24 results on '"Turtles microbiology"'
Search Results
2. Newly recognized Anaplasma sp. in erythrocytes from Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus).
- Author
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Raskin RE, Crosby FL, and Jacobson ER
- Subjects
- Anaplasma isolation & purification, Anaplasmosis drug therapy, Anaplasmosis microbiology, Anaplasmosis pathology, Anemia diagnostic imaging, Anemia microbiology, Anemia pathology, Animals, Erythrocyte Inclusions pathology, Erythrocytes microbiology, Erythrocytes pathology, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission veterinary, Turtles blood, Anaplasma classification, Anaplasmosis diagnostic imaging, Anemia veterinary, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Doxycycline therapeutic use, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Background: In 2015, a previously unrecognized intracytoplasmic erythrocytic inclusion was discovered in anemic wild-caught adult gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). Subsequently, molecular diagnostics revealed this inclusion to be a novel Anaplasma sp., Objectives: The goal of this study was to morphologically characterize these erythrocytic inclusions by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)., Methods: Blood samples were taken from two car-injured wild-caught gopher tortoises for the preparation of Wright-Giemsa stained smears and TEM specimens. CBC data were serially performed and morphologically examined during treatment periods., Results: Studies revealed a moderate to severe anemia with moderate regeneration as indicated by polychromasia and the presence of immature erythroid precursors. In addition, on light microscopy, one to two variably-sized round basophilic stippled paracentral erythrocytic inclusions were present per cell in both animals and involved 10%-25% of erythrocytes. TEM identified the intraerythrocytic inclusions as discrete membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles (morulae) containing membrane-bound bacterial subunits that were of variable size, shape, and electron density. Serial hematologic data indicated complete remission of the infection in response to a single long-term course of doxycycline., Conclusions: The presence of a regenerative anemia in gopher tortoises from Florida revealed a newly recognized bacterial species that has morphologic characteristics similar to members of the genus Anaplasma., (© 2020 American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology.)
- Published
- 2020
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3. Antimicrobial resistance genes present in the faecal microbiota of free-living Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri).
- Author
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Nieto-Claudin A, Esperón F, Blake S, and Deem SL
- Subjects
- Animals, Ecuador, Plasmids genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics, Feces microbiology, Microbiota, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), encoded by plasmid-mediated AMR genes (ARGs), is an increasing global public health threat. Wildlife play a fundamental role as sentinels, reservoirs and potential vectors of ARGs. For the first time in Galapagos, we have identified and quantified the presence of ARGs in free-living giant tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri). We performed ARG analyses by quantitative PCR of faeces collected from the cloaca of 30 tortoises widely distributed across Santa Cruz Island. Validated samples (n = 28) were analysed by a panel of up to 21 different ARGs and all 28 tortoise samples were positive to one or more genes encoding resistance. Thirteen of 21 tested ARGs were present in at least one sample, and 10 tortoises (35.7%) had a multi-resistant pattern. We recommend additional research so we may more fully understand resistance patterns across taxa and geographical locations throughout the Galapagos archipelago, and the implications of ARGs for the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. In this study, we found 100% of sampled giant tortoises had ARGs present in their faeces, suggesting a large-scale distribution of these genes within the archipelago., (© 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2019
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4. Gut bacteria of Cuora amboinensis (turtle) produce broad-spectrum antibacterial molecules.
- Author
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Akbar N, Khan NA, Sagathevan K, Iqbal M, Tawab A, and Siddiqui R
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents metabolism, Bacterial Infections microbiology, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli physiology, Host-Pathogen Interactions drug effects, Klebsiella pneumoniae drug effects, Klebsiella pneumoniae physiology, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus physiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug effects, Pseudomonas aeruginosa physiology, Salmonella enterica drug effects, Salmonella enterica physiology, Serratia marcescens drug effects, Serratia marcescens physiology, Streptococcus pyogenes drug effects, Streptococcus pyogenes physiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacterial Infections prevention & control, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health, hence there is an urgent need to discover antibacterial molecule(s). Previously, we hypothesized that microbial gut flora of animals are a potential source of antibacterial molecules. Among various animals, Cuora amboinensis (turtle) represents an important reptile species living in diverse ecological environments and feed on organic waste and terrestrial organisms and have been used in folk medicine. The purpose of this study was to mine turtle's gut bacteria for potential antibacterial molecule(s). Several bacteria were isolated from the turtle gut and their conditioned media were prepared. Conditioned media showed potent antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Klebsiella pneumoniae) pathogenic bacteria. Conditioned media-mediated bactericidal activity was heat-resistant when treated at 95°C for 10 min. By measuring Lactate dehydrogenase release, the results showed that conditioned media had no effect on human cell viability. Tandem Mass Spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, i.e., a series of known as well as novel N-acyl-homoserine lactones, several homologues of 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines, and rhamnolipids, which are the signature metabolites of Pseudomonas species. These findings are significant and provide the basis for rational development of therapeutic interventions against bacterial infections.
