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Metaphire peguana species-group Diagnosis. Members of the species-group can be recognized by the following characters: two pairs of accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae, septum 10/11 only present ventrally. In addition, the group members also have spermathecal pores usually three pairs in 6/7/8/9, sometimes four pairs in 5/6/7/8/9 or numerous in 6/7/8/9 or 7/8/9; two pairs of genital markings in 17/18 and 18/19 or on segment xvii and xix (if not within a copulatory pouch). Remarks. A total of seven species and subspecies were assigned to this species-group, namely M. bahli, M. doiphamon, M. dorsomultitheca, M. kiengiangensis, M. nhuongi, M. peguana peguana, and M. peguana laisonensis. Out of 7 species/subspecies, M. bahli and M. peguana peguana have been distributed widely, from South America (French Guiana), Australia, South Asia (India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka), East Asia (Japan), and found commonly in Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia) (Fig. 3). Other five members have been recorded only in Southern Vietnam, so far (Fig. 3) (Michaelsen 1922; Gates 1925, 1945, 1972; Easton 1982; Thai & Do 1989; Ishizuka 1999; Shen & Yeo 2005; Blakemore et al. 2006; Csuzdi & Pavlíček 2010; Sarkar & Bandyopadhyay 2012; Prasankok et al. 2013; Ng et al. 2017; Narayanan et al. 2019; Nguyen et al. 2016, 2020, 2021a, 2021c; Lam et al. 2021)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2023, A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, pp. 113-135 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 120-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7744555, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1922) Oligochaten aus dem Rijks-Museum van natuurlijke Historie su Leiden. Capita Zoologica, 1 (3), 1 - 72. [in German]","Gates, G. E. (1925) V. - Some new earthworms from Rangoon, Burma. - II. Annals and magazine of natural history, 16 (91), 49 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932508633274.","Gates, G. E. (1945) On some earthworms from Ceylon. II. Spolia Zeylanica, 24, 69 - 90.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214.","Easton, E. G. (1982) Australian pheretimoid earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): a synopsis with the description of a new genus and five new species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 30, 711 - 735.","Thai, B. T. & Do, N. V. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, 1 (Special issue), 76 - 78. [in Vietnamese]","Ishizuka (1999) A rewiew of the genus Pheretima s. lat. (Megascolecidae) from Japan. Edaphologia, 62, 55 - 80.","Shen, H. P. & Yeo, D. C. (2005) Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53 (1), 13 - 33.","Blakemore, R. J., Ito, M. T. & Kaneko, N. (2006) A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity: Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World. Yokohama National Universitypp.","Csuzdi, C. & Pavlicek, T. (2010) Report on the earthworms of the Site du Conservatoire du Littoral \" Pripris du Yiyi \", French Guiana. Sepanguy, 6.","Prasankok, P., Bantaowong, U., James, S. W. & Panha, S. (2013) Low heterogeneity in populations of the terrestrial earthworm, Metaphire peguana (Rosa, 1890), in Thailand, as revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA COI sequences and nuclear allozymes. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 51, 8 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. bse. 2013.07.001.","Ng, B., Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., Tongkerd, P. & Panha, S. (2017) Geographic variations in the size and behavior of common earthworms Metaphire peguana (Rosa, 1890) in Penang and neighboring states, Malaysia. European Journal of Soil Biology, 82, 108 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2017.09.002.","Narayanan, S. P., Sathrumithra, S., Anuja, R. & Christopher, G. (2019) First record of the exotic earthworm Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from India. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 50 (1), 99 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.18348 / opzool. 2019.1.99.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, A. D., Tran, B. T. T. & Blakemore, R. J. (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1), 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4140.1.1","Nguyen, T. T., Lam, D. H., Trinh, B. T. K. & Nguyen, A. D. (2020) The megascolecid earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Phu Quoc island, Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys, 932, 1 - 25. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 932.50314","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, N. T. B. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 a) Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of the Con Dao archipelago. Academia Journal of Biology, 43 (1), 9 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.15625 / 2615 - 9023 / 15559","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 c) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in the Cuu Long river Delta, Vietnam. Journal of tropical Science and Technology, 24, 103 - 114. [in Vietnamese]","Lam, D. H., Nguyen, N. Q., Nguyen, A. D. & Nguyen, T. T. (2021) A checklist of earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) in southeastern Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (2), 17693 - 17711. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 6535.13.2.17693 - 17711."]}

Metaphire kiengiangensis Nguyen & Trinh, 2015 (Figure 12, Table 3) Metaphire kiengiangensis Nguyen et al. 2015: 461, fig. 1; Nguyen et al. 2016: 60, 2017b: 898, 2021c: 105. Pheretima sp.9 – Nguyen 2013: 75, 2014: 111. Type locality. Vietnam (Kien Giang: Lai Son island) (Nguyen et al. 2015). Type material. Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.019.h01, EW.019. p02, EW.019.p03, EW.019.p04), Vietnam. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, large-medium size, length 176–280 mm, diameter 6.3–8.1 mm, segments 83–143. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Spermathecal pores numerous in ventrolateral intersegments 6/7/8/9, polythecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Two pairs of slit-shaped genital markings in 17/18 and 18/19. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 present only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19. Habitat. The species was extremely abundant in a leaf-litter layer under perennial mango gardens of mountainous areas; They excreted their feces to create columns emerging from the soil surface (Nguyen et al. 2015). Distribution. Known only in Vietnam (Kien Giang: Hon Dat, Hon Me mountains, and Lai Son island) (Nguyen et al. 2015, 2017b) (Fig. 3). Remarks. There is a minor difference in spermathecae between specimens collected from the mainland and from islands (ovoid-shaped spermathecae with thin duct vs. cylindrical-shaped with stout duct) (Nguyen et al. 2015 ). The K2P intraspecific genetic distance was 0.7%±0.3%. The genetic distance between M. kiengiangensis and other Metaphire species was from 16.5%±1.8% (with M. bahli (II)) to 21.6%±2.0% (with M. grandiverticulata) (Table 4).

Metaphire dorsomultitheca Nguyen & Nguyen, 2015 (Figure 11, Table 3) Metaphire dorsomultitheca Nguyen et al. 2015: 465, fig. 2; Nguyen et al. 2016: 56, 2021c: 105. Pheretima sp. 15 – Nguyen 2013: 87, 2014: 112. Type locality. Vietnam (An Giang: Sam mountain) (Nguyen et al. 2015) Type material. Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.025.h01, EW.025. p02), Vietnam. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, small-medium size, length 76–111 mm, diameter 2.9–3.6 mm, segments 88–120. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Spermathecal pores numerous in dorsal intersegments 7/8/9, polythecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Genital markings invisible outside, but two pairs opened on the front and back walls of the copulatory pouches, respectively. Septum 10/11 present only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19. Habitat. The species was usually found in the depth of 0–5 cm in the soils under small trees and shrubs on mountain peaks (Nguyen et al. 2015). Distribution. Known only in Vietnam (An Giang: Sam, Cam, and Co To mountains) (Nguyen et al. 2015) (Fig. 3). Remarks. There are no significant differences between individuals except the number of spermathecae. The K2P intraspecific genetic distance was 0.7%±0.3%. The genetic distance between M. dorsomultitheca and other Metaphire species was from 14.9%±1.6% (with M. bahli (I)) to 21.8%±2.0 (with M. grandiverticulata) (Table 4)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2023, A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, pp. 113-135 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 129-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7744555, {"references":["Nguyen, T. T., Trinh, B. T. K., Le, N. V. & Nguyen, A. D. (2015) On the polythecate earthworms of the genus Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 63, 461 - 470.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, A. D., Tran, B. T. T. & Blakemore, R. J. (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1), 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4140.1.1","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 c) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in the Cuu Long river Delta, Vietnam. Journal of tropical Science and Technology, 24, 103 - 114. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta PhD dissertation in Zoology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam, 169 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2014) Checklist and some remarks on faunistic characteristics of earthworms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 32 (2014), 106 - 119. [in Vietnamese]"]}

Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945) (Figures 7–8, Table 3) Pheretima peguana – Kirtisinghe 1939: 89. Pheretima bahli Gates 1945, Spol. Zeyl., 24: 85 – Gates 1972: 209; Thai 1983: 124; Thai 1987: 6, 2000: 308; Thai & Samphon 1989: 62, 1991: 4; Thai & Do 1989: 77, Thai et al. 2004: 758; Nguyen 1994: 39; Pham 1995: 68, 2010: 62; Nakamura 1999: 40; Huynh 2005 2005: 87; Nguyen & Tran 2008: 184; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114, 2011: 1025, 2012: 146; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen 2013: 46, 2014: 109. Metaphire bahli – Sims & Easton 1972: 239; Easton 1982: 730; Blakemore 2006, 2008: 22; 2016: 29; Nguyen et al. 2016: 51, 2017b: 98, 2017a: 894, 2020: 3, 2021a: 14, 2021b: 1, 2021c: 105; Bantaowong et al. 2016: 63; Narayanan et al. 2019: 100; Lam et al. 2021: 17699. Pheretima saigonensis Omodeo, 1956: 327. Type locality. Sri Lanka (Colombo) (Gates, 1945) Type material. unknown. Diagnosis: Body cylindrical, length 87–139 mm, diameter 3.5–4.9 mm, segments 83–127. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in ventral intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Two pairs of slit-shaped genital markings in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19, in line with the openings of copulatory pouches. Septum 10/11 only present ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19. Habitat. The species was usually found in leaf litters or in soil surface (depth of 0–5 cm). Distribution. India (Narayanan et al. 2019), Sri Lanka (Gates 1945), Laos, Cambodia (Thai & Do 1989), Myanmar (Gates 1972), Thailand (Bantaowong et al. 2016), Australia (Easton 1982), Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia (Michaelsen 1922; Blakemore 2006), and very commonly found in Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2016, 2021a, 2021c; Lam et al. 2021) (Fig. 3). Remarks. Gates (1945) originally did not mention the ventral distance between spermathecal pores and a concave male region in M. bahli, but in 1972 he stated that specimens with a concave male region was a typical form for all records in Myanmar, Philippines, and Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon). Gates (1972) also reported the ventral gap between spermathecal pores of less 0.5 body circumference whereas Easton (1982) measured that gap of about 0.25 body circumference (Gates 1945, 1972; Easton 1982). The typical form was also recorded in India (Narayanan et al. 2019). In Vietnam, Metaphire bahli was found with two morphological forms. The first one is the typical form with a concave male region, and was found commonly in other places (Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand …) (Fig. 7). The other form was recorded only in islands (Hon Tre and Lai Son) that characterized by a non-concave male region, and a wider ventral distance between spermathecal pores (0.25–0.29 vs. 0.15–0.25 body circumference apart) (Fig. 8). Gates (1945, 1972, 1975) also reported the lack of the septum 10/11, however, in our specimens, this septum is present ventrally to separate anterior testis sacs and their seminal vesicles. In addition, the genetic divergence between two morphological forms (M. bahli (I) and M. bahli (II)) was only 9.0%±1.2%. This low divergence suggested two morphological forms be a same species. The K2P intraspecific genetic distance of M. bahli was 1.0%±0.2%. The genetic distance between M. bahli and other Metaphire species was from 12.9%±1.5% (with M. peguana laisonensis) to 20.9%±2.0% (with M. grandiverticulata) (Table 4)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2023, A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, pp. 113-135 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 126-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7744555, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1945) On some earthworms from Ceylon. II. Spolia Zeylanica, 24, 69 - 90.","Kirtisinghe, P. (1939) The Oesophagus of the Earthworm Pheretima peguana (Rosa).","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214.","Thai, B. T. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic) PhD dissertation in Zooglogy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, 292 pp. [in Russian]","Thai, B. T. (1987) Some additional notes in the earthworm distribution in Vietnam. Journal of Science of HNUE, 1 (C), 3 - 14. [in Vietnamese]","Thai, B. T. (2000) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science, Hanoi, Vietnam, Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311. [in Vietnamese]","Thai, B. T. & Do, N. V. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, 1 (Special issue), 76 - 78. [in Vietnamese]","Thai, B. T., Huynh, H. T. K. & Nguyen, A. D. (2004) Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House: 757 - 761. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. V. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region PhD dissertation in Zoology, Hanoi Nati ++ onal University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam, 193 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Pham, H. T. H. (1995) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang PhD dissertation in Zoology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam, 180 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Pham, H. T. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69. [in Vietnamese]","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Huynh, H. T. K. (2005) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoipp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. V. & Tran, H. N. (2008) The species composition and distribution characteristics of earthworms in the south of Binh Dinh province. Journal of Science, Hue University, 49, 183 - 189. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, D. T. & Pham, T. T. (2011) Preliminary data on earthworms in mainland mountain region of Kien Giang Province. Proceeding of the 4 th national workshop on ecology and biological resources, Hanoi, Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, 1024 - 1030. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta PhD dissertation in Zoology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam, 169 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2014) Checklist and some remarks on faunistic characteristics of earthworms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 32 (2014), 106 - 119. [in Vietnamese]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Easton, E. G. (1982) Australian pheretimoid earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): a synopsis with the description of a new genus and five new species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 30, 711 - 735.","Blakemore, R. J., Ito, M. T. & Kaneko, N. (2006) A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity: Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World. Yokohama National Universitypp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) Updated checklist of pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, A. D., Tran, B. T. T. & Blakemore, R. J. (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1), 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4140.1.1","Nguyen, T. T., Trinh, B. T. K., Nguyen, L. T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2017 b) Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies. Journal of Natural History, 51 (15 - 16), 883 - 915. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1294213","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, H. P., Truong, A. T. & Nguyen, N. Q. (2017 a) Diversity and distribution of earthworms in Ba Ria - Vung Tau province. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 53, 96 - 107.","Nguyen, T. T., Lam, D. H., Trinh, B. T. K. & Nguyen, A. D. (2020) The megascolecid earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Phu Quoc island, Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys, 932, 1 - 25. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 932.50314","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, N. T. B. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 a) Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of the Con Dao archipelago. Academia Journal of Biology, 43 (1), 9 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.15625 / 2615 - 9023 / 15559","Nguyen, T. T., Thai, D. T. N., Trang, Y. T. N. & Duong, V. T. (2021 b) Taxonomic status of the earthworm species Metaphire saigonensis (Omodeo, 1956) (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Natural Sciences: Journal of Science and Technology, 10 (2), 31 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.22487 / 25411969.2021. v 10. i 02.15542","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 c) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in the Cuu Long river Delta, Vietnam. Journal of tropical Science and Technology, 24, 103 - 114. [in Vietnamese]","Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., James, S. W. & Panha, S. (2016) Seven new species of the earthworm genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 from Thailand (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa, 4117 (1), 63 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.1.3","Narayanan, S. P., Sathrumithra, S., Anuja, R. & Christopher, G. (2019) First record of the exotic earthworm Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from India. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 50 (1), 99 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.18348 / opzool. 2019.1.99.","Lam, D. H., Nguyen, N. Q., Nguyen, A. D. & Nguyen, T. T. (2021) A checklist of earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) in southeastern Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (2), 17693 - 17711. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 6535.13.2.17693 - 17711.","Omodeo, P. (1956) Oligocheti dell'Indocina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 5, 321 - 336. [in Italian]","Michaelsen, W. (1922) Oligochaten aus dem Rijks-Museum van natuurlijke Historie su Leiden. Capita Zoologica, 1 (3), 1 - 72. [in German]"]}

Metaphire peguana peguana (Rosa, 1890) (Figure 4, Table 3) Perichaeta peguana Rosa 1890: 113, figs. 6–8; Beddard 1895: 403. Amynthas (Pheretima) peguanus – Michaelsen 1899: 7. Pheretima peguana – Michaelsen 1900: 292; Gates 1939: 102, 1972: 207; Omodeo 1956: 325; Thai 1983: 124; Thai 1987: 7, 2000: 309; Thai & Do 1989: 77; Nguyen & Tran 2008: 185; Thai et al. 2004: 759; Huynh 2005: 88; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114, 2011: 1025; 2012: 146; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen 2014: 109. Amyntas peguanus Beddard 1900: 628. Pheretima peguanna (sic!) – Huynh & Nguyen 2004: 116. Metaphire peguana – Sims & Easton 1972: 239; Easton 1981: 58; Blakemore 2002: 207, 2008: 78, 2016: 7; Shen & Yeo 2005: 14; Sarkar et al. 2012: 178; Nguyen et al. 2016: 63; 2020: 8. Metaphire peguana peguana – Nguyen et al. 2017a: 98, 2021a: 17, 2021c: 105; Lam et al. 2021: 17701. Type locality. Myanmar (Rangoon) (Rosa 1890) Type material. Natural History Museum Giacomo Doria (44037), Italy. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, length 81–143 mm, diameter 3.7–6.3 mm, segments 60–157. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13 or 13/14. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in ventrolateral intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Two pairs of disc–shaped genital markings on intersegments 17/18 and 18/19, each with a small opening at the center. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 only present ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19. Habitat. The species is found in leaf litter in various types of habitats in Southern Vietnam. Distribution. French Guiana (Csuzdi & Pavlíček 2010), India, Thailand (Blakemore et al. 2006; Prasankok et al. 2013), Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan (Gates 1972; Ishizuka 1999; Ng et al. 2017), Singapore (Shen & Yeo 2005), Cambodia, Laos (Thai & Samphon 1989), Bangladesh (Sarkar et al. 2012), Australia (Easton 1982), and commonly found in Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2016, 2021a, 2021c; Lam et al. 2021) (Fig. 3). Remarks. Metaphire peguana peguana is the typical form and the one found outside of Southeast Asia along with M. bahli. Although this subspecies has a relatively stable morphology with genital markings paired in 17/18 and 18/19, there was still a slight difference throughout populations in Vietnam. Vietnamese specimens have a greater ventral distance between spermathecal pores than other populations (0.33–0.50 vs. 0.28–0.29 body circumference) (Rosa 1890; Gates 1972; Bantaowong et al. 2011). In addition, the genetic distance among Vietnamese specimens was from 3% (Table 4) while that from Thailand and Malaysia is about 4.8% (Prasankok et al. 2013; Jeratthitikul et al. 2017; Ng et al. 2017). The genetic distance between M. peguana peguana and other Metaphire species from 15.1%±1.6% (with M. bahli (type II)) to 23.5%±2.1% (with M. grandiverticulata) (Table 4)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2023, A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, pp. 113-135 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 121-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7744555, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1890) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, XXVI. Annali del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 10, 107 - 122. [in Italian]","Beddard, F. E. (1895) A monograph of the order of Oligochaeta. Clarendon Press, Oxford, XII, 769 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28557","Michaelsen, W. (1899) Revision der Kinbergischen Oligochaeten-Typen. Ofversigt Akademiens Fsrhandlingar, Stockholm, 56, 413 - 448.","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin, Germany, 575 pp. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11605","Gates, G. E. (1939) Thai earthworms. Thailand Research Society. Natural History, 12, 65 - 114.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214.","Omodeo, P. (1956) Oligocheti dell'Indocina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 5, 321 - 336. [in Italian]","Thai, B. T. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic) PhD dissertation in Zooglogy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, 292 pp. [in Russian]","Thai, B. T. (1987) Some additional notes in the earthworm distribution in Vietnam. Journal of Science of HNUE, 1 (C), 3 - 14. [in Vietnamese]","Thai, B. T. (2000) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science, Hanoi, Vietnam, Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311. [in Vietnamese]","Thai, B. T. & Do, N. V. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, 1 (Special issue), 76 - 78. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. V. & Tran, H. N. (2008) The species composition and distribution characteristics of earthworms in the south of Binh Dinh province. Journal of Science, Hue University, 49, 183 - 189. [in Vietnamese]","Thai, B. T., Huynh, H. T. K. & Nguyen, A. D. (2004) Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House: 757 - 761. [in Vietnamese]","Huynh, H. T. K. (2005) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoipp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2014) Checklist and some remarks on faunistic characteristics of earthworms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 32 (2014), 106 - 119. [in Vietnamese]","Beddard, F. E. (1900) A Revision of the Earthworms of the Genus Amyntas (Perichceta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 69 (4), 609 - 652. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1890. tb 01727. x","Huynh, H. T. K. & Nguyen, A. D. (2004) Effects of formulas of fertilizer application on earthworms in soil of Hiephoa station for improving degraded soil, Bac Giang Province. Vietnam Journal of Soil Science, 20, 67 - 72. [in Vietnamese]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Easton, E. G. (1981) Japanese earthworms: a synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Zoology Series, 40 (2), 33 - 65.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. VermEcology, Australia, CD-ROM pp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) Updated checklist of pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics.","Shen, H. P. & Yeo, D. C. (2005) Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53 (1), 13 - 33.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, A. D., Tran, B. T. T. & Blakemore, R. J. (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1), 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4140.1.1","Nguyen, T. T., Lam, D. H., Trinh, B. T. K. & Nguyen, A. D. (2020) The megascolecid earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Phu Quoc island, Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys, 932, 1 - 25. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 932.50314","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, H. P., Truong, A. T. & Nguyen, N. Q. (2017 a) Diversity and distribution of earthworms in Ba Ria - Vung Tau province. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 53, 96 - 107.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, N. T. B. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 a) Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of the Con Dao archipelago. Academia Journal of Biology, 43 (1), 9 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.15625 / 2615 - 9023 / 15559","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 c) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in the Cuu Long river Delta, Vietnam. Journal of tropical Science and Technology, 24, 103 - 114. [in Vietnamese]","Lam, D. H., Nguyen, N. Q., Nguyen, A. D. & Nguyen, T. T. (2021) A checklist of earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) in southeastern Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (2), 17693 - 17711. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 6535.13.2.17693 - 17711.","Csuzdi, C. & Pavlicek, T. (2010) Report on the earthworms of the Site du Conservatoire du Littoral \" Pripris du Yiyi \", French Guiana. Sepanguy, 6.","Blakemore, R. J., Ito, M. T. & Kaneko, N. (2006) A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity: Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World. Yokohama National Universitypp.","Prasankok, P., Bantaowong, U., James, S. W. & Panha, S. (2013) Low heterogeneity in populations of the terrestrial earthworm, Metaphire peguana (Rosa, 1890), in Thailand, as revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA COI sequences and nuclear allozymes. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 51, 8 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. bse. 2013.07.001.","Ishizuka (1999) A rewiew of the genus Pheretima s. lat. (Megascolecidae) from Japan. Edaphologia, 62, 55 - 80.","Ng, B., Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., Tongkerd, P. & Panha, S. (2017) Geographic variations in the size and behavior of common earthworms Metaphire peguana (Rosa, 1890) in Penang and neighboring states, Malaysia. European Journal of Soil Biology, 82, 108 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2017.09.002.","Easton, E. G. (1982) Australian pheretimoid earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): a synopsis with the description of a new genus and five new species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 30, 711 - 735.","Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., Tongkerd, P., Sutcharit, C., James, S. & Panha, S. (2011) A new species of the terrestrial earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton, 1972 from Thailand with redescription of some species. Tropical Natural History, 11 (1), 55 - 69.","Jeratthitikul, E., Bantaowong, U. & Panha, S. (2017) DNA barcoding of the Thai species of terrestrial earthworms in the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Haplotaxida: Megascolecidae). European Journal of Soil Biology, 81, 39 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2017.06.004"]}

