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There are two electrophysiological dichotomous populations of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons located in the dorsal striatum. Striatal PV interneurons in medial and lateral regions differ significantly in their intrinsic excitability. Parvalbumin interneurons in the dorsomedial striatum, but not in the dorsolateral striatum, receive afferent glutamatergic input from cingulate cortex., Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and a doctoral fellowship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology to P.M. (SFRH/BD/33894/2009). Research in the Laboratory of Guoping Feng has been supported by the Poitras Center for Affective Disorders Research at MIT, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, National Institute of Health (NINDS and NIMH), Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, American Heart Association, The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation, The EJLB Foundation, The Esther A. & Joseph Klingenstein Fund, The Hartwell Foundation, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience, Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation, Ruth K. Broad Foundation for Biomedical Research, Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI), and The Whitehall Foundation. B.B. was supported by postdoctoral fellowships from the Simons Center for the Social Brain at MIT and the Autism Science Foundation and is currently a faculty at The School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel. P.M. is currently supported by Society in Science, The Branco Weiss Fellowship, administered by Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, and European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Long-Term Fellowship (ALTF 89 – 2016), info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Whole-cell patch clamping in vivo is an important neuroscience technique that uniquely provides access to both suprathreshold spiking and subthreshold synaptic events of single neurons in the brain. This article describes how to set up and use the autopatcher, which is a robot for automatically obtaining high-yield and high-quality whole-cell patch clamp recordings in vivo. By following this protocol, a functional experimental rig for automated whole-cell patch clamping can be set up in 1 week. High-quality surgical preparation of mice takes ~1 h, and each autopatching experiment can be carried out over periods lasting several hours. Autopatching should enable in vivo intracellular investigations to be accessible by a substantial number of neuroscience laboratories, and it enables labs that are already doing in vivo patch clamping to scale up their efforts by reducing training time for new lab members and increasing experimental durations by handling mentally intensive tasks automatically., National Eye Institute, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (1-U01-MH106027-01), United States. National Institutes of Health (EY023173), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (HER 0965945), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CISE 1110947), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (5T90DA032466), Georgia Institute of Technology, United States. National Institutes of Health (1R01EY023173), New York Stem Cell Foundation (Robertson Neuroscience Investigator Award), United States. National Institutes of Health (1DP1NS087724), United States. National Institutes of Health (1R24MH106075), United States. National Institutes of Health (1R01MH103910)

A comprehensive characterization of neuronal cell types, their distributions, and patterns of connectivity is critical for understanding the properties of neural circuits and how they generate behaviors. Here we review the experiences of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Consortium, ten pilot projects funded by the U.S. BRAIN Initiative, in developing, validating, and scaling up emerging genomic and anatomical mapping technologies for creating a complete inventory of neuronal cell types and their connections in multiple species and during development. These projects lay the foundation for a larger and longer-term effort to generate whole-brain cell atlases in species including mice and humans. In this Perspective, Ecker et al. discuss the efforts of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Consortium, ten pilot projects whose collective goal was to develop and validate methods for generating comprehensive atlases of neuronal cell types in the mammalian brain., BRAIN Initiative

Perturbations in neural circuits can provide mechanistic understanding of the neural correlates of behavior. In M71 transgenic mice with a “monoclonal nose”, glomerular input patterns in the olfactory bulb are massively perturbed and olfactory behaviors are altered. To gain insights into how olfactory circuits can process such degraded inputs we characterized odor-evoked responses of olfactory bulb mitral cells and interneurons. Surprisingly, calcium imaging experiments reveal that mitral cell responses in M71 transgenic mice are largely normal, highlighting a remarkable capacity of olfactory circuits to normalize sensory input. In vivo whole cell recordings suggest that feedforward inhibition from olfactory bulb periglomerular cells can mediate this signal normalization. Together, our results identify inhibitory circuits in the olfactory bulb as a mechanistic basis for many of the behavioral phenotypes of mice with a “monoclonal nose” and highlight how substantially degraded odor input can be transformed to yield meaningful olfactory bulb output.