014 to October 2014. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Renal calculi were more common in females (72.13%) than males (64.8%). Multiple site and bladder stones were more common in males. E.Coli was found to be more common in females (59.01%) in comparison to males (44.8%). Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella and mixed bacterial growth were more common in males. However, the diff erence in percentages was not statistically signifi cant. Alarmingly high rates of resistance were seen to commonly prescribed antibiotics for UTIs. Conclusion: Th e results from this study imply that the gender diff erences in the microbiology of UTIs in patients with urolithiasis are not signifi cant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urinary tract infection is the most common complication after kidney transplantation. It can cause severe sepsis and transplant loss. Emergence of drug resistance among gram-negative urinary pathogens is the current challenge for urinary tract infection treatment after kidney transplantation.Methods: This study analyzes the antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative urinary pathogens after kidney transplantation from 2009 to 2012 at the Transplant Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital Essen, Germany. Kidney transplant patients at the University Hospital Essen receive regular follow up examinations after transplantation. Midstream urines were examined for bacteriuria at each follow up visit.Results: From 2009 to 2012 15.741 urine samples were obtained from 859 patients. In 2985 (19%) samples bacterial growth was detected. The most frequently detected gram-negative bacteria were E.coli 1109 (37%), Klebsiella spp. 242 (8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 136 (4.5%). Klebsiella spp. showed a significant increase of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by 19% (p = 0.02), ciprofloxacin by 15% (p = 0.01) and ceftazidime by 17% (p = 0.004). E.coli and P. aeruginosa isolates presented no significant differences of antimicrobial susceptibility to the analyzed antibiotics.Conclusions: Antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella spp. increased significant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime from 2009 to 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lysozyme protein adsorption on nanosilica was controlled by both electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions. • The lysozyme modified nanosilica (LMNS) increased LFX removal dramatically from 51.51% to 80.63%. • Optimum conditions for LFX removal were pH 8.0, contact time 90 min, adsorbent dosage 10 mg/mL. • Adsorption of LFX on LMNS was mainly governed by electrostatic attraction. • The removal efficiencies of E.coli and Bacillus removal using LMNS were greater than 90 %. In this paper, we studied adsorption of protein lysozyme on nanosilica and their applications for removal of levofloxacin (LFX) antibiotic and bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Bacillus in water environment. Solution pH 10, contact time 120 min, nanosilica dosage 10 mg/mL and 1 mM KCl were the best conditions for lysozyme adsorption on nanosilica to form biomaterial, namely lysozyme modified nanosilica (LMNS). The optimal parameters for the removal of LFX using LMNS were determined to be 90 min of adsorption time, pH 8, and 10 mg/ml of adsorbent. Adsorptive removal of LFX dramatically increased in ideal circumstances, going from 51.51% to 80.63% when using LMNS. Two-step and Freundlich models were used to represent isothermal adsorption of LFX on LMNS at different strengths while a pseudo-second-order achieved the best fit for LFX adsorption kinetic on LMNS. The amount of LFX that adsorbs to LMNS reduced as salt concentration increased, suggesting that electrostatic interaction was primarily responsible for the adsorption. After four regenerations, LFX removal was greater than 60%, proving that LMNS is highly effective in removing LFX. The removal of E.coli and Bacillus were reached greater than 90 % that were much higher than other materials. Both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions governed the removal of E.coli and Bacillus. Our results indicate that LMNS is an excellent bio-adsorbent for removal of antibiotic and bacteria in aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to easy availability or excess to antibiotics people usually start antibiotic without consulting doctors when they are suffering from illness and as they were feeling well they discontinue the treatment and as a result these bacteria become resistant to those antibiotics which are inadequately used. Also most of the antibiotic have side effect that also produce undesirable effect so after considering all of these issues we want to explore natural compounds for their antimicrobial activity as these compounds have no side effect and cost effective as well. Objectives: We analyzed the antimicrobial activity of ginger (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) against common human pathogens. Study design: Experimental study. Place and duration of study: All clinical isolates were identified at BUMDC (Bahria University Medical and Dental College) Microbiology Lab (Karachi) by standard biochemical methods. Study conducted between april2015-nov 2015. Material & Methods: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio cholera and E.Coli culture sample were taken