- Published
- 2019
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5. Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Determinants in Tribe Proteeae Isolated from Pet Turtles with High Prevalence of qnrD and Novel gyrB Mutations.
- Author
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Wimalasena SHMP, Pathirana HNKS, Shin GW, De Silva BCJ, Hossain S, and Heo GJ
- Subjects
- Animals, DNA Topoisomerase IV genetics, Drug Resistance, Bacterial drug effects, Humans, Mutation drug effects, Nalidixic Acid pharmacology, Prevalence, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacterial Proteins genetics, DNA Gyrase genetics, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Mutation genetics, Quinolones pharmacology, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has challenged significantly in both veterinary and human medicine. In this study, we analyzed the potential risk of pet turtles harboring tribe Proteeae as a source of quinolone-resistant determinants, including plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and target gene alterations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of 54 Proteeae isolates against ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and nalidixic acid was examined. The PMQR genes and QRDR alterations were identified using conventional PCR assays and sequencing. Four isolates were resistant to all quinolones tested in this study. Nine isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and showed either intermediate resistance or susceptibility to other tested quinolones. All isolates resistant to one or more tested quinolones harbored mutations in gyrB and some also had gyrA and parC mutations. Of 54, 12 Proteeae isolates displayed the novel E466D, N440T, Q411S, and F417L mutations in gyrB . Among the PMQR genes, 41 (76%) isolates harbored the qnrD gene with the highest prevalence, whereas aac(6')Ib-cr , qnrS , qnrA , and qnrB genes were detected in 28 (52%), 9 (17.0%), 7 (13.0%), and 1 (1.9%) study isolates, respectively. The QRDR analysis of selected mutants revealed that increasing quinolone selective pressure led to a predominance of gyrA mutants. All results indicate that a healthy pet turtle can play as a potential reservoir for quinolone-resistant Proteeae, which it might cause public health risk on pet owners.
- Published
- 2019
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6. Incidence of antibiogram, antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 and 2 integrons in tribe Proteeae with IMP27 gene for the first time in Providencia sp. isolated from pet turtles.
- Author
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Pathirana HNKS, Shin GW, Wimalasena SHMP, Hossain S, De Silva BCJ, Dahanayake PS, and Heo GJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Incidence, Integrases genetics, Integrons genetics, Macrolides pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Population Groups, Proteus isolation & purification, Providencia isolation & purification, beta-Lactamases genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics, Proteus drug effects, Proteus genetics, Providencia drug effects, Providencia genetics, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Proteeae is a tribe which consists of three genera: Proteus, Providencia and Morganella. The objective of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence genotype and class 1 and 2 integrons in Proteeae isolated from pet turtles and to determine the impact of antibiotic resistance on virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Integron-positive isolates were used to detect their gene cassette array. Sixty four Proteeae were isolated and all were resistant to macrolides (100%). Among 64 isolates 56, 52, 36 and 25 were resistant to nitrofurans, β-lactams, tetracycline and aminoglycoside respectively. Sixteen (25%) isolates were positive for intI1 while 14 (21·87%) were positive for integrase 2 (intI2). Eleven (17·18%) isolates were positive for class 1 variable region while 7 (10·93%) were positive for class 2 variable region. IMP27, a novel metallo β-lactamase gene was found in Providencia isolates. Proteus sp. were positive for every tested virulence genes and UreC gene was detected in 48·44% followed by zapA (17·19%), mrpA (17·19%) and hlyA (14·06%) genes. In this study, integron associated-antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in Proteeae isolates in a considerable range representing clear threats to public health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this study, multidrug-resistant Proteeae isolates had several antibiotic resistance genes. Integrons are important contributors to the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. We could detect both class 1 and 2 integrons and several gene cassette arrays in class 1 integron. The gene cassette arrays of the Class 2 integrons contained IMP27-dfrA1-aadA1-catB2-ybeA-ybgA in two isolates. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report detection of IMP27 in Providencia rettgeri isolates. All results indicate that healthy pet turtles act as potential reservoirs for Proteeae species with zoonotic potential., (© 2018 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)
- Published
- 2018
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7. MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF ENTERIC BACTERIA IN TWO POPULATIONS OF FREE-RANGING EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA).