Metaphire doiphamon Bantaowong & Panha, 2016 (Figures 9–10, Table 3) Metaphire doiphamon Bantaowong et al. 2016: 76, fig. 9; Nguyen et al. 2020: 5, 2021c: 105. Pheretima sp.4 – Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 63, 2014: 110 Type locality. Thailand (Chiang Rai: Doi Phamon mountain range) (Bantaowong et al. 2016) Type material. Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History (3391), Thailand. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, length 161–265 mm, diameter 6.2–7.6 mm, segment 99–146. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Genital markings paired in vi–ix, and two pairs of disc-shaped ones, each with a small central opening, in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19. Septum 10/11 appeared only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple or slightly serrated ventrally. Holandric, testis sacs separated or connected ventrally. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19. Habitat. The species was found in the depth of 15–20 cm in soils of natural forests or long-term tree plantations in the foot of mountains. They excreted their feces to create columns emerging from the soil surface (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2020). Distribution. Thailand (Bantaowong et al. 2016), Vietnam (An Giang: Cau, Nhon, Phu Cuong, and Co To mountains; Kien Giang: Phu Quoc island) (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2021c) (Fig. 3). Remarks. Metaphire doiphamon found in Vietnam was slightly different from the description of Bantaowong et al. (2016). Vietnamese specimens have genital markings with elliptical openings at the center while type specimens have pad-shaped genital markings without openings. Unfortunately, there are no molecular evidence to compare specimens from Vietnam and Thailand. In Vietnam, Metaphire doiphamon also has two morphological forms. Individuals from the mainland (Fig. 9) has several differences from the one on islands (Phu Quoc Island) (Fig. 10) such as wider distance between spermathecal pores (0.40–0.50 vs. 0.27–0.35 body circumference), more setae between male pores (11–16 vs. 3–11 setae), status of testis sacs (connected vs separated), and the diverticulum ending (at the base of ampulla duct vs. attached to the middle of ampulla duct) (Table 3). In addition, the everted copulatory pouches were also recorded in specimens collected from islands. The genetic distance between M. doiphamon and other Metaphire species was from 15.4%±1.7% (with M. bahli (I)) to 22.3%±2.0% (with M. posthuma) (Table 4)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2023, A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, pp. 113-135 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 127-129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7744555, {"references":["Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., James, S. W. & Panha, S. (2016) Seven new species of the earthworm genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 from Thailand (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa, 4117 (1), 63 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.1.3","Nguyen, T. T., Lam, D. H., Trinh, B. T. K. & Nguyen, A. D. (2020) The megascolecid earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Phu Quoc island, Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys, 932, 1 - 25. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 932.50314","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 c) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in the Cuu Long river Delta, Vietnam. Journal of tropical Science and Technology, 24, 103 - 114. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, P. T. K. & Ho, T. M. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 22 A, 144 - 153. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta PhD dissertation in Zoology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam, 169 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2014) Checklist and some remarks on faunistic characteristics of earthworms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 32 (2014), 106 - 119. [in Vietnamese]"]}

Metaphire nhuongi Nguyen, 2016 (Figure 13, Table 3) Metaphire nhuongi Nguyen 2016: 442, fig. 2; Nguyen et al. 2021c: 105. Pheretima sp. 10 – Nguyen et al. 2012: 146. Pheretima sp. 14 – Nguyen 2013: 85, 2014: 112. Type locality. Vietnam (An Giang: Co To mountain) (Nguyen 2016) Type material. Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.024.h01, EW.024. p02, EW.024.p03), Vietnam. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, large-medium size, length 213–339 mm, diameter 8.9–9.5 mm, segments 120–148. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Four pairs of spermathecal pores in ventrolateral intersegments 5/6/7/8/9, bithecate. Two pairs of ellipsoid genital markings in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19, each with a small opening at the center. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 present only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19. Habitat. The species found in the depth of 15–20 cm in soils of natural forests or in perennial mango gardens in a mountain foot. They excreted their feces to create columns emerging from the soil surface (Nguyen 2016). Distribution. Only recorded in Vietnam (An Giang: Co To, Phu Cuong, and Ta Pa mountains) (Fig. 3). Remarks. There were no significant morphological differences between individual found. The K2P intraspecific genetic distance was 1.3%±0.3%. The genetic distance between M. nhuongi and other Metaphire species was from 17.6%±1.8% (with M. dorsomultitheca) to 22.9%±2.1% (with M. grandiverticulata) (Table 4). Key to species of Metaphire peguana species-group 1. – Bithecate, one pair of spermathecae per segment.......................................................... 2 – Polythecate, numerous spermathecae per segment......................................................... 6 2. – Four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6/7/8/9...................................................... M. nhuongi – Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9............................................................... 3 3. – Genital markings paired in vi–ix............................................................. M. doiphamon – Genital markings absent in the spermathecal region......................................................... 4 4. – Spermathecal pores located ventrally. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores 0.15–0.29 body circumference. M. bahli – Spermathecal located more laterally. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores 0.33–0.50 body circumference....... 5 5. – The openings of genital markings small, slit-shaped or ellipsoid-shaped, in post-setal and pre-setal positions in xvii and xix, respectively....................................................................... M. peguana laisonensis – The openings of genital markings disc-shaped, in 17/18 and 18/19, expanding to reach two setal rings. M. peguana peguana 6. – Spermathecal pores located in ventral intersegments 6/7/8/9. Genital markings paired in 17/18 and 18/ 19 M. kiengiangensis – Spermathecal pores located in dorsal intersegments 7/8/9. Genital markings opening on the walls of the copulatory pouches M. dorsomultitheca, Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2023, A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, pp. 113-135 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 131-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7744555, {"references":["Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, A. D., Tran, B. T. T. & Blakemore, R. J. (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1), 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4140.1.1","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 c) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in the Cuu Long river Delta, Vietnam. Journal of tropical Science and Technology, 24, 103 - 114. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, P. T. K. & Ho, T. M. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 22 A, 144 - 153. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta PhD dissertation in Zoology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam, 169 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2014) Checklist and some remarks on faunistic characteristics of earthworms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 32 (2014), 106 - 119. [in Vietnamese]"]}

Metaphire peguana laisonensis Nguyen & Nguyen, 2017 (Figures 5–6, Table 3) Metaphire peguana laisonensis Nguyen et al. 2017b: 900, fig. 12; Nguyen et al. 2021c: 105. Pheretima sp. 11 – Nguyen 2013: 78, 2014: 111. Type locality. Viet Nam (Kien Giang: Lai Son island) (Nguyen et al. 2017b) Type material. Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.087.01), Vietnam. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, length 62–114 mm, diameter 2.7–4.4 mm, segments 62–111. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in lateral intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Two pairs of ellipsoid genital markings in xvii and xix, each genital marking with a small opening at the center. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 only present ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19. Habitat. The subspecies were found numerously in leaf litters in natural forest (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2017b). Distribution. Only known in Vietnam (Kien Giang: Lai Son island; An Giang: Cam mountain) (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2017b) (Fig. 3). Remarks. Nguyen et al. (2017b) described a new subspecies, M. peguana laisonensis found in Lai Son Island (Kien Giang Province, Vietnam) based on the location of genital markings, spermathecal pores, and the attachment of the spermathecal diverticulum (Fig. 5) (Nguyen et al. 2017b). Previously, Nguyen (2013) identified samples collected from the Cam Mountain (An Giang Province) as M. bahli (Fig. 6), and observed that these samples have intermediate characters between M. bahli and M. peguana, for example, slit-shaped genital markings in xvii and xix, and the much laterally wider spermathecal pores (Nguyen 2013). The re-examination confirmed that specimens were definitely M. peguana laisonensis. There was a minor difference in the ending of the spermathecal diverticulum between the type specimens from Lai Son Island and samples collected from the Cam Mountain (An Giang Province) (attached directly to the base of the ampulla duct vs. attached to the middle of the ampulla duct). Genetic distance of M. peguana laisonensis in Cam Mountain and M. peguana peguana was 12.2%±1.4%, and that distance with other Metaphire species was 12.9%±1.5% (with M. bahli (type I)) to 22.3%±2.1% (with M. grandiverticulata) (Table 4). Notes: Intraspecific distances are in bold; na = no data, Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2023, A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam, pp. 113-135 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 123-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7744555, {"references":["Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, H. P., Truong, A. T. & Nguyen, N. Q. (2017 a) Diversity and distribution of earthworms in Ba Ria - Vung Tau province. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 53, 96 - 107.","Nguyen, T. T., Trinh, B. T. K., Nguyen, L. T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2017 b) Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies. Journal of Natural History, 51 (15 - 16), 883 - 915. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1294213","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021 c) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in the Cuu Long river Delta, Vietnam. Journal of tropical Science and Technology, 24, 103 - 114. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta PhD dissertation in Zoology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam, 169 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. T. (2014) Checklist and some remarks on faunistic characteristics of earthworms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 32 (2014), 106 - 119. [in Vietnamese]"]}

Amynthas reductus sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Material examined. Holotype: 1 mature, (CTU-EW.051.h01) Vietnam, Ben Tre Province, Binh Dai District, Thanh Tri Village, banana plantation, (10��11���18.2N - 106��38���51.8E), 2 m a.s.l., 03 October 2009, coll. Nguyen Thi Cam Ly. Paratypes: 9 matures, (CTU-EW.051.p02), same data as for holotype. Non-types: 6 matures, (CTU-EW.051.03), same data as for holotype. Etymology. ��� reductus ��� is used to emphasize the reduction of spermathecal diverticula. Diagnosis. Small-sized worm, length 51���71 mm, diameter 2.4���2.7 mm, segments 81���112. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. A pair of spermathecal pores in ventral intersegment 6/7. Spermathecal diverticula strongly reduced. Male pores in xviii, without copulatory pouches; ventral distance between two male pores about 0.30X body circumference. Genital markings: two post-setal lines of 4���5 in vii and viii, but numerous in the male region including three surrounding male pore, and many arranged in two to three lines behind the setal ring of xvii, intersegment 17/18 and in front of the setal ring of xviii. Holandric. Testis sacs not connected. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Description. External characters: Body cylindrical; small size, length 51���71 mm, diameter 2.4���2.7 mm, segments 81���112. Body colouration uniformly light brown, clitellum dark brown. Prostomium 1/3 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Setae perichaetine, pre-clitellar setae stouter and denser than post-clitellar ones; setal numbers: 63���67 in viii, 44���50 in xxx, 11���15 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance: aa=ab, zz>zy. Clitellum annular, xiv���xvi, without dorsal pores and setae. Female pore single, in mid-ventral xiv. One pair of spermathecal pores located ventrally in intersegment 6/7; ventral distance between two spermathecal pores about 0.35-0.38X body circumference. Two to six genital markings arranged in transverse lines located medioventrally behind the setal rings of vii and viii. Male pores lying on porophores located ventrally on the setal ring of xviii; no copulatory pouches; ventral distance between two male pores about 0.30X body circumference. Genital markings numerous, including three located surrounding male pore, and many arranged in two to three lines behind the setal ring of xvii, along intersegment 17/18 and in front of the setal ring of xviii. Internal characters: Septa 5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thick. Oesophageal gizzard between 7/8 and 10/11. Intestinal origin at xvi; caeca simple, originating at xxvii and extending anteriorly to xxv. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in 5/6/7/8. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Lymph glands absent. One pair of spermathecae in vii. Ampulla oval-shaped, with many sutures; ducts about 1/2 ampulla, robust. Diverticula strongly reduced to a short, round lobe. Accessory glands mushroom-shaped with long ducts, in association with genital markings. Holandric. Testis sacs developed, separated in x���xi. Seminal vesicles well developed in xi���xii enclosing the second pair of testis sacs laterally. Ovaries well developed in xiii, on vental posterior face of septum 12/13. Ovisac invisible. Prostate glands simple, within xviii; ducts robust, enlarged basally and directly attached to body wall. Accessory glands numerous, in association with genital markings. DNA character. DNA materials were extracted from paratypes, but the amplification of the COI fragment failed. Habitats and ecology. The species was found at the depth of 0���10cm of sandy loam soils in banana plantations. Distribution: Only known from Vietnam. Remarks. The new species can be assigned to the Amynthas youngi species group characterized by having only one thecal segment in vii and holandric (Sims & Easton 1972). To date, this group contains eight species, A. hilgendorfi (Michaelsen, 1892) (one thecal segment form), A. glabrus (Gates, 1932), A. tenellulus (Gates, 1932), A. youngi (Gates, 1932), A. malacus (Gates, 1936), A. vietus (Gates, 1936), A. andersoni doettrani Blakemore, 2006, and A. grandiglandularis (Do, 1995) (Michaelsen 1892; Gates 1932; Gates 1936; Do 1995; Blakemore 2006). Within the A. youngi group, A. reductus sp. nov. is clearly different from others (except A. malacus) by having numerous, small genital markings in 17/18, strongly reduced spermathecal diverticulum, and the simple prostate gland within only xviii; while other species have large genital markings paired in the male region, well developed spermathecal diverticulum, and lobuled prostate gland in several segments. Amynthas reductus sp. nov. is fairly similar to A. malacus by presence of genital markings in the male and spermathecal regions, and simple intestinal caeca. However, Amynthas reductus sp. nov. has strongly reduced spermathecal diverticulum, first dorsal pore in 11/12, numerous lines-arranged genital markings in vii and viii, and separated testis sacs; while A. malacus has well-developed spermathecal diverticulum, first dorsal pore in 12/13, single genital markings in the spermathecal region, and connected testis sacs (Gates 1936). In Vietnam, Amynthas reductus sp. nov. is somewhat similar to A. aspergillum (Perrier, 1872) re-described by Chang et al. (2009), A. kinfumontis (Chen, 1946) (Chen 1946), A. vuongmontis (Thai, 1984), and A. tienphucanus (Pham, 1995) (Perrier 1872; Thai 1984a; Pham 1995) by having numerous genital markings in transverse lines in the male region. However, the new species is characterized by one pair of spermathecal pores in 6/7, genital markings in and next to 17/18, separated testis sacs, strongly reduced diverticulum, and short, simple, poorly developed prostate glands in xviii while these species have more than one pair of spermathecal pores (7/8/ 9 in A. aspergilum and A. kinfumontis, 5/6/ 7 in A. tienphucanus, and 6/7/8/ 9 in A. vuongmontis), no genital markings in 17/18, developed diverticulum, and deeply lobed and well developed prostate glands (Table 1). vuongmontis, Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2022, Two new earthworm species (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from the Mekong delta, Vietnam, pp. 483-492 in Zootaxa 5093 (4) on pages 484-487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5912813, {"references":["Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung, II. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1 (3), 209 - 261. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8321","Gates, G. E. (1932) The earthworms of Burma. III, The Megascolecinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 34 (4), 357 - 549.","Gates, G. E. (1936) The earthworms of Burma. V. Records of Indian Museum, 38, 377 - 468.","Blakemore, R. J., Ito, M. T. & Kaneko, N. (2006) A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity: Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World. Yokohama National University.","Do Van Nhuong, Tran Minh Khoi & Le Van Trien. (1995) New species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae-Oligochaeta) from moutain of Nghe An Province. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 17 (3), 88 - 94. [in Vietnamese]","Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198. [in French] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12201","Chang, C. - H., Shen, H. - P. & Chen, J. - H. (2009) Earthworm fauna of Taiwan. Biota Taiwanica, Taipei, 174 pp.","Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Pham Thi Hong Ha. (1995) Three new species of earthworm of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Quang Nam - Da Nang Province. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 17 (1), 22 - 24. [in Vietnamese]","Thai, T. B. (1984 a) New species and subspecies of the genus Pheretima (oligochaeta, megascolecidae) from vietnam. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 63 (4), 613 - 617. [in Russian]"]}