and again characterized using conventional biochemical, cultural and molecular methods. Then I checked the antimicrobial activity of ginger alone and with soyaoil against these isolates using disc diffusion method. Result: It shows that ginger alone having good antimicrobial activity against pseudomonas but when using after mixing with soya oil its antimicrobial activity decreased as it was note when individually used. Conclusion: Ginger when using alone having good antimicrobial activity then when using in combination with soya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and destroy prokaryote cells, specifically the bacteria. They act too selective, so as each bacteriophage affects only on specific type of bacteria. Due to their specific features, bacteriophages can be used as an appropriate substitute for antibiotics in infectious diseases treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate E. coli-specific bacteriophage from raw sewage. Methods: Eight samples of raw sewage, each containing approximately 50 ml of raw sewage with 10 minute gap, were prepared from Zargandeh wastewater treatment plant, Tehran, Iran. The sewages were mixed with Brain-heart infusion medium (BHI) as a liquid culture medium in order to let the microorganisms grow. Incubation, purification and determination of bacteria were followed repeatedly to isolate the bacteriophage. Then it was tested on E.coli (ATCC 25922), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 2392), and Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 9610) in order to determine the bacteriophage selectivity. Results: The E.coli bacteriophages were successfully isolated from all the eight samples, that were completely able to lyse and destroy E.coli bacterial cells, though no effect was observed on other types of bacteria. Conclusion: The study findings revealed that bacteriophages act selectively. Considering the raise of antibiotic resistance in the world, bacteriophages can serve as a good substitute for antibiotics in treating infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is a well-recognized cause of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). The ability of STEC strains to cause human disease is due to the production of Shiga toxins. The objectives of this study were to determinate the prevalence, serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the genetic capability for Shiga toxin production in Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from dairy cattle farms in two rural communities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Methods: Fecal samples were collected between March and May 2014, from individual cattle (n=400) in two commercial dairy farms having 800 and 120 cattle each. Three hundred presumptive isolates obtained were subjected to polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for identification of O157 serogroup and Shiga toxin producing genes (stx1, stx2) on genomic DNA extracted by boiling method. Susceptibility of the isolates to 17 antibiotics was carried out in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. Results: Based on direct PCR detection, 95 (31.7 %) isolates were identified as O157 serogroup. The genetic repertoire for Shiga toxin production was present in 84 (88.42 %) isolates distributed as stx1 (37), stx2 (38) and stx1/2 (9) respectively while 11 of the isolates did not harbor Shiga toxin producing genes. Multiple antibiotic resistances were observed among the isolates and genetic profiling of resistance genes identified blaampC 90 %, blaCMY 70 %, blaCTX-M 65 %, blaTEM 27 % and tetA 70 % and strA 80 % genes among the antimicrobial resistance determinants examined. Conclusion: We conclude that dairy cattle farms in the Eastern Cape Province are potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance determinants in the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to identify the role of E.coli in bovine mastitis, its virulence factors and antimicrobial sensitivity. Three hundred and sixty lactating cows and buffaloes were examined clinically and by CMT, 210 were suffering from clinical mastitis with percentage of 62.7% and 39 (20.4%) E.coli isolates were detected in clinical cases of mastitis, 90 cases were suffering from subclinical mastitis and 6 (6.8%) E.coli isolates were detected from these samples. The percentage of E.coli in cows was 31 (21.1%) while in buffaloes 8 (18.3%) isolates. Serotyping of E.coli revealed that O55 (30%), O111 (15%), O124 (15%), O119 (10%), O114 (10%), O26 (5%), O157 (10%) and O44 (5%). That's showing that O55, O111 and O124 were the most serotypes causing mastitis. PCR identification of TraT gene revealed 5 cases were positive and give positive reaction at 307 bp. and for eaeA gene revealed 6 cases and give positive reaction at 384 bp. The antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that the most effective antibiotics were lincospectine (56.6%), danofloxacin (56.6%), enrofloxacin (40%) and ceftifure (40%), while the lowest effective antibiotics were oxytetracycline and ampicillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to detect and characterize Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic dogs and cats and its antibiotic resistance. To perform this aim: a total of 90 rectal swabs were collected from diarrheic dogs (n= 70) and cats (n= 20) from different localities at Alexandria and screened for the presence of pathotypes of E.coli using culture, biochemically, serological, molecular identification and antibiotic sensitivity test. a total of 33 (36.6%) E. coli isolated and identified {26 isolates from dogs (37.1%) and 7 isolates from cats (35%)}. Hemolytic activity revealed 8 (6 from dogs and 2 from cats) and 4 (3 from dogs and 1 from cats) isolates with Alpha (α) and Beta (β) hemolysis respectively. Serotyping of these 12 isolates revealed 2 (16.6%) were positive poly 2 (O:127 K63 ), 1 (8% ) isolate was positive poly 3 ( O:164 K-), 1 (8%) isolate was positive poly 1 (O:26 k 60) and 8 (66.6%) isolates were serotyped as positive poly one. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) revealed the presence of attaching and effacing gene (eaeA ) in 4 (33.3%) isolates {3 from dogs (33.3%) and 1 from cat (33.3%). However, none of the isolates were positive for Heat-labile (LT) , heat-stable (STa) enterotoxin genes, shiga toxin one (Stx1) and shiga toxin two (Stx2) genes and bundleforming pili (Bfp) gene. The highest rate of senstivity was observed to Amikacin and Ofloxacin. And, the highest rate of resistance was observed to Cephalexin and Ampicillin sulbactam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance of infectious and non-infectious E. coli species in order to increase the success of empirical antibiotic treatment in urinary system infections. Methods The antibiotic susceptibility of 464 E. coli strains that were isolated from urine samples of patients who visited Derince Training and Research Hospital Emergency Department between January 1 and December 31, 2012 were retrospectively evaluated from records. The antibiogram results were classified as susceptible, moderately susceptible or resistant. Moderately susceptible strains were assumed to be resistant. Results Bacterial proliferation was seen in 563 (28.1%) of the 1998 urine cultures tested. One hundred and twelve cultures could not be evaluated due to contamination, and there was no proliferation in 1323 cultures. E. coli strains were isolated in 464 (82.4%) of the cultures in which proliferation was seen. Three hundred and sixty seven (79%) of the patients were female, 97 (21%) were male, and the mean age of all of the patients was 41.1±24.1 years (min: 1, max: 90). The antibiograms of the E. coli strains revealed that meropenem had the lowest resistance (0%), while ampicillin-sulbactam had the highest resistance (36.8%). Conclusions In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains isolated from urine cultures in our region. Future studies, perhaps similar to this one, can be performed in the future to increase the success of treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Information on the epidemiology of multiresistant bacteria (MRB) with zoonotic potential is growing but still remains quite incomplete. This narrative mini-review provides a general overview of the epidemiology of the most important zoonotic MRB in cattle, swine and poultry in Europe. Methods: A literature search was conducted mainly on the PubMed website including articles published until April 2012. Results: Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) especially poses a zoonotic risk to people working in close contact with livestock. These people may become carriers themselves and the hazard of transmission into health-care facilities needs surveillance. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing bacteria are widely spread in both humans and livestock, sharing similar genotypes, especially of the CTX-M-group, which makes a zoonotic transfer very likely. Identical strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were found both in humans and animals, after ingestion of animal strains transient colonization of the human gut may be possible. Only a few data are available on the transmission of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) between humans and animals. Direct contact to colonized animals may be a risk factor as well as the exchange of resistance genes between human and animal staphylococci. Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) ribotype 078 emerges in livestock and humans and a zoonotic transmission seems probable as genotypes and diseases resemble each other. Conclusion: All discussed MRB and C. difficile are important nosocomial agents which also occur in livestock and were found in foods of animal origin. Further analysis is needed to reveal the exact transmission routes and to perform a reliable risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to determine E.coli as etiological organism for UTI in some patients & its antibiotics sensitivity pattern. The urine samples suspected with bacteriuria were collected from 130 subjects. A total of 19 isolates from E.coli were diagnosed. Susceptibility testing for 13 antimicrobials was done. The results were analyzed statistically& showed that infection rate in females was higher than males (significant ). Also infection rate in aged groups were significantly higher in 20-29 years ,& 30-39 years .Infection rate in urban individuals had complete ratio in contrast of rural individuals . Our data also revealed that infection rate in housewife women was the highest( significant ),but it was the less in other jobs. The results of sensitivity test appeared that most of used antibiotics were unaffected on E.coli isolates with exception of amikacin ,meropenem ,& ciprofloxacin respectively. Since, cefoxitin was unaffected on all E.coli isolates absolutely.

