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Tripedalia maipoensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, Fig. S1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 68BA7074-70C9-400A-9F49- 572E6DC3622B Material examined: TMBC030991 (holotype): adult medusa, female (Fig. 1A–B), collected 21 April 2022, preserved in 4% formalin, stored in 90% ethanol. TMBC030992–TMBC031003 (paratypes): adult medusa, one individual each, same sampling location as holotype, TMBC030992 (male), TMBC030993 (female), TMBC030994 (male), TMBC030995 (female), TMBC030996 (sex cannot be determined), TMBC030997 (male), TMBC030998 (female), TMBC030999 (female), TMBC031000 (male), TMBC031001 (male), TMBC031002 (female), TMBC031003 (female), TMBC030992– TMBC030995 collected on 21 April 2022, TMBC030996–TMBC031003 collected in August 2020, TMBC030992–TMBC030997 preserved in 4% formalin and stored in 90% ethanol, TMBC030998– TMBC031003 preserved in 95% ethanol. © 2023 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Type locality: Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. 22. 4887°N, 114.0417°E. © 2023 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Etymology: maipoensis is the Latinized form of the type locality Mai Po. Diagnosis: Medusa with three pedalia per bell corner, each pedalium with one tentacle, velarium with forked canals. Description: The bell is transparent, colourless, cuboidal-shaped with smooth, edges rounded, roof slightly arched, with white nematocyst warts of different shapes and sizes densely scattered from apex to bell margin (Fig. 1A–B, G; Fig. S1C–E). There is a pair of gonads at each corner of the bell, extending from stomach rim to velarium in both sexes (Fig. 1A, Fig. S1C). There are four frown-shaped rhopalial niches, each located between two bell corners. Each rhopalial niche ostium has a prominent upper covering scale, and a small lower scale (Fig. 1A, C). Each ropalial niche has a rhopalium suspended from the roof with a stalk. Each of the four rhopalia bears six eyes: two lateral pit eyes, two lateral slit eyes, a smaller upper lens eye, and a larger lower lens eye (Fig. 1D). Each rhopalium also bears a large crystalline statolith below the lower lens eye. The velarium is smooth, without nematocyst warts. The velarial canals are biforked to multi-branched with 3–6 branches, with sharp tips (Fig. 1E–F). The velarial canal tips are white in mature specimens (Fig. 1E). The manubrium extends from the bell roof to 1/2–2/3 bell height (Fig. S1C, E); they are cruciform with four terminal lobes that are free of nematocyst warts (Fig. 1H). The stomach is flat, with its four corners each connected to a brush-like gastric phacella (Fig. 1G, Fig. S1F). The pedalia are flat and unbended, each with one pedalial canal inside (Fig. 1A–B, Fig. S1C– D) and nematocyst warts on the outer surface (Fig. 1B, Fig. S1D). Pedalial canal straight, extending through pedalium, slightly tapering at distal end, knee bend rounded without appendage. Each pedalium bears a single unbranched tentacle. Nematocysts from tentacles are oval-shaped (Fig. 1I). Juvenile medusae are similar with adults in gross morphology. At ~BH 3.2 mm, they developed from two to three pedalia per bell corner (Fig. S1G–H). Sexual Dimorphism: Female gonad ‘wings’ are slender, extending from the stomach to the velarium; whitish to light yellow in live specimens (Fig. 1A– B). Male gonad ‘wings’ are broad with a rounded top, extending from the stomach to the velarium; whitish in live specimen (Fig. S1C). © 2023 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Measurements: n = 8 adults. Mean BH 12.5 (± 3.3) mm, mean DBW 15.2 (± 6.9) mm, mean IRW 1.4 (± 0.7) mm, mean DRT 2.7 (± 1.3) mm, mean PL 4.9 (± 1.1) mm, mean PW 1.5 (± 0.5) mm. Distribution and ecology: The new species is currently known only from the type locality, but may also occur in the adjacent waters of the Pearl River Estuary as the ponds are connected to the estuary through a tidal channel. The new species was found every year since 2020 in some of the brackish water intertidal shrimp ponds of Mai Po Nature Reserve during April and May, and also extending to June in 2021 when water temperature ranged from 20°C to 29°C, and salinity from 5.8 psu to 18 psu. The new species was recorded in water channels flanked by Common Reed (Phragmites australis) or mangroves of mainly Kandelia obovata mixed with the golden leather fern Acrostichum aureum. Genetic analyses: A 567 base pair (bp) fragment of 16S, 1734 bp fragment of 18S and 1809 bp fragment of 28S was used in the genetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined dataset of three genes strongly supported the monophyly of Tripedalia (Fig. 2). Specimens of T. maipoensis sp. nov. were grouped to a distinctive clade and sister to the T. cystophora group comprising specimens from Costa Rica and Indonesia with strong support (UFBoot = 100, Fig. 2). The Tripedalia clade is then sister to Copula sivickisi (Fig. 2). For 16S, the intraspecific p -distance of T. maipoensis sp. nov. for 16S is 0.1%, while the interspecific p- distance between T. maipoensis sp. nov. and T. cystophora is 17.5%. The percentage of genetic distance for 16S between T. maipoensis sp. nov. and Copula sivickisi is 26.6%, while the value between T. cystophora and C. sivickisi is 28.3%. Key to genera and species of Tripedallidae Conant, 1897 with the new species 1. One pedalium per bell corner............................... Copula sivickisi - More than one pedalium per bell corner.................................... 2 2. Two pedalia per bell corner.............................. Tripedalia binata - Three pedalia per bell corner...................................................... 3 3. Velarial canals simple, unforked............... Tripedalia cystophora - Velarial canals forked.................. Tripedalia maipoensis sp. nov., Published as part of Sun, Yanan, Tsui, Justin Hon Yin, Wong, Rachel Ting Huen, Cheung, Ringo Nga Ching, Ng, Murphy Kam Pui, Or, Carmen K. M. & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2023, A New Species of Box Jellyfish (Cnidaria: Tripedaliidae: Tripedalia) from Hong Kong, China, pp. 1-7 in Zoological Studies 62 (17) on pages 2-5, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-17, http://zenodo.org/record/8075456, {"references":["Conant FS. 1897. Notes on the cubomedusae. Johns Hopkins University Circular 132: 8 - 10."]}

We describe a box jellyfish, Tripedalia maipoensis sp. nov., based on samples collected from a shrimp pond in Hong Kong. This new species is morphologically distinct from other species of the family Tripedaliidae by the following combination of characters: (1) three pedalia at each bell corner; (2) each pedalium with one tentacle; and (3) velarium with forked canals. Phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated dataset of the 16S, 18S and 28S rRNA genes show that T. maipoensis sp. nov. is sister to the morphologically similar species T. cystophora, but the two species exhibit 17.4% divergence in the 16S rRNA gene, supporting T. maipoensis sp. nov. as a distinct species. This new species represents the fourth described species of Tripedaliidae, and the first record of the family in Chinese coastal waters.

Tubastraea, commonly known as sun coral, is a genus of brightly coloured azooxanthellate corals in the family Dendrophylliidae. The diversity of this genus is low, with only seven recognized species. Herein, we describe Tubastraea megacorallita sp. nov. from Hong Kong based on morphological and molecular analyses. This new species exhibits several characteristics of the genus including being colonial, having a rough texture of corallum and no epitheca. It can be distinguished from its congenerics by bigger corallites, and the Pourtalès plan arrangement of its septa. The rDNA gene sequences (consisting of ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, 18S and 28S) showed 2.45–5.18% divergence from those of its closest relatives, T. coccinea and T. micranthus.

Amphictene jianqingi n. sp. Figs 1, 4–6. Material examined. Holotype: SCSMBC030870 (tissue sample sequenced), complete, Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, Guangdong Province, 114°33'10.8"E 22°35'34.8"N, 11 m, mud, coll. J. Zhang, Y. Gao & K. Chen, Jun 2015, sta. D05. Paratype: SCSMBC030871, 1 spec. complete, mounted for SEM, collected from the same location and time as holotype. Description. Holotype, pale in colour after preservation, conical in shape (Fig. 4A–B). Body length 39.1 mm including paleae and scaphe, width 5.4 mm at cephalic region. Cephalic veil oval, free from operculum, with 12 smooth cirri on anterior and lateral margins (Figs 4D; 5B). Pair of ear-shaped lobes adjacent to both sides of dorsal base of cephalic veil. Buccal tentacles arising from posterior to cephalic veil, long grooved lobes, extending to margin of cephalic veil (Figs 4D; 5B). Operculum semicircular; dorsal and lateral margins well developed, with three pairs of long lateral cirri and 17 ventral triangular lappets; ventral margin (opercular ridge) with left 9 and right 10 golden paleae, curved dorsally, acute with extended tips (Figs 4C; 5A). First pair of tentacular cirri extending beyond paleae, with annuli, arising from connection of opercular margin and paleal ridge (Figs 4C–D; 5A–B). Pair of small ventro-lateral lappets present behind tentacular cirri, near cephalic veil, on segment 1 (Fig. 5C). Ventral region of segment 1 covered by ventral lobes of segment 2 (Figs 4D; 5B). Second pair of tentacular cirri long, extending beyond opercular anterior margin, with annuli, on latero-median connecting ridge on segment 2, inserted more dorsally than 1 st pair (Figs 4C; 5A, C). Pair of broad ventro-lateral lobes and a mid-ventral lobe on segment 2; ventro-lateral lobes with three continuous small papillae on the inner portion and a smooth lateral lobe about 1/3 width of ventro-lateral lobes; mid-ventral lobe more posterior with two lobes with many papillae, separated by shallow grooves (Figs 4D; 5B). Dorsal lobe absent on segment 2 (Figs 4C; 5A, C). Comb-like branchiae on segments 3–4, consisting of series of dense, flat lamellae. Branchiae on segment 3 larger and inserted more ventrally than those of segment 4 (Figs 4C–D; 5A, C). Pair of dorso-lateral glandular pads smooth adjacent to branchiae on segment 3 (Figs 4C; 5A, C). Dorso-lateral glandular pads absent on segment 4. Distinct ventral glandular lobes present on segments 3–6, becoming progressively more lateral and broader on segments 3–5 (Figs 4D; 5B). Segment 3 with broad ventral lobe, swelling and higher mid ventrally. Segment 4 with pair of humps near branchiae and pair of ventro-lateral lobes about equal width with hump, separated by shallow grooves. Segment 5 with pair of ventro-lateral lobes and mid-ventral lobe about 1/4 width of ventro-lateral lobes, separated from them by shallow grooves. Segment 6 with pair of ventro-lateral ventral lobe, and mid-ventral partions more posteriorly, separated by shallow groove (Figs 4D; 5B). Notopodia other than those of segment 1 which bear paleae, on segments 5–20 (16 pairs), each bearing two kinds of notochaetae; one winged from anterior row, bordered with serrations along distal portion, short, covered progressively with more spines from about middle to front of wing, on anterior surface; posterior row with stout, long and straight, tapering to an acute tip chaetae, covered with spines from mid-anterior portion to tip, on anterior surface (Fig. 6E–J). Neuropodia, 13 pairs on segments 8–20, each with raised torus with a transverse row of uncini; each uncinus with U-shaped anterior peg embedded into torus, several rows of minor teeth, two longitudinal rows of major teeth, each with about seven teeth (Fig. 6A–D). Segment 21 with pair of major lateral lobes without chaetae (Figs 4E–F, H; 5D, F). Scaphe long ovoidal, flattened dorsally; with five pairs of lobes on lateral-posterior margin including two pairs of narrow anterior lobes with triangle tip and three pairs of posterior rounded lobes; with three pairs of dorsal cirri under margin of the last three pairs of lobes; the last lobe with smooth lateral-posterior margin and a lappet adjacent to mid-line (Figs 4E–H; 5D–F; 6K–M). Anal flap round-leaf shaped, with smooth margin, with short anal cirrus (absent on paratype) (Figs 6E–G, H; 7D–G). Scaphal hooks about 26 pairs, amber, spear-shaped, almost straight, with blunt tip, arranged in transverse row on dorsal margin of scaphe (Figs 4E, I; 6N–O). A small rounded lobe on dorsal margin of scaphe in between rows of scaphal hooks (Figs 4E, H–I; 5D; 6K). Tube not collected. Methyl Green stained body distinctly green on cephalic veil, ventral lobes of segments 2–6, base of 2 nd pair of tentacular cirri, dorso-lateral pads of segment 3, neuropodia, regions between segment 20 and scaphe, margins of scaphe, and the posterior ventral half of the scaphe (Fig. 4A–B). Distribution. Daya Bay, northern South China Sea (Fig. 1). Habitat. Collected in mud in shallow water. Etymology. The species is named after the first name of Jinghuai’s son Jianqing Zhang for he was a lovely boy and gave the senior author some moral support on the taxonomy of polychaetes. Remarks. The new species Amphictene jianqingi n. sp. can be distinguished from other species of pectinariids by the following characters: cephalic veil free from operculum, with numerous cirri on margins; opercular margin with cirri or lappets; comb-like branchiae present on segments 3–4; dorso-lateral glandular pad smooth on segment 3; dorso-lateral glandular pads absent on segment 4; capillary notochaetae on segments 5–20; neurochaetae (uncini) on segments 8–20; dorsal cirri under lateral margin of the last three lobes on scaphe. The new species is very similar to A. alata Zhang, Zhang & Qiu, 2015 collected from the same locality and A. japonica (Nilsson, 1928) from Japan, as all have capillary notochaetae on segments 5–20, neurochaetae (uncini) on segments 8–20, numerous scaphal hooks, but A. jianqingi n. sp. differs from A. alata and A. japonica by having dorsal cirri on the lateral margin of scaphe. Otherwise, dorso-lateral pads of A. jianqingi n. sp. are smooth on segment 3, whereas those of A. alata have a crenulated margin on segment 3. Amphictene cercusa Zhang & Hutchings, 2019 is the other species with dorsal cirri on the lateral margin of scaphe, but differs from the new species by having capillary notochaetae on segments 5–21, and crenulated posterior margin (cirri) on the last lobes of scaphe., Published as part of Zhang, Jinghuai, Hutchings, Pat & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2022, Pectinariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the coastal waters of China, with description of new species and new records, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 5151 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5151.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6630734, {"references":["Zhang, J., Zhang, Y. & Qiu, J. - W. (2015) A new species of Amphictene (Annelida, Pectinariidae) from the northern South China Sea. ZooKeys, 545, 27 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 545.6454","Nilsson, D. (1928) Neue und alte Amphicteniden. Goteborgs Kunge. Vetenskaps - och Vitterhets Samhalles Handlingar, Series 4, 33, 1 - 96."]}