Metaphire giengensis sp. nov. (Fig. 3) Material examined. Holotype: 1 mature, (CTU-EW.017.h01), Vietnam, An Giang Province, Cho Moi District, Tan My Village (Gieng islet), mango garden (10��30���39.7N - 105��30���02.7E), 2 m a.s.l., 02 February 2010, coll. Ho Minh Thuan. Paratype s: 12 matures, (CTU-EW.017.p02), same data as for holotype. Non-types: 31 matures, (CTU-EW.017.03), same data as for holotype, but in mango garden (10��28���45N - 105��32���56.6E); 5 matures, (CTU-EW.017.04) and 6 matures, (CTU-EW.DNA.017.04) same locality as for holotype, but in banana plantation (10��27���43,2N - 105��31���47,5E), 02 November 2020, coll. Lam Hai Dang. Etymology. named after its type locality, the ���gieng��� islet. Diagnosis. Small-sized worm, length 39���67 mm, diameter 1.8���2.0 mm, segments 76���131. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in ventral intersegments 5/6/7. Male pores paired in xviii; ventral distance between two male pores about 0.20���0.22X body circumference. No genital markings in the spermathecal pore region, but two pairs, bean-shaped in xviii, ventrally next to secondary male pore. Holandric. Testis sacs connected. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8/9 thickened, 9/10 absent. Description. External characters. Body cylindrical, small size, length 39���67 mm, diameter 1.8���2.0 mm, segments 76���131. Body colouration uniformly light brown; clitellum dark brown. Prostomium 1/3 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Setae perichaetine, pre-clitellar setae stouter and denser than post-clitellar ones; setal numbers: 76���83 in viii, 49���61 in xxx, 6���9 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance: aa=ab, zz>zy. Clitellum annular, within xiv���xvi, without dorsal pores; clitellar setae present only in xvi ventrally. Female pore single, in mid-ventral xiv. Two pairs of spermathecal pores located ventrally in intersegment 5/6/7; ventral distance between pores about 0.15-0.18X body circumference. No genital markings in the spermathecal region. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches which open ventrally on the setal ring of xviii; ventral distance between two openings of copulatory pouches about 0.20-0.22X body circumference; Each copulatory pouch is a shallow depression of the body wall with a large skin on the lateral side forming the openings of the pouch. Two pairs of genital markings in xviii, located medially next to the openings of copulatory pouches. Internal characters. Septa 5/6/7/8/9 thick, 9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Oesophageal gizzard within viii. Intestinal origin at xvi; caeca simple, originating at xxvii and extending anteriorly to xxv. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia meroic, developed in 4/5/6/7. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Lymph glands present from 29/30. Spermathecae paired in vi and vii. Ampulla oval-shaped to capsule-shaped; ducts about 1/2 ampulla, robust. Diverticula cylindrical, not coiled, somewhat slightly wavy, ca. twice as long as ampulla; seminal chamber very reduced. No accessory glands in the spermathecal region. Holandric. Testis sacs developed, connected in x���xi. Seminal vesicles well developed in xi���xii enclosing the second pair of testis sacs laterally. Ovaries well developed xiii, on ventral posterior face of septum 12/13. Ovisac invisible. Prostate glands rudimentary lobes, paired within xvii���xx; ducts robust, enlarged basally and directly attached to the body wall. Accessory glands invisible. DNA barcode. DNA materials were extracted from CTU-EW.DNA.017.04. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were uploaded to GenBank with the accession numbers OM234761 and OM234762. The new species has a close COI identity of 86.56% and 85.89% with Metaphire tschiliensis (DQ835673) and Metaphire posthuma (KU565289), respectively. Habitat and ecology: The species was found in the depth of 0���10cm of alluvial soils in banana and mango plantations. Feces were small, pellet-like and lying underground. Distribution: Only known from Vietnam. Remark: Sims & Easton (1972) arranged the species of the genus Metaphire into lots of species-groups at very detailed levels. However, Metaphire ���s species with two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6/7 and bithecate were not yet included in any groups, and up to now, only three species with that spermathecal configuration have been recorded: M. exilis (Gates, 1935), M. exiloides (Chen, 1936), and M. easupana (Thai & Huynh, 1993) (Gates 1935; Chen 1936; Thai et al. 1993). Metaphire giengensis sp. nov. is fairly similar to M. exilis and M. exiloides in the prostomium type and the presence of septum 8/9. However, the new species is different from M. exilis in having genital markings only in xviii, connected testis sacs, oval/capsule-shaped spermathecal ampulla; while M. exilis has genital markings paired in xvii and xix, separated testis sacs, and strongly reduced ampulla (Gates 1935). The new species is distinguished from M. exiloides by having two pairs of genital markings in xviii, the absence of septum 9/10, spermatheal diverticula being longer than ampulla; while M. exiloides has no genital markings, presence of septum 9/10, diverticula being wavy and shorter than the ampulla (Chen 1936). Metaphire giengensis sp. nov. differs from M. easupana in having the spermathecal pores placed ventrally, first dorsal pore in 11/12, two pairs of genital markings in xviii, intestinal origin at xv with simple caeca; while M. easupana has spermathecal pores located more dorsally, first dorsal pore in 12/13, no genital markings, and intestine origin at xiv with manicate caeca (Thai et al. 1993). The presence of septum 8/9 was also recorded in M. posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) re-described by Bantaowong et al. (2011), Metaphire perelae (Thai, 1982), M. truongsonensis (Thai, 1984), and M. songbeensis Nguyen, Nguyen, Lam & Nguyen, 2020 (Thai 1982; Thai, 1984b; Nguyen et al. 2020b). The new species is clearly different from these species in having two pairs of spermathecal pores in ventrally 5/6/7 (vs. laterally 6/7/ 8 in M. perelae, ventrolaterally 5/6/7/8/ 9 in M. posthuma, and dorsally 5/6/7/8/ 9 in M. truongsonensis and M. songbeensis), two pairs of genital markings in xviii (vs. paired but not in xviii (M. posthuma and M. songbeensis), absent in the male region (M. perelae and M. truongsonensis)). In addition, the new species also differs from M. posthuma in prostomium type (epilobous vs. prolobous), M. perelae in caeca (simple vs serrated), M. songbeensis in the state of septum 9/10 (absent vs. present) (Table 2)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2022, Two new earthworm species (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from the Mekong delta, Vietnam, pp. 483-492 in Zootaxa 5093 (4) on pages 487-488, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5912813, {"references":["Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Gates, G. E. (1935) New earthworms from China: with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Institution, 3293 (3), 1 - 19.","Chen, Y. (1936) On the Terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, II.: With the Notes on Gates' Types. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China. Zoological series, 11 (8), 269 - 306.","Thai, B. T., Do, N. V. & Huynh, H. T. K. (1993) New species of earthworm of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Yokdon, Dac Lac Province. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 15 (4), 12 - 15. [in Vietnamese]","Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., Tongkerd, P., Sutcharit, C., James, S. & Panha, S. (2011) A new species of the terrestrial earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton, 1972 from Thailand with redescription of some species. Tropical Natural History, 11 (1), 55 - 69. [https: // li 01. tci-thaijo. org / index. php / tnh / article / view / 103012]","Thai, T. B. (1982) The fauna of earthworms of the Cucfuong forest reserve (Vietnam) and descriptions of new species of the genus Pheretima. Zoologicheskii Jurnal, 61 (6), 817 - 830. [in Russian]","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, N. Q., Lam, D. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2020 b) Six new species of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southeastern Vietnam. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 68, 220 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.26107 / RBZ- 2020 - 0019","Thai, T. B. (1984 b) New data on taxonomy of the genus Pheretima (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) of the fauna of Vietnam. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 63 (2), 284 - 288. [in Russian]"]}

Metaphire iranomala sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2ECB8639-C770-4828-92D9-055E0778E422 Figs 1–3, Tables 2–3 Pheretima anomala (non Pheretima anomala Michaelsen, 1907) – Thai et al. 2004: 758. – Nguyen 2014: 108. – Nguyen et al. 2017a: 893, fig. 7; 2017b: 98, fig. 3; Nguyen et al. 2019: 120, fig. 3. Metaphire anomala – Nguyen et al. 2016: 50. Diagnosis Medium-sized worm, length 157–228 mm, diameter 6.5–8.0 mm, segments 85–145. Prostomium epilobous. Clitellum annular, within xiv–xvi. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Four pairs of spermathecal pores on ventrolateral intersegments 5/6/7/8/9. Male pores on the setal ring of segment xix; copulatory pouches present. Genital markings absent. Holandric. Testis sacs connected. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Etymology The epithet ‘ iranomala ’ is formed by the prefix ‘ ir ’ and ‘ anomala ’ to emphasise the wrong name ‘ anomala ’ recorded in Vietnam. Material examined Holotype VIETNAM • mature spec.; Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Con Dao National Park; 8°42′12″N; 106°35′41″ E; 120 m a.s.l.; 19 Oct. 2019; Nguyen Thanh Tung and Nguyen Thi Bao Ngoc leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.020.h01. Paratypes VIETNAM • 9 matures; same collection data as for holotype; CTU-EW.020.p02. Other material VIETNAM – Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province • 16 matures; same collection data as for holotype; CTU-EW.020.03 • 10 matures; Con Son Island; 8°41′59″ N, 106°36′54″ E; 10 m a.s.l.; 18 Oct. 2019; Nguyen Thanh Tung and Nguyen Thi Bao Ngoc leg.; residential gardens; CTU-EW.020.04 • 33 matures; Con Son Island; 8°39′53″ N, 106°34′00″ E; 20 m a.s.l.; 19 Oct. 2019; Nguyen Thanh Tung and Nguyen Thi Bao Ngoc leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.020.05. – Kien Giang Province • 1 mature; Da Dung mountain; 10°25′07″ N, 104°28′46″ E; Nov. 2010; Nguyen Thanh Tung leg.; natural forest; CTU- EW.DNA.020.23 • 49 matures; Lai Son Island; 09°48′01″ N, 104°39′18″ E; Nov. 2013; Trinh Thi Kim Binh leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.020.11. – An Giang Province • 57 matures; Cam mountain; 10°30′36″ N, 105°00′09″ E; Nov. 2010; Nguyen Thanh Tung leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.020.12 • 2 matures; Cam mountain; 10°30′36″ N, 105°00′09″ E; Nov. 2010; Nguyen Thanh Tung leg.; natural forest; IEBR-EW.020.22. – Dong Nai Province • 2 matures; Vinh Cuu Nature Reserve; 11°06′46″ N, 107°03′12″ E; Oct. 2019; Nguyen Quoc Nam leg.; natural forest; IEBR-EW.020.18a • 3 matures; Vinh Cuu Nature Reserve; 11°06′46″ N, 107°03′12″ E; Oct. 2019; Nguyen Quoc Nam leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.DNA.020.18b • 7 matures; Cat Tien National Park; 11°26′05″ N, 107°25′45″ E; Oct. 2013; Le Van Nhan leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.020.07. – Tay Ninh Province • 1 mature; Duong minh Chau District; 11°22′59″ N, 106°12′00″ E; Sep. 2019; Nguyen Quoc Nam leg.; home garden; IEBR-EW.020.16 • 6 matures; Ba Den mountain; 11°23′26″ N, 106°09′19″ E; Sep. 2019; Nguyen Quoc Nam leg.; mango gardens; CTU-EW.020.17. Description Body cylindrical, large-medium size, length 157–228 mm, diameter 6.5–8.0 mm, segments 85–145, weight 3.0–8.4 gr. Dorsum slightly dark grey, ventrum paler. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Perichaetine, setae at pre-clitellar segments stouter and sparser than that at post-clitellar segments; setal numbers: 55–62 in viii, 65–71 in xxx, 10–16 between male pores on xix. Setal distance: aa> ab, zz> zy. Clitellum annular, within xiv–xvi, darkish brown, without dorsal pores and setae. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv. Four pairs of spermathecal pores on ventrolateral intersegments 5/6/7/8/9. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores ca 0.27–0.3 body circumference. Male pores on copulatory pouches in xix; ventral distance between male pores ca 0.2–0.3 body circumference. Genital markings absent in both spermathecal and male pores region. Septa 5/6/7/8 thickened, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12 thin. Oesophageal gizzard between 7/8 and 10/11. Intestine origin at xv; caeca simple, short within xxvii-xxiv. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in 5/6/7. Lymph glands absent. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Spermathecae paired in vi–ix. Spermathecal ampulla large, mango-shaped; duct about a quarter of ampulla length. Diverticula attached to the base of ampulla ducts; distal part strongly coiled, swollen into coiled sinusoidal seminal chambers. Spermathecal ducts without nephridia. Accessory glands absent in the spermathecal region. Holandric. Testis sacs in x and xi, connected ventrally. Seminal vesicles well developed in xi and xii. Ovaries on septum 12/13 posteriorly. Prostate glands, deeply lobuled, paired in xvii–xxi; prostatic ducts C-shaped. Accessory glands massed, covered the copulatory pouches. DNA barcode COI barcode data (partial) is for the paratypes uploaded to GenBank under the accession numbers MW076191, MW076192, MW076193, MW076194, MW076195, and MW076196. The new species shares the identity of 88.13% and 88.33% with Metaphire anomala (KU262251, KU565252, KU565253, KU565254). Habitat The species was found in leaf-litters or in the top-soil layer, especially in moist places (near streams) or in rocky holes with organic matter. Metaphire iranomala sp. nov. has a soft body, violet light skin when alive. Its moving behavior is similar to a caterpillar locomotion. The species was commonly located in hilly/mountainous areas, but occasionally found in deltas. Variations Metaphire iranomala sp. nov. has two slightly different morphological types. The first type is more likely to be distributed in islands or in coastal provinces in Vietnam; the other type is found in mainland provinces. 1 Freshly collected specimens; 2 Bantaowong et al. (2011); 3 Gates (1925, 1972) and Stephenson (1929); 4 Michaelsen (1907). 1 Goto & Hatai (1899) and Blakemore (2016b); 2 Cognetti (1908). There are not many differences between the two types except the ventral distance between the male pores (0.2–0.22 vs 0.25–0.3). However, the COI genetic distance also distinguishes two types (see below). Remarks The new species has been previously identified as Metaphire anomala. It is widely distributed in Southern Vietnam (Thai et al. 2004; Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2017a, 2017b, 2019, 2020). However, this species is very different from both the original description (Michaelsen 1907), and re-description of M. anomala from Myanmar (Gates 1925, 1972), Thailand (Bantaowong et al. 2011) in the position of male pores, number and position of spermathecal pores, genital markings in male and spermathecal regions and body size. These differences are summarised in Table 2. A few Metaphire species have been known to exhibit male pores not in segment xviii. Only M. anomala has male pores on xx, whereas two other species, M. isselii Cognetti, 1908 and M. megascolidioides Goto & Hatai, 1899, have male pores on xix. The new species is similar to these two species by having male pores on xix, a first dorsal pore in 12/13 and the absence of genital markings in the spermathecal region. However, the new earthworm species is clearly distinguished by body size, the number and position of spermathecal pores, the morphology of its male region, the status of septum 8/9, and they type of intestinal caeca. The differences are summarised in Table 3., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2021, Notes on the earthworm species, Metaphire anomala (Michaelsen, 1907) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) in Southern Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species, pp. 94-111 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 98-103, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1321, http://zenodo.org/record/4709138, {"references":["Michaelsen W. 1907. Neue Oligochaten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Burma und den Andaman-Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 24: 143 - 193.","Thai T. B., Huynh T. K. H. & Nguyen D. A. 2004. Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national Workshop on the basic Issues in Life Science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House: 757 - 760.","Nguyen T. T. 2014. Checklist and some remarks on faunistic characteristics of earthworms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Journal of Science, Cantho University, Section A: Science, Technology and Environment 32: 106 - 119.","Nguyen T. T., Trinh K. B. T., Nguyen H. L. T. & Nguyen A. D. 2017 a. Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies. Journal of Natural History 51 (15 - 16): 883 - 915. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1294213","Nguyen Q. N., Nguyen V. T., Duong C. T., Le V. N. & Nguyen T. T. 2019. Species diversity of earthworms in Dong Nai Province, Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc 41 (2): 117 - 129.","Nguyen T. T., Nguyen A. D., Tran T. T. B. & Blakemore R. J. 2016. A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa 4140: 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4140.1.1","Bantaowong U., Chanabun R., Tongkerd P., Sutcharit C., James S. W. & Panha S. 2011. A new species of the terrestrial earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton, 1972 from Thailand with redescription of some species. Tropical Natural History 11 (1): 55 - 69.","Gates G. E. 1925. Some notes on Pheretima anomola, Mich. and a related species new to India and Burma. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 15 (9): 538 - 550. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932508633244","Gates G. E. 1972. Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of Megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 62: 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Stephenson J. 1929. The Oligochaeta of the lndawgyi lake (upper Burma). Records of the Indian Museum 31: 225 - 239.","Cognetti M. L. 1908. Contributo alla conscenza della drilofauna papuasica. Bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino 23 (584): 1 - 4.","Goto S. & Hatai S. 1899. New or imperfectly known species of earthworm. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 3 (2): 13 - 24.","Blakemore R. J. 2016 b. Eco-taxonomic profile and mtDNA barcode of Metaphire megascolidioides (Goto & Hatai, 1899) - a megadrile earthworm from Japan, plus miscellaneous taxonomic mending. VermEcology Occasional Papers 1: 1 - 16.","Nguyen T. T., Nguyen P. H., Truong T. A. & Nguyen Q. N. 2017 b. Diversity and distribution of earthworms in Ba Ria, Vung Tau Province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University 53 (A): 96 - 107.","Nguyen T. T., Lam D. H., Trinh B. T. K. & Nguyen A. D. 2020. The megascolecid earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Phu Quoc island, Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 932: 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 932.50314"]}