Background and purpose: Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria, treatment of urinary tract infection is becoming more problematic. Integrons are mobile genetic elements that play an important role in dissemination and accumulation of resistance genes of multidrug resistance in bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic resistant profile, frequency of integron genes (Classes 1,2,3) and investigate the role of integrons in the development of antibiotic resistance among Escheria coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections. Material and methods: 50 E.coli and 50 K.pneumoniae isolated from the urine samples of patients who referred to Valiasr Hospital, Arak, Iran were subjected to this study. All the isolated samples were confirmed by standard biochemical tests. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial drugs by using disk diffusion method and the distribution of different integron classes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The highest rate of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates was found in rifampin (90%), erythromycin (90%), ceftriaxone (76%), amoxicillin-Clavulonic acid (76%), cotrimoxazole (70%), cefotaxime (70%) ceftazidime (66%) and for E.coli isolates in cotrimoxazole (88%), ceftriaxone (76%), amoxicillin-Clavulonic acid (74%), ceftazidime (72%) and cefotaxime (72%). All the E.coli isolates were susceptible to Imipenem, while only three (6%) of K.pneumoniae isolates were resistant to this antibiotic. Ninety percent of K.pneumoniae and 86% of E. coli isolates carried class 1 integrons, whereas class 2 integrons were found in 8% and 2% of E. coli and K.pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Class 3 integrons were not found. Conclusion: The high frequency of Class 1 integron in E.coli and k. pneumoniae isolates associated with the high rate of antibiotic resistant indicate that may be integrons play an important role in facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the resistance profiles of normal intestinal flora of extensively reared chickens that hardly receive antibiotics in the developing countries can serve as important means of understanding the human/animal pathogens drug resistance interactions in the zone. Three hundred and fifty E. coli isolates, comprising 133 from urban and 217 from rural sites in Imo state, Nigeria, were screened for anti-microbial resistance profile against 10 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. Overall percentage anti-microbial resistance of the isolates against cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin (72–92%) were very high. The organisms were highly sensitive to other antibiotics, especially gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. The 59.5% overall mean percentage resistance recorded at the urban area was significantly higher than the 46.8% recorded at the rural area (p

E. coli infections are probably the most frequent infectious diseases of young, both in intensive and extensive raising systems, with serious negative economic consequences. The research aimed to investigate the dependence of antimicrobial resistance of E.coli strains isolated from dairy cows with mastitis (n=8), newborn calves with diarrhea (n=12), piglets with edema disease (n=11) and hens with granuloma lesions (n=12). Microbial isolates were cultured on broth, agar and then identified as E. coli by use of API 20E biochemical tests. Serotypes were identified by classical rapid agglutination with use of specific anti-O, H and K sera. A Kirby-Bauer type antibiogram was performed for each strain with a range of eighteen antibiotics and antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, cephalexin, cephalotin, colistin sulphate, erythromicin, furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, oxacillin, penicillin G, polimixin B, rifampicin, spectinomicin, tetracycline, streptomicin, sulphametaxazole. The results indicated the presence of different serotypes of E. coli, such as O9:K103:H- in mastitic cows, O8:K25 (75%) and, O9:K35, O8:K28, O101:K28 (8.33% each) in calves, O141:(H4)(18.18%), O139:K82:H1 (36.36%) and O138:H- (45.46%) in swine oedema disease cases, while chicken E. coli strains belonged to serotypes O1:K1 (n=3, 25%), O2:K1 (n=6, 50%) and O78:K80 (n=3, 25%). Antibiotic resistence indices (ARI) were of 0.145 in cows, 0.44 in calves and hens and 0.49 in piglets. The results indicated an increased ARI with the increase of isolated strain numbers and with species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections are among the most common community acquired infections that occurs in both male and female of all the age groups. Various classes of antibiotics were used to treat the UTI infections. The objective was to study the prescription pattern of antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The study was conducted on patients diagnosed with UTI in Shimoga district hospitals of Karnataka for a period of 4 months (Jan 2012- April 2012). The data was collected from the