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Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is associated with many diseases, including primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation, and has no specific and effective therapies. Necroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), the necroptosis inhibitor targeting RIPK1, has been reported to alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury in various organs. However, the underlying mechanism of Nec-1 in LIRI remains unclear. In this paper, an in vivo LIRI model was built up by left lung hilar clamping in mice, and an in vitro cold ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) model using BEAS-2B cells was applied to mimic the lung transplantation setting. We found Nec-1 significantly alleviated ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury, cytokine releasing, and necroptosis of epithelial cells in mouse lungs. In vitro, Nec-1 also mitigated CI/R-induced cell death and inflammatory responses in BEAS-2B cells, and these protective effects were achieved by simultaneously inhibiting the formation of necrosome and RIPK1-dependent apoptosis. However, Nec-1 decreased the necrosome number but increased the apoptosis level in lung tissues after ischemia reperfusion. We further clarified that Nec-1 could also attenuate lung injury by promoting neutrophil apoptosis from flow cytometry. In conclusion, Nec-1 alleviated lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting necroptosis and apoptosis of epithelial cells and promoting the apoptosis of neutrophils. Thus, Nec-1 could be a promising medication against primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

To determine the effects of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT: BV2 cells were stimulated with microglial activators lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CysLT receptor agonists LTD: Both LPS and LTD: CysLT

To investigate the effects of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) gene knockout on the behavior changes and cerebral morphology during aging in mice,and to compare that of young and aged mice between AQP4 knockout mice (AQP4(-/-)) and wild type mice (AQP4(+/+)).Fifty-eight CD-1 mice were divided into four groups: young (2-3 months old) AQP4(-/-), aged (17-19 months old) AQP4(-/-), young AQP4(+/+) and aged AQP4(+/+). The activity levels and exploring behavior of mice were tested in open field. The neurons were stained with toluidine blue and NeuN, the astrocytes and microglia were stained with GFAP and Iba-1, respectively. The morphological changes of neuron, astrocyte and microglia were then analyzed.Compared with young mice, the total walking distance in open field of aged AQP4(+/+) mice and aged AQP4(-/-) mice decreased 41.2% and 44.1%, respectively (P0.05); while there was no difference in the ratio of distance and retention time in the central area of open field. The density of neuron in cortex of aged AQP4(+/+) mice and aged AQP4(-/-) mice decreased 19.6% and 15.8%, respectively (P0.05), while there was no difference in the thickness of neuron cell body in hippocampus CA1 region. The density of astrocyte in hippocampus CA3 region of aged AQP4(+/+) mice and aged AQP4(-/-) mice increased 57.7% and 64.3%, respectively (P0.001), while there was no difference in the area of astrocyte. The area of microglia in hippocampus CA3 region of aged AQP4(+/+) mice and aged AQP4(-/-) mice increased 46.9% and 52.0%, respectively (P0.01), while there was no difference in the density of microglia. Compared with AQP4(+/+) mice, the young and aged AQP4(-/-) mice showed smaller area of astrocyte in hippocampus CA3 region, reduced 18.0% in young mice and 23.6% in aged mice. There was no difference between AQP4(+/+) mice and AQP4(-/-) mice for other observed indexes.AQP4 may be involved in change of astrocyte and astrocyte-related behaviors during aging. AQP4 gene knockout may have limited effects on the change of neuron, microglia and most neuronal behaviors in aging process.

To examine the spatiotemporal profiles and localization of CysLT1R, CysLT2R and GPR17 in mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson disease (PD).PD model was induced by subcutaneous injection of MPTP (25 mg/kg) for 5 d in adult male C57BL/6 mice. At d10 after MPTP injection, the expression and cellular localization of CysLT1R, CysLT2R and GPR17 in the substantia nigra were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.CysLT1R, CysLT22 and GPR17 were normally localized in TH-positive dopaminergic neurons and microglia, while CysLT2R was also expressed in astrocytes. In dopaminergic neurons, approximately 91% co-expressed GPR17, 77% co-expressed CysLT1R and 52% co-expressed CysLT2R. Compared with the control group, TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra were significantly reduced in PD mice. CysLT1R, CysLT2R and GPR17-positive cells were significantly reduced; and CysLT1R, CysLT2R, GPR17-positive dopaminergic neurons were also significantly reduced in the PD group. In the striatum, both CysLT1R and GPR17 were normally expressed in neurons; whereas CysLT2R was expressed in astrocytes. In PD striatum, CysLT1R and GPR17-positive cells were decreased, but CysLT2R expression was significantly increased which mainly expressed in the proliferating astrocytes.CysLT1R, CysLT2R and GPR17 may be involved in the MPTP-induced PD damage in mice.

We present a novel technique to noninvasively control the growth and turning behavior of an extending neurite. A highly focused infrared laser, positioned at the leading edge of a neurite, has been found to induce extension/turning toward the beam's center. This technique has been used successfully to guide NG108-15 and PC12 cell lines [Ehrlicher, A., Betz, T., Stuhrmann, B., Koch, D. Milner, V. Raizen, M. G., and Kas, J. (2002). Guiding neuronal growth with light. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16024-16028], as well as primary rat and mouse cortical neurons [Stuhrmann, B., Goegler, M., Betz, T., Ehrlicher, A., Koch, D., and Kas, J. (2005). Automated tracking and laser micromanipulation of cells. Rev. Sci. Instr. 76, 035105]. Optical guidance may eventually be used alone or with other methods for controlling neurite extension in both research and clinical applications.