Metaphire decemtheca sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F717F325-F04E-409A-93B1-0A3997E11E9E Figs 2–3 Diagnosis Medium-sized worm. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum annular, within xiv– xvi. Five pairs of spermathecal pores on ventrolateral intersegments 4/5/6/7/8/9. Male pores on the setal ring of xviii; copulatory pouches present. A pair of genital markings in xviii. Holandric. Testis sacs connected. Intestinal caeca simple. Septum 8/9 absent or very thin, 9/10 absent. Etymology The epithet ‘ decemtheca ’ emphasises the number of spermathecae of the new species. Material examined Holotype VIETNAM • mature; Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Con Son Island; 8°42′17″ N, 106°35′28″ E; 50 m a.s.l.; 19 Oct. 2019; Nguyen Thanh Tung and Nguyen Thi Bao Ngoc leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.183.h01. Paratypes VIETNAM • 9 matures; same collection data as for holotype; CTU-EW.183.p02. Other material VIETNAM – Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province • 38 matures; same collection data as for holotype; CTU-EW.183.03 • 23 matures; Con Son Island; 8°43′50″ N, 106°37′31″ E; 10 m a.s.l.; 18 Oct. 2019; Nguyen Thanh Tung and Nguyen Thi Bao Ngoc leg.; natural forest; CTU-EW.183.04 • 55 matures; Con Son Island; 8°43′59″ N, 106°37′21″ E; 10 m a.s.l.; 18 Oct. 2019; Nguyen Thanh Tung and Nguyen Thi Bao Ngoc leg.; residential gardens; CTU-EW.183.05. Description Body cylindrical, medium-sized worms. Length 64–185 mm, diameter ca 3.0–6.0 mm, segments 79– 124, weight 1.1–3.9 gr. Dorsum slightly dark grey with reddish browns stripes or absent, ventrum paler. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Perichaetine; setae at pre-clitellar segments stouter and sparser than that at post-clitella segments; setal numbers: 38–51 in viii, 46–57 in xxx, 8–13 between two male pores on xviii. Setal distance: aa> ab, zz = zy. Clitellum annular (3/4xiv–3/4xvi), slightly brown, without dorsal pores and setae. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv. Five pairs of spermathecal pores on ventrolateral intersegments 4/5/6/7/8/9. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores ca 0.38–0.45 body circumference. Genital markings absent in spermathecal region. Male pores on line with setal ring in xviii; copulatory pouches present; ventral distance between male pores is 0.38 body circumference. One pair of flat ellipsoidal genital markings in xviii located next to male pores ventrally. Septa 5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9 absent or membrane (if present), 9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Oesophageal gizzard between 7/8 and 10/11. Intestine origin at xv; caeca simple, somewhat rudimentary lobulated dorsally, within xxvii–xxv. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in 5/6/7. Lymph glands sac-like, present from 27/28. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Spermathecal paired in v–ix. Spermathecal ampulla oval-shaped, ducts stout, short, about one-third of ampulla length. Diverticula shorter than ampulla, strongly and constrainedly waved, attached to the base of ampulla ducts; seminal chamber small oval-shaped. Spermathecal ducts without nephridia. Accessory glands absent in the spermathecal region. Holandric. Testis sacs in x and xi, connected ventrally. Seminal vesicles developed in xi and xii. Ovaries on septum 12/13 posteriorly. Ovisacs developed on 12/13, poorly developed on 13/14. Prostate glands deeply lobuled within xvi-xx; duct S-shaped, enlarged basally. Accessory glands sessile massed corresponding to external genital markings. DNA barcode COI barcode data (partial) is for the paratypes uploaded to GenBank under the accession numbers MW076201, MW076202 and MW076203. The new species shares the identity of 85.8% and 86.1% with Amynthas sp. (KT252973, KT205464). Habitat The species was found in the leaf litter of soil layer at a depth of 0–10 cm, near streams, and scattered on Con Son Island. Variations There are two morphological types found on Con Son Island. The first type was found in natural forests, with the presence of reddish-brown stripes, a bigger size (l = 133–170 mm, d = 5.0– 6.5 mm), the first dorsal pore in 13/14 and ventral distance between spermathecal pores ca 0.38–0.4 body circumference. The second type found in residential gardens and forest edges exhibited no stripes, a smaller size (l = 64– 122 mm, d = 3.0– 3.4 mm), the first dorsal pore in 12/13 and ventral distance between spermathecal pores ca 0.43–0.45 body circumference. The COI genetic distance also showed the variations of 2.2–11.3%. Remarks A few Metaphire species have been described with five pairs of spermathecal pores, including M. megascolidioides and M. fordi Michaelsen, 1934.The new species is very similar to M. megascolidioides with its first dorsal pore in 12/13 and an absence of genital markings in the spermathecal region. However, M. decemtheca sp. nov. is distinguished by having male pores on xviii, a pair of genital markings in xviii, separate intestinal caeca and a small size (l = 64–185 mm, d = 3.0–6.0 mm) whereas M. megascolidioides has male pores on xix, three pairs of genital markings in xvii, xviii and xx, manicate intestinal caeca and a larger size (l = 240 mm, d = 15 mm). The new species is also distinguished from M. fordi by having a larger size (l = 64–185 mm, d = 3.0– 6.0 mm vs l = 50–64 mm, d = 1–1.5 mm) and the first dorsal pore in 12/13 (vs 11/12). Additionally, M. decemtheca sp. nov. has no genital markings in the spermathecal region, but does have one pair of large, round genital markings located next to the openings of copulatory pouches in xviii. By contrast, M. fordi has small circular papillae paired in both spermathecal and male regions. In terms of the morphology of the male region, the new species is very similar to M. grandiverticulata Nguyen & Lam, 2017 by having a pair of large, round genital markings located next to the openings of its copulatory pouches and an absence of genital markings in the spermathecal region. However, M. decemtheca sp. nov. has five pairs of spermathecal pores on 4/5/6/7/8/9, a larger size (l = 64–185 mm, d = 3.0–6.0 mm), connected testis sacs, oval-shaped spermathecal ampulla, stout ducts, strongly and constrainedly waved diverticula and a small oval-shaped seminal chamber. Meanwhile, M. grandiverticulata has four pairs of spermathecal pores on 5/6/7/8/9, a smaller size (l = 69–92 mm, d = 2.3–2.7 mm), separated testis sacs, a small heart-shaped spermathecal ampulla, extremely short muscular ducts, stout and long unwaved diverticula and a bullet-shaped seminal chamber. Molecular analysis Statement of DNA dataset The COI dataset comprises a 609 bp fragment from 36 sequences of 8 earthworm species including an outgroup species, Polypheretima elongata (Table 1). The nucleotide frequencies of A, T, G and C were 29.7%, 28.7%, 18.6% and 23.0%, respectively. The GC content was 41.6%. The combined dataset contained 210 (34.5%) parsimony informative and 216 (35.5%) variable sites. Genetic distance The average K2P distance is 16.0% between earthworm morphospecies. The K2P distance between species varies from 13.0% (Metaphire iranomala sp. nov. and M. anomala) to 23.5% (M. peguana and M. grandiverticulata). The intraspecific distance varies from 0.2% (Polypheretima elongata, M. megascolidioides) to 8.0% (M. decemtheca sp. nov.). The new species, M. decemtheca sp. nov., has the K2P divergence of 17.7% with M. megascolidioides and of 18.3% with M. grandiverticulata (Table 4). The species Metaphire iranomala sp. nov. has genetic variations of 0.2% to 9.4%. The maximum distance between two types is 9.4%, but it is considered to be less than the average distance of 16%. Therefore, it is suggested that two morphological types still reflect one species. Similarly, the species M. decemtheca sp. nov. also has genetic divergences of 2.2% to 11.3% corresponding to morphological variations. The K2P species divergences were reported, but were different for earthworm groups, for example, 13-15% for Allolobophora Eisen, 1874 (King et al. 2008), 13.2% for Eisenia fetida / andrei complex (Römbke et al. 2016), more than 14% in Octolasion lacteum Örley, 1885, Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, 1843 (Klarica et al. 2012), more than 18.7% in pheretimoid species (Chang et al. 2008), 19.8% in the genus Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 (James et al. 2010), 8.9 – 22.9% in the genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867, 14.2 – 21.9% in the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867, 7.5 – 18.0% in the genus Pithemera Sim & Easton, 1972 and 11.7–21.0% in the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Aspe & James 2018). Recently, Jeratthitikul et al. (2017) also calculated the average species distance of 20% for Amynthas and Metaphire species in Thailand. Our calculation of 16% only applies to the Metaphire species. Phylogenetic relationship A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed for a 609 bp dataset using the Likelihood ML and Inference BI analysis(Fig. 4).Two new species are clearly separated from their congeners. Metaphire iranomala sp. nov. is a sister clade of M. anomala with strong supports of bootstrap and BI values (90% and 1.00 bpp, respectively). Two subclades of M. iranomala sp. nov. are also well supported with bootstrap and BI values (89% and 0.92 bpp, respectively). Metaphire decemtheca sp. nov. is related to M. grandiverticulata and M. megascolidioides with moderate bootstrap support and strong BI values of 75% and 0.95 bpp. Within the clade of M. decemtheca sp. nov., two morphological variations also represent two linages: CTU-EW.183.06 and CTU-EW.183.p02 + CTU- EW.183.03. The relationship is well supported with bootstrap of 96% and BI value of 1.00 bpp., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2021, Notes on the earthworm species, Metaphire anomala (Michaelsen, 1907) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) in Southern Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species, pp. 94-111 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 103-107, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1321, http://zenodo.org/record/4709138, {"references":["Nguyen T. T., Nguyen P. H., Truong T. A. & Nguyen Q. N. 2017 b. Diversity and distribution of earthworms in Ba Ria, Vung Tau Province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University 53 (A): 96 - 107.","King R. A., Tibble A. L. & Symondson W. O. C. 2008. Opening a can of worms: unprecedented sympatric cryptic diversity within British lumbricid earthworms. Molecular Ecology 17: 4684 - 4698. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2008.03931. x","Rombke J., Aira M., Backeljau T., Breugelmans K., Dominguez J., Funke E., Graf N., Hajibabaei M., Perez-Losada M., Porto P. G., Schmelz R. M., Vierna J., Vizcaino A. & Pfenninger M. 2016. DNA barcoding of earthworms (Eisenia fetida / andrei complex) from 28 ecotoxicological test laboratories. Applied Soil Ecology 104: 3 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2015.02.010","Klarica J., Kloss-Brandsttatter A., Traugott M. & Juen A. 2012. Comparing four mitochondrial genes in earthworms - implications for identification, phylogenetics, and discovery of cryptic species. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 45: 23 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. soilbio. 2011.09.018","Chang C. - H., Lin S. - M. & Chen J. - H. 2008. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the gigantic earthworms of the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata, Megascolecidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 958 - 968. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.08.025","James S. W., Porco D., Decaens T., Richard B., Rougerie R. & Ersaeus C. 2010. DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in Lumbricus terrestris L., 1758 (Clitellata): resurrection of L. herculeus (Savigny, 1826). PLoS One 5: e 15629. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015629","Aspe N. M. & James S. W. 2018. Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic distribution of pheretimoid earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) of the Philippine archipelago. European Journal of Soil Biology 85: 89 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2018.02.001","Jeratthitikul E., Bantaowong U. & Panha S. 2017. DNA barcoding of the Thai species of terrestrial earthworms in the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Haplotaxida: Megascolecidae). European Journal of Soil Biology 81: 39 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2017.06.004"]}

Nguyen, Tung T., Tran, Binh T.T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2020): Four new species of Amynthas earthworms in southeastern Vietnam (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 4790 (2): 277-290, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.5

Metaphire planatoides, new species (Figs. 1, 4) Material examined. Holotype: 1 mature (CTU-EW.171. h01), natural forests (10°24′21.7″N, 107°16′18.2″E), Long Hai town, Long Dien District, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, 33 m asl, 25 October 2016, coll. Nguyen Phuc Hau. Paratypes: 2 matures (CTU-EW.171.p02), same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Small-sized worm, length 64–67 mm, average diameter 2.4–2.8 mm. Body colourless, pale, except light brown clitellum. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in ventral intersegments 6/7/8. Male pores located deeply inside copulatory pouches in the setal ring xviii. Genital markings totally absent. Holandric. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Description. Body cylindrical, small size, length 64–67 mm, average diameter 2.4–2.8 mm, weight 0.18–0.32 g, segments 89–96. Body colourless, pale except light brown clitellum. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Preclitellar setae stouter and sparser than post-clitellar ones; setal number 39–41 in viii, 51–55 in xxx, 7–9 between two openings of copulatory pouches in xviii; setal distance aa=ab, zz=zy. Clitellum close, xiv–xvi, with only ventral setae, without dorsal pores. Female pore single, in midventral xiv. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in ventral intersegments 6/7/8. No genital markings in spermathecal region. Male pores located deeply inside copulatory pouches in the setal ring xviii. Ventral distance between two openings of copulatory pouches ca. 0.35× body circumference. No genital markings in male region. Septa 5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Oesophageal gizzard within viii–ix. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca simple, paired in xxvii–xxv. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in 5/6/7. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Lymph glands absent. Two pairs of spermathecae in vii and viii. Ampulla mangoshaped; duct small, about ⅓ ampulla length. Diverticula long, but waved and folded, directly attached to the base of ampulla duct; seminal chamber tiny, oval-shaped. Spermathecal ducts without nephridia. Accessory glands absent. Holandric. Testis sacs developed in x–xi, connected. Seminal vesicles developed in xi–xii. Ovaries developed in 12/13. Ovisacs invisible. Prostate glands deeply lobuled, paired in xvii–xx; ducts short, C-shaped. No accessory glands. Etymology. The epithet " planatoides " is used to emphasise its similarity to Metaphire planata (Gates, 1926). Remarks. Metaphire planatoides, new species, is assigned to the Metaphire planata group characterised by having two pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7/8 and simple intestinal caeca (Sims & Easton, 1972). The planata group currently consists of at least six species, M. planata (Gates, 1926), M. decipiens (Beddard, 1912), M. dunckeri (Michaelsen, 1902), M. ferdinandi (Michaelsen, 1891), M. parvula (Ohfuchi, 1956), and M. sintangi (Michaelsen, 1922). The new species differs from these species except M. planata in the absence of genital markings in both spermathecal and male regions. Metaphire planatoides, new species, is somewhat similar to M. planata, in having the first dorsal pore in 11/12, the absence of genital markings in both spermathecal and male regions, and the shape of the openings of copulatory pouches. However, it is distinguished by the absence of accessory glands in the spermathecal region, spermathecae with thin ducts, strongly waved diverticula, connected seminal vesicles, and its smaller size (length = 67 mm, diameter = 2.4–2.8 mm). On the contrary, M. planata has several accessory glands with long ducts, spermathecae with stout ducts, diverticulum straightly cylindrical, somewhat slightly expanded distally, separated seminal vesicles, and a larger size (length = 125 mm, diameter = 4.8 mm).

Metaphire setosa, new species (Figs. 1, 6) Material examined. Holotype: 1 mature (CTU-EW.179. h01), bushes (11°34′2.2″N, 106°35′46.9″E), 84.9 m, Tan Khai commune, Hon Quan District, Binh Phuoc Province, 26 October 2017, coll. Luong Thi Huynh Tien. Paratypes: 6 matures (CTU-EW.179.p02), same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Small-sized worm, length 57.0– 73.5 mm, average diameter 1.6–3.2 mm. Prostomium not developed. First dorsal pore in 13/14. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in ventral 6/7/8/9. Setae unusual, arranged as two setal rings. Clitellum saddle-shaped, xiv–xvi. Male pores deeply located inside copulatory pouches in the setal ring xix. Five pairs of genital markings in xvi–xviii and xxi–xxii. Holandric. Intestinal caeca simple. Septum 8/9 thick, 9/10 absent. Description. Body cylindrical, small size, length 57.0– 73.5 mm, average diameter 1.6–3.2 mm, weight 0.5–1.6 g, segments 94–121. Body pale. Prostomium not developed. First dorsal pore in 13/14. Setae unusual, arranged as two setal rings, more obvious on ventral side; pre-clitellar setae stouter and denser than post-clitellar ones; setal number 119–135 in viii, 27–42 in xxx; setal distance aa=ab, zz=zy. Clitellum saddle-shaped, xiv–xvi without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, on round disc-shaped pad in midventral xiv. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in dorsal intersegments 6/7/8/9; two bean-shaped pads surrounding each spermathecal pore. No genital markings in the spermathecal region. Male pores located deeply inside copulatory pouches in the setal ring xix. Ventral distance between two openings of copulatory pouches about 0.35× body circumference. Genital markings paired ventrally in xvi–xviii and xx–xxi, one pair in each segment. Septa 6/7/8/9 thick, 9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Oesophageal gizzard after viii. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca simple, paired in xxvii–xxv. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in 5/6/7. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Lymph glands absent. Three pairs of spermathecae in vii–ix. Ampulla large, mushroom-shaped; ducts long, about ½ ampulla length. Diverticula longer than ampulla, folded and directly attached to the base of ampulla duct; seminal chamber long, bulletshaped. Spermathecal ducts without nephridia. No accessory glands. Holandric. Testis sacs in x and xi, connected. Seminal vesicles developed in xi and xii. Ovaries in 12/13. Ovisacs invisible. Prostate glands deeply lobuled, paired in xviii–xx; duct long, folded before entering copulatory pouch which is slightly elevated from body wall. Five pairs of accessory glands. DNA barcode. The amplification of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) failed. Etymology. The specific epithet " setosa " alludes to the unusual setal arrangement on this earthworm. It is used as an adjective. Remarks. The new species is very unique among known Metaphire species, with regard to its saddle-shaped clitellum and setal arrangement. There has been no report on Metaphire species with saddle-shaped clitellum. More interestingly, the setal pattern is completely different from all known pheretimoid species in Vietnam. The unusual setal pattern was only seen in the Amynthas polyperichaeta (Thai, 1984). The male region was finely coarse with dense setae which was known as the setal zone., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Nam Q., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2020, Six new species of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southeastern Vietnam, pp. 220-236 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68 on pages 230-232, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/4577217, {"references":["Thai TB (1984) New species of the genus Pheretima in Vietnam. Zoologicheskii Jurnal, 63 (9): 1317 - 1327."]}

Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Nam Q., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2020): Six new species of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southeastern Vietnam. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68: 220-236, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0019

Key to the species of Metaphire in southeastern Vietnam 1. Male pores in xix....................................................................2 – Male pores in xviii..................................................................3 2. Spermathecal pores paired lateroventrally in 5/6/7/8/9. Clitellum normal, ring-shaped.............. M. anomala (Michaelsen, 1907) – Spermathecal pores paired lateroventrally in 5/6/7/8. Clitellum saddle-shaped (Fig. 6)......................... M. setosa, new species 3. Genital markings present in the male region.........................4 – Genital markings absent in the male region.........................12 4. Intestinal caeca manicate.............................................................................................. M. pacseana (Thai & Samphon, 1988) – Intestinal caeca simple............................................................5 5. Spermathecal pores in 5/6/7/8/9.............................................6 – Spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9................................................9 6. Genital markings in intersegment 19/20 and subsequent intersegments. Setal penis present.............................................................................. M. malayanoides Nguyen & Lam, 2017 – Genital markings present in segments. No setal penis..........7 7. Only one pair of genital markings in xviii. Septum 8/9 absent.................. M. grandiverticulata Nguyen & Lam, 2017 – No genital markings in xviii. Septum 8/9 present................8 8. Spermathecal pores located dorsally. Four to eight pairs of genital markings in xvii, xix, and subsequent segments (Fig. 5)................................................. M. songbeensis, new species – Spermathecal pores located lateroventrally. Two pairs of genital markings in xvii and xix.......... M. posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) 9. Spermathecal pores located dorsally. Genital markings present in xvii and xix (Fig. 2)........................... M. haui, new species – Spermathecal pores located not dorsally. Genital markings present in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19............................10 10. Male region strongly concave.............. M. bahli (Gates, 1945) – Male region not concave. Genital markings disc-shaped....11 11. The openings of copulatory pouches close to ventromedial line. Septum 10/11 absent............ M. saigonensis (Omodeo, 1957) – The openings of copulatory pouches not close to ventromedial line. Septum 10/11 present............. M. peguana (Rosa, 1890) 12. Intestinal caeca manicate.....................................................13 – Intestinal caeca simple..........................................................14 13. Spermathecal pores in 5/6/7/8/9. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Seminal vesicles connected (Fig. 3)................................................................................................ M. bariaensis, new species – Spermathecal pores in 7/8/9. First dorsal pore in 10/11. Seminal vesicles separated................... M. californica (Kinberg, 1867) 14. Spermathecal pore starting from 6/7....................................15 – Spermathecal pore starting from 7/8....................................17 15. Three spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9................................................................................................. M. houlleti (Perrier, 1872) – Two spermathecal pores in 6/7/8..........................................16 16. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Accessory glands present, ending at spermathecal ducts........... M. guillelmi (Michaelsen, 1895) – First dorsal pore in 11/12. Accessory glands absent (Fig. 4)....................................................... M. planatoides, new species 17. Two spermathecal pores in 7/8/9. No setal penis (Fig. 7).......................................................... M. houlletoides, new species – Only one pair of spermathecal pores in 7/8. Setal penis present........................ M. xuanlocensis Nguyen & Lam, 2017, Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Nam Q., Lam, Dang H. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2020, Six new species of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southeastern Vietnam, pp. 220-236 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68 on pages 234-235, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/4577217, {"references":["Michaelsen W (1907) Neue Oligochaten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma und den Andaman-Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 24: 143 - 93.","Thai TB & Samphon K (1988) New subspecies and species of earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Laos PDR. Journal of Science of HNUE, special issue: 3 - 25.","Nguyen TT, Trinh TKB, Nguyen THL & Nguyen AD (2017) Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies. Journal of Natural History, 51 (15 - 16): 883 - 915.","Vaillant L (1868) Note sur l'anatomie de deux especes du genre Perichaeta et essai de classification des Annelides Lombriciens. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 10: 225 - 256.","Gates GE (1945) On some earthworms from Ceylon II. Spolia Zeylanica, 24: 69 - 90.","Omodeo P (1957) Oligocheti dell' Indocina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Musceo Civico di Storia Naturale, 5: 321 - 336.","Rosa D (1890) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicini, XXVI. Perichaetidi. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 10: 107 - 122.","Kinberg JGH (1867) Annulata Nova. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23: 97 - 103.","Perrier E (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8: 5 - 198.","Michaelsen W (1895) Zur kenntnis der Oligochate. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Herausgegeben von dem naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 13 (2): 1 - 37."]}