- Author
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Rasmussen C, Allender MC, Phillips CA, Byrd J, Lloyd T, and Maddox C
- Subjects
- Animal Distribution, Animals, Animals, Wild, Female, Illinois, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Tennessee, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria drug effects, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Gram-negative isolates (n = 84) from 71% of free-ranging Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Illinois and Tennessee, United States, demonstrated resistance to at least one antibiotic while 30% of isolates demonstrated resistance to two or more antibiotics. Resistance was observed against cefoxitin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefazolin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, cefovecin, and ceftiofur. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 49 turtles, and all were observed to be resistant to two or more antibiotics. Gram-positive isolate resistance was observed to penicillin, cefoxitin, oxacillin, clindamycin, amikacin, enrofloxacin, cefovecin, ceftiofur, cefazolin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Health parameters including packed cell volume, total white blood cell count (WBC), total solids (TS), and weight were not significantly different based on antibiotic resistance patterns; however, decreasing WBC and TS were observed when the number of antibiotic-resistant detections in Gram-positive bacteria increased.
- Published
- 2017
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8. [Rotavirus-Salmonella coinfection due to turtles: Two cases with exotic pets].
- Author
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Angot M, Labbe F, Duquenoy A, and Le Roux P
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Exotic, Coinfection, Gastroenteritis microbiology, Gastroenteritis virology, Humans, Infant, Male, Rotavirus Infections diagnosis, Rotavirus Infections transmission, Salmonella Infections diagnosis, Salmonella Infections transmission, Treatment Outcome, Turtles microbiology, Turtles virology, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Ceftriaxone administration & dosage, Rotavirus isolation & purification, Rotavirus Infections complications, Salmonella Infections complications, Salmonella enterica isolation & purification
- Abstract
Salmonellosis is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, responsible for invasive infections especially in young children. Reptiles are salmonella reservoirs, and the indirect contact via parents' hands may be responsible for contamination. We report on two cases of Salmonella-rotavirus coinfection secondary to the presence of turtles in the home., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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9. Potential enterotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Aeromonas species isolated from pet turtles and their environment.
- Author
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Wimalasena SHMP, Shin GW, Hossain S, and Heo GJ
- Subjects
- Aeromonas drug effects, Aeromonas genetics, Aeromonas hydrophila drug effects, Aeromonas hydrophila genetics, Aeromonas hydrophila pathogenicity, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Enterotoxins genetics, Environmental Microbiology, Feces microbiology, Genes, Bacterial genetics, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests veterinary, Aeromonas pathogenicity, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections veterinary, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
To investigate the potential enterotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance of aeromonads from pet turtles as a risk for human infection, one hundred and two Aeromonas spp. were isolated from the feces, skin and rearing environments of pet turtles and identified by biochemical and gyrB sequence analyses. Aeromonas enteropelogenes was the predominant species among the isolates (52.9%) followed by A. hydrophila (32.4%), A. dharkensis (5.9%), A. veronii (4.9%) and A. caviae (3.9%). Their potential enterotoxicities were evaluated by PCR assays for detecting genes encoding cytotoxic enterotoxin (act) and two cytotonic enterotoxins (alt and ast). 75.8% of A. hydrophila isolates exhibited the act
+ /alt+ /ast+ genotype, whereas 94.4% of A. enteropelogenes isolates were determined to be act- /alt- /ast- . In an antimicrobial susceptibility test, most isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics except amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Non-susceptible isolates to penicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin) were frequently observed among the A. enteropelogenes isolates. Few isolates were resistant to imipenem, amikacin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Collectively, these results suggest that pet turtles may pose a public health risk of infection by enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial resistant Aeromonas strains.- Published
- 2017
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10. Gut microbiota isolated from the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) and its antimicrobial resistance.