Key to genera of Pectinariidae and species recorded from Chinese waters 1 Segments 8–21 with neurochaetae (uncini); anterior margin of cephalic veil with smooth acute triangular anterior end or several lappets............................................................................. Petta Malmgren, 1866 - Segment 21 without neurochaetae (uncini); margins of cephalic veil with cirri..................................... 2 2 One longitudinal row of major teeth on uncini........................................ Cistenides Malmgren, 1866 - More than one longitudinal row of major teeth on uncini...................................................... 3 3 Opercular rim with cirri or lappets............................................... 4 (Amphictene Savigny, 1822) - Opercular rim smooth................................................................................. 7 4 Scaphal hooks 5–8 pairs.................................................... Amphictene capensis (Pallas, 1766) - Scaphal hooks more than 10 pairs........................................................................ 5 5 Pair of dorso-lateral lobes with undulating margin on segment 3............ Amphictene alata Zhang, Zhang & Qiu, 2015 - Pair of dorso-lateral lobes with smooth margin on segment 3................................................... 6 6 Lateral lobes of scaphe with three pairs of dorsal cirri below margins...................... Amphictene jianqingi n. sp. - Lateral lobes of scaphe without dorsal cirri below margins......................... Amphictene japonica Nisson, 1928 7 Cephalic veil attached to lateral margin of operculum................................... 8 (Lagis Malmgren, 1866) - Cephalic veil free from operculum................................................ 10 (Pectinaria Lamarck, 1818) 8 Lateral and posterior margins of anal flap crenulated or with cirri............................................... 9 - Lateral and posterior margins of anal flap smooth with several lappets.............. Lagis neapolitana (Claparède, 1869) 9 Lateral and posterior margins of anal flap with numerous cirri (fringes); scaphe without club-shaped papillae near margins of lateral lobes.................................................................... Lagis bocki (Hessle, 1917) - Lateral and posterior margins of anal flap crenulated; scaphe with 3 pairs of club-shaped papillae near margins of lateral lobes............................................................................ Lagis koreni Malmgren, 1866 10 Segment 21 with notochaetae........................................................................... 11 - Segment 21 without notochaetae........................................................................ 14 11 Anal flap with anal cirrus.............................................................................. 12 - Anal flap without anal cirrus........................................................................... 13 12 Scaphal hooks 4–5 pairs; 60–70 cirri on the margin of cephalic veil.................. Pectinaria aegyptia (Savigny, 1822) - Scaphal hooks 6–8 pairs; 16–29 cirri on the margin of cephalic veil................. Pectinaria antipoda Schmarda, 1861 13 Anal flap with crenulated magin; 3–4 longitudinal rows of major teeth on uncini....... Pectinaria conchilega Grube, 1878 - Anal flap withou smooth magin; two longitudinal rows of major teeth on uncini........ Pectinaria papillosa Caullery, 1944 14 Segment 20 with neurochaetae.......................................................................... 15 - Segment 20 without neurochaetae....................................................................... 18 15 Segment 2 with a postero-dorsal lobe...................................... Pectinaria torquata Zhang & Qiu, 2017 - Segment 2 without a postero-dorsal lobe.................................................................. 16 16 Mid-ventral lobe with 4-6 continuous lappets on segment 4.................................. Pectinaria lizhei n. sp. - Mid-ventral lobe smooth, only with pair of small papillae on corners of mid-ventral lobe on segment 4................ 17 17 Mid-ventral lobe narrow about 1/2 width of ventro-lateral lobes on segment 4................... Pectinaria xiukaii n. sp. - Mid-ventral lobe broad almost same width of ventro-lateral lobes on segment 4............... Pectinaria dayaensis n. sp. 18 Branchiae absent on segments 3–4....................................... Pectinaria crenulatus (Sun & Qiu, 2012) - Branchiae present on segments 3–4.... Pectinaria plurihamus (Choi, Jung & Yoon, 2017) or Pectinaria dimai Zachs, 1933, Published as part of Zhang, Jinghuai, Hutchings, Pat & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2022, Pectinariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the coastal waters of China, with description of new species and new records, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 5151 (1) on pages 70-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5151.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6630734, {"references":["Malmgren, A. J. (1866) Nordiska Hafs-Annulater. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22 (5), 355 - 410. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 100715 page / 369 / mode / 1 up]","Savigny, J. - C. (1822) Systeme des annelides, principalement de celles des cotes de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, offrant les caracteres tant distinctifs que naturels des Ordres, Familles et Genres, avec la Description des Especes. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des Observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'Expedition de l'Armee Francaise, publie par les Ordres de sa Majeste l'Empereur Napoleon le Grand, Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1 (3), 1 - 128. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41329897]","Pallas, P. S. (1766) Miscellanea zoologica quibus novae imprimis atque obfurae animalium species describuntur et observationibus iconibusque illustrantur. Apud Petrum van Cleef, MDCCLXVI [1766], Hagae Comitum, 224 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 69851","Zhang, J., Zhang, Y. & Qiu, J. - W. (2015) A new species of Amphictene (Annelida, Pectinariidae) from the northern South China Sea. ZooKeys, 545, 27 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 545.6454","Lamarck, J. B. de (1818) Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedes d'une Introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l`Animal, sa distinction du vegetal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Deterville, Paris, 612 pp. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12886879]","Claparede, E. (1869) Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Seconde partie. Ordre IIme. Annelides Sedentaires (Aud. et Edw.). Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 20 (1), 1 - 225, pls. XVII - XXXI. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2142","Hessle, C. (1917) Zur Kenntnis der terebellomorphen Polychaeten. Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala, 5, 39 - 258. [https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 38891407]","Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue Turbellarian, Rotatorien und Anneliden Beobachtet und Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 164 pp. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / ia / neuewirbelloseth 21861 schm]","Grube, A. E. (1878) Annulata Semperiana. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Annelidenfauna der Philippinen nach den on Herrn Prof. Semper mitgebrachten Sammlungen. Memoires l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg, Serie 7, 25 (8), 1 - 300. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 162068 page / 7 / mode / 1 up] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85345","Caullery, M. (1944) Polychetes sedentaire de l'Expedition du Siboga: Ariciidae, Spionidae, Chaetopteridae, Chloraemidae, Opheliidae, Oweniidae, Sabellariidae, Sternaspidae, Amphictenidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae. Siboga Expeditie, Leiden, 24, 1 - 204.","Zhang, J. & Qiu, J. - W. (2017) A new species of Pectinaria (Annelida, Pectinariidae), with a key to pectinariids from the South China Sea. ZooKeys, 683, 139 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 683.12272","Sun, Y. & Qiu, J. W. (2012) A new species of Lagis (Polychaeta: Pectinariidae) from Hong Kong. Zootaxa, 3264 (1), 61 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3264.1.4","Choi, H. K. Jung, T. W. & Yoon, S. M. (2017) A new species of Lagis (Annelida: Polychaeta: Pectinariidae) from Korean waters. Zootaxa, 4227 (2), 279 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4227.2.8","Zachs, I. (1933) Polychaeta of the North Japanese Sea. Explorations des Mers URSS Leningrad, 19, 125 - 137. [in Russian]"]}