Pheretima vungtauensis sp. nov. (Figure 1) Material examined. HOLOTYPE: mature Specimen (CTU-EW.166.h01) banana plantation (10o44���57.6 N; 107o14���35.1 E), 206 m aSl, Xa Bang commune, Chau Duc DiStrict, Ba Ria���Vung Tau Province, 25 October 2016, leg. Truong Thuy Ai. PARATYPES: 2 matureS (CTU-EW.166.p02) Same data aS for holotype; 1 mature (CTU- EW.166.p03) Anacardium occidentale plantation (10o39���42.7 N; 107o09���23.0 E), 107 m aSl, Lang Lon commune, Chau Duc DiStrict, Ba Ria���Vung Tau Province, 24 October 2016, leg. Truong Thuy Ai; 1 mature (CTU- EW.166.p04), banana plantation (10o38���25.3 N; 107o21���00 E), 62 m aSl, Son Binh commune, Chau Duc DiStrict, Ba Ria���Vung Tau Province, 25 October 2016, leg. Truong Thuy Ai; 1 mature (CTU-EW.166.p05), Anacardium occidentale plantation (10o38���38.0 N; 107o06���50.0 E), 62 m aSl, Hac Dich commune, Tan Thanh DiStrict, Ba Ria��� Vung Tau Province, 24 October 2016, leg. Nguyen Phuc Hau; 2 matureS (CTU-EW.166.p06), near the road (10o29���09.2 N; 107o10���54.6 E), 75 m aSl, Hac Dich commune, Tan Thanh DiStrict, Ba Ria���Vung Tau Province, 24 October 2016, leg. Nguyen Phuc Hau; 1 mature (CTU-EW.166.p07), on the way to the Bao Quan Mountain (10o35���39.2 N; 107o07���24.0 E), 59 m aSl, Toc Tien commune, Tan Thanh DiStrict, Ba Ria���Vung Tau Province, 24 October 2016, leg. Nguyen Phuc Hau. Diagnosis. Medium Size, length 132���169 mm, diameter 4.1���6.1 mm, weight 1.64���3.39 gr (in formalin), and SegmentS 91���125. Three pairS of Spermathecal poreS in interSegmentS 6/7/8/9. Micronephridia Surrounding duct of ampulla. Copulatory poucheS preSent. Ventral diStance between male poreS about 0.35x body circumference. No genital markingS in both Spermathecal and male regionS. InteSt nal origin at xv; caeca Simple, originating at xxvii. TyphloSole Simple, lamelliform. Lymph glandS from 15/16. Holandric. Etymology. Named after the province Ba Ria-Vung Tau where the SpecieS iS widely diStributed. Description. External characters: Body cylindrical; medium Size, length 132���169 mm, diameter 4.1���6.1 mm, weight 1.64���3.39 gr, SegmentS 91���125 (N=9). DorSum greyiSh brown, ventrum paler. ProStomium 1/2 epilobouS (open). FirSt dorSal pore in 11/12 or 12/13. Preclitellar Setae Stouter and SparSer than poStclitellar Setae, 31���49 in viii, 57���82 in xxv, 11���17 Setae between two male porophoreS (N=9); Setal diStance aa = 1.5���2.5ab, zz = 1.5���2zy. Clitellum annular, xiv���xvi, without dorSal poreS and Setae. Female pore Single, in mid-ventral xiv. Three pairS of Spermathecal poreS in interSegmentS 6/7/8/9; ventral diStance between Spermathecal poreS approximately 0.4x body circumference. Male poreS located inSide copulatory poucheS on the Setal ring xviii; ventral diStance between male poreS about 0.35x body circumference. Genital markingS abSent in both Spermathecal and male pore regionS. Internal characters: Septa 5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9/10 abSent, 10/11/12 /13 Slightly thick. OeSophageal gizzard within viii���x. InteStinal origin at xv; caeca Simple, originating at xxvii, and extending anteriorly to xxiv or xxiii. LaSt heartS in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in 5/6/7. TyphloSole Simple, lamelliform. Lymph glandS bag- Shaped, from 15/16. Three pairS of Spermathecae in vii���ix. Ampulla large, egg-Shaped; duct Short, ca. 1/3 ampulla length, Somewhat conStricted in the middle; micronephridia Surrounding duct of ampulla, moSt developed in Spermathecae at 6/7. Diverticulum Shorter than ampulla in Situ, but longer when extended, Strongly folded, directly attached to the middle of ampulla duct; diStal part of diverticulum enlarged to be a Small, oval-Shaped Seminal chamber. AcceSSory glandS 2���3, Small, muSroom-Shaped; duct long, attached to baSe of ampulla. Holandric. TeStiS SacS developed in x and xi, unconnected. Seminal veSicleS well developed in xi���xii. OvarieS inviSible; oviduct well developed after Septum 12/13. ProState glandS deeply lobuled, paired in xvi���xix; proStatic ductS long, Somewhat enlarge in middle, open in large chamber. AcceSSory glandS large and covering copulatory pouch. DNA barcodes. A 660bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome c oxydaSe Subunit I waS Sequenced from the holotype, and uploaded to GenBank with the acceSSion number MF481211. TABLE]. Morphological comparison of P.vungtauensis sp nov. with similar species within the P. dubia species group. All species lack genital markings in the spermathecal anđ male pores region. AG: accessory glanđs. MP: Male pores. Remarks. The new SpecieS can be keyed to the dubia group in SimS & EaSton (1972) characteriSed by having three pairS of Spermathecal poreS in interSegmentS 6/7/8/9. ThiS group currently conSiStS of ten SpecieS, Pheretima dubia HorSt, 1893, P. korinchiana Cognetti, 1922, P. poiana MichaelSen, 1913, all from IndoneSia; P. philippina RoSa, 1891, P. callosa GateS, 1937, P. balbalanensis Hong & JameS, 2010, P. banaoi Hong & JameS, 2010, P. globosa Hong & JameS, 2011, P. julkai Hong & JameS, 2011, P. lamaganensis Hong & JameS, 2011, all from the PhilippineS. Morphological differenceS among theSe SpecieS are Summarized in Table 1. Among theSe SpecieS, the new SpecieS iS fairly Similar to Pheretima balbalensis, P. banaoi, P. julkai, and P. lamaganensis, all from the PhilippineS, in having three pairS of Spermathecal poreS in interSegmentS 6/7/8/9, no genital markingS in Spermathecal and male regionS, and inteStinal caeca Simple. Pheretima balbalanensis iS diStinguiShed by inteStine beginning in xvi, caeca from xxviii, typhloSole veStigial, lymph glandS from xxviii, whereaS P. vungtauensis sp. nov. haS inteStine originating at xv, caeca from xvii, typhloSole lamelliform, bag- Shaped lymph glandS from 15/16. The new SpecieS iS different from P. banaoi in larger ventral diStance between maleS porophoreS (0.35x circumference vS. 0.19���0.22x), inteStinal origin (xv vS. xvi), the beginning of lymph glandS (15/16 vS. xxviii), form of typhloSole (lamelliform vS. Simple fold). The new SpecieS alSo differS from P. julkai and Ph. lamaganensis in ventral diStance between male poreS (0.35x circumference vS. 0.2���0.23x or 0.21��� 0.22x), poSition of gizzard (viii���ix vS. viii), inteStinal origin (xv vS. xvi), typhloSole (lamelliform vS. abSent). Morphologically, the new SpecieS iS particularly Similar to Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) in body Shape, three pairS of Spermathecal poreS in interSegmentS 6/7/8/9, preSence of copulatory poucheS, Shape of Spermathecal ampulla and diverticulum, and preSence of aSSeSSory glandS in Spermathecal and male regionS (Perrier 1872). However, Pheretima vungtauensis sp. nov. iS diStinctly different from M. houlleti in having micronephridia on the Spermathecal ductS, and in the abSence of genital markingS in Spermathecal and male regionS. M. houlleti iS recogniSed by abSence of micronephridia on Spermathecal ductS, and preSence of Small genital markingS inSide Spermathecal and maleS poreS (Blakemore 2016). Molecular comparison. Due to theSe morphological SimilaritieS, the COI SequenceS from SpecimenS identified aS M. houlleti were included in the molecular analySiS. BaSed on COI SequenceS, the new SpecieS, Pheretima vungtauensis sp. nov., iS more cloSely related to M. houlleti than to other SpecieS of Pheretima; the holotype of the new SpecieS iS neSted within a clade formed by SpecimenS identified aS Metaphire houlleti (Fig. 2). It iS cloSely related to a Metaphire houlleti group from Thailand (II) with bootStrap and BI valueS of 88% and 1.00 BPP, reSpectively. However, the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) diStance between the new SpecieS and Metaphire houlleti from Thailand (II) varieS from 0.148 to 0.2 (Table 2). ThiS diStance iS relatively cloSe to or higher than that for SpecieS delimination uSing COI barcodeS (0.15) aS diScuSSed in Chang & JameS (2011) and Jerathitikul et al. (2017). In addition, Metaphire houlleti nominal SpecieS iS branched into three cladeS, Vietnam + India + Philippine, Thailand (I) and Thailand (II). Each clade iS clearly different from otherS in genetic diStance (ranging from 0.175 to 0.222). Of theSe, two cladeS (Thailand I and II) are Separated with good Support of bootStrap and BI valueS of 70% and 0.99 BPP, reSpectively. BeSideS, Blakemore (2016) reportS on a 19% COI difference between two SpecimenS of M. houlleti, one from Thailand, the other one from the PhilippineS, indicating a "molecular SpecieS-group" (ibd.). Furthermore, Jeratthitikul et al. (2017) alSo Stated that M. houlleti nominal SpecieS containS Several new cryptic SpecieS. We agree that the nominal SpecieS M. houlleti needS to be reviSed baSed on SpecimenS collected from different regionS., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Nam Q. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2018, First record of the earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 sensu stricto in Vietnam, with description of a new species (Annelida: Clitellata: Megascolecidae), pp. 251-258 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 252-257, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.20, http://zenodo.org/record/1446791, {"references":["Sims, R. W. & EastOn, E. G. (1972) A numerical revisiOn OF the earthWOrm genus Pheretima auct. (MegascOlecidae: OligOchaeta) With the recOgnitiOn OF neW genera and an appendiX On the earthWOrms cOllected by the ROyal SOciety NOrth BOrneO EXpeditiOn. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. X","HOng, Y. & James, S. W. (2010) SiX neW earthWOrms OF the genus Pheretima (OligOchaeta: MegascOlecidae) FrOm Balbalan- Balbalasang, Kalinga PrOvince, the Philippines. Zoological Studies, 49 (4), 523 - 533.","HOng, Y. & James, S. W. (2011) NeW earthWOrm species OF the genus Pheretima (Clitellata: MegascOlecidae) FrOm MOuntain PrOvince, Philippines. Journal of Natural History, 45, 1769 - 1788. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.560726","Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pOur servir a l'histOire des LOmbriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198.","Chang, C. - H. & James, S. (2011) A critique OF earthWOrm mOlecular phylOgenetics. Pedobiologia, 54 S, 3 - 9. [S 3 - S 9] https: // dOi. Org / 10.1016 / j. pedObi. 2011.07.015","Jeratthitikul, E., BantaOWOng, U. & Panha, S. (2017) DNA barcOding OF the Thai species OF terrestrial earthWOrms in the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (HaplOtaXida: MegascOlecidae). European Journal of Soil Biology, 81, 39 - 47. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1016 / j. ejsObi. 2017.06.004"]}

Polypheretima tabhingensis Lam, Nguyen & Nguyen, new species (Fig. 3) Type material. Holotype: 1 mature specimen (CTU-EW.185. h01), natural forests (15°38′01.2″N, 107°43′42.1″E), Ta Bhing Commune, Nam Giang District, Quang Nam Province, 13/3/2017, coll. Lam Hai Dang. Paratypes: 3 mature specimens (CTU-EW.185.p02), same data as for holotype; 6 mature specimens (CTU-EW.185. p03) regenerated forests (15°38′10.4″N, 107°39′30.5″E), Ta Bhing Commune, Nam Giang District, Quang Nam Province, 25/3/2017, coll. Lam Hai Dang. Other material. 2 mature specimens (CTU-EW.185.04) same data as for paratype (CTU-EW.185.p03). Diagnosis. Small sized worm, length 80–85 mm, diameter 3.0– 3.4 mm, 129–145 segments. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setal number: 85–89 in viii, 96–101 in xxx, 12–16 between male porophores in xviii. Spermathecal pores lateroventrally paired in intersegmental furrows 6/7/8/9. Genital markings large, paired in 17/18, and xix to xxi, in line with male porophores. Copulatory pouches absent. Holandric. Description. External characters: Body cylindrical, small size; length 80–85 mm, diameter 3.0– 3.4 mm, weight 0.45–0.53 g, 129–145 segments. Body uniformly whitish grey. Prostomium open epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Setae perichaetine, short; pre-clitellar setae stouter and sparser than post-clitellar setae; setal number: 85–89 in viii, 96–101 in xxx, 12–16 between male porophores in xviii. Clitellum annular, xiv–xvi, dark brown, smooth, without dorsal pores and setae. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv. Spermathecal pores lateroventrally paired in intersegmental furrows 6/7/8/9. Two pairs of round, small genital markings in ventral presetal ix and x. Male pores simple on conical porophores in xviii, without copulatory pouches; ventral distance between male porophores about 0.3× body circumference. Three to four pairs of rectangle genital markings in 17/18 and presetal xix–xxi in line with male porophores. Internal characters. Septa 5/6/7/8 thickened, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Oesophageal gizzard in viii–x. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca absent. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in anterior faces of 5/6/7. Lymph glands absent. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Spermathecae paired in vii–ix. Spermathecal ampulla small, elongated oval-shaped; duct extremely reduced, somewhat absent. Diverticulum much shorter than ampulla, directly attached to the base of the spermathecal duct. Accessory glands invisible. Holandric. Testis sacs separated in x–xi, ventrally. Seminal vesicles well-developed, paired in xi–xii. Ovaries in xiii; oviduct invisible. Prostate glands poorly lobuled, paired in xvi–xix; prostatic ducts long, cylindrical and coiled at distal end. Accessory glands invisible. Entymology. Named after the type locality, Ta Bhing Commune. Habitats. Polypheretima tabhingensis, new species, was commonly found in natural forests (10–30 cm soil depth) and regenerated forests (0–30 cm soil depth) in Ta Bhing Commune. Remarks. The new species is also keyed to the bifaria species-group with characters of simple male pores, spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows, and holandry (Easton, 1979). The new species is fairly similar to P. kyhaensis (Thai, 1996) reported from Nui Thanh District, Quang Nam Province in holandry, simple male pores and the arrangement of genital markings in the male pore region (Fig. 4). However, P. tabhinhensis, new species, has three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9, genital markings paired in 17/18 and presetal xix–xxi, in line with male pores, last hearts in xiii, testes sacs separated, spermathecal ducts extremely short, somewhat totally reduced, and last micronephridia in anterior face of 6/7. In contrast, P. kyhaensis has 4 pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6/7/8/9, genital markings paired in xvii–xxi including 4 pairs in xviii, last hearts in xii, testes sacs connected, spermathecae heart-shaped with short ducts, and last micronephridia in anterior face of 7/8. Among bifaria -species group, the new species is also fairly similar to P. sempolensis Easton, 1979 and P. monticola (Beddard, 1912) in holandry and having simple male pores and genital markings in the male region except in xviii. However, P. tabhinhensis, new species has spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9 (vs. 5/6/ 7 in P. sempolensis and 5/6/7/8/ 9 in P. monticola). Furthermore, P. tabhinhensis, new species differs from P. sempolensis in having last hearts in xiii (vs. in xii) and absence of pseudovesicles (vs. presence in xiv). P. tabhinhensis is distinguishable from P. monticola in having short and robust diverticulum (vs. narrow and coiled). Regarding the arrangement of genital markings, P. tabhingensis, new species, is also similar to P. alba Nguyen, 2016 and P. elongata (Perrier, 1872), both from Vietnam, and P. mindanaoensis Aspe & James, 2015 from Philippines in having genital markings paired in xvii, xix–xxi (or xxii). However, P. tabhinhensis differs from the other three species in being bithecate in each thecal segment and having spermathecal pores paired in 6/7/8/9 and no copulatory pouches whereas the other species are polythecate with copulatory pouches., Published as part of Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Tung T., Hoang, Sam V. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2018, Two new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from central Vietnam, pp. 572-579 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on pages 575-578, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5359980, {"references":["Thai TB (1996) Description of five new species of the acaecate earthworms of the genus Pheretima Kinberg in Vietnam and key to the species of acaecate Pheretima recorded from Indochinese area. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 18 (1): 1 - 6.","Easton EG (1979) A revision of the \" acaecate \" earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster, and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35: 1 - 126.","Beddard FE (1912) The Oligochaeta terricolae of the Philippines. Part 1. The genus Pheretima. Philippine Journal of Science, 7: 179 - 203.","Nguyen TT (2016) Two new earthworm species (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 38 (4): 442 - 448.","Perrier E (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8: 5 - 198.","Aspe NM & James SW (2015) New Polypheretima and Pithemera (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) species from the Mt. Malindang Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Journal of Natural History, 49 (37 - 38): 2233 - 2256."]}

Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Tung T., Hoang, Sam V., Nguyen, Anh D. (2018): Two new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from central Vietnam. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 572-579, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5359980, {"references":["Aspe NM & James SW (2015) New Polypheretima and Pithemera (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) species from the Mt. Malindang Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Journal of Natural History, 49(37-38): 2233-2256.","Beddard FE (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892: 153-172.","Beddard FE (1912) The Oligochaeta terricolae of the Philippines. Part 1. The genus Pheretima. Philippine Journal of Science, 7: 179-203.","Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2013) CIFOR Research Priorities 2013-2014. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Bogor, Indonesia, 23 pp.","Easton EG (1979) A revision of the \"acaecate\" earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster, and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35: 1-126.","Feldman AT & Wolfe D (2014) Tissue Processing and Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining. In: Day C (ed.) Histopathology. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols), Volume 1180. Humana Press, New York. Pp. 31-43.","Hong Y & James SW (2011) New species of Pheretima, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Kalbaryo, Luzon Island, Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 59(1): 19-28.","Michaelsen W (1934) Oligochaeta from Sarawak. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 77: 1-47.","Nguyen TT (2016) Two new earthworm species (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 38(4): 442-448.","Nguyen TT, Tran TTB & Nguyen AD (2014) Earthworms of the 'acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866(1): 105-121.","Nguyen TT, Tran TTB & Nguyen AD (2015) Three new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3905(4): 593-600.","Nguyen TT, Trinh K-BT, Nguyen H-LT & Nguyen AD (2017) Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies. Journal of Natural History, 51(15-16): 883-915.","Nguyen VT (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae-Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien-Hue, Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 15(1): 5-8.","Perrier E (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8: 5-198.","Rosa D (1891) Die exotischen Terricolen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums.Annalen des K. K. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 6: 379-406.","Stephenson J (1931) Oligochaeta from Burma, Kenya, and other parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1931: 33-92.","Thai TB (1996) Description of five new species of the acaecate earthworms of the genus Pheretima Kinberg in Vietnam and key to the species of acaecate Pheretima recorded from Indochinese area. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 18(1): 1-6.","Ude H (1932) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung Pheretima und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1: 114-190."]}

