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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an intractable and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation is the hallmark of AD. Aβ induces neurotoxicity through a variety of mechanisms, including interacting with membrane receptors to alter downstream signaling, damaging cellular or organelle membranes, interfering with protein degradation and synthesis, and inducing an excessive immune-inflammatory response, all of which lead to neuronal death and other pathological changes associated with AD. In this study, we extracted gene expression profiles from the GSE5281 and GSE97760 microarray datasets in the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database, as well as from the Human Gene Database. We identified differentially expressed genes in the brain tissues of AD patients and healthy persons. Through GO, KEGG, and ROC analyses, annexin A2 (AnxA2) was identified as a putative target gene. Notably, accumulating evidence suggests that intracellular AnxA2 is a key regulator in various biological processes, including endocytosis, transmembrane transport, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, we conducted a series of cell biology experiments to explore the biological function of AnxA2 in AD. The results indicate that AnxA2 gene knockdown primarily affects oxidative phosphorylation, cell cycle, AD, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, SNARE interactions in vesicular transport, and autophagy. In SH-SY5Y cells secreting Aβ42, AnxA2 gene knockdown exacerbated Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity, including cell death, intracellular ROS levels, and neuronal senescence, altered cell cycle, and reduced ATP levels, suggesting its critical role in mitochondrial function maintenance. AnxA2 gene knockdown also exacerbated the inhibitory effect of Aβ42 on cell migration. AnxA2 overexpression reduced the inflammatory response induced by Aβ42, while its absence increased pro-inflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, AnxA2 gene knockdown facilitated apoptosis and decreased autophagy. These results indicated potential pathophysiological roles of AnxA2 in AD.