- Author
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Ruzauskas M, Misyte S, Vaskeviciute L, Mikniene Z, Siugzdiniene R, Klimiene I, Pikuniene A, and Kucinskiene J
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Zoo, Bacteria classification, Bacteria drug effects, RNA, Bacterial genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria genetics, Cloaca microbiology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
The aim of the study was to isolate cultivable gut microbiota from European pond turtles kept at the Lithuanian Zoo and to determine antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. The study subjects included 8 elderly turtles living at the Lithuanian Zoo for about 50 years as well as their offspring - 24 young individuals (1-2 years old) that were hatched at the same zoo. Animals were not exposed by treatment with antimicrobials during the last 3 years. Gut samples were taken from the cloaca and inoculated onto universal media. Isolates then were identified using sequence analysis of 16S rRNA. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the agar diffusion method according to Kirby-Bauer. Clinical breakpoints according to CLSI whenever possible, were used for interpretation of susceptibility. Bacterial isolates resistant to at least three antimicrobials of different classes were treated as multi-resistant. Fifty-two bacterial isolates were obtained and identified from turtle gut samples. The most prevalent genera included Aeromonas, Chryseobacterium and Citrobacter. Fifty percent of the isolates obtained from elderly turtles (CI 95% - 19.01-80.99) and 54.8% (CI 95% - 39.75-69.85) of the isolates from young animals were identified as multi-resistant. The most common resistance rates of the isolates from both groups of the turtles were observed toward ampicillin (86.6%), ciprofloxacin (61.5%) and gentamicin (40.4%). The lowest number of resistant isolates were detected toward combination of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (26.9%). The study revealed that European pond turtles kept in captivity are carriers of multi-resistant bacteria however, further studies need to be performed to investigate whether the resistant microorganisms are natural microbiota for this species or they were acquired in the zoo.
- Published
- 2016
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11. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Producers of Extended-Spectrum and CMY-2 Type Beta-Lactamases, Isolated from Turtles in Mexico.
- Author
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Cortés-Cortés G, Lozano-Zarain P, Torres C, Castañeda M, Sánchez GM, Alonso CA, López-Pliego L, Mayen MG, Martínez-Laguna Y, and Rocha-Gracia Rdel C
- Subjects
- Animals, Cloaca microbiology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial physiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic physiology, Male, Mexico epidemiology, Phylogeny, beta-Lactamases genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Escherichia coli enzymology, Escherichia coli Proteins metabolism, Turtles microbiology, beta-Lactamases metabolism
- Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are a growing problem in different environments and hosts, but scarce information exists about their prevalence in reptiles. The aim of this study was to analyze the resistance mechanisms, molecular typing, and plasmid content of cefotaxime-resistant (CTX(R)) Escherichia coli isolates recovered from cloacal samples of 71 turtles sheltered in a herpetarium in Mexico. CTX(R)-E. coli were recovered in 11 of 71 samples (15.5%), and one isolate/sample was characterized. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates were detected in four samples (5.6%): two strains carried the blaCTX-M-2 gene (phylogroup D and ST2732) and two contained the blaCTX-M-15 gene (phylogroup B1 and lineages ST58 and ST156). The blaCMY-2 gene was detected by PCR in E. coli isolates of eight samples (9.8%) (one of them also carried blaCTX-M-2); these isolates were distributed into phylogroups A (n = 1), B1 (n = 6), and D (n = 1) and typed as ST155, ST156, ST2329, and ST2732. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected in five isolates [aac(6')Ib-cr, qnrA, qnrB19, and oqxB]. From three to five replicon plasmids were detected among the strains, being IncFIB, IncI1, IncFrep, and IncK the most prevalent. ESBL or pAmpC genes were transferred by conjugation in four strains, and the blaCTX-M-15 and blaCMY-2 genes were localized in IncFIB or IncI1 plasmids by Southern blot hybridization assays. Class 1 and/or class 2 integrons were detected in eight strains with six different structures of gene cassette arrays. Nine pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were found among the 11 studied strains. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of ESBL, CMY-2, PMQR, and mobile determinants of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli of turtle origin, highlighting the potential dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria from these animals to other environments and hosts, including humans.
- Published
- 2016
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12. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of marbofloxacin against Aeromonas hydrophila in Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Trionyx sinensis).
- Author
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Shan Q, Zheng G, Liu S, Bai Y, Li L, Yin Y, Ma L, and Zhu X
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Fluoroquinolones therapeutic use, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Microbial Sensitivity Tests veterinary, Turtles metabolism, Aeromonas hydrophila drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacokinetics, Fluoroquinolones pharmacokinetics, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections veterinary, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
The single-dose disposition kinetics of the antibiotic marbofloxacin were determined in Chinese soft-shelled turtles (n = 10) after oral and intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight. The in vitro and ex vivo activities of marbofloxacin in serum against a pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila were determined. A concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity of marbofloxacin was confirmed for levels lower than 4 × MIC. For in vivo PK data, values of AUC: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio for serum were 1166.6 and 782.4 h, respectively, after i.m. and oral dosing of marbofloxacin against a pathogenic strain of A. hydrophila (MIC = 0.05 μg/mL). The ex vivo growth inhibition data after oral dosing were fitted to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax equation to provide the values of AUC/MIC required to produce bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity and elimination of bacteria. The respective values were 23.79, 36.35 and 126.46 h. It is proposed that these findings might be used with MIC50 or MIC90 data to provide a rational approach to the design of dosage schedules, which optimize efficacy in respect of bacteriological as well as clinical cures., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2015
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13. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria associated with the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans).