Amphictene jianqingi n. sp. Figs 1, 4–6. Material examined. Holotype: SCSMBC030870 (tissue sample sequenced), complete, Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, Guangdong Province, 114°33'10.8"E 22°35'34.8"N, 11 m, mud, coll. J. Zhang, Y. Gao & K. Chen, Jun 2015, sta. D05. Paratype: SCSMBC030871, 1 spec. complete, mounted for SEM, collected from the same location and time as holotype. Description. Holotype, pale in colour after preservation, conical in shape (Fig. 4A–B). Body length 39.1 mm including paleae and scaphe, width 5.4 mm at cephalic region. Cephalic veil oval, free from operculum, with 12 smooth cirri on anterior and lateral margins (Figs 4D; 5B). Pair of ear-shaped lobes adjacent to both sides of dorsal base of cephalic veil. Buccal tentacles arising from posterior to cephalic veil, long grooved lobes, extending to margin of cephalic veil (Figs 4D; 5B). Operculum semicircular; dorsal and lateral margins well developed, with three pairs of long lateral cirri and 17 ventral triangular lappets; ventral margin (opercular ridge) with left 9 and right 10 golden paleae, curved dorsally, acute with extended tips (Figs 4C; 5A). First pair of tentacular cirri extending beyond paleae, with annuli, arising from connection of opercular margin and paleal ridge (Figs 4C–D; 5A–B). Pair of small ventro-lateral lappets present behind tentacular cirri, near cephalic veil, on segment 1 (Fig. 5C). Ventral region of segment 1 covered by ventral lobes of segment 2 (Figs 4D; 5B). Second pair of tentacular cirri long, extending beyond opercular anterior margin, with annuli, on latero-median connecting ridge on segment 2, inserted more dorsally than 1 st pair (Figs 4C; 5A, C). Pair of broad ventro-lateral lobes and a mid-ventral lobe on segment 2; ventro-lateral lobes with three continuous small papillae on the inner portion and a smooth lateral lobe about 1/3 width of ventro-lateral lobes; mid-ventral lobe more posterior with two lobes with many papillae, separated by shallow grooves (Figs 4D; 5B). Dorsal lobe absent on segment 2 (Figs 4C; 5A, C). Comb-like branchiae on segments 3–4, consisting of series of dense, flat lamellae. Branchiae on segment 3 larger and inserted more ventrally than those of segment 4 (Figs 4C–D; 5A, C). Pair of dorso-lateral glandular pads smooth adjacent to branchiae on segment 3 (Figs 4C; 5A, C). Dorso-lateral glandular pads absent on segment 4. Distinct ventral glandular lobes present on segments 3–6, becoming progressively more lateral and broader on segments 3–5 (Figs 4D; 5B). Segment 3 with broad ventral lobe, swelling and higher mid ventrally. Segment 4 with pair of humps near branchiae and pair of ventro-lateral lobes about equal width with hump, separated by shallow grooves. Segment 5 with pair of ventro-lateral lobes and mid-ventral lobe about 1/4 width of ventro-lateral lobes, separated from them by shallow grooves. Segment 6 with pair of ventro-lateral ventral lobe, and mid-ventral partions more posteriorly, separated by shallow groove (Figs 4D; 5B). Notopodia other than those of segment 1 which bear paleae, on segments 5–20 (16 pairs), each bearing two kinds of notochaetae; one winged from anterior row, bordered with serrations along distal portion, short, covered progressively with more spines from about middle to front of wing, on anterior surface; posterior row with stout, long and straight, tapering to an acute tip chaetae, covered with spines from mid-anterior portion to tip, on anterior surface (Fig. 6E–J). Neuropodia, 13 pairs on segments 8–20, each with raised torus with a transverse row of uncini; each uncinus with U-shaped anterior peg embedded into torus, several rows of minor teeth, two longitudinal rows of major teeth, each with about seven teeth (Fig. 6A–D). Segment 21 with pair of major lateral lobes without chaetae (Figs 4E–F, H; 5D, F). Scaphe long ovoidal, flattened dorsally; with five pairs of lobes on lateral-posterior margin including two pairs of narrow anterior lobes with triangle tip and three pairs of posterior rounded lobes; with three pairs of dorsal cirri under margin of the last three pairs of lobes; the last lobe with smooth lateral-posterior margin and a lappet adjacent to mid-line (Figs 4E–H; 5D–F; 6K–M). Anal flap round-leaf shaped, with smooth margin, with short anal cirrus (absent on paratype) (Figs 6E–G, H; 7D–G). Scaphal hooks about 26 pairs, amber, spear-shaped, almost straight, with blunt tip, arranged in transverse row on dorsal margin of scaphe (Figs 4E, I; 6N–O). A small rounded lobe on dorsal margin of scaphe in between rows of scaphal hooks (Figs 4E, H–I; 5D; 6K). Tube not collected. Methyl Green stained body distinctly green on cephalic veil, ventral lobes of segments 2–6, base of 2 nd pair of tentacular cirri, dorso-lateral pads of segment 3, neuropodia, regions between segment 20 and scaphe, margins of scaphe, and the posterior ventral half of the scaphe (Fig. 4A–B). Distribution. Daya Bay, northern South China Sea (Fig. 1). Habitat. Collected in mud in shallow water. Etymology. The species is named after the first name of Jinghuai’s son Jianqing Zhang for he was a lovely boy and gave the senior author some moral support on the taxonomy of polychaetes. Remarks. The new species Amphictene jianqingi n. sp. can be distinguished from other species of pectinariids by the following characters: cephalic veil free from operculum, with numerous cirri on margins; opercular margin with cirri or lappets; comb-like branchiae present on segments 3–4; dorso-lateral glandular pad smooth on segment 3; dorso-lateral glandular pads absent on segment 4; capillary notochaetae on segments 5–20; neurochaetae (uncini) on segments 8–20; dorsal cirri under lateral margin of the last three lobes on scaphe. The new species is very similar to A. alata Zhang, Zhang & Qiu, 2015 collected from the same locality and A. japonica (Nilsson, 1928) from Japan, as all have capillary notochaetae on segments 5–20, neurochaetae (uncini) on segments 8–20, numerous scaphal hooks, but A. jianqingi n. sp. differs from A. alata and A. japonica by having dorsal cirri on the lateral margin of scaphe. Otherwise, dorso-lateral pads of A. jianqingi n. sp. are smooth on segment 3, whereas those of A. alata have a crenulated margin on segment 3. Amphictene cercusa Zhang & Hutchings, 2019 is the other species with dorsal cirri on the lateral margin of scaphe, but differs from the new species by having capillary notochaetae on segments 5–21, and crenulated posterior margin (cirri) on the last lobes of scaphe.

Genus Tubastraea Lesson, 1830 Diagnosis of genus Tubastraea (emended after Cairns 2001 and Cairns & Kitahara 2012) Colonial coralla firmly attached and encrusting; septa cycles hexamerally arranged and typically inserted with spongy columella; septa arranged /not arranged in a Pourtalès plan; corallum with a rough texture; colony developing from a common basal coenosteum by budding, with clear connection among polyps; columella small to moderate in size and lacks an epitheca., Published as part of Yiu, Sam King Fung, Chung, Sheena Suet-Wah & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2021, A new species of the sun coral genus Tubastraea (Scleractinia: Dendrophylliidae) from Hong Kong, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 5047 (1) on page 3, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5533627, {"references":["Cairns, S. D. (2001) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 615, 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.615","Cairns, S. D. & Kitahara, M. V. (2012) An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), with an attached glossary. ZooKeys, 227, 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 227.3612"]}

Chen, Chong, Xu, Ting, Fraussen, Koen, Qiu, Jian-Wen (2021): Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (1): 230, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa134, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/193/1/230/6038916

GENUS THERMOSIPHO KANTOR ET AL., 2013 Thermosipho Kantor et al., 2013: 2188. Type species: Eosipho auzendei Warén & Bouchet, 2001, by original designation. Diagnosis (emended from Fraussen & Stahlschmidt, 2016): Shell medium to large, up to 70 mm in length, thin, dark brownish in coloration. Shell form broadly oviform with moderately wide, short spire that is usually corroded. Siphonal canal short and not well defined, open. Subsutural ramp lacking. Whorls inflated, completely smooth and lacking in significant sculpture except fine lines. Protoconch unknown. Periostracum thick, dark brown, adherent, with dense axial lamellae that are most evident on the subsutural zone. Operculum thick, corneous, brown, with terminal nucleus, semi-oval in shape and smaller than the aperture. Distribution: Hydrothermal vents in the East Pacific. Known from the East Pacific Rise between 17 and 23° N and the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge between 31 and 38°S (Warén et al., 2006). Remarks: See under Enigmaticolus. Included species: Thermosipho auzendei (Warén & Bouchet, 2001) (original combination: Eosipho auzendei)., Published as part of Chen, Chong, Xu, Ting, Fraussen, Koen & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2021, Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae), pp. 230 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (1) on page 230, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa134, {"references":["Kantor YI, Puillandre N, Fraussen K, Fedosov AE, Bouchet P. 2013. Deep-water Buccinidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from sunken wood, vents and seeps:","Waren A, Bouchet P. 2001. Gastropoda and Monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps: new taxa and records. The Veliger 44: 116 - 231.","Fraussen K, Stahlschmidt P. 2016. The extensive Indo- Pacific deep-water radiation of Manaria E. A. Smith, 1906 (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) and related genera, with descriptions of 21 new species. In: Heros V, Strong E, Bouchet P, eds. Tropical deep-sea benthos 29 (Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 208). Paris: Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 363 - 456.","Waren A, Bouchet P, von Cosel R. 2006. Gastropoda: Neomphalina. In: Desbruyeres D, Segonzac M, Bright M, eds. Handbook of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna (second completely revised edition.) Denisia 18. Linz: Oberosterreichisches Landesmuseum, 104 - 120."]}