Polypheretima phacellotheca (Michaelsen, 1899) (Fig. 6) Amyntas phakellotheca (sic) Michaelsen, 1899: 47. Amyntas phacellotheca: Beddard, 1900: 640. Pheretima phacellotheca: Michaelsen, 1900: 293; Gates, 1961: 304. Pheretima (Polypheretima) phacellotheca: Michaelsen, 1934: 15. Metapheretima phacellotheca: Sims & Easton, 1972: 233; Easton, 1976: 44. Polypheretima phacellotheca: Easton, 1979: 55 Material examined. 4 clitellates (MZB Oli. 0060), secondary forest (0°30′39.5″N, 120°34′1.7″E), elevation of 7 m asl., Ogotumubu Barat village, Tomini sub-district, Parigi Mautong district, Central Sulawesi province, Indonesia, 25 April 2016, leg. Fahri and Fitrallisan. 6 clitellates (UNTAD Oli. 0006), same data as for MZB Oli. 0060. Re-description. External characters. Body cylindrical. Large size, length 210–220 mm, diameter 4–7 mm, segments 210–256. Colour similar on dursum and ventrum, yellow brownish in pre-clitellum and post-clitellum and pink around clitellum. Prostomium prolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae 44–67 in v, 59–76 in vii, 62–85 in viii, 46–98 in xxv, and 4–8 between male porophores in xviii; setae distance aa=1–3ab, zz=1–3zy. Clitellum annular, xiv–xvi, smooth without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv. Spermathecal pores paired lateroventrally in 5/6. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores about 0.25× body circumference. No genital markings in the spermathecal region. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii, each copulatory pouch with a large opening. Distance between the openings of copulatory pouches about 0.25× body circumference ventrally. Genital markings large, paired (rarely single) on setal rings in xix–xxii (Table 5). Internal characters. Septa 3/4/5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Gizzard round after viii. Last hearts in xiii. Typhlosole simple. Intestine beginning from xv; caeca absent. Pharyngeal micronephridia well-developed on 6/7. Spermathecae small to large, 9–11 in left and right in vi, respectively. Number of spermathecae variable in specimens (Table 5). Ampulla waterdrop-shaped; duct about 1/3–1/5 as long as ampulla. Diverticulum thin, slightly shorter than ampulla, attached to duct at base; distal part expanded to seminal chamber. No accessory glands. Holandric. Testes sacs paired in x–xi, small, separated, ventral, yellowish. Seminal vesicles in xi–xii. Ovaries paired in xiii and ovisacs developing in xiii. Prostate glands racemose, paired in xvi–xviii. Prostatic ducts C-shaped. No accessory glands. Habitat and ecology. Specimens were found around banana trees in house yards. They were collected from the ground muddy at a depth of 0–20 cm. Remarks. The species was previously reported from Mt. Masarang, above Tomohon (Northeast Sulawesi) (Michaelsen, 1899; Easton, 1976). We found this species near a beach at elevation of only 7 m asl in the Ogotumubu village, central part of Sulawesi. With new fresh specimens, the distributional area of the species has been expanded to central Sulawesi. In addition, Michaelsen (1899) described this species from northeast Sulawesi without illustrations. New illustrations, thus, are provided to support his description., Published as part of Fahri, Amaliah, Rizki, Annawaty & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, The earthworm genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Annelida: Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 559-573 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65 on pages 568-569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5357964, {"references":["Michaelsen W (1899) Terricolen von verschiedened Gebieten der Erde. Mittheilungenausdem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 16: 3 - 122.","Beddard FE (1900) A revision of the earthworms of the genus Amyntas (Perichaeta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900: 609 - 652.","Michaelsen W (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierrich, 10: 1 - 575.","Gates GE (1961) On some species of the oriental earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 37: 293 - 312","Michaelsen W (1934) Oligochaeta from Sarawak. The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 77: 1 - 47.","Sims RW & Easton EG (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3): 169 - 268.","Easton EG (1976) Taxonomy and distribution of the Metapheretima elongata spesies - complex of Indo-Australasian earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 30: 31 - 53.","Easton EG (1979) A revision of the ' acaecate' earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35: 1 - 126."]}

Key to species of the genus Polypheretima in Sulawesi 1. Spermathecal pores in 5/6/7....................................................2 – Spermathecal pores absent or in 5/6 only..............................3, Published as part of Fahri, Amaliah, Rizki, Annawaty & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, The earthworm genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Annelida: Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 559-573 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65 on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5357964

Polypheretima elongata (Perrier, 1872) (Fig. 7) Perichaeta elongata Perrier, 1872: 124 Megascolex elongata Vaillant, 1889: 81 Perichaeta biserialis Perrier, 1875: 1044 Perichaeta acystis Beddard, 1895: 423 Amyntas elongatus Beddard, 1900: 650 Pheretima elongata Michaelsen, 1900: 265 Metapheretima elongata Sims & Easton, 1972: 233; Easton, 1976: 40 (For more synonyms, see Easton, 1976) Material examined. 4 clitellates (MZB Oli. 0061), the yard, Margapura village (0°31′2.35″N, 120°57′45.15″E), elevation of 5 m asl., Bolano Lambunu sub-district, Parigi Mautong district, Central Sulawesi province, Indonesia, 20–21 January 2017, leg. Fahri and Fitrallisan. 6 clitellates (UNTAD Oli. 0007), same data as for the sample MZB Oli. 0061. Description. External characters. Body generally cylindrical. Prostomium prolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae 68–74 in v, 70–86 in vii, 72–88 in viii, 80–92 in xxv, and 8–12 between male porophores in xviii. Clitellum annular, xiv–xvi, smooth without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv. Spermathecal pores small, lateroventrally two paired in 5/6/7. Male porophores highly elevated, large; male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Genital markings simple, large, presetal, paired in xix–xxi, rarely xxii. Internal characters. Septa 3/4/5/6/7/8 thickened, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Gizzard large, round after viii. Last heart in xiii. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca absent. Pharyngeal micronephridia well-developed on septum 7/8. Typhlosole simple. Spermathecae large, about 1–5 altogether, 1–2 per segment in 5/6 and 1–2 per segment in 6/7 (Table 6). The number of spermathecae variable in specimens (Table 6). Ampulla large and round; duct relatively short, about 1/6 as long as ampulla. Diverticulum simple, much shorter than ampulla, slightly expanded distad, and attached to the base of duct. No accessory glands. Holandric. Testes sacs paired in x and xi, small, separated, ventral, yellowish. Seminal vesicles in xi–xii. Ovaries paired in xiii, ovisacs in xiii. Prostate glands paired from xvi–xix, racemose. Prostatic ducts C-shaped, bigger distally, ending at xviii. No accessory glands. Habitat and ecology. Specimens were found in the yard in Margapura village, Bolano Lambunu district at 5 m asl. It was collected from sandy soils near water drainages at depth of 5–20 cm. Remarks. Polypheretima elongata is an exotic species widely distributed in Sulawesi and other regions in Indonesia (Easton, 1976). It is also commonly found in the Indochinese region (Thai, 1983; Nguyen et al., 2016)., Published as part of Fahri, Amaliah, Rizki, Annawaty & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, The earthworm genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Annelida: Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 559-573 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65 on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5357964, {"references":["Perrier E (1872) Recherches pour servir al'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 8: 5 - 198.","Vaillant L (1889) Histoire naturelle des Annelesmarins et d'eaudouce. 3. Lombriciniens, Hirudiniens, Bdellomophes, Teretulariens et Planariens, 766 pp.","Perrier E (1875) Sur les vers de terre des iles Philippines et de la Cochinchine. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l' Academie des Science s, Serie D, Sciences Naturelles, 81: 1043 - 1046.","Beddard FE (1900) A revision of the earthworms of the genus Amyntas (Perichaeta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900: 609 - 652.","Michaelsen W (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierrich, 10: 1 - 575.","Sims RW & Easton EG (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3): 169 - 268.","Easton EG (1976) Taxonomy and distribution of the Metapheretima elongata spesies - complex of Indo-Australasian earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 30: 31 - 53.","Thai TB (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, Fauna, Distribution and Zoogeographic). Unpublished PhD dissertation in Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. [In Russian]","Nguyen TT, Nguyen AD, Tran BTT & Blakemore RJ (2016) A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa, 4140 (1): 1 - 92."]}

Polypheretima kalimpaaensis Fahri & Amaliah, new species (Fig. 5) Material examined. Holotype. Clitellate (MZB Oli. 0051), Kalimpa’a Lake, Secondary Forest, Lore Lindu National Park (01°19′33″S, 120°18′29.6″E), elevation of 1,593 m asl., Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, 5 June 2016, leg. Fahri, Rizki Amaliah, Sahlan, Auni Ade Putri. Paratypes. 5 clitellates (MZB Oli. 0053), same data as for holotype; 5 clitellates (MZB Oli. 0052), same locality as for holotype, 31 October 2016, leg. Fahri, Rizki Amaliah, Rika Hafriani H, Evans Muhdiyono, Adhi Pranata, Ardiansyah, Sahlan; 10 clitellates (UNTAD Oli. 0004), same locality as for holotype, 31 October 2016, leg. Fahri, Rizki Amaliah, Rika Hafriani H, Evans Muhdiyono, Adhi Pranata, Ardiansyah, Sahlan. Other material. 15 clitellates (UNTAD Oli. 0005), same locality as for holotype, 31 October 2016, leg. Fahri, Rizki Amaliah, Rika Hafriani H, Evans Muhdiyono, Adhi Pranata, Ardiansyah, Sahlan. Diagnosis. Medium size, length 124–156 mm, diameter 3–5 mm, segments 150–223. Prostomium prolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae 58–64 in v, 42–74 in vii, 69–85 in viii, 48–52 in xxv, and 8–10 between male porophores in xviii. Spermathecae arranged in two pairs of pores in 5/6/7, about 3–7 per battery. Genital markings large, on setal rings, paired (rarely unpaired) in xix-xx, sometimes xxi. Holandric. Etymology. The new species is named after Lake Kalimpa’a, in Lore Lindu National Park, where the type material was found. Description. External characters. Body generally cylindrical. Medium size, length 124–156 mm, diameter 3–5 mm, segments 150–223. For living specimens, pre-clitellum and post-clitellum somewhat purplish pink, and clitellum brownish pink; for preserved specimens, colouration paler. Prostomium prolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae 58–64 in v, 42–74 in vii, 69–85 in viii, 48–52 in xxv, and 8–10 between male porophores in xviii; setae distance aa=1–2ab, zz=1–2zy. The number of setae in vii variable in specimens (Table 4). Clitellum annular, xiv–xvi, smooth without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single in mid-ventral xiv. Spermathecal pores large, paired lateroventrally in 5/6/7. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores about 0.35× body circumference. Genital markings absent in the spermathecal region. Male pores located deeply inside copulatory pouches in xviii; each copulatory pouch with a large, crescentic opening. Distance between the openings of copulatory pouches about 0.2× body circumference ventrally. Genital markings large, on setal rings, paired (rarely unpaired) in xix–xx (Table 4). Internal characters. Septa 3/4/5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Gizzard large, round after viii. Last hearts in xiii. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca absent. Pharyngeal micronephridia well-developed on septum 4/5. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform. Lymph glands absent. Spermathecae small, 16–20 altogether in vi–vii: 8–10 in each of segment vi and vii (3–7 in each side of segment vi and vii, respectively). The number of spermathecae variable in specimens (Table 4). Ampulla more or less subcylindrial; duct very short. Diverticulum cylindrical, much shorter than ampulla, slightly expanded at distal end; stalk attached to duct at base. Holandric. Testes sacs paired in x and xi, small, separated, ventral, yellowish. Seminal vesicles in xi and xii. Ovaries paired in xiii and ovisacs developing in xiii. Prostate gland racemose, paired in xvi–xx. Prostatic ducts C-shaped. No accessory glands. Habitat and ecology. Specimens were found in secondary forests near Kalimpa’a Lake at 1,593 m asl. They live just under rotten woods in sandy soils, and we did not find them in other habitats (sandy soils without rotting woods near the lake, and sandy soils with rich litters but not rotting woods). Besides worms, several beetle larvae were also found. We also found its cocoons in the collecting area. Cocoons are white, oval-shaped with a diameter of 4 mm. Remarks. Polypheretima kalimpaaensis, new species, is keyed to the P. elongata species group. The species is fairly similar to almost all species in the elongata group, except P. phacellotheca and P. sahlani, in having spermathecal pores in 5/6/7 (Table 6). However, the species is clearly different from its congeners in having 3–7 spermathecae in each battery and 42–74 setae in vii.

Polypheretima sahlani Fahri & Amaliah, new species (Fig. 3) Material examined. Holotype. Clitellate (MZB Oli. 0056), the yard (01°12′38.8″S, 120°10′04.6″E), elevation of 820 m asl, Tongoa village, Lore Lindu National Park, Poso district, Central Sulawesi province, Indonesia, 26–27 October 2016, leg. Fahri, Rizki Amaliah, M. Syarif Indra Gunawan, Evans Madiono, Nurliana H Laewa, Ardiansyah, Adhi Pranata, Sahlan. Paratypes. 4 clitellates (MZB Oli. 0057) and 2 clitellates (UNTAD Oli. 0002), same data as for holotype. Diagnosis. Medium size, length 152–195 mm, diameter 4.5–6.0 mm, segments 113–281. Prostomiumprolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae 34–75 in v, 78–89 in vii, 71–91 in viii and 59–68 in xxv, and 8–10 between male porophores in xviii. Spermathecal pores absent or in 5/6. Male porophores highly elevated, large; male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Genital markings large, presetal, paired in xix–xxiii, sometimes xxiv, in line with male porophores. Metandric. Etymology. The species is named after Sahlan, for his kind assistance in the fieldwork. Description. External characters. Body generally cylindrical; medium size, length 152–195 mm, diameter 4.5–6.0 mm at x and 5.0–6.0 mm xx, segments 113–281. For living specimens, pre-clitellar region purplish pink, post-clitellar region purplish brown, clitellum brown; for preserved specimens, colouration paler. Prostomium prolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae 34–75 in v, 78–89 in vii (Table 2), 71–91 in viii and 59–68 in xxv, and 8–10 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance aa=1–2ab, zz=1–2.5zy. Clitellum annular, xiv–xvi, smooth without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv. Spermathecal pores absent or small, inconspicuous in ventral 5/6. Male porophores highly elevated, large; male pores located inside copulatory pouches with crescentic openings in xviii. Ventral distance between male porophores about 0.5× body circumference. Genital markings large, presetal, paired in xix–xxiii, sometimes xxiv, in line with the male porophores. Internal characters. Septa 3/4/5/6/7/8 thickened, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Gizzard large, round after viii. Last hearts in xiii. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca absent. Pharyngeal micronephridia well-developed on septum 6/7. Typhlosole simple. Lymph glands absent. Spermathecae large, 0–3 altogether in vi: no spermathecae on the left, but 0–3 on the right. The number of spermathecae variable in specimens (Table 2). Ampulla large and globose; duct very short, about 1/6 as long as ampulla. Diverticulum simple, cylindrical, much shorter than ampulla, with a seminal chamber at distal end, attached to the base of duct. No accessory glands. Metandric. Testes sacs paired in xi, small, separated, ventral, yellowish. Seminal vesicles in xii. Ovaries paired on xiii. Prostate glands paired in xviii, racemose, two main branches extending variably in specimens (Table 2). Prostatic ducts C-shaped, short and stout. No accessory glands. Habitat and ecology. The species was found in the yard in Tongoa village, Lore Lindu National Park at 820 m asl. It was collected in sandy soils near water drainages at depth of 5–20 cm. Remarks. The new species is fairly similar to Polypheretima phacellotheca by having spermathecal pores in 5/6, but differs in male sexual system (metandric vs. holandric), the number of spermathecae per battery (1–3 vs. 9–12), setae in vii (78–89 vs. up to 80), number of genital markings (xix– xxiii/xxiv vs. xix–xxii), and spermathecal ampulla (globose, duct short vs. oval, duct long) (Table 6).

Metaphire anomala (Michaelsen, 1907) (Figure 7) Pheretima anomala Michaelsen, 1907: 167, fig. 14. Metaphire anomala – Sims & Easton 1972: 237. Material examined 33 matures (CTU-EW 020.06) Lai Son Island (09°48 ʹ 01 ʹʹ N, 104°39 ʹ 18.4 ʹʹ E) Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 14 November 2013, coll. Kim-Binh T. Trinh. Diagnosis Medium size, length 104–160 mm, diameter 4.3–5.3 mm, 51–131 segments. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setal number 43–74 in viii, 65–74 in xxx, 7–16 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance aa = 1.2 ab, zz = 1.3 zy. Four pairs of spermathecal pores in lateroventral intersegments 5/6/7/8/9. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xix or xx. Genital markings variable among different populations, from totally absent to widely paired in segments between xvii and xxiii. Testis sacs separated. Holandric. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Habitats The species was found in both natural forest and fruit plantation. Remarks The species is widely distributed in Vietnam (Lai Chau, Son La, Quang Tri, Binh Dinh, Dak Lak, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Dong Nai, Kien Giang, An Giang, Dong Nai and Tay Ninh), but never found in northeastern Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2016). Its occurrences have also been reported from India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and southern China (Nguyen et al. 2016)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Trinh, Kim-Binh T., Nguyen, Hong-Lan T. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies, pp. 883-915 in Journal of Natural History 51 (15 - 16) on pages 893-894, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1294213, http://zenodo.org/record/5180885, {"references":["Michaelsen W. 1907. Neue Oligochaten von Vorder-Indien. Ceylon, Birma und den Andaman- Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. 25: 143 - 193.","Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linnean Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Nguyen TT, Nguyen AD, Tran TTB, Blakemore RJ. 2016. A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa. 4140: 1 - 92."]}

Metaphire peguana laisonensis Nguyen & Nguyen subsp. nov. (Figure 12) http://specieslsid:zoobank.org:act: B103AFC0-2035-4462-81EA-5F9CD9B222CD Material examined 29 matures (CTU-EW 087.01) Lai Son Island (09°48 ʹ 10.5 ʹʹ N, 104°36 ʹ 51.3 ʹʹ E) Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 15 November, leg. Kim-Binh T. Trinh. Diagnosis Body cylindrical, medium size, length 67–116 mm, diameter 3.5–4.5 mm, 70–115 segments. Prostomium 1/3 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setal number 30–41 in viii, 49–55 in xxx, 5–10 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance aa = 1.2–2.0 ab, zz = 1.2–2.0 zy. Three pairs of spermathecal pores, in lateral intersegments 6/7/8/9. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. No genital markings in the spermathecal region, but two large, round pairs in xvii and xix, in line with male porophores. Testis sacs separated. Holandric. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Description External characters. Body cylindrical, medium size; length 67–116 mm, diameter 3.5– 4.5 mm, segments 70–115, weight 0.54–1.48 g. Body uniformly light grey except clitellum brown. Setae perichaetine; pre-clitellar setae sparser than post-clitellar setae, 30–41 in viii, 49–55 in xxx, 5–10 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance aa = 1.2–2.0 ab, zz = 1.2–2.0 zy. Prostomium 1/3 epilobous (closed). First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum annular, xiv–xvi, smooth and without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in lateral intersegments 6/7/8/9. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores about 0.5× body circumference. No genital markings in the spermathecal region. Male pores ellipsoid-shaped, deeply located inside copulatory pouches in xviii; ventral distance between male porophores about 0.35× body circumference. Two pairs of genital markings behind and in front of setal rings of xvii and xix, respectively, in line with male pores. Internal characters. Septa 5/6/7/8 thin, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Oesophageal gizzard after viii. Intestinal origin at xv; caeca simple, within xxvii–xxiv, sometimes xxvii– xxii. Last hearts in xiii. Pharyngeal micronephridia developed in 5/6/7. Lymph glands lobuled, from 16/17. Typhlosole simple, lamelliform (segments 25–48). Spermathecae paired in vii–ix. Spermathecal ampulla large, egg-shaped; duct short, about one-third ampulla length. Diverticula as short as duct, coiled and folded, directly attached to duct; distal part enlarged to be an opalescent seminal chamber. No accessory glands. Holandric. Testis sacs developed in x, xi, separated. Seminal vesicles well developed in xi, xii. Ovaries well developed, opalescent in 12/13; oviduct after septum 12/13. Prostate glands deeply lobuled, paired in xvi–xx or xxi; prostatic ducts S-shaped, slightly smaller distally. Accessory glands paired in xvii and xix. Habitat It was found inside rocky hollows containing rich organic matter in the natural forests. Remarks The new subspecies agrees with the description of Metaphire peguana except for minor differences in locations of spermathecal pores and genital markings. Metaphire peguana peguana has spermathecal pores located ventrolaterally (ventral distance c.0.35× body circumference), genital markings paired in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19, diverticula duct attached to base of duct (Figure 13). In contrast, the new subspecies shows spermathecal pores located laterally (ventral distance c.0.5× body circumference), genital markings paired in xvii and xix, diverticula attached to middle duct (Figure 12). In addition, M. peguana laisonensis is slightly smaller and has fewer segments and setae than M. peguana peguana (length: 67–116 mm vs 115–154 mm; diameter: 3.5–4.5 mm vs 4.2–5.9 mm; segment number: 70–115 vs 112–125). Sims and Easton (1972) listed the Metaphire peguana species group characterized by three pairs of spermathecal pores with the first pores at 6/7, and genital markings on 17/ 18 and 18/19. This group contains three species, M. peguana (Rosa, 1890), M. bahli (Gates 1945) and M. saigonensis (Omodeo 1957). Thai (1983, 2000) and Nguyen et al. (2014) synomymized M. saigonensis with M. bahli because of similarity in the male region. Although Blakemore (2016) re-validated the species Metaphire saigonensis, we still think it is a junior synonym. The difference between M. saigonensis and M. bahli is very slight based on ventral distance between male pores (peguana species group are similar to each other; they share similar characters, e.g. spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9, two pairs of genital markings in xvii and xix, or 17/18 and 18/19, morphology of male region and spermathecal region. However, they are distinguished from each other by ventral distance between spermathecal pores, between male pores, shape of genital markings in male region, and origin of spermathecal diverticula ducts (Table 1). Besides morphological data, molecular data, for example, mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I or 16S rRNA) should be used to analyse the relationship of the peguana species group., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Trinh, Kim-Binh T., Nguyen, Hong-Lan T. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies, pp. 883-915 in Journal of Natural History 51 (15 - 16) on pages 900-902, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1294213, http://zenodo.org/record/5180885, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linnean Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Rosa D. 1890. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicini, XXVI. Perichaetidi. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria. 10: 107 - 122.","Gates GE. 1945. On some earthworms from Ceylon II. Spolia Zeylanica. 24: 69 - 90.","Omodeo P. 1957. Oligocheti dell' Indocina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Musceo Civico di Storia Naturale. 5: 321 - 336.","Thai TB 1983. Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic) [PhD dissertation in Zooglogy]. Russia: Lomonosov Moscow State University. Russian.","Thai TB. 2000. Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House; p. 307 - 311.","Nguyen TT, Tran TTB, Nguyen AD. 2014. Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa. 3866: 105 - 121.","Blakemore RJ. 2016. Darwin' s earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana - species group from Philippines. Opuscula Zoologica. 47: 9 - 30."]}

Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945) (Figure 8) Pheretima bahli Gates, 1945: 85. Metaphire bahli – Sims & Easton 1972: 239, Blakemore 2016: 11, 22, figs 1, 9A–D, 10. Material examined 114 matures (CTU-EW 004.07) Hon Tre Island (09°58 ʹ 11 ʹʹ N, 104°50 ʹ 9.4 ʹʹ E), Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 16 October 2014; 132 matures (CTU-EW 004.08) Lai Son Island (09° 47 ʹ 57.6 ʹʹ N, 104°37 ʹ 24.5 ʹʹ E), Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 15 November 2013; 10 matures (CTU-EW 004.09) An Son Island (09°41 ʹ 11.8 ʹʹ N, 104°21 ʹ 10.1 ʹʹ E), Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 13 October 2014, all coll. Kim-Binh T. Trinh. Diagnosis Medium size, length 58–100 mm, diameter 3.3–4.4 mm, segments 53–114. Prostomium 2/3 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setal number 39–47 in viii, 40–72 in xxx, 4–5 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance aa = 1.7–2.0 ab, zz = 1.6–2.0 zy. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in lateroventral intersegments 6/7/8/9. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Male region strongly concave to form an ellipsoidshaped or rounded area. Genital markings absent in spermathecal region, but two pairs in 17/18 and 18/19, in line with male pores. Testis sacs separated. Holandric. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Habitats The species was found in natural forests, fruit plantations and house gardens in the Hon Tre and Lai Son islands. Remarks The species is widely distributed in Vietnam (Quang Binh, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Binh Dinh, Dak Lak, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ho Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Tay Ninh, Tien Giang, Ben Tre, Vinh Long, Can Tho, Tra Vinh, Kien Giang, An Giang) (Nguyen et al. 2016). It also occurs in Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Laos and Cambodia (Nguyen et al. 2016)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Trinh, Kim-Binh T., Nguyen, Hong-Lan T. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies, pp. 883-915 in Journal of Natural History 51 (15 - 16) on pages 894-896, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1294213, http://zenodo.org/record/5180885, {"references":["Gates GE. 1945. On some earthworms from Ceylon II. Spolia Zeylanica. 24: 69 - 90.","Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linnean Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Blakemore RJ. 2016. Darwin' s earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana - species group from Philippines. Opuscula Zoologica. 47: 9 - 30.","Nguyen TT, Nguyen AD, Tran TTB, Blakemore RJ. 2016. A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa. 4140: 1 - 92."]}

Metaphire mangophila (Nguyen, 2011) (Figure 10) Pheretima mangophila Nguyen 2011: 24, fig. 2. Material examined 189 matures (CTU-EW 012.05) Hon Tre Island (09°58 ʹ 13.0 ʹʹ N, 104°50 ʹ 35.5 ʹʹ E), Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 14 November 2013, coll. Kim-Binh T. Trinh; 117 matures (CTU-EW 012.06) Lai Son Island (09°48 ʹ 18.5 ʹʹ N, 104°38 ʹ 32.4 ʹʹ E), Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 15 November 2013, coll. Kim-Binh T. Trinh. Diagnosis Body cylindrical, medium size, length 65–126 mm, diameter 4.3–5.5 mm, 56–90 segments. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setal number 69–83 in viii, 65–77 in xxx, 13–20 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance aa = ab, zz = zy. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in lateroventral intersegments 5/6/7. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. No genital markings in spermathecal and male regions. Testis sacs separated. Holandric. Intestinal caeca manicate, within xxvii– xxv. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Habitats The species was found under and in rotting wood. Remarks The species is widely recorded from southern Vietnam (Tay Ninh, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Can Tho, Kien Giang, An Giang, Tra Vinh) (Nguyen et al. 2016)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Trinh, Kim-Binh T., Nguyen, Hong-Lan T. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies, pp. 883-915 in Journal of Natural History 51 (15 - 16) on page 897, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1294213, http://zenodo.org/record/5180885, {"references":["Nguyen TT. 2011. Descriptions of two new species of earthworm of the genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mekong Delta-Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc. 33: 24 - 29.","Nguyen TT, Nguyen AD, Tran TTB, Blakemore RJ. 2016. A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa. 4140: 1 - 92."]}

Amynthas exiguus exiguus (Gates, 1930) (Figure 5) Pheretima exigua Gates, 1930: 310; Gates 1939: 89. Pheretima exigua exigua – Gates 1972: 184. Amynthas exiguus exiguus – Sims & Easton 1972: 235. Material examined 31 matures (CTU-EW 094.01) Hon Tre Island (09°58 ʹ 13.0 ʹʹ N, 104°51 ʹ 15.5 ʹʹ E), Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, 13 November 2013, coll. Kim-Binh T. Trinh. Diagnosis Small size, length 40–69 mm, diameter 2.3–3.0 mm, 65–93 segments. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setal number 32–42 in viii, 40–47 in xxx, 8–15 between male porophores in xviii; setal distance aa = 2.0 ab, zz = 2.0 zy. Four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6/7/8/9. Male pores located in xviii, without copulatory pouches. Genital markings present, but variable in the spermathecal and male regions. Testis sacs separated. Holandric. Intestinal caeca simple, short, xxvii–xxv. Septa 8/9/10 absent. Habitats The species was found in clay soils on hill slopes, and sometime in soils inside rocky hollows. It was usually collected from fruit plantations. Remarks A total of 31 specimens were examined to show the variation in the number and position of genital markings in spermathecal and male regions. Genital markings are variable in front of setal rings in xvii, xviii, xix and xx, but the most common pattern is three pairs in xvii, xviii and xix (13 of 31 specimens). They are also variable from one to three pairs in front of setal rings in viii, ix and x. Distribution The species is widely known from Vietnam (Lao Cai, Son La, Ninh Binh, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Kien Giang and An Giang) (Nguyen et al. 2016). It is also known from Thailand and Myanmar (Gates 1939, 1972)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Trinh, Kim-Binh T., Nguyen, Hong-Lan T. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2017, Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from islands of Kien Hai District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species and one subspecies, pp. 883-915 in Journal of Natural History 51 (15 - 16) on pages 888-890, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1294213, http://zenodo.org/record/5180885, {"references":["Gates GE. 1930. The earthworms of Burma. I. Rec Indian Mus. 32: 257 - 356.","Gates GE. 1939. Thai earthworms. Thailand Res Soc Nat Hist Suppl. 12: 65 - 114.","Gates GE. 1972. Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Trans Am Philosophical Soc NS 62: 1 - 326.","Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linnean Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Nguyen TT, Nguyen AD, Tran TTB, Blakemore RJ. 2016. A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae). Zootaxa. 4140: 1 - 92."]}

Polypheretima cordata Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 2015 Polypheretima cordata Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 2015a: 597, Fig. 3. Type locality. Vietnam (Dong Nai: Vinh Cuu). Type material. CTU (CTU-EW.042), Vietnam. Examined material. 1 C (CTU-EW.042.h01) and 5 C (CTU-EW.042.p01) natural forest (11��06' 89.5N; 107��03' 10.3E), about 100 m asl, Ma Da commune, Vinh Cuu Distr., Dong Nai Prov., 13/10/2013; coll. Duong Chi Trong; 4 C (CTU-EW042.k01) natural forest (11��25' 42.0N; 107��25' 38.1E), 122 m asl, Cat Tien National Park, Tan Phu Distr., Dong Nai Prov., Vietnam, 13/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan. Records from Vietnam. Dong Nai (Vinh Cuu; Tan Phu) (Nguyen et al. 2015a). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Tr��n ampun h��nh tim., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2015 a) Three new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3905 (4), 593 - 600. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3905.4.11"]}

Genus Octochaetona Gates, 1962 Octochaetona Gates, 1962c: 211; Gates 1972: 307. Type species. Octochaetus surensis Michaelsen, 1910. Distribution. Mainly in India. Remarks. Only one species has been reported from Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Oligochaten von verschiedenen Gebieten. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 27, 47 - 169."]}

Metaphire tripidoporophoratus (Thai & Nguyen, 1993), comb. nov. Pheretima tripidoporophorata Thai & Nguyen, 1993 (in Nguyen 1993): 5, fig. 1 A; Nguyen 1994: 70; Pham 1995c: 95; Nakamura 1999: 24; Thai 2000a: 310; Pham 2010: 64. Amynthas? tripidoporophoratus��� Blakemore 2007a: 100; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue: Hue). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Examined material. 6 C and 1 A (SORC-V.095.04) An Le, Huong Dien, Hue, 15/5/1985, coll. Nguyen Van Thuan. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (Hue; Huong Dien); Da Nang; Quang Nam (Phuoc Son) (Nguyen 1993, 1994; Pham 1995c, 2010). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun nh�� �c 3 c��nh. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Material was re-examined and presence of male copulatory pouches and hence placement of the species in Metaphire is confirmed here., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, V. T. (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 15 (1), 5 - 8.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas lignophilus (Thai, 1982) Pheretima lignophila Thai, 1982: 822, fig. 1G; Do 1994: 90; Le 1995a: 67; Nakamura 1999: 62; Thai 2000a: 309. Pheretima (Amynthas) lignophila��� Thai 1983: 126. Amynthas lignophilius (sic!) ��� Blakemore 2007a: 59; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Ninh Binh: Cuc Phuong). Type material. ZMUM (W.260), Russia. Records from Vietnam. Lang Son (Bac Son); Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong NP) (Thai 1982; Do 1994; Le 1995a). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun g��� m���c. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ", but further examination was not possible because all previously collected material has been lost., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Thai, T. B. (1982) The fauna of earthworms f the Cucfuong forest reserve (Vietnam) and descriptions of new species of the genus Pheretima. Zoologicheskii Jurnal, 61 (6), 817 - 830.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas namdongensis (Thai & Nguyen, 1993) Pheretima namdongensis Thai & Nguyen, 1993 (in Nguyen 1993): 5, fig. 1B; Nguyen 1994: 56; Nakamura 1999: 43; Thai 2000a: 309. Amynthas? namdongensis��� Blakemore 2007a: 70; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (Nam Dong; A Luoi) (Nguyen 1993, 1994). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun nam đ��ng. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Further examination was not possible because all previously collected material has been lost., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, V. T. (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 15 (1), 5 - 8.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas acalifornicus (Do & Huynh, 1991) comb. nov. Pheretima acalifornica Do & Huynh, 1991 (in: Do et al. 1991): 56, fig. 4D; Do 1994: 54; Thai 2000a: 307; Huynh et al. 2005: 180. Metaphire ? acalifornica— Blakemore 2007a: 3; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Son La: Moc Chau). Type material. 1 A (SORC-V.002.01) Son La, Moc Chau, humid forest, 15/05/1991; 3 C (SORC-V.002.02) Son La, Moc Chau, forest, 12/04/1990; 1 C (SORC-V.002.03) Son La, Moc Chau, forest on limestone, 13/04/1990. Records from Vietnam. Son La (Moc Chau); Phu Tho (Xuan Son NP); Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong NP) (Do 1994; Huynh et al. 2005). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Remarks. The species is fairly similar to Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), but differs in lack of copulatory pouches, having a pair of large genital markings on viii, and one or two pairs of genital markings in the male region. Blakemore (2007a) assigned this species to the genus Metaphire with comments " species inquirenda ". The species assigned here to the genus Amynthas because of lack of copulatory pouches.

Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) Pheretima hupeiensis Michaelsen, 1895: 35, figs 11���12; Michaelsen 1900: 273; Chen 1933: 251, fig. 19; Gates 1972: 213; Le 1995a: 43; Thai 2000a: 309. Amynthas hupeiensis��� Sims & Easton 1972: 237; Blakemore 2002: 168; Blakemore 2007: 50. Amynthas hupiensis (sic!) ��� Easton 1981: 53. Type locality. China (Hupei). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 5 A (SORC-V.143.01) and 3 C (CTU-EW.062.01), Binh Gia, Lang Son, 26/03/1992. Records from Vietnam. Lang Son (Binh Gia) (Le 1995a). Distribution. A cosmopolitan species; widely reported from China, Korea, Japan, North America, and New Zealand (Easton 1981; Blakemore 2002). Remark. The species is distinguished from Metaphire bahli and Metaphire peguana by the absence of copulatory pouches (Le 1995a)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1895) Zur kenntnis der Oligochate. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Herausgegeben von dem naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 13 (2), 1 - 37.","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Chen, Y. (1933) The preliminary survey of the earthworms of the lower Yangtze valley. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9 (4), 177 - 294.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Easton, E. G. (1981) Japanese earthworms: a synopsis of the Megadrile species (Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 40 (2), 33 - 65."]}

Amynthas mamillaris (Chen, 1938) Pheretima mamillaris Chen, 1938: 413, Fig. 15; Le 1995a: 33; Nakamura 1999: 35. Amynthas mamillaris��� Sims & Easton 1972: 236, 244; Blakemore 2007a: 62. Type locality. China (Hainan Isl.). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 8 C (SORC-V.149.01) near stream, Viet Lam, Vi Xuyen, Ha Giang, 5/12/1993, coll. Le Van Trien. Records from Vietnam. Ha Giang (Vi Xuyen) (Le 1995a). Distribution. China (Chen 1938). Vietnamese name. Giun n��m v��., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12 (10), 375 - 427.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)"]}

Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) Perichaeta houlleti Perrier, 1872: 99, Plate 2, Figs 31���44. Pheretima houlleti��� Gates 1939: 94; 1972: 190; Pham 1995c: 89; Nakamura 1999: 42; Thai 2000a: 309; Huynh 2005a: 109; Huynh 2005b: 20; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114; Pham 2010: 63; Nguyen T.T. & Tran 2008: 61; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen et al. 2011: 1025; Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 49; Nguyen 2014: 109. Metaphire houlleti��� Sims & Easton 1972: 238; Blakemore 2007a: 48; Blakemore 2008b. Perichaeta campanulata Rosa, 1890b: 115. Pheretima campanulata��� Gates 1930: 307, 311; 1939: 83; Thai et al. 2004: 759; Pham 1995c: 89; Nakamura 1999: 41; Thai 2000a: 308; Huynh 2005a: 112; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184; Pham 2010: 63; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen et al. 2011: 1025; Nguyen et al., 2012: 146. Metaphire campanulata��� Sims & Easton 1972; 238; Blakemore 2007a: 48, treated as synonym of Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872). Type locality. India (Calcutta). Type material. MHNH, France. Examined material. 25 C and 18 A (CTU-EW.006.06) natural forest, Cat Tien NP, Tan Phu, Dong Nai, 13/ 10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 22 C (CTU-EW.006.02) Phung Hiep, Can Tho, 9/10/2009, coll. Ngo Thi Ngan; 13C, 4 A (SORC-V.129.01) deciduous forest, Ealop, Dak Lak, 18/10/1989, coll. Huynh Thi Kim Hoi; 15 C and 5 A (CTU-EW.018.01) Nam Cat Tien, Tan Phu, Dong Nai, 13/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 11 C (CTU-EW.018.05) Cu Lao Duyen, Cho Moi, An Giang, 9/2009, coll. Ho Minh Thuan. Records from Vietnam. Son La (Moc Chau); Dien Bien (Tuan Giao; Dien Bien); Nghe An (Que Phong); Quang Tri (Huong Hoa); Thua Thien Hue (Huong Tra; Hue; Huong Thuy; Nam Dong); Da Nang (Hoa Vang; Son Tra; Ba Na NP); Quang Nam (Dien Ban; Hiep Duc; Tam Ky; Tien Phuoc; Phuoc Son; Tra My); Quang Ngai (Son Ha); Kon Tum (Dak Glei; Sa Thay); Binh Dinh (Tuy Phuoc; An Nhon); Gia Lai (An Khe; Duc Co); Phu Yen (Tuy An); Dak Lak (Ea Sup; Yok Don NP; Buon Me Thuot); Dak Nong (Ta Dung Mts); Binh Thuan (Tanh Linh); Lam Dong (Duc Trong; Da Lat); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang); Dong Nai (Vinh Cuu; Xuan Loc; Tan Phu; Dinh Quan; Trang Bom; Thong Nhat; Nhon Trach; Long Thanh; Cam My); Tay Ninh (Ba Den Mt.); Dong Thap (Thanh Binh; Lap Vo; Cao Lanh; Cu Lao Tan Long); Hau Giang (Phung Hiep; Nga Bay); Long An (Vinh Hung; Thanh Hoa); Kien Giang (Phu Quoc Isl.); Tien Giang (Cai Be; Cai Lay; Chau Thanh); Vinh Long (Long Ho); An Giang (Cho Moi: Cu Lao My Hiep; Chau Doc; Tinh Bien; Tri Ton); Kien Giang (Kien Luong; Hon Tre Isl.; Lai Son Isl.; An Son Isl.; Hon Dat); Hau Giang (Phung Hiep); Can Tho; Ben Tre (Binh Dai); Tra Vinh (Duyen Hai; Hoa Minh Isl.; Cau Ke); Soc Trang (Long Phu; Tran De; Ke Sach; Chau Thanh); Bac Lieu (Hoa Binh); Ca Mau (Dam Doi; Cai Nuoc; Ca Mau City) (Do 1994; Nguyen 1994; Pham 1995c, 2010; Huynh 2005a; Thai et al. 2004; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010; Nguyen & Huynh 2011; Nguyen et al. 2010; Nguyen et al. 2011; Nguyen et al. 2012). Distribution. Cosmopolitan species, occurring in India, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Australia, USA (Gate 1939, 1972; Easton 1982; Thai & Do 1989; Thai & Samphon 1991; Shen & Yeo 2005; Shen et al. 200 5). Vietnamese name. Giun houllet. Remarks. Gates (1939) noted that the original home of the species is probably somewhere a region comprising eastern Myanmar and Thailand. The species has been known in Vietnam as two different species, Pheretima houlleti and Pheretima campanulata., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198.","Gates, G. E. (1939) Thai earthworms. Thailand Research Society, Natural History Supplementary, 12, 65 - 114.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 b) Results of studies on earthworms and other mesofauna groups in the Ta Dung mountain area, Dac Nong province. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 27 (4), 19 - 27.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. D. & Pham, T. T. (2011) Preliminary data on earthworms in mainland mountain region of Kien Giang Province. Proceeding of the 4 th national workshop on ecology and biological resources. Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1024 - 1030.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. K. P. & Ho, M. T. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 22 A, 143 - 153.","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 169 pp.","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Rosa, D. (1890 b) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicini, XXVI. Perichaetidi. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 10, 107 - 122.","Gates, G. E. (1930) The earthworms of Burma. I. Records of Indian Museum, 32, 257 - 356.","Thai, T. B., Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004) Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 757 - 760.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Easton, E. G. (1982) Australian pheretimoid earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): a synopsis with the description of a new genus and five new species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 30 (4), 711 - 735. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9820711","Thai, T. B. & Do, V. N. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, special issue, 76 - 78.","Thai, T. B. & Samphon, K. (1991) Earthworms of some regions skirting the middle part of Mekong river in Laos (From Vientiane to Pacse). TAP CHI SINH HOC, 13 (4), 1 - 10.","Shen, H. - P. & Yeo, D. C. J. (2005) Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53 (1), 13 - 33."]}

Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945) Pheretima bahli Gates, 1945b: 85; Thai & Samphon 1991: 4; Nguyen 1994: 39; Pham 1995c: 68; Nakamura 1999: 40; Thai 2000a: 308; Thai et al. 2004: 758; Huynh 2005a: 87; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114; Pham 2010: 62; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen et al. 2011: 1025; Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 46; Nguyen 2014: 109. Pheretima (Amynthas) bahli��� Thai 1983: 124. Metaphire bahli��� Sims & Easton 1972: 239; Blakemore 2007a: 10; Blakemore 2008b; Blakemore et al. 2007: 29; Blakemore 2016 (removing synonyms saigonensis and bangoiana): 22, figs 1, 9a���d, 10. Type locality. Sri Lanka (Colombo). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 16 C (SORC-V.124.01) Bau Can, Gia Lai, 29/11/1979; 13 C (SORC-V.124.02) field of sweet potato, Lam Vien plateau, Da Lat, Lam Dong, 25/10/1995; 30 C (CTU-EW.004.01) long-term tree garden, Phu Ngoc commune, Dinh Quan, Dong Nai, 14/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 30 C and 2 A (CTU-EW.004.02) Xuan Loc, Dong Nai, 9���10/2012, coll. Nguyen Van Thang; 22 C (CTU-EW.004.03) short-term tree garden, Phu Loc commune, Tan Phu, Dong Nai, 13/10/2013, coll. Le Van Nhan; 16 C and 1 A (CTU-EW.004.04) plantation, Vinh Cuu, Dong Nai, 13/9/2012, coll. Duong Chi Trong; 26 C (CTU-EW.004.05) natural forest, Nhon mountain, Tinh Bien, An Giang, 7/11/2010, coll. Nguyen Thanh Tung. Records from Vietnam. Quang Binh (Minh Hoa); Thua Thien Hue (A Luoi); Da Nang; Quang Nam (Tra My); Kon Tum (Dak Glei; Sa Thay); Gia Lai (Pleiku: Bau Can; Duc Co); Binh Dinh (Quy Nhon, Cu Lao Xanh); Dak Lak (Buon Me Thuot); Binh Thuan (Gia An); Khanh Hoa (Nha Tranh: Ba Ngoi); Ba Ria-Vung Tau (Con Lon Isl.); Ho Chi Minh city; Dong Nai (Vinh Cuu; Xuan Loc; Tan Phu; Trang Bom; Nhon Trach; Long Thanh); Tay Ninh (Ba Den Mts); Tien Giang (Tan Phu Dong; Cai Lay; Cai Be); Ben Tre (Binh Dai; Thanh Phu; Ba Tri); Vinh Long (Long Ho; Vung Liem; Vinh Long City); Can Tho (Cai Rang; Ninh Kieu; O Mon; Thot Not; Phong Dien); Tra Vinh (Duyen Hai; Tra Cu); Kien Giang (Ha Tien Town, Lai Son Mts); An Giang (Nguyen 1994; Pham 1995c, 2010; Huynh 2005a; Michaelsen 1934; Thai et al. 2004; Omodeo 1957; Nguyen V. T. & Tran 2008; Nguyet et al. 2009, 2010; Nguyen 2014). Distribution. Philippines, Sri Lanka, Laos, Cambodia (Gates 1945b, 1972; Blakemore 2007a; Thai & Samphon 1991; Thai & Do 1989). Vietnamese name. Giun bahl. Remarks. Although the morphology of the male region of M. saigonensis is similar to that of M. peguana, the distance between male pores is totally different among the two species. Thai (1983, 2000) had suggested that saigonensis is a synonym of " Pheretima " bahli Gates, 1945; however, Blakemore (2005, 2016) restored both saigonensis and bangoiana separately from Metaphire bahli., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1945 b) On some earthworms from Ceylon II. Spolia Zeylanica, 24, 69 - 90.","Thai, T. B. & Samphon, K. (1991) Earthworms of some regions skirting the middle part of Mekong river in Laos (From Vientiane to Pacse). TAP CHI SINH HOC, 13 (4), 1 - 10.","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B., Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004) Remarks of earthworms on the islands in southern of Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 757 - 760.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. D. & Pham, T. T. (2011) Preliminary data on earthworms in mainland mountain region of Kien Giang Province. Proceeding of the 4 th national workshop on ecology and biological resources. Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1024 - 1030.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. K. P. & Ho, M. T. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 22 A, 143 - 153.","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 169 pp.","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2016) Darwin's earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, Megascolecidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana - species group from Philippines. Opuscula Zoologic a, 47 (1), 09 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.18348 / opzool. 2016.1.9","Omodeo, P. (1957) Oligocheti dell' Indocina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Musceo Civico di Storia Naturale, 5, 321 - 336.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. & Do, V. N. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, special issue, 76 - 78.","Blakemore, R. J. (2005) A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World. Eds.: Kaneko, N. & Ito, M. T. COE Soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, Japan. CD-ROM. [Published 30 th June, 2005]."]}

Amynthas wui (Chen, 1935) Pheretima wui Chen, 1935: 109, Fig. 1; Tran 1985: 50; Do 1994: 114; Le 1995a: 39; Pham 1995c: 92; Nakamura 1999: 22; Thai 2000a: 310; Huynh et al. 2005: 180; Tran & Ngo 2008: 133; Tran & Tran 2010: 8; Pham 2010: 64. Pheretima (Terrata) wui��� Thai 1983: 123. Amynthas wui��� Sims & Easton 1972: 236; Blakemore 2007a: 106; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. China (Fukien: Amoy). Type material. No. 13213, Museum of Biological Laboratory, Science Society of China. Records from Vietnam. Dien Bien (Tuan Giao; Dien Bien Phu); Son La (Moc Chau); Hoa Binh (Tan Lac); Lao Cai (Pho Lu); Yen Bai (Luc Yen); Phu Tho (Doan Hung; Xuan Son NP); Vinh Phuc (Tam Dao); Bac Can (Bac Can); Bac Giang (Luc Ngan; Tan Yen; Khe Ro NR); Cao Bang (Trung Khanh; Cao Bang; Ha Lang; Thach An); Lang Son (Bac Son); Hai Phong (Cat Ba Isl.); Hanoi (Soc Son); Da Nang (Hoa Vang; Son Tra; Hai Van; Ba Na NP) (Tran 1985; Do 1994; Le 1995a; Pham 1995c, 2010; Huynh et al. 2005; Tran & Ngo 2008; Tran & Tran 2010) Distribution. China (Chen 1935). Vietnamese name. Giun wu. Remarks. The species seems to be widely distributed in northern Vietnam. Thai (1983) proposed a new subgenus Terrata of the genus Pheretima, and placed the species under the new subgenus., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1935) On two new species of Oligochaeta from Amoy. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (4), 109 - 122.","Tran, T. M. (1985) The earthworm fauna of Red River Delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 126 pp.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Tran, T. T. B. & Ngo, V. N. (2008) Composition and distribution of earthworms in Khe Ro natural Reserve. Journal of Science of HNUE, Natural Science, 53 (3), 131 - 137.","Tran, T. T. B. & Tran, H. N. (2010) Composition and distribution of earthworms in Luc Ngan District, Bac Giang province, and potential using in anti-erosion and in soil amelioration. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 32 (1), 6 - 13.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Polypheretima parataprobanae (Thai & Nguyen, 1993) Pheretima parataprobanae Thai & Nguyen, 1993: 7, fig. 1C; Pham 1995c: 102; Nakamura 1999: 23; Thai 2000a: 310; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 185; Pham 2010: 63. Polypheretima? parataprobanae��� Blakemore 2007a: 77; Blakemore 2008b. Polypheretima parataprobanae��� Nguyen et al. 2014: 116. Type locality. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue). Type material. SORC (HV.225), Vietnam Examined material. 1 C (SORC-HV.225) Thua Thien Hue Prov., Hue city, Nguyet Bieu, sandy garden, 13/ 01/1985, coll. Nguyen Van Thuan. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (Hue city, Bach Ma NP); Da Nang (Hoa Vang); Binh Dinh; (Nguyen 1993; Pham 1995c; Nguyen V. T. & Tran 2008; Pham 2010). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Tr��n c���n taprobanae. Remarks. The species is fairly similar to Polypheretima taprobanae (Beddard, 1892), but differs in absence of genital markings in the male region, and having a pair of genital markings near the spermathecal pores., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Nguyen, V. T. (1993) Some new species of earthworms of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae - Oligochaeta) from Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 15 (1), 5 - 8.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5"]}

Amynthas paraduplicoecus (Do & Huynh, 1991) Pheretima paraduplicoeca Do & Huynh, 1991 (in: Do et al. 1991): 53, fig. 4 A; Do 1994: 100; Thai 2000a: 309. Amynthas ? paraduplicoecus��� Blakemore 2007a: 76; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Son La: Moc Chau). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Examined material. 2 C (SORC-HPV.076) forest, Moc Chau, Son La, 10/1990, coll. Huynh Thi Kim Hoi. Records from Vietnam. Son La (Moc Chau) (Do et al. 1991; Do 1994). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun c���n duplicoecus. Remarks. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Material was re-examined and absence of male copulatory pouches and hence placement of the species in Amynthas is confirmed here., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Do, V. N., Usachev, V. L. & Huynh, T. K. H. (1991) Species composition and distributional characteristics of earthworms in Moc Chau, Son La. Journal of Science of HNUE, 5, 46 - 57.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas dorsomorrisi (Do & Tran, 1995) Pheretima dorsomorrisi Do & Tran, 1995 (in: Do et al. 1995): 89, fig. 1D; Thai 2000a: 308. Amynthas ? dorsomorrisi— Blakemore 2007a: 31; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Nghe An: Quy Chau). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Examined material. 8 C and 2 A (SORC-V.039.02) Muong Long, Muong Xeng, Ky Son, Nghe An, 18/6/ 1986, coll. Tran Minh Khoi. Records from Vietnam. Nghe An (Que Phong; Quy Chau) (Do et al. 1995). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun cận morrisi lưng. Remarks. The species is closely similar to Amynthas morrisi (Beddard, 1895), but can be recognised by spermathecal pores on dorsum. Blakemore (2007a, 2008b) considered it as " species inquirenda ". Material was reexamined and absence of male copulatory pouches and hence placement of the species in Amynthas is confirmed here.

Metaphire dawydovi (Michaelsen, 1934b) Pheretima dawydovi Michaelsen, 1934b: 517, Fig. XV; Nakamura 1999: 41; Thai 2000a: 308; Huynh 2005a: 115; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184. Pheretima (Terrata) dawydovi��� Thai 1983: 123. Metaphire dawydovi��� Sims & Easton 1972: 238; Blakemore 2007a: 28; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Lam Dong: Da Lat). Type material. MNHN (AE651 (A 709)), France. Records from Vietnam. Thua Thien Hue (A Luoi; Phu Loc); Lam Dong (Da Lat: Langbian Mts); Binh Dinh (Michaelsen 1934b; Nguyen 1994; Nguyen V. T. & Tran 2008). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun dawydov. Remarks. The species has been only known from mountainous areas. Thai (1983) proposed a new subgenus Terrata of the genus Pheretima, and placed the species under the new subgenus. No material for examination was available., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1934 b) Oligochaten von Franzosisch-Indochina. Archive de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 76, 493 - 546.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp."]}

Metaphire gastromonotheca (Do & Tran, 1995) Pheretima gastromonotheca Do & Tran, 1995 (in: Do et al. 1995): 91, fig. 2 A; Thai 2000a: 309. Metaphire ? gastromonotheca��� Blakemore 2007a: 41; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Nghe An: Quy Chau). Type material. SORC, Vietnam. Records from Vietnam. Nghe An (Quy Chau; Tan Ky) (Do et al. 1995). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun m���t l��� nh���n tinh b���ng. Remarks. The species is typically characterized by having only one spermathecal pore ventrally. Further examination was not possible because all previously collected material has been lost., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Do, V. N., Le, V. T. & Tran, M. K. (1995) New species of earthworm of genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867 (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) from mountain of Nghe An Province. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 17 (3), 88 - 94.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Amynthas cupreae (Chen, 1946) Pheretima cupreae Chen, 1946: 117, Plate VII, Fig. C; Sims & Easton 1972: 224; Easton, 1979: 117; Do: 1994: 65; Le 1995a: 54; Nakamura 1999: 36; Nakamura 1999: 63; Thai 2000a: 308; Huynh & Nguyen 2004a: 115; Tran & Ngo 2008: 133. Amynthas? cupreae��� Blakemore 2007a: 25; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. China (Szechuan). Type material. Unknown. Examined material. 3 C, 5 A (SORC-V.131.01), 3 C (CTU-EW.053.01) rotting woods, Khuoi Da, Thach An, Cao Bang, 18/3/1992, coll. Le Van Trien; 1 C, 2 A (SORC-V.131.02) Bac Son, Lang Son, 26/11/1993, coll. Le Van Trien. Records from Vietnam. Lao Cai (Sa Pa); Yen B a i (Luc Yen; Yen Binh); Ha Giang (Quan Ba); Lang Son (Bac Son); Cao Bang (Thach An); Bac Giang (Khe Ro NR); Hanoi (Ba Vi NP) (Do 1994; Le 1995a; Huynh & Nguyen 2004a; Tran & Ngo 2008). Distribution. China (Chen 1946). Remarks. Sims & Easton (1972) stated that the species can be excluded from Metaphire or Pheretima because of the absence of copulatory pouches, but it cannot be assigned to a genus due to lack of details of the presence or absence of intestinal caeca. Therefore, it was listed as "species incertae sedis " on page 241 of Sims & Easton (1972). The examined population in Vietnam showed the presence of intestinal caeca in xxi���xxvii. The species is confirmedly assigned to the genus Amynthas., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 16, 83 - 141.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Easton, E. G. (1979) A revision of the ' acaecate' earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35, 1 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20451","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004 a) Diversity of earthworms of Bavi National Park, Hatay province. The proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science, 114 - 117. [Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi]","Tran, T. T. B. & Ngo, V. N. (2008) Composition and distribution of earthworms in Khe Ro natural Reserve. Journal of Science of HNUE, Natural Science, 53 (3), 131 - 137.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Genus Eisenia Malm, 1877 Eisenia Malm, 1877: 45; Michaelsen 1900: 471; Reynolds & Cook 1976: 51. Type species. Enterion fetidum Savigny, 1826. Distribution. Palaearctic (Blakemore 2002). Remarks. About 30 species are known (Blakemore 2002), but only one has been reported from Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Malm, 1877. Zoolog. Observ. VII, Annulater i hafvet utmid Sverges. Ofvers. Hortik. Forh. Goteborg, 14, 69 - 105.","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Reynolds, J. W. & Cook, D. G. (1976) Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica: a catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of the Oligochaeta. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton (or Ottawa, Runge Press), 217 pp.","Savigny (1826) Analyse d'un Memoire sur les Lombrics par Cuvier. Memoires de l'Academie (royale) des sciences de l'Institut (imperial) de France, 5, 176 - 184.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002."]}

Eukerria kuekenthali (Michaelsen, 1908) Kerria k��kenthali Michaelsen, 1908: 24, Plate 1, Fig. 1. Eukerria k��kenthali��� Michaelsen, 1935b: 102. Eukerria kukenthali��� Gates 1972: 269; Thai 2000a: 311; Thai 2000b: 1; Huynh 2005a: 162. Eukerria kuekenthali��� Blakemore 2002: 79 (nomen correctum); Blakemore 2008. Kerria selangorensis Stephenson, 1931b: 279, synonymized by Michaelsen (1935b). Eukerria peguana Gates, 1942: 67, synonymized by Gates (1972). Type locality. West Indies (St Thomas). Type material. Berlin and Hamburg Museum, Germany. Records from Vietnam. Da Nang (Hoa Vang); Quang Ngai (Duc Trach); Binh Dinh (Cat Ninh; An Nhon); Phu Yen (Dong Hoa); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang; Van Ninh; Ninh Hoa; Dien Khanh); Ninh Thuan (Ninh Son); Binh Thuan (Phan Thiet; Duc Linh) (Thai 2000b). Distribution. A cosmopolitan species; be distributed in Malaysia, Myanmar, West Indies, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Australia (Christmas Island) (Blakemore 2002). Vietnamese name. Giun eukerria kuekenthal. Remarks. The species probably originates from the neotropical regions (Michaelsen 1935b). In Vietnam, it is usually found in wet soils (Thai 2000b)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1908) Die Oligochaten Westindiens. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Jena, Supplement 11, 13 - 32.","Michaelsen, W. (1935 b) Oligochaeta from Christmas Island, South of Java. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 10, 15, 100 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933508654945","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B. (2000 b) The Oligochaeta family Ocnerodrilidae Beddard, 1891 in Vietnam. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 22 (1), 1 - 5.","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Stephenson, J. (1931 b) Oligochaeta from the Malay Peninsula. Journal of Federated Malay States Museums, 16, 261 - 285.","Gates, G. E. (1942) Notes on various peregrine earthworms. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 89, 63 - 144."]}

Amynthas tonkinensis (Michaelsen, 1934b) Pheretima tonkinensis Michaelsen, 1934b: 529, Fig. XX; Nakamura 1999: 55; Thai 2000a: 310. Pheretima (Terrata) tonkinensis��� Thai 1983: 123. Amynthas tonkinensis��� Sims & Easton 1972: 235; Blakemore 2007a: 99; Blakemore 2008b. Type locality. Vietnam (Phu Tho: Phu Ho). Type material. MNHN ( AE592 (A 730)), France. Records from Vietnam. Phu Tho (Phu Ho) (Michaelsen, 1934b). Distribution. Only known from Vietnam. Vietnamese name. Giun b���c b���. Remarks. There are no other records since its original description. Thai (1983) proposed a new subgenus Terrata of the genus Pheretima, and placed the species under the new subgenus., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1934 b) Oligochaten von Franzosisch-Indochina. Archive de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 76, 493 - 546.","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}