- Author
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Liu D, Wilson C, Hearlson J, Singleton J, Thomas RB, and Crupper SS
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Wild, Animals, Zoo, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Gram-Negative Bacteria drug effects, Gram-Negative Bacteria isolation & purification, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Free-ranging Red-eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) were captured from farm ponds located in the Flint Hills of Kansas and a zoo pond in Emporia, Kansas, USA, to evaluate their enteric bacterial flora and associated antibiotic resistance. Bacteria obtained from cloacal swabs were composed of six different Gram-negative genera. Although antibiotic resistance was present in turtles captured from both locations, 40 and 49% of bacteria demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance to four of the antibiotics tested from the zoo captured and Flint Hills ponds turtles, respectively. These data illustrate environmental antibiotic resistance is widespread in the bacterial flora obtained from Red-eared Sliders in east central Kansas.
- Published
- 2013
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14. Resistance characterization, virulence factors, and ERIC-PCR fingerprinting of Aeromonas veronii strains isolated from diseased Trionyx sinensis.
- Author
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Ye Y, Jiang Y, Fan T, Jiang Q, Cheng Y, Lu J, and Lin L
- Subjects
- Aeromonas drug effects, Aeromonas isolation & purification, Aeromonas pathogenicity, Animals, Aquaculture, Bacterial Proteins genetics, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial genetics, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Genotype, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Virulence genetics, Aeromonas genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections veterinary, Turtles microbiology, Virulence Factors genetics
- Abstract
Aeromonas veronii (AV) is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in aquaculture. Fifteen A. veronii strains isolated from diseased Trionyx sinensis from four aquafarms was characterized by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), antibiotic susceptibility testing, and identification of virulence factors. A. veronii strains were grouped into nine ERIC types with discriminatory ability (D) of 91.43 based on 90% similarity. The virulence genes were detected for 73% (aer), 80% (ast), 13% (alt), and 40% (act) of the strains, respectively, and five antibiotic resistance patterns with D of 0.829 were observed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Furthermore, some AV isolates (AV1, AV2, AV3, and AV4) show the same characterization (the same ERIC types, presence of virulence genes in genomes, and antibiotics resistance).
- Published
- 2012
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15. Biomonitoring marine habitats in reference to antibiotic resistant bacteria and ampicillin resistance determinants from oviductal fluid of the nesting green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas.
- Author
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Al-Bahry SN, Al-Zadjali MA, Mahmoud IY, and Elshafie AE
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteria isolation & purification, Female, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Sequence Analysis, DNA, beta-Lactamases genetics, beta-Lactamases metabolism, Ampicillin Resistance, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria drug effects, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Environmental Monitoring, Oviducts microbiology, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
During the egg-laying process, oviductal fluid was collected using a non-invasive procedure from the cloacal vent of the green turtles. Forty-two independent isolates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from 11 genera were obtained from 20 turtles during nesting. The dominant isolate was Citrobacter (52.4%), followed by Pseudomonas, Proteus, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Providencia and Arcomobacter. Most of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Ampicillin-resistant isolates showed variations in their resistance for the following classes of β-lactamases: extended-spectrum β-lactamases (EBSLs), AmpC type β-lactamases C (AmpC), and screen-positive β-lactamase. None of the isolates produced metallo β-lactamase. Some ampicillin-resistant genes were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) only. Inhibitor based test (IBT) categorized some isolates as AmpC β-lactamase producers. β-Lactamase genes were detected from a few strains. The sequencing of those genes revealed the presence of cephamycinase (CMY) and AmpC β-lactamases. The oviductal fluid was used in this study as a source of bacterial antibiotic-resistant determinants for biomonitoring marine turtles exposed to contaminated effluents. This data can be of value in understanding the decline of this endangered species as a result of exposure to marine pollution which is threatening their survival., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
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16. Carriage of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria varies among sites in Galapagos reptiles.