Didrepanephorus nishiyamai Muramoto, 2006 ��������'������ (Figs. 21���24, 29���30, 37���38, 68, 70) Didrepanephorus nishiyamai Muramoto, 2006: 58 (type locality: ���Mts. Daming Shan, Guangxi Prov., China ���), figs. 1���2 (habitus and male genitalia); Krajč��k 2007: 67; Krajč��k 2012: 93; Zorn & Bezděk 2016: 357. Type material. This species was originally described based on two males, but the type identity of the specimen displayed in the original publication was not indicated (Muramoto 2006). Depository of the type material was only given for the holotype, i.e., NSMT, while it was not found when the authors (JYQ & HX) visited there in 2018. Hence, the holotype probably remains in the private collection of Rieko Muramoto. Additional material examined (7♂♂, 1♀). CHINA: Guangdong: 1♂ (SYSU, En-344357), 2011.VI.2, Heishiding, Fengkai, Yun LI leg.; 1♂ (CTZY), 2020.VI.12, Nanling Forest Park, Shaoguan, Jun-Qiang XU leg.; 1♂ (CZMZ), 2020.VI.19, Nanling Forest Park, Shaoguan, Jun-Qiang XU leg.; Guangxi: 1♂ (CTZY), 2017.V.27, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu, Wen JIN leg.; 1♂ (MYNU), 2019.VI���VII, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, Wen JIN leg.; 1♂ (CLC), 2010.V.17, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County; 1♀ (CLC), 2014.VI.3, Mount Damingshan, Nanning, alt. 650 m.; 1♂ (CLC), 2014.VI.6, Mount Damingshan, Nanning, alt. 1,200 m. Description (female). Body oval and convex. Reddish-brown, hairs and setae yellow (Fig. 23). Head: Clypeus longer than in male, trapezoidal, anterior margin evenly curved and strongly convex; sides strongly convergent anteriad and swollen in basal half, roundly curved in middle, then weakly convergent anteriad to the rounded anterior angle; surface densely rugopunctate; margins with some short setae. Frontal-clypeal suture broadly interrupted medially, represented by a short carina at each side. Frons and vertex densely rugopunctate, basal portions with sparse, semierect short setae. Eye-canthus narrow, not extends beyond outermost point of eye, anterior angle broadly rounded. Antenna reddish-brown, antennal club shorter than longer than antennomeres 2���7 combined. Labrum not visible in dorsal view. Mandible reddish-brown, margin black; nearly triangular; outer edge bidentate, apical tooth acute and bends upwards, second tooth broadly rounded. Maxillary palpi and labial palpi simple. Mentum with sparse punctures, as well as short and long, erect setae, anterior margin slightly concave in middle. Gula reddish-brown, matt. Pronotum: Strongly convex (Fig. 30), about 1.47 times as wide as long, widest near middle. Anterior margin distinctly bisinuate; anterior marginal membrane distinct, reaching anterior angle. Sides slightly concave and convergent posteriad in basal half, roundly and broadly curved at middle, strongly convergent anteriad in apical half. Posterior margin broadly protruding in middle. Basal marginal line interrupted before scutellum, all other marginal lines completed. Anterior angle moderately protruding and blunt at apex, rounded posterior angle slightly protruding. Surface shiny, with moderately dense, large punctures, lateral portions with sparse, semierect short setae. Scutellum: Nearly short triangular, lateral margin feebly curved, apex rounded. Surface with scattered small punctures. Elytra: Convex. Almost as wide as long, widest at middle. Intervals defined by rows of close and large punctures; three inner primary striae feebly convex, narrow, apical halves with scattered small punctures; interstices with dense, irregular large punctures. Humeral umbone and apical umbone convex; apical declivity densely rugopunctate. Surface with moderately dense, semierect short setae. Epipleura glabrous. Ventral thoracic surface: Ventral prothoracic surface with sparse long setae; ventral mesothoracic surface glabrous and smooth at disc, other portions with dense, small punctures and sparse, short setae; ventral metathoracic surfaces with dense, long hairs except the area around midline. Prosternal process small, horizontally broad, shield-liked. Punctures on ventral mesothoracic surface round. Metasternum with a distinct dark midline. Propygidium: Surface coarse, with sparse, semierect, short setae. Pygidium: Moderately convex. Surface coarse, with sparse, small, round punctures and sparse, semierect, short setae. Abdomen: Convex; abdominal ventrite 1 abbreviated medially, abdominal ventrites 2���4 almost equal in length (Fig. 24); posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 6 widely curved. With dense, transverse punctures. Most ventrites with rather short, recumbent setae, which being dense laterally; abdominal ventrite 6 with dense, long, semierect setae. Legs: Femora with sparse punctures; tibiae with dense, coarse and irregular punctures. Protarsal claw simple. Outer meso- and metatarsal claws widely and deeply spilt into two branches respectively, the upper branches thinner, longer and sharper than the lower ones. Inner meso- and metatarsal claws more curved than the outer ones. Protibia with three distinct and acute teeth. Protibial spur long and sharp, situates at the level of middle protibial tooth, vertically orient forwards. Meso- and metatibiae bidentate at apical edges. Protarsus thin; tarsomeres 4 of all legs each with an acute ventroapical protrusion, each protrusion of meso- and metatarsomeres 4 with a pair of spines at base; tarsomeres 5 of all legs with a small and blunt ventral protrusion in basal third. Measurements. Body length: male 16.5���19.4 mm, female about 20.2 mm; body width: male 8.7���9.6 mm, female about 10.8 mm. Differential diagnosis. This species resembles Didrepanephorus subvittatus, but can be distinguished by the following characters: dorsal surface of male unicolor (reddish-brown, Figs. 21, 23; bicolor in D. subvittatus, Figs. 25, 27); male mandibles deeply constricted before base tooth (Fig. 29; slightly constricted in D. subvittatus, Fig. 31); anterior margin of male mentum slightly depressed in middle (distinctly depressed in D. subvittatus); length of male antennal club longer than antennomeres 2���7 combined (Figs. 21���22; shorter in D. subvittatus, Figs. 25���26). Distribution. China: Guangxi, Guangdong (new record). Remarks. Specimens of Didrepanephorus nishiyamai are rare in the collections. Based on the recent material, the distribution of this species is expanded eastwards to Guangdong province (Fig. 70), and the only known female is also from the type locality., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Zhao, Ming-Zhi & Xu, Hao, 2021, Description of a new species of the genus Didrepanephorus Wood-Mason, 1878 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from China with notes on allied species, pp. 493-513 in Zootaxa 4933 (4) on pages 502-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4556620, {"references":["Muramoto, R. (2006) A new genus of the ruteline scarabs and a new species of the genus Didrepanephorus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Didrepanephorina). Kogane, 7, 55 - 59.","Krajcik, M. (2007) Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Animma. x, Supplementum, 4, 1 - 139.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the world Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplementum, 5, 1 - 139.","Zorn, C. & Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Rutelinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 3. Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and updated edition. Brill, Leiden, Boston, pp. 317 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004309142","Benderitter, E. (1922) Trois Rutelides nouveaux d'Asie orientale. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 91, 38 - 39.","Wood-Mason, J. (1878) Description of Didrepanephorus bifalcifer, the type of a new genus and species of Rutelidae, remarkable for the huge sickle-shaped mandibular horns of the males. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 5, 2 (11), 422 - 426. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937808682447"]}

Didrepanephorus subvittatus Benderitter, 1922.�����'������ (Figs. 25���28, 31���32, 39���40, 53���56, 69���70) Didrepanephorus subvittatus Benderitter, 1922: 38 (type locality: ��� Tonkin: Chapa���); Paulian 1958: 77; Muramoto 2006: 57, figs. 3���4 (habitus and genitalia of male). Fruhstorferia subvittata (Benderitter): Ohaus 1934a: 14; Ohaus 1934b: 121; Machatschke 1972: 54; Nagai 1984: 30 (subgenus Kibakoganea); Muramoto 1993: 7 (Vietnam: Vinh Phuc: Tam Dao), figs. 5 & 8 (habitus and genitalia of male); Krajč��k 2007: 71 (subgeneric placement uncertain); Krajč��k 2012: 110 (subgeneric placement unnoted). Type material. The main parts of Benderitter���s collection are deposited in IRSNB and MNHN, but no conspecific specimen was previously labeled as type of Didrepanephorus subvittatus Benderitter, 1922 (Pol Limbourg, personal communication, August 2020; Antoine Mantilleri, personal communication, October 2020). While a female of this remarkable species bearing a handwritten label was found from IRSNB (Matthias Seidel, personal communication, October 2020), and its appearance and label data both match the original publication. Hence, this female is herein regarded as the holotype (by monotypy) of Didrepanephorus subvittatus Benderitter, 1922: (♀, IRSNB, Figs. 53���56): Chapa, Tonkin, L. D. h. 1913 // WORLD SCARAB DATABASE, WSD00347524 // possible Holotype of Didrepanephorus subvittatus Benderitter, 1922, det. M. Seidel 2020. Additional material examined (4♂♂, 2♀♀). CHINA: Guangxi: 1♀ (SHNU), Shiwandashan Forest Park, Shangsi County, Fangchenggang, alt. 1,000 m, Zhong PENG leg. // mature larva in 2011.V.9, adult emerged in 2011. V.21; 1♂ (SNNU), 2019.V.8, Shiwandashan Forest Park, Shangsi County, Fangchenggang, Tao ZHANG & Li-Bin MA leg.; 1♂ (CZMZ), 2020.V.12, Niulan, Dongxing, Fangchenggang, You-Ping DENG leg.; VIETNAM: Vinh Phuc: 1♂, 1♀ (MYNU), 1992.VII, Tam Dao; 1♂ (CZJZ), 1995.VII, Tam Dao. Redescription (male). General: Body oval and convex, hairs and setae yellow (Fig. 25). Head: Orange-brown. Clypeus flat, trapezoidal, anterior margin slightly emarginate; anterior angle almost right angle, sides strongly convergent anteriad and slightly swollen in basal half, roundly curved in middle, then almost subparallel in apical third; with dense, round large punctures, somewhat less punctured near anterior margin; margins with some long and short setae. Frontal-clypeal suture broadly interrupted medially, represented by a short carina at each side. Frons and vertex densely punctate with dense, semierect long setae. Eye-canthus wide and truncate at outer margin, not extends beyond outermost point of eye, anterior angle blunt. Antenna orange-brown, antennal club shorter than longer than antennomeres 2���7 combined. Labrum exposed, anterior margin slightly protruding at middle, dorsal surface rather sparsely microsculptured, with sparse, erect, short and long setae. Mandibles reddish-brown, broadest at base, lower margin shallowly constricted before base tooth, apex sharply bended upward. Maxillary palpi and labial palpi reddish-brown, simple. Mentum with sparse punctures and erect long setae, anterior margin distinctly concave in middle. Gula reddish-brown, smooth. Pronotum: Orange-brown, anterior margin and two large patch at each side of posterior half black. Strongly convex (Fig. 31), about 1.44 times as wide as long, widest near middle. Anterior margin distinctly bisinuate; anterior marginal membrane distinct, obsolete before reaching anterior angle. Sides feebly concave and slightly convergent posteriad in basal half, roundly and broadly curved at middle, strongly convergent anteriad in apical half. Posterior margin broadly protruding in middle. Basal marginal line interrupted before scutellum, all other marginal lines completed. Anterior angle acute at apex and moderately protruding, posterior angle blunt at apex and slightly protruding. Surface with rather dense small punctures, rugopunctate along lateral margin. Most areas of surface with semierect short setae. Scutellum: Orange-brown, margin black. Nearly short triangular, lateral margin slightly curved, apex rounded. Surface with sparse large punctures and short setae except central part and margin. Elytra: Convex. Orange-brown; a longitudinal dark brown band along posterior part of lateral edge of disc, ended at apical umbone; dark brown along suture. Almost as wide as long, widest at middle. Intervals unrecognizable. Humeral umbone and apical umbone convex. Surface coarse, with sparse, shallow, round punctures and rather dense, semierect short setae. Epipleura glabrous. Ventral thoracic surface: Reddish-brown, posterior part of ventral mesothoracic surface orange-brown. Anterior margin of ventral prothoracic surface with dense long setae; base of ventral prothoracic surface with sparse long setae; ventral mesothoracic surface with sparse short hairs; ventral metathoracic surfaces with sparse long hairs except the area around midline. Prosternal process small, horizontally broad, shield-liked. Punctures on ventral mesothoracic surface C-shaped and gradually changed into sinuous striolae laterad. Metasternum with a distinct dark brown midline. Propygidium: Reddishbrown. Surface coarse, with dense, semierect short setae. Pygidium: Convex. Reddish-brown. Disc coarse, lateral and posterior portions indistinctly and transversely puncatate. Surface with sparse short setae. Abdomen: Reddishbrown, abdominal ventrites distinctly curved in lateral view, abdominal ventrites 1���4 slightly abbreviated (Fig. 26). With sparse round punctures and semierect short setae. Posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 6 broadly and distinctly concave medially. Legs: Orange-brown to reddish-brown, with moderately dense, erect, long setae. Femora with dense punctures; tibiae with dense, coarse and irregular punctures. Inner protarsal claw simple and thickened, outer protarsal claw smaller and sharp at apex. Outer meso- and metatarsal claws widely and deeply spilt into two equal length branches respectively, the upper branches thinner and sharper. Inner meso- and metatarsal claws more curved than the outer ones. Protibia with three distinct and acute teeth. Protibial spur situates at the level of distal protibial tooth, vertically orient forwards. Meso- and metatibiae bidentate at apical edges, the upper tooth of meso- and metatibia distinctly protruding. Protarsus strongly thickened; protarsomeres 2���4 abbreviated; protarsomere 4 ventrally with a protrusion, protrusion blunt apically; meso- and metatarsomeres 4 each with an acute ventroapical protrusion, each protrusion with a pair of spines at base. Tarsomeres 5 of all legs with a small and blunt ventral protrusion in basal third. Aedeagus: As Figs. 39���40. Female: Body color darker (Figs. 27���28). Mandible small, short, nearly triangular, apex curved upwards. Clypeus longer than in male, anterior margin distinctly emarginated and distinctly convex. Mandible reddish-brown, margin black; nearly triangular; outer edge bidentate, apical tooth acute and bends upwards, second tooth indistinct. Gula matt. Dorsal surface of head densely rugopunctate with short setae. Surface of pronotum shiny, with sparse, large, round punctures; posterior angle of pronotum more protruding. Lateral margin of scutellum almost straight. Intervals defined by rows of close and large punctures; primary stria 1 feebly convex, all primary striae with scattered small punctures; interstices with dense, irregular large punctures. Setae and hairs on the whole dorsal surface sparser, but a bit longer. Abdominal ventrites convex; abdominal ventrite 1 abbreviated medially, abdominal ventrites 2���4 almost equal in length (Fig. 28); posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 6 straight medially. Protarsus thinner; metatibia stronger. Tarsomeres 4 of all legs each with an acute ventroapical protrusion, each protrusion of meso- and metatarsomeres 4 with a pair of spines at base. Measurements. Body length: male 16.7���19.0 mm, female about 20.8 mm; body width: male 9.6���10.1 mm, female about 10.9 mm. Differential diagnosis. Didrepanephorus subvittatus is characterized by the unique coloration pattern of the dorsal surface. Other differences between this species and its siblings are given in the differential diagnosis sections of D. heterocolor new species and D. nishiyamai. Distribution. China: Guangxi (new record); Vietnam. Natural history. In early May 2011, a larva was found in a rotten wood of broad-leaved tree from Mount Shiwandashan in southwestern Guangxi, and later it became a female after artificially breeding (personal observation, Zhong Peng, 2011). In early May 2019, single male has been collected by light trap from the same mountain (personal observation, Tao Zhang, 2019; Fig. 69). Remarks. Didrepanephorus subvittatus was originally described based on a female from Chapa, northern Vietnam (Benderitter 1922) where locates in Hoang Lien Son Mountain Range; thereafter, no records were known from this area. The rediscovery of this rare species from northern Vietnam was reported by Muramoto (1993) based on males from Mount Tam Dao, and the parameres was displayed for the first time. The occurrence of this beetle in China is here represented by three specimens from Guangxi., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Zhao, Ming-Zhi & Xu, Hao, 2021, Description of a new species of the genus Didrepanephorus Wood-Mason, 1878 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from China with notes on allied species, pp. 493-513 in Zootaxa 4933 (4) on pages 505-511, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4556620, {"references":["Benderitter, E. (1922) Trois Rutelides nouveaux d'Asie orientale. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 91, 38 - 39.","Paulian, R. (1958) Coleopteres Scarabeides de l'Indochine (Rutelines et Cetonines). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 127, 73 - 105.","Muramoto, R. (2006) A new genus of the ruteline scarabs and a new species of the genus Didrepanephorus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Didrepanephorina). Kogane, 7, 55 - 59.","Ohaus, F. (1934 a) XXVII. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden (Col. Scarabaeidae). Mitteilungen der Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft, 5, 9 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19340050104","Ohaus, F. (1934 b) Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Fam. Scarabaeidae, Subfam. Rutelinae. Erster Teil. In: Wytsman P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum. Coleoptera. Fascicule 199 A. Louis Desmet-Verteneuil, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 172.","Machatschke, J. W. (1972) Coleopterorum catalogus supplementa pars 66, fascicle 1, Superfamilie Scarabaeoidea, Familie Melolonthidae, Subfamilie Rutelinae. Editio Secunda. Dr. W. Junk, s' - Gravenhage, Berlin, 361 pp.","Muramoto, R. (1993) A new species of the genus Kibakoganea (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) from northern Vietnam, with a key to species of Fruhstorferia (wide sense) from northern Vietnam. Gekkan-Mushi, 273, 7 - 10.","Krajcik, M. (2007) Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Animma. x, Supplementum, 4, 1 - 139.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the world Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplementum, 5, 1 - 139.","Wood-Mason, J. (1878) Description of Didrepanephorus bifalcifer, the type of a new genus and species of Rutelidae, remarkable for the huge sickle-shaped mandibular horns of the males. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 5, 2 (11), 422 - 426. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937808682447","Arrow, G. J. (1921) Two remarkable new Ruteline beetles from Indo-china. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, includ- ing Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 9, 7 (40), 378 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632533"]}