patients who were in the age group of 18-65 years, by studying their laboratory reports, prescriptions and oral interaction. Among 80 patients, 34 (42.5%) were males and 46 (57.5%) were females. Most of the male patients were asymptomatic 23 (67.64%), whereas females were symptomatic 33 (71.73%). The study found that gram negative species account for larger proportion of causative organisms, of which E.coli was the most predominant one 55 (68.75%). Most of the patients were prescribed with Ciprofloxacin 24 (30%), Norfloxacin 16 (20%), Cephalosporin's 30 (37.5%) and Nitrofurantoin 10 (12.5%) commonly for pregnant women. From the study it was concluded that Fluoroquinolones and Cephalosporin's were the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate microorganism susceptibilities and resistance to current antibiotics in our region.Material and Method: In this study, 1947 urine specimen culture results, collected from patients in outpatient clinics who applied with various complaints and referred to the laboratory with preliminary diagnosis of urinary tract infections between June 2008 and April 2009, were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Antibiotic susceptibilities of 301 isolated bacteria were investigated. The most common bacteria was Escherichia coli (84.7%). When antibiotic susceptibilities were examined, isolates were resistant to gentamycin (19.3%), ampicillin-sulbactam (35.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.9%), cefuroxime (25.9%) and ciprofloxacin (32.8%).Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance has been estimated to be higher in our region compared to similar studies. Regional antibiotic resistance patterns are important in empirical treatment. It is important to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns periodically in our region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of broad spectrum antibiotics, chronic osteomyelitis of jaw, especially of maxilla, has become a rare lesion. Osteomyelitis of jaw is associated with a complex microbiota, the most common oral microorganism being, Staphylococcus sp. Reported cases of jaw osteomyelitis caused by enteric bacteria are very few in literature. Hereby, we are reporting a case of E.coli associated osteomyelitis in a diabetic individual who had presented with very aggressive bilateral maxillary necrosis. After extensive literature search, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of maxillary osteomyelitis associated with E.coli which we have come across. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of diarrheagenic E. coli strains in fresh feces from urban pigeons.Out of 50 fecal samples 30 isolates of E.coli were recovered. Of 30 isolates, 12 showed hemolysin production and 18 showed congo red binding ability. All the isolates were studied for their antibiotic sensitivity pattern employing disc diffusion technique using commercially available antibiotic discs. Highest sensitivity (92.00%) was shown towards amoxicillin followed by gentamycin (88.00%) and oxytetracycline (64.00%). The isolates were found to be resistant towards ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, cephalexin and ceftriazone. Serotyping results indicated that out of 30 isolates, 07 were untypable. 03 were rough and remaining 20 were typed as O102 (5), O25 (3), O97(5), O13(4), O20 (1), O85 (1) and O4 (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In recent years, in our country and the world, susceptibility of uropathogenic E.coli strains to commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infections has decreased. That decreased susceptibility has been caused to treatment failure, need to change the empirical treatment, increase in prescription costs, prolongation of hospital stay, increased social costs, increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, determination of susceptibility to different variety of antibiotics and fosfomycin in urinary tract infection isolate E.coli were aimed. Materials and methods: The study included E.coli positive urine samples which had been sent to State Hospital Central Laboratory in Kızıltepe between August 2010 and December 2010. These isolates were obtained from patients who have microscopically 10/mm3 leukocyte in urine. In this study, we tested susceptibility of isolated E.coli to FOT (Fosfomycin), CIP(ciprofloxacin), IP (İmipenem), TZP (Piperasilin-Tazobactam), CAZ (Ceftazidim). According to CLSI criteria, susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: E.coli strains isolated from urine samples examined between August 2010 and December 2010, all were susceptible to fosfomisine. The resistance rates of E.coli strains to Ceftazidim, Ciprofloxacin, İmipenem, Piperacillin-Tazobactam were found respectively 33.3%, 49.1%, 36.8%, 45.6% (Table 1). Conclusions: Because of the high susceptibility rates of fosfomycin at community-acquired urinary tract infection, it can be preferred to the non-complicated urinary tract infections as an antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]