- Author
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Wheeler E, Hong PY, Bedon LC, and Mackie RI
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Wild microbiology, Carrier State microbiology, Carrier State veterinary, Ecuador epidemiology, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli Infections drug therapy, Escherichia coli Infections epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections transmission, Escherichia coli Infections veterinary, Feces microbiology, Female, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests veterinary, Risk Assessment, Salmonella Infections, Animal drug therapy, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal transmission, Salmonella enterica drug effects, Zoonoses, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Iguanas microbiology, Salmonella enterica isolation & purification, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Increased overlap between humans and wildlife populations has increased the risk for novel disease emergence. Detecting contacts with a high risk for transmission of pathogens requires the identification of dependable measures of microbial exchange. We evaluated antibiotic resistance as a molecular marker for the intensity of human-wildlife microbial connectivity in the Galápagos Islands. We isolated Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from the feces of land iguanas (Conolophus sp.), marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), giant tortoises (Geochelone nigra), and seawater, and tested these bacteria with the use of the disk diffusion method for resistance to 10 antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found in reptile feces from two tourism sites (Isla Plaza Sur and La Galapaguera on Isla San Cristóbal) and from seawater close to a public use beach near Puerto Baquerizo Moreno on Isla San Cristóbal. No resistance was detected at two protected beaches on more isolated islands (El Miedo on Isla Santa Fe and Cape Douglas on Isla Fernandina) and at a coastal tourism site (La Lobería on Isla San Cristóbal). Eighteen E. coli isolates from three locations, all sites relatively proximate to a port town, were resistant to ampicillin, doxycycline, tetracycline, and trimethoprin/sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, only five S. enterica isolates showed a mild decrease in susceptibility to doxycycline and tetracycline from these same sites (i.e., an intermediate resistance phenotype), but no clinical resistance was detected in this bacterial species. These findings suggest that reptiles living in closer proximity to humans potentially have higher exposure to bacteria of human origin; however, it is not clear from this study to what extent this potential exposure translates to ongoing exchange of bacterial strains or genetic traits. Resistance patterns and bacterial exchange in this system warrant further investigation to understand better how human associations influence disease risk in endemic Galápagos wildlife.
- Published
- 2012
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17. Antibiotic resistant bacteria as bio-indicator of polluted effluent in the green turtles, Chelonia mydas in Oman.
- Author
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Al-Bahry SN, Mahmoud IY, Al-Zadjali M, Elshafie A, Al-Harthy A, and Al-Alawi W
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Oman, Oviducts microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria drug effects, Bacteria isolation & purification, Biomarkers, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Environmental Exposure analysis, Environmental Monitoring methods, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacteria were studied as bio-indicators of marine polluted effluents during egg-laying in green turtles. A non-invasive procedure for sampling oviductal fluid was used to test for exposure of turtles to pollution in Ras Al-Hadd, Oman, which is one of the most important nesting beaches in the world. Each sample was obtained by inserting a 15 cm sterile swab gently into the cloacal vent as the sphincter muscle is relaxed and the cloacal lining is unfolded to the outside. Forty turtles were sampled. A hundred and thirty-two species of bacteria from 7 genera were isolated. The dominant isolate was Citrobacter. Among the isolates 60.6% were multiple resistant to 15 tested antibiotics. The dominant resistance to antibiotics was ampicillin followed by streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole. Sampling oviductal fluid for resistant bacteria to antibiotics is valuable way to assess exposure to polluted effluents during feeding and migratory in turtles. Polluted effluents using bacteria as bio-indicator may influence reproductive potential in this endangered species., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
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18. Bacterial flora and antibiotic resistance from eggs of green turtles Chelonia mydas: an indication of polluted effluents.
- Author
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Al-Bahry S, Mahmoud I, Elshafie A, Al-Harthy A, Al-Ghafri S, Al-Amri I, and Alkindi A
- Subjects
- Animals, Environmental Exposure, Indian Ocean, Oceans and Seas, Pseudomonas isolation & purification, Salmonella typhimurium isolation & purification, Salmonella typhimurium physiology, Salmonella typhimurium ultrastructure, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria drug effects, Bacteria isolation & purification, Turtles microbiology, Turtles physiology, Zygote microbiology
- Abstract
Sea turtles migrate to various habitats where they can be exposed to different pollutants. Bacteria were collected from turtle eggs and their resistance to antibiotics was used as pollutant bio-indicators of contaminated effluents. Eggs were collected randomly from turtles when they were laying their eggs. A total of 90 eggs were collected and placed into sterile plastic bags (3 eggs/turtle) during June-December of 2003. The bacteria located in the eggshell, albumen and yolk were examined, and 42% of the eggs were contaminated with 10 genera of bacteria. Pseudomonas spp. were the most frequent isolates. The albumen was found to be the part of the egg to be the least contaminated by bacterial infection. Bacterial isolates tested with 14 antibiotics showed variations in resistance. Resistance to ampicillin was the highest. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in eggs indicates that the green turtle populations were subjected to polluted effluents during some of their migratory routes and feeding habitats. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Salmonella typhimurium penetrated all eggshell layers.