Didrepanephorus heterocolor Qiu, Zhao & Xu, new species -������'������ (Figs. 11���20, 35���36, 57���64, 70) Type material. Holotype: (♂, MYNU), CHINA: Maolan Nature Reserve, Loudousenlin, Libo County, Guizhou, 25��17���51��� N, 108��04���28��� E, alt. 679 m, Ri-Xin JIANG leg. // pupa in 2017.IV.29, adult emerged in 2017.V; Paratypes (15♂♂, 22♀♀): CHINA: 1♀ (Allotype, MYNU), 1♀ (MYNU), same label data as holotype; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ (MYNU), 2017.V.1, Maolan Nature Reserve, Loudousenlin, Libo County, Guizhou, 25��17���51��� N, 108��04���28��� E, alt. 679 m, Ri-Xin JIANG leg.; 4♂♂, 5♀♀ (SHNU), F 1 generation of one female from Maolan Nature Reserve, 2017, Ri-Xin JIANG leg. // adult emerged in 2018.II; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ (MYNU), Maolan Nature Reserve, La���nei, Weng���ang, Libo County, Guizhou, alt. 800 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg. // mature larva in 2012.VIII.11, adult emerged in 2013.IV; 3♀♀ (MYNU), F 1 generation of one female from Maolan Nature Reserve, 2012, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg. // adult emerged in 2014.V; 1♂, 4♀♀ (MYNU), Maolan Nature Reserve, La���nei, Weng���ang, Libo County, Guizhou, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg. // mature larva in 2013.VII.25, adult emerged in 2014.IV; 1♀ (MYNU), 2018. VI.12, Maolan Nature Reserve, Dongduo, Libo County, Guizhou, alt. 790 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg.; 4♂♂, 3♀♀ (GFGY), 1988.V.24, Maolan Nature Reserve, Banzhai, Libo County, Guizhou, alt. 540 m; 1♂ (GFGY), 1990. V.14, Maolan Nature Reserve, Banzhai to Limingguan, Libo County, Guizhou, alt. 570 m; 1♂ (GFGY), without label but should be also from the same nature reserve. Additional material examined. 3♀♀ (MYNU), same label data as holotype. These females were deformed during eclosion and thus removed from the type series. Description of the holotype (male). General: Body oval and convex, hairs and setae yellowish-brown (Figs. 11���12). Head: Clypeus reddish-brown, other portions dark brown. Clypeus flat, trapezoidal, anterior margin feebly arcuate; anterior angles rounded, sides strongly convergent anteriad and expanded in basal half, concave near middle, then almost subparallel in apical half; with dense large punctures, coarse but not punctured near anterior margin; anterior margin with some short setae. Frontal-clypeal suture almost absent, represented by a short carina at each side. Frons and vertex with dense large punctures and dense, erect long setae. Eye-canthus wide and truncate at outer margin, not extends beyond outermost point of eye, anterior angle nearly right angle. Antennal scapus reddish-brown, base of antennal club dark brown, gradually changed fulvous to apex, length of antennal club distinctly longer than antennomeres 2���7 combined. Labrum exposed, anterior margin deflected and concave at middle, dorsal surface sparsely microsculptured, with sparse, short and long setae. Mandible dark brown, broadest at base, lower margin deeply constricted before basal tooth, apex sharply bended upward. Maxillary palpi and labial palpi dark brown, simple. Mentum with dense punctures and long erect setae, anterior margin slightly concave in middle. Gula dark brown, glabrous and matt. Pronotum: Dark brown, each side with an indistinct orange-brown patch near middle. Strongly convex, 1.45 times as wide as long, widest near middle. Anterior margin distinctly bisinuate; anterior marginal membrane distinct, obsolete before reaching anterior angle. Sides feebly concave and slightly convergent posteriad in basal half, roundly and broadly curved at middle, strongly convergent anteriad in apical half. Posterior margin broadly protruding in middle. Basal marginal line interrupted before scutellum, all other marginal lines completed. Anterior angle moderately protruding, posterior angle slightly protruding, both blunt at apex. Surface with dense small punctures, rugopunctate along lateral margin, disc with a longitudinal medial line. Most areas of disc with rather dense semierect long setae, setae on lateral portions being shorter. Scutellum: Black. Nearly short triangular, lateral margin slightly curved, apex rounded. Surface with dense large punctures and short setae except for midline and margin. Elytra: Convex. Margin, suture and apical umbone black. Almost as wide as long, widest at middle. Primary stria 1 clearly defined by a row of strial punctures, other intervals unrecognizable. Humeral umbone and apical umbone convex. Surface coarse, with sparse, shallow, round large punctures and dense, short, semierect setae, alternated by rather sparse, short erect setae. Epipleura glabrous. Ventral thoracic surface: Dark brown, posterior part of ventral mesothoracic surface reddish-brown (Fig. 12). Base of ventral prothoracic and anterior half of ventral metathoracic surfaces with dense long hairs; anterior half of ventral prothoracic and posterior half of ventral mesothoracic surfaces with erect short setae. Prosternal process small, horizontally broad, shield-liked with an medial carina. Punctures on ventral mesothoracic surface round and gradually changed into sinuous striolae laterad. Metasternum moderately bulging along glabrous midline. Propygidium: Dark brown. Surface coarse, with dense, semierect short setae. Pygidium: Convex. Dark brown. Disc coarse, lateral and posterior portions indistinctly and transversely puncatate. Setosus as in propygidium. Abdomen: Dark brown, distinctly curved in lateral view, abdominal ventrites 1���4 abbreviated (Fig. 12). With dense round punctures and semierect long setae. Posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 6 broadly and distinctly concave medially, with a row of dense, semierect long setae. Legs: Dark brown, with moderately dense, erect long setae. Femora with dense punctures; tibiae with dense, coarse and irregular punctures. Inner protarsal claw simple and thickened, outer protarsal claw smaller and sharp at apex. Outer meso- and metatarsal claws widely and deeply spilt into two branches respectively, the upper branches thinner and sharper; in outer mesotarsal claw the two branches equal in length, in outer metatarsal claw the upper branch slightly longer than the lower branch. Inner meso- and metatarsal claws more curved than the outer ones. Protibia with three distinct and acute teeth. Protibial spur situates at the level of middle protibial tooth, vertically orient forwards. Meso- and metatibiae bidentate at apical edges, the upper tooth in mesotibia distinctly protruding. Protarsus strongly thickened; protarsomeres 2���4 abbreviated; protarsomere 4 ventrally with a short blunt protrusion; meso- and metatarsomeres 4 each with an acute ventroapical protrusion, each protrusion with a pair of spines at base; tarsomeres 5 of all legs with a small and blunt ventral protrusion in basal third. Aedeagus: As Figs. 35���36. Paratypes. Male: Larger males have longer mandibles (Figs. 15���18). Female: Body color darker; head, pronotum, scutellum, pygidium, ventral surface, and legs black; the anterior 1/2 to 3/4 of elytron fulvous, and the posterior 1/2 to 1/4 dark brown or black (Figs. 13, 19���20). Mandible small, short, nearly triangular; outer edge bidentate, apical tooth acute and bends upwards, second tooth broadly rounded. Clypeus longer than in male; anterior margin straight or feebly emarginated, distinctly convex. Labrum not visible in dorsal view. Antennal club slightly shorter. Intervals defined by rows of close and large punctures; three inner primary striae feebly convex, with scattered small punctures; interstices with dense, irregular large punctures. Punctures on dorsal surface of head, pronutum, scutellum and elytra less but larger, deeper and coarser. Setae and hairs on the whole body surface rather sparser. Abdominal ventrites convex; abdominal ventrite 1 abbreviated medially, abdominal ventrites 2���4 almost equal in length (Fig. 14); posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 6 straight medially. Protarsus smaller, but metatibia stronger. Tarsomeres 4 of all legs each with an acute ventroapical protrusion, each protrusion ofmeso- and metatarsomeres 4 with a pair of spines at base. Measurements. Body length: male 15.0���17.8 mm (holotype 23.5 mm), female 14.2���18.1 mm (allotype 18.1 mm); body width: male 7.8���9.1 mm (holotype 9.7 mm), female 8.1���10.0 mm (allotype 10.0 mm). Differential diagnosis. Didrepanephorus heterocolor new species is similar to D. nishiyamai and D. subvittatus, but the body color of the latter two species is reddish-brown. This new species can be separated from the latter two also by the following characters: antennal club bicolor (base dark brown and gradually changed fulvous to apex, Figs. 15���18), while unicolor in D. nishiyamai (Figs. 29���30) and D. subvittatus (Figs. 31���32); length of male antennal club as long as antennomeres 2���7 combined (Figs. 11���12), while longer in D. nishiyamai (Figs. 21���22) and shorter in D. subvittatus (Figs. 25���26); male mandibles deeply constricted before base tooth (Fig. 15), while slightly constricted in D. subvittatus (Figs. 31); anterior margin of male mentum slightly depressed in middle, while distinctly depressed in D. subvittatus; setae on male pronotum longer (Figs. 15���18) than that of D. nishiyamai (Fig. 29) and D. subvittatus (Fig. 31); female with dense and coarse punctures on head and pronotum (Figs. 13���14, 19���20), while those punctures sparser and finer in D. nishiyamai (Figs. 23, 30) and D. subvittatus (Figs. 27, 32). Etymology. The specific epithet ��� heterocolor ��� is a combination of the Greek ��� heteros ��� and Latin noun ��� color ��� meaning different colors, in allusion to the significant sexual dichroism of this new species. Distribution. China: Guizhou. Natural history. This species is only known from the Maolan Nature Reserve in southern Guizhou, China, where has a subtropical forest of karst landform at elevation of 550���850 m (Figs. 57���58). The mature larvae and newly emerged adults have been found in humid rotten wood in later April and early May (Figs. 59���60, 63), and an exhausted female was collected by a light trap in early June 2018. It is suggested the peak of activity for adults should be mid and later May. In the field, third instar larvae of the new generation can be excavated in rotten wood of broad-leaved trees as early as late July (Fig. 60). Wild-collected larvae were raised in small plastic containers filled with pieces of wet, rotten oak wood at the temperature below 26��C. Females have been bred for reproduction under artificial conditions (Figs. 61���62, 64), and several larvae were successfully developed to the adult stage (personal observation, Jian-Yue Qiu, 2012���2013; Jun Qi, 2017���2018). Remarks. The body color of this new species is sexually dichroic, the male is dark brown, while the female has a black body with bicolor elytra. This phenomenon is distinctive in this genus, and D. arnaudi was the only case before. In general appearance, D. heterocolor new species is close to D. nishiyamai and D. subvittatus, and they can be attributed to a species group (D. subvittatus group) characterized by the combination of the following characters: lower margin of male mandible with a distinct concavity before basal tooth; pronotum evenly covered with untufted dense setae in male, with sparse short setae in female; abdominal ventrites with sparse setae; phallobase evenly curved in profile; parameres fused basally., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Zhao, Ming-Zhi & Xu, Hao, 2021, Description of a new species of the genus Didrepanephorus Wood-Mason, 1878 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from China with notes on allied species, pp. 493-513 in Zootaxa 4933 (4) on pages 498-501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4556620

