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The century long publication of this journal overlapped major changes in the sciences it covers. We have been eyewitnesses to vast changes during the final third of the last century and beginning of this one, momentous enough to fundamentally alter our work separately and collectively. One (NBJ) from animal ethology, another from western North American archaeology (JOC), and a third (KH) from cultural anthropology came to longtime collaboration as evolutionary ecologists with shared focus on studying modern hunter-gatherers to guide hypotheses about human evolution. Our findings have radically revised hypotheses each of us took for granted when we began. Our (provisional) conclusions are not the consensus among hunter-gatherer specialists; but grateful that personal reflections are invited, we aim to explain how and why we continue to bet on them., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Women and female great apes both continue giving birth into their forties, but not beyond. However humans live much longer than other apes do. Even in hunting and gathering societies, where the mortality rate is high, adult life spans average twice those of chimpanzees, which become decrepit during their fertile years and rarely survive them. Since women usually remain healthy through and beyond childbearing age, human communities include substantial proportions of economically productive postmenopausal women. A grandmother hypothesis(8-12) may explain why greater longevity evolved in our lineage while female fertility still ends at ancestral ages. This hypothesis has implications for the evolution of a wide array of human features. Here we review some history of the hypothesis, recent findings, and questions for ongoing research., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The article presents the authors' response concerning to the comments contributed by several authors about their study on hunting and gathering societies. The authors had specified issues raised among the commentators of their study, these include the hunting hypothesis, humans as a biparental of cooperatively breeding species, and the importance of nonmeat resources in hunter-gatherer diet. A commentator has stated that the authors have failed to persuade him that meat-foraging was not linked to fitness through dietary guidelines in the formulation of their study.

The article presents a discussion of reasons for the persistent vitality and wide appeal of the characterization of hunter-gatherers as representatives of original affluence. It draws attention to explanatory gains which may come from connecting variation in substinence effort within as well as among hunting and gathering communities. It points out that pattern ethnographers commonly call reciprocity is rarely literally reciprocal, which explains that the label is misleading. It emphasizes that the lack of connection between giving and getting which makes insurance models inapplicable to sharing patterns provides a reason for the features of foraging economies.

Highlights: [•] Adrenal sections from 27 autopsied chimpanzees (birth – 31years) were immunostained. [•] Chimpanzee fetal zone (FZ) expressed CYP17, SULT2A1, and Cytochrome B5 but not HSD3B. [•] FZ involution was paralleled by reduced expression of SULT2A1 and Cytochrome B5. [•] Z reticularis development was evident by 3years and had similar expression to the FZ. [•] Adult chimpanzee and human adrenals share many similarities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]