- Published
- 2009
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19. Performance, bacterial shedding and microbial drug resistance in two tortoise species.
- Author
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Barbour EK, Chacra NA, Gali-Mouhtaseb H, Jaber L, Nehme P, Shaib H, Sadek R, and Usayran N
- Subjects
- Animals, Breeding, Colony Count, Microbial, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Turtles growth & development, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Pseudomonas drug effects, Salmonella drug effects, Turtles microbiology
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Evaluation of a combination of sodium hypochlorite and polyhexamethylene biguanide as an egg wash for red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) to suppress or eliminate Salmonella organisms on egg surfaces and in hatchlings.
- Author
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Mitchell MA, Adamson TW, Singleton CB, Roundtree MK, Bauer RW, and Acierno MJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Gentamicins pharmacology, Ovum microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Infective Agents, Local pharmacology, Biguanides pharmacology, Egg Shell microbiology, Salmonella drug effects, Sodium Hypochlorite pharmacology, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate a combination of 2 nonantibiotic microbicide compounds, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), as a treatment to suppress or eliminate Salmonella spp from red-eared slider (RES) turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) eggs and hatchlings., Sample Population: 2,738 eggs from 8 turtle farms in Louisiana., Procedures: Eggs were randomly sorted into 3 or, when sufficient eggs were available, 4 treatment groups as follows: control, pressure-differential egg treatment with NaOCl and gentamicin, NaOCl and PHMB bath treatment, and pressure-differential egg treatment with NaOCl and PHMB. Bacterial cultures were performed from specimens of eggs and hatchlings and evaluated for Salmonella spp., Results: RES turtle eggs treated with NaOCl and PHMB as a bath (odds ratio [OR], 0.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1 to 0.3]) or as a pressure-differential dip (OR, 0.01 [95% CI, 0.001 to 0.07]) or with gentamicin as a pressure-differential dip (OR, 0.1 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.2]) were significantly less likely to have Salmonella-positive culture results than control-group eggs., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Concern over reptile-associated salmonellosis in children in the United States is so great that federal regulations prohibit the sale of turtles that are < 10.2 cm in length. Currently, turtle farms treat eggs with gentamicin solution. Although this has reduced Salmonella shedding, it has also resulted in antimicrobial resistance. Results of our study indicate that a combination of NaOCl and PHMB may be used to suppress or eliminate Salmonella spp on RES turtle eggs and in hatchlings.
- Published
- 2007
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21. Plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in Louisiana.
- Author
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Díaz MA, Cooper RK, Cloeckaert A, and Siebeling RJ
- Subjects
- Acetyltransferases genetics, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Enterobacteriaceae genetics, Enterobacteriaceae isolation & purification, Enterobacteriaceae Infections epidemiology, Enterobacteriaceae Infections microbiology, Enterobacteriaceae Infections veterinary, Louisiana epidemiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Prevalence, Salmonella drug effects, Salmonella genetics, Salmonella isolation & purification, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Animals, Domestic microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Enterobacteriaceae drug effects, Gentamicins pharmacology, R Factors genetics, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
The sale of small turtles is banned by the Food and Drug Administration from the U.S. market due to concerns about their excretion of Salmonella spp. To produce a safe pet for the export market, the Louisiana pet turtle industry uses gentamicin sulfate baths (1,000 microg/ml) to eradicate Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. In 1999, we analyzed bacterial samples recovered from turtle farms and found that strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae and other bacteria, such as Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, were resistant to high concentrations of gentamicin (>2,000 microg/ml) and to other aminoglycosides. The goal of this study was to identify the gene(s) which contributes to the high-level gentamicin resistance phenotype observed in bacteria from environmental samples with turtle farming activity, particularly the salmonellae, and to estimate the incidence of such genes in these bacteria. R plasmids from gentamicin-resistant strains were transferred by conjugation and transformation to naive Escherichia coli cells. Cloning and sequencing of the gentamicin resistance determinants on these plasmids revealed the presence of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes aac(3)-IIa and aac(3)-VIa; the latter was present as a gene cassette of a class 1 integron. Multiplex PCR assays showed that every gentamicin-resistant isolate carried one of these acetyltransferase genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme digestion analysis of R plasmids carrying these genes revealed different restriction profiles and sizes, indicating a dissemination of the gentamicin resistance genes through mobile molecular elements. The data presented highlight the need to develop an alternate method for the eradication of Salmonella spp. from turtle eggs.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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22. Diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in a red-footed tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria).