Didrepanephorus mucronatus Arrow, 1921 '������'������ (Figs. 1���10, 33���34, 47���52, 65���67, 70) Didrepanephorus mucronatus Arrow, 1921: 379 (type locality: ��� Laos ���), plate X, fig. 2 (habitus of holotype); Ohaus 1934b: 50; Paulian 1958: 78; Machatschke 1972: 8; Young 1999: 136, fig. 2 (lateral habitus of male); Muramoto & Fujioka 2000, figs. 7���9 (habitus and labels of holotype); Muramoto 2003: 30, figs. 4���6 (habitus, genitalia and labels of holotype); Krajč��k 2007: 67; Krajč��k 2012: 93. Type material. Holotype (♂, by monotypy, BMNH, Figs. 47���52): Didrepanephorus mucronatus, Type, arrow // Indo-China., R. V. de Salvaza., 1920-47 // LAOS, m. yan. le 15-V-1919, R. Vitalis de Salvaza // Type, H. T. Additional material examined (11♂♂, 8♀♀). CHINA: Yunnan: 1♂, 1♀ (CZMZ), 2014.V.15, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna, Chao-Tai WEI leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (MYNU), 2015.V, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna; 1♂ (CLYJ), 2017. IV.27, Dadugang, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, Chao-Tai WEI leg.; 1♂ (MYNU), 2018.V.20, Dadugang, Jinghong, alt. 1,400 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg.; 2♂♂ (MYNU), 2018.IV.4, Mohan, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna, alt. 850 m, Yu-Tang WANG leg.; 1♂ (MYNU), same data but 2018.IV.7; 2♀♀ (MYNU), same data but 2018.IV.10, alt. 1,200 m; 2♀♀ (MYNU), same data but 2018.IV.24; 1♂ (CCCC), 1♀ (MYNU), 2018.IV.15, Mohan, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna, alt. 1,200 m, Yu-Tang WANG leg.; 1♂ (MYNU), 2018.V.31, Jinuoshan, Jinghong, alt. 1,100 m, Yu-Tang WANG leg.; 1♂ (MYNU), 2019.V.6, Jinuoshan, Jinghong, alt. 1,200 m, Yu-Tang WANG leg.; 1♀ (MYNU), 2019.V.7, Jinuoshan, Jinghong, alt. 1,200 m, Yu-Tang WANG leg.; LAOS: 1♂ (CCZ), 2005.V.5���20, Phou Khao Khouay NBCA, Ban Van Hua env., Vientiane Municipal, 800��� 1,000 m, M. Pejcha lgt. Redescription (male). General: Body oval and convex, hairs and setae yellowish brown (Figs. 1, 5���8). Head: Dark brown. Clypeus flat, trapezoidal, anterior margin feebly arcuate, anterior angle almost right angle, sides strongly convergent anteriad and slightly swollen in basal half, roundly curved in middle, then almost subparallel in apical third; with irregular and moderately dense, small punctures, somewhat less punctured near anterior margin; surface with moderately dense minute setae, margins with erect short setae. Frontal-clypeal suture broadly interrupted medially, represented by a short carina at each side. Frons and vertex densely rugopunctate with dense, semierect long setae, the setae being rather long posteriad. Eye-canthus wide and truncate at outer margin, slightly extends beyond outermost point of eye, anterior angle broadly rounded. Antennomeres 2���7 dark brown, antennal club and antennomere 1 yellowish brown, length of antennal club distinctly longer than antennomeres 2���7 combined. Labrum exposed, anterior margin slightly raised at middle, dorsal surface rather sparsely microsculptured, with sparse, erect, short and long setae. Mandible dark brown, broadest at base, upper margin with an acute and distinct protrusion near base, strongly bended upward. Larger body size with longer mandibles (Figs. 5���8). Maxillary palpi and labial palpi dark reddish brown, simple. Mentum and maxilla with dense punctures and long setae, anterior margin of mentum concave at middle. Gula dark brown, glabrous and matt. Pronotum: Yellowish-brown. Strongly convex, about 1.35 times as wide as long, widest near middle. Anterior margin distinctly bisinuate; anterior marginal membrane absent. Sides concave and not strongly convergent posteriad in basal half, roundly and broadly curved at middle, feebly concave and strongly convergent anteriad in apical half. Posterior margin broadly protruding in middle. Marginal lines completed, basal marginal line slightly vague at middle. Anterior and posterior angles both distinctly protruding and blunt at apices. Surface with rather dense small punctures, rugopunctate along lateral margin, disc with a longitudinal medial line. Most areas of surface with semierect, minute to short setae; setae on both sides of disc long and tufted. Scutellum: Dark brown. Nearly triangular to short triangular, lateral margin curved, apex rounded. Surface densely rugopunctate, with short setae on basomedial area. Elytra: Yellowish brown to brown. Convex, almost as wide as long, widest at middle. Surface with moderately dense, irregular, shallow, round to elliptical large punctures. Four innermost intervals recognizable but unclear, subsutural interstice widest. Surface with dense semierect setae; setae along base of elytra long and yellowish; on disc short and brownish; on distomarginal area and humeral umbone short, color gradually changed to dark brown; on distal declivity short, yellowish. Epipleura with dense minute setae. Ventral thoracic surface: Black. Anterior margin and lateral portions of ventral prothoracic surface with dense long hairs (Fig. 2); ventral mesothoracic surface with sparse short setae; ventral metathoracic surface with rather dense long hairs. Prosternal process small, horizontally broad, shield-liked with an medial carina. Metasternum with a large, glabrous, longitudinal medial protrusion. Propygidium: Dark brown. Surface coarse, with rather dense, semierect short setae. Pygidium: Convex, apex concave. Dark brown. Surface coarse, with rather dense, semierect short setae. Abdomen: Reddish brown, with dense long hairs. Abdominal ventrites distinctly curved in lateral view; abdominal ventrites 1���4 strongly abbreviated; posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 6 broadly and deeply concave medially. Legs: Yellowish-brown. Femora with dense punctures and long hairs; tibiae with dense punctures and short setae; tarsi with dense, hard, short setae. Inner protarsal claw simple and thickened, outer protarsal claw smaller and sharp at apex. Outer meso- and metatarsal claws widely and deeply spilt into two branches respectively, the upper branches thinner and sharper, equal to the lower branches in length. Inner meso- and metatarsal claws more curved than the outer ones. Protibia with three distinct and acute teeth, the middle one is adjacent to the apical one. Protibial spur situates at the level of middle protibial tooth, vertically orient forwards. Meso- and metatibiae bidentate at apical edges, the upper tooth distinctly protruding. Protarsus strongly thickened; protarsomeres 2���4 abbreviated;protarsomere 4 ventrally with a short protrusion; meso- and metatarsomeres 4 each with an acute ventroapical protrusion, each protrusion with a pair of spines at base. Tarsomeres 5 of all legs with a ventral protrusion in basal third, which is distinct in protarsomere but indistinct in meso- and metatarsomere; protarsomere 5 with a distinct ventromedial protrusion. Aedeagus: As Figs. 33���34. Female: Body color darker; head, propygidium, pygidium and ventral surface black (Figs. 3, 9���10). Mandible small, nearly triangular; outer edge bidentate, both teeth acute and bend upwards. Clypeus longer than in male, anterior margin truncate and distinctly convex. Antennal club slightly shorter. Punctures on dorsal surface of head and pronotum denser and coarser; punctures on elytra denser. Setae and hairs on the whole body surface sparser and shorter. Elytra distinctly and broadly bulging at middle of lateral portion. Medial portion of metasternum flat. Abdominal ventrites evenly convex in lateral view; abdominal ventrites 1���4 almost equal; posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 6 straight medially (Fig. 4). Protibia and mesotibia shorter and thinner; metatibia shorter but wider; protibial teeth acuter; tarsi of all legs shorter and thinner than in male; tarsomeres 4 of all legs each with an acute ventroapical protrusion, each protrusion with a pair of spines at base; tarsomeres 5 of all legs with a small and blunt ventral protrusion in basal third. Measurements. Body length: male 18.3���22.4 mm, female 19.2���22.4 mm; body width: male 9.3���11.9 mm, female 10.0���12.4 mm. Differential diagnosis. See remarks section. Distribution. China: Yunnan (new record); Laos. Natural history. This species inhabits the tropical rainforests at elevations of 850��� 1,400 m around the border of China and Laos. Adults can be collected by light trap from early April to later May (Figs. 65���67), but immature stages are unknown. Remarks. Although Didrepanephorus mucronatus Arrow, 1921 has been mentioned several times (Paulian 1958; Young 1999; Muramoto & Fujioka 2000; Muramoto 2003), no further specimens were reported since it was described. The new specimens collected in the past two decades from China do not only represent a new country record, but also allowed us to observe detailed morphological characters of this rare species and its variability. Didrepanephorus mucronatus, together with D. bifalcifer Wood-Mason, 1878 (Northeast India), D. arnaudi Muramoto, 2003 (South Vietnam), and D. vietnamicus Muramoto & Kobayashi, 2019 (Central and South Vietnam) can be subsumed in a species group (D. bifalcifer group) based on the combination of the following morphological characters: lower margin of male mandible completed, without concavity before the basal tooth; upper margin of male mandible with a distinct denticle near base; pronotum of both sexes usually with tufted setae (except for D. vietnamicus); abdominal ventrites with dense setae; phallobase strongly curved in profile. Didrepanephorus vietnamicus is easily separated from the other three species by short, untufted pronotal setae and unicolor elytra (Muramoto & Kobayashi 2019). While, D. mucronatus, D. bifalcifer and D. arnaudi possess distinct elongated dark patches on distomarginal area and apical umbone, which abruptly discard above distal declivity on elytra. Regarding males of the other three species of this group, D. mucronatus can be readily differentiated from D. bifalcifer by the mandibles curved in dorsal view (Fig. 1; straight in D. bifalcifer, Fig. 41), the basal half of the side of pronotum distinctly concave (Fig. 1; slightly concave in D. bifalcifer, Fig. 44), the disc of pronotum with two distinct tufted of dense setae (Figs. 5���8; indistinct in D. bifalcifer, Fig. 44), and the shape of parameres (see Figs. 45, 51). The following features of D. arnaudi indicate its separation from D. mucronatus: the mandible more strongly curved in dorsal view, the basal half of the left paramere with an additional subtriangular extension, and the body color somewhat darker (Muramoto 2003; Muramoto & Kobayashi 2019). The females of the three species are less informative and reliable separations are not available currently. The differential points as indicated by Muramoto (2003), viz. body color and shape of pronotum, are fairly variable when referring to the examined females of D. mucronatus., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Zhao, Ming-Zhi & Xu, Hao, 2021, Description of a new species of the genus Didrepanephorus Wood-Mason, 1878 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from China with notes on allied species, pp. 493-513 in Zootaxa 4933 (4) on pages 494-497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4556620, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. (1921) Two remarkable new Ruteline beetles from Indo-china. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, includ- ing Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 9, 7 (40), 378 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632533","Ohaus, F. (1934 b) Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Fam. Scarabaeidae, Subfam. Rutelinae. Erster Teil. In: Wytsman P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum. Coleoptera. Fascicule 199 A. Louis Desmet-Verteneuil, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 172.","Paulian, R. (1958) Coleopteres Scarabeides de l'Indochine (Rutelines et Cetonines). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 127, 73 - 105.","Machatschke, J. W. (1972) Coleopterorum catalogus supplementa pars 66, fascicle 1, Superfamilie Scarabaeoidea, Familie Melolonthidae, Subfamilie Rutelinae. Editio Secunda. Dr. W. Junk, s' - Gravenhage, Berlin, 361 pp.","Young, R. M. (1999) A new Fruhstorferia Kolbe from the Dawna Ra Mountains, Myanmar. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 53 (4), 355 - 358.","Muramoto, R. & Fujioka M. (2000) Notes on genus Didrepanephorus Wood-Mason, 1878 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Saikaku Tsushin, 1, 5 - 8.","Muramoto, R. (2003) A new species of the genus Didrepanephorus from southern Vietnam (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae). Kogane, 4, 30 - 32.","Krajcik, M. (2007) Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Animma. x, Supplementum, 4, 1 - 139.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the world Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplementum, 5, 1 - 139.","Wood-Mason, J. (1878) Description of Didrepanephorus bifalcifer, the type of a new genus and species of Rutelidae, remarkable for the huge sickle-shaped mandibular horns of the males. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 5, 2 (11), 422 - 426. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937808682447","Muramoto, R. & Kobayashi H. (2019) Two new species of the tribe Rutelini, subtribe Didrepanephorina (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae) from Vietnam and India. Elytra, New Series, 9 (2), 325 - 330."]}