- Author
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Weese JS and Staempfli HR
- Subjects
- Animals, Clostridium Infections diagnosis, Clostridium Infections drug therapy, Diarrhea drug therapy, Diarrhea microbiology, Enterotoxins analysis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Feces microbiology, Female, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Clostridium Infections veterinary, Clostridium perfringens isolation & purification, Diarrhea veterinary, Metronidazole therapeutic use, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens was associated with diarrhea in a 4-yr-old female captive-bred red-footed tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria). Diagnosis was based on bacterial culture, detection of C. perfringens enterotoxin in feces, and exclusion of commonly recognized pathogens. After treatment with metronidazole, normal feces were passed and C. perfringens enterotoxin was no longer detected in the feces. Although the role of C. perfringens cannot be determined definitively from this case, this pathogen should be considered in cases of diarrhea in tortoises and, perhaps, other reptiles.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Antibacterial effect of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol against aquatic animal bacteria.
- Author
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Ho SP, Hsu TY, Che MH, and Wang WS
- Subjects
- Amoxicillin pharmacology, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology, Aquaculture, Chloramphenicol pharmacology, Fish Diseases microbiology, Fishes, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Oxolinic Acid pharmacology, Oxytetracycline pharmacology, Penicillins pharmacology, Taiwan, Thiamphenicol analogs & derivatives, Thiamphenicol pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria drug effects, Fish Diseases drug therapy, Shellfish microbiology, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured to evaluate the antibacterial activities of chloramphenicol (CP), thiamphenicol (TP) and florfenicol (FFC) against the aquatic bacterial isolates from soft-shell turtles, fish and shellfish. Amoxicillin (AMPC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxolinic acid (OA) were included to compare with above protein synthesis inhibitors. The results showed that the order of MIC range of the isolates from soft-shell turtles for tested drugs was OA>FFC, CP>TP> AMPC, OTC. The percentage of the resistant strains indicated that OA was the lowest (7.14%) and OTC was the highest (85.07%). The order of antibacterial activity against the isolates from fish was OA>FFC>CP>AMPC>OTC>TP. The percentage of the resistant strains revealed that OA (13.64%) and OTC (80.91%) were the lowest and the highest, respectively. For the isolates from shellfish, the order of antimicrobial activity was OA>CP, FFC>AMPC, OTC, TP. TP showed the greatest percentage of the resistant strains (58.7%), but that of OA was the lowest (4.35%). The most common resistant patterns of the isolates from turtles, fish and shellfish were AMPC-OTC, CP-TP-AMPC-OTC, and FFC-CP-TP-AMPC-OTC, respectively. There were partially-complete resistance of the resistant isolates among CP, TP and FFC. The findings indicated that previous treatment might affect the choice of drug to use for aquatic bacterial diseases.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Evaluation of methods for the isolation of Salmonella and Arizona organisms from pet turtles treated with antimicrobial agents.
- Author
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Siebeling RJ, Neal PM, and Granberry WD
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Enterobacteriaceae drug effects, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Feces microbiology, Intestines microbiology, Oxytetracycline administration & dosage, Salmonella drug effects, Water Microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteriological Techniques standards, Enterobacteriaceae isolation & purification, Oxytetracycline pharmacology, Salmonella isolation & purification, Turtles microbiology
- Abstract
Turtles infected with and actively excreting Salmonella-Arizona organisms were treated with various concentrations of both Neo-Terramycin (N-Te) and Terramycin (Te) (Pfizer) for various periods of time and then tested for the presence of these pathogens by two methods, excretion and blending. Turtles treated with 200 mug of Te per ml of container water for 9, 12, or 14 weeks, whereas when representative turtles from treatment groups were blended 72 h posttreatment these organisms were isolated from the whole turtle homogenate. Salmonella and Arizona could be recovered from homogenate prepared from turtles treated for 7 and 14 days with 400, 800, or 1,000 mug of Te or N-Te per ml. These findings suggest that the blending methods is more sensistive than the excretion method for the detection of Salmonella-Arizona in the treated turtle.
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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