Platysodes formosanus Kobayashi, 1990 (Figs. 9–12, 25, 28) New material examined ( 1♁, 2♀♀ ). CHINA: Guangdong: 1♀ (MYNU), 2011.V.18, Longyangdong Park, Guang-zhou, Ling-Ting Chen leg. Taiwan: 1♀ (CKSJ), Fushan, Taipei Hsien, 2000.VII.11, H. Sugaya leg. // Platysodes formosanus H. Kobayashi, 1990, det. K. Sakai, 2013; 1♁ (CKSJ), 2008.XI.7, Shihtyutou, Nantou, C. C. Lo leg. // Platysodes formosanus H. Kobayashi, 1989, det. K. Sakai, 2013. Distribution. China: Guangdong (new record), Taiwan. Remarks. Platysodes formosanus is extremely similar to P. jansoni and the parameres of both also show no differences (Figs. 12, 17), and that resulted in Qiu et al. (2015) presumed them as the same species. Traditionally, the former is characterized by elytron bearing one tomentose macula and restricted to Taiwan Island (Kobayashi 1990; Qiu et al. 2015), while the latter is totally black and distributed in eastern India and Indochina (Arrow 1910; Qiu et al. 2015). However, we recently obtained a female whose appearance perfectly matches the characteristics of P. formosanus (Fig. 9), but it originated from Guangzhou (Guangdong, China) where located on the southeastern edge of the Asian continent and between the Indochinese Peninsula and Taiwan Island (Fig. 28). Furthermore, an individual of P. formosanus bearing an indistinct macula on elytron (nearly disappeared) was found from Taiwan (Fig. 25), and a female of P. jansoni with two maculae was discovered from Vietnam (Fig. 13). The two specimens have here verified the prediction proposed by Qiu et al. (2015) that the variability of tomentose maculae on elytron can be observed in a species of wide distribution. Therefore, neither endemism of P. formosanus nor morphological differences between the two species are well established, but we would like to formally propose the synonymy when sufficient material got rather than synonymize them at present., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue & Xu, Hao, 2020, Further notes on the flower chafer genus Platysodes Westwood, 1873 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of a new species from Himalaya, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on page 195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4301815, {"references":["Kobayashi, H. (1990) Four new scarabaeid beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) from Taiwan. Elytra, 18, 73 - 81.","Qiu, J. Y., Xu, H. & Chen, L. (2015) Review of the Oriental genus Platysodes Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Cremastocheilini) with a redescription of Platysodes madoni Bourgoin. Zootaxa, 4021 (4), 553 - 564. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4021.4.5","Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia I (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp."]}

Key to the species of the genus Platysodes (modified from Qiu et al. 2015) 1. Punctures on disc of pronotum dense and distinct; last spiracle distinctly protruding............ P. madoni Bourgoin, 1923 - Punctures on disc of pronotum sparse and indistinct; last spiracle prominent....................................... 2 2. Distal declivity of elytron smooth (Figs. 11, 16)............................................................. 3 - Distal declivity of elytron matt (Figs. 3, 23)................................................................ 4 3. Elytron usually completely black, without white maculae (Figs. 14–15, 26); distributed in Indochina.. P. jansoni Arrow, 1910 - Elytron with one white maculae (Figs. 9–10); distributed in southern China mainland and Taiwan Island............................................................................................ P. formosanus Kobayashi, 1990 4. Elytron with one groove (Fig. 27)................................................. P. verlorenii Westwood, 1873 - Elytron with two grooves (Fig. 24)................................................... P. sabatinellii new species, Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue & Xu, Hao, 2020, Further notes on the flower chafer genus Platysodes Westwood, 1873 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of a new species from Himalaya, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on page 200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4301815, {"references":["Qiu, J. Y., Xu, H. & Chen, L. (2015) Review of the Oriental genus Platysodes Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Cremastocheilini) with a redescription of Platysodes madoni Bourgoin. Zootaxa, 4021 (4), 553 - 564. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4021.4.5","Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia I (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp.","Kobayashi, H. (1990) Four new scarabaeid beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) from Taiwan. Elytra, 18, 73 - 81."]}

Platysodes jansoni Arrow, 1910 (Figs. 13–17, 26, 28) New material examined ( 1♁, 1♀ ). VIETNAM: 1♁ (MNHN), Hoa-Binh (Tonkin), (A. de Cooman), Coll. J. Cler-mont// Platysodes atronitens m. n.sp., HOLOTYPE ♁, G.RUTER dét.1977 // Platysodes jansoni Arrow, Compare type par Krikken (Mus. Leiden), G.RUTER dét. 1978; 1♀ (BPBM), VIET NAM. M’Drak, E. of Ban Me Thuot, 4-600 m, 8-19.XII.[19]60 // C.M. Yoshimoto, Collector // ♀ // ALLOTYPE // Javrigiella atronitens m. n.sp., ALLO-TYPE ♀, G.RUTER dét.1976 // Platysodes atronitens m. n.sp., ALLOTYPE ♀, G.RUTER dét.1977 // Platysodes jansoni Arrow, G.RUTER dét. 1979. Distribution. India; Vietnam. Remarks. The label data of the two newly examined specimens revealed their identity has been constantly changed by the late Gaston Ruter (1898–1979). Ruter initially plan to introduce a new genus for them in 1976, and he later realized the two belonging to the genus Platysodes. According to the letter he sent to Gordon M. Nishida (former collections manager of BPBM) in 1979, he finally identified them as P. jansoni with the help from the museum in Leiden (James H. Boone, personal communication, October 2016)., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue & Xu, Hao, 2020, Further notes on the flower chafer genus Platysodes Westwood, 1873 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of a new species from Himalaya, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on page 195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4301815, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia I (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp."]}

Platysodes verlorenii Westwood, 1873 (Figs. 18���23, 27���28) Platysodes jansoni (nec Arrow): Sakai 2001: 1 (Kumpuan, Thailand), plate B, fig. 1 ♀; Qiu et al. 2015: 555 (part). New material examined ( 2������, 4♀♀ ). INDONESIA: 1��� (NHMB, Frey Collection), Java // Sammlung Sch��rhoff // Platysodes verloreni; 1♀ (MNHN, Coll. Lisle), Java, Mts Kawie, J.B.Ledru 1898; 1��� (CKSJ), Mt. Argopuro, East Java, Indonesia, X. 2015 // Platysodes verloreni Westw., 1873, det. Sakai, 2016; MALAYSIA: 1♀ (BMNH), Mt. Kinabalu, Brit. N. Borneo, B.M. 1931-386. // B. N. BORNEO., Mt. Kinabalu, Kiau, 3,000 ft., 1929 // Platy-sodes verloreni Westw., Determined from description. G.J.A.; 1♀ (CKSJ), Mt. Goram, 900 m, 15 km SW Kapit, Sarawak, Borneo, E. Malaysia, V.1997, Tay Poo Min leg. // Platysodes verloreni Westw., 1874, det. Sakai, 2013; THAILAND: 1 ♀ (CKSJ), Kumpuan, Mt. Muan Chone, Ranong. Distribution. Indonesia; Malaysia; Thailand (new record). More information on distribution can be found in Qiu et al. (2015). Remarks. The white tomentose maculae on the elytron of Platysodes verlorenii are fairly varying in number and size (Figs. 18���22). Apart from the specimens bearing two or three maculae on elytron mentioned in Qiu et al. (2015), elytron with a single macula also can be observed in a few individuals (Fig. 18), even the maculae are entirely absent (Fig. 19). Our re-examination confirmed that the totally black female of P. verlorenii from southern Thailand has been misidentified as P. jansoni by Sakai (2001) and Qiu et al. (2015) since their appearances are rather similar. Moreover, Qiu et al. (2015) noticed the presence of matt area in the elytral distal declivity of P. ver-lorenii (Figs. 22���23); nevertheless, they suspected that this species is conspecific to P. jansoni and P. formosanus. The examination of further materials shows this character is stable for P. verlorenii which lets it distinctly different from the latter two. Conversely, this species resembles P. sabatinellii new species in elytron with white maculae and matt distal declivity (Figs. 3, 22). By the number of grooves on elytron, they can be readily differentiated., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue & Xu, Hao, 2020, Further notes on the flower chafer genus Platysodes Westwood, 1873 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of a new species from Himalaya, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on pages 198-199, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4301815, {"references":["Sakai, K. (2001) Cetoniine beetles of Thailand. Saikaku Tsushin, 3, 1 - 10.","Qiu, J. Y., Xu, H. & Chen, L. (2015) Review of the Oriental genus Platysodes Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Cremastocheilini) with a redescription of Platysodes madoni Bourgoin. Zootaxa, 4021 (4), 553 - 564. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4021.4.5"]}

Platysodes madoni Bourgoin, 1923 (Fig. 28) New material examined ( 3♁♁, 6♀♀ ). VIETNAM: 1♀ (BMNH), Hoa-Binh (Tonkin), (A. de Cooman), Coll. J. Clermont // Bourgoin Coll. B. M. 1938-252; 1♀ (MNHN), Tonkin // Platysodes madoni Bourg., R.Paulian det.; 1 ♁, 1♀ (MNHN), TONKIN, Lac Thô, HOA BINH, A.DE COOMAN // MUSÉUM PARIS, 1931, A. de COOMAN; 1 ♁, 1♀ (MNHN), Tonkin occ., Rég. De Hoa Binh, R.P.A. de Cooman, 1918; 1♁ (MNHN), Tuyen-Quang, (Tonkin) Rau // MUSÉUM PARIS, (Coll. Ph. Francois), Coll. L. Bedel 1922; 1♀ (MNHN), HUE Annam // MUSÉUM PARIS, E. Lemoult, 1918 // Platysodes madoni Bourg., R.Paulian det.; 1♀ (MNHN), Tuyen-Quang // MUSÉUM PARIS, 1958, Coll. M. Pic. Distribution. China: Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan; Vietnam; Laos; Malaysia. More information on distribution can be found in Qiu et al. (2015). Remarks. On 6th February 2019, an incomplete remain of Platysodes madoni was found at Panxi of the Mount Fanjingshan, northeastern Guizhou, China (Kai-Chen Ou-Yang, personal communication, August 2020). This record extends the distributional range of this species northward (Fig. 28)., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue & Xu, Hao, 2020, Further notes on the flower chafer genus Platysodes Westwood, 1873 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of a new species from Himalaya, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on page 198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4301815, {"references":["Qiu, J. Y., Xu, H. & Chen, L. (2015) Review of the Oriental genus Platysodes Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Cremastocheilini) with a redescription of Platysodes madoni Bourgoin. Zootaxa, 4021 (4), 553 - 564. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4021.4.5"]}

Platysodes sabatinellii Qiu & Xu, new species (Figs. 1–8, 24, 28) Platysodes jansoni (nec Arrow): Sabatinelli 1984: 163 (Darjeeling, India), fig. 3 parameres. Type material. The holotype of Platysodes sabatinellii new species in BMNH was left undissected, and the male genitalia illustrated in the plate belongs to the paratype from Darjeeling (Figs. 4–5). Holotype (♁, Figs. 1–3, BMNH): UPPER BURMA: Nam Tamai Valley, 29.vii.1938, R. Kaulback., B.M. 1938-741// Alt. 3,000 ft., Lat. N. 27°42′, Long. E.97°54 ′; Paratypes (2♁♁, 1♀): MYANMAR: 1♁ (Fig. 6, CKSJ), 2001.VII, near Putao, N. Kachin, Myanmar; INDIA: 1♀ (allotype, Fig. 7, MNHN, Coll. De Lisle), Sikkim, März, April, H. Fruhstorfer // Platysodes jansoni Arrow, M. O. de Lisle det. 1968; 1♁ (NHMB), Darjeeling Distr., India Bhakta B. // Sakyong, 1140 m, 25.IX.[19]81. Holotype (male). General: Body elongate oval, black, glabrous, sparsely microsculptured. Head: Dorsal surface arciform; sides of with sparse, tiny and shallow punctures. Clypeus short, arc-shaped, anterior margin raised. Eye canthus extending laterally, narrow, long. Antenna simple and antennal club dark brown. Mentum expanding, strongly extended basally; with sparse, semicircular punctures. Pronotum: Suboctagonal, flat and smooth; with few small, elliptical punctures near anterior angle. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin notched in front of scutellum. Scutellum: Long triangular; median area glabrous; basal area with few striolae, sides with few punctures. Elytron: Sutural costa wide. Two grooves on disc; longer groove deep, with large, U-shaped punctures, punctures partly combined near discolateral costa; shorter groove shallow and narrow, with few large, U-shaped punctures. Other area of elytral surface with sparse, small, U-shaped or round punctures. Two irregularly shaped, white tomentous maculae: one near middle of sutural costa and the other in longer groove. Distal declivity matt, sparsely punctured. Apicosutural angle obtuse, not pointed. Mesepimeron and metepisternum: Surface with arcuate punctures and sinuous striolae. Metepimeron: Surface with few tiny, round punctures. Sternum: Preprosternum with long, brown setae along anterior margin; preprosternal apophysis slightly raised. Postprosternum glabrous, with-out punctures. Mesosternum with dense, arcuate punctures and sinuous striolae. Disc of metasternum glabrous, without punctures; sides with large, arcuate punctures and sinuous striolae. Pygidium: Surface clad with sparse, small, arcuate punctures. Shape almost semicircular and midline slightly raised in dorsal view. Apex strongly and transversely ridged in lateral view. Abdomen: Seven sternites, six sternites visible. Median portion of abdominal sternites slightly depressed, glabrous; sides with sparse, large U or C-shaped punctures. Last spiracle prominent, rounded. Legs: Mesocoxa strongly approximate. Outer margin of trochanters with short, compact, brown setae. Profemur covered with dense short, sinuous striolae. Femora and tibiae covered with dense sinuous striolae, and elliptical and arcuate setiferous punctures; setae short. Tibiae short, a small white tomentous patch at the base of each tibia. Protibia bidentate, spur acute. Mesotibia and metatibia with a strong external protrusion, two sharp teeth on apex. Tarsi slender, short. Parameres: Falcate in lateral view. In apical view, distal half part of each paramere expanded and divided into two lobes; distal lobes slender, close to each other; basal lobes wide, overlapped each other, apex protruding like barb (Figs. 4–5). Paratypes. All the three paratypes have a small white tomentous macula behind anteapical umbone of elytron. Each of abdominal sternite II to V with a pair of small white, tomentous patches on both sides in the female paratype. Female is extremely similar to male and only can be distinguished by its abdomen not depressed medially. Measurements. Body length 23.1–25.0 mm (holotype 23.5 mm), width 9.1–10.9 mm (holotype 9.7 mm). Differential diagnosis. The new species can be separated from all other Platysodes species by the two longitudinal grooves on the elytral disc. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Dr. Guido Sabatinelli, an Italian taxonomist of scarabs who found this species for the first time. Distribution. India; Myanmar. Remarks. Platysodes sabatinellii new species is quite different from P. jansoni in elytron. Elytron of the latter is smooth and without groove (Fig. 26), but that of the new species is matt in the distal declivity (Fig. 3) and with two grooves in the disc (Fig. 24). Besides, the basal lobes of their parameres are different in shape, the apex of P. sabatinellii new species is produced (Fig.5), whereas that of the latter is blunt (Fig. 17). Specimen of P. sabatinel-lii new species was firstly reported by Sabatinelli (1984) from Darjeeling, North India. It was misidentified as P. jansoni although he already pointed out that the distal declivity of elytron is matt. He subjectively thought that this feature was overlooked by Arrow (1910). According to the current distributional map (Fig. 28), P. sabatinellii new species probably occurs along the south side of the Himalayas, including the vast multi-altitudes primary forests in southeastern Xizang of China., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue & Xu, Hao, 2020, Further notes on the flower chafer genus Platysodes Westwood, 1873 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of a new species from Himalaya, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on pages 193-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4301815, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia I (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp."]}

Cymophorus (Pseudocymophorus) pulchellus tonkinensis Schein, 1954 (Figs. 11���34) Cymophorus pulchellus tonkinensis Schein, 1954: 383 * (type locality: Hoa-Binh, Tonkin [= H��a B��nh, N. Vietnam]); Krajč��k 1999: 35; Krajč��k 2012: 85; Bezděk 2016: 391 (in synonymy). Cymophorus pulchellus (nec Arrow): Paulian 1961: 4 * (N. Vietnam: Hoa Binh; Ha Giang), fig. 336 (habitus); Ma 1987: 578 * (China: Yunnan: Maguan, Jinpin, Pu���er, Xishuanbanna); Ma 1995: 151 *, figs. 122a���c, plate V, fig. 27 (habitus); Sakai & Ikeda 1996: 40 * (Thailand: Mae Taeng; Samoeng; Hang Dong; Huay Gaew; Doi Phu Kha), fig. 45 ♂; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 153 *, plate 2, figs. 18- 1 ♂ and 18- 2 ♀ (Huay Gaew, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand), 18- 3 ♂ (Bao Loc, S. Vietnam); Krajč��k 1999: 35; Ma 2002 *: 342 (Hainan, China); Ek-Amnuay 2008: 204 (Chiang Mai, N. Thailand), plate 74, fig. C 6 ♂; Krajč��k 2011: 68 * (Maung Ma, Dawei, S. Myanmar); Bezděk 2016: 391 (China). Type material. Cymophorus pulchellus tonkinensis Schein, 1954 was originally described based on an unspecified number of specimens preserved at BMNH, MNHN, and MFNB (Schein 1954). The original publication indicated that part of the type series were originated from Go Mit, Cochinchina (exact location unknown) and originally deposited in MNHN, but no specimen from the locality was found in the three museums. There are two additional paratypes housed in ZSM where contains the personal collection of Schein (Michael Balke, personal communica-tion, July 2012), and whether the two are the type specimens from Go Mit have not been yet confirmed since they are unavailable for the current study. Among the type specimens we examined, Schein used the term ���Parallotypus��� for four specimens he identified as females. This term is not governed by the ICZN (Hawksworth 2010), and these females should be treated as paratypes since the label data agree with the original publication. The male holotype (BMNH, Figs. 11���12) is labeled: TONKIN: Hoabinh. A. de Cooman. B.M.1940-13 // Typus! Cymophorus tonkinensis n.ssp. ♂ det. H. Schein, 1954 // ♂. Eight examined paratypes (2♂♂, 6♀♀) are labeled: 1♂ (BMNH, Figs. 19���20), Xieng Khouang, Aout 1917 // Cymophorus pulchellus Arrow // Bourgoin coll., B.M. 1938-252 // Paratypus!, Cymophorus tonkinensis n. ssp. ♂ det. H. Schein, 1954; 1♂ (BMNH, Figs. 15���16), TONKIN, Hoa-Binh, Coll.J.Clermont // Bourgoin coll., B.M. 1938-252 // Cymoph. pulchellus Arrow ssp. tonkinen-sis nov. det. H. Schein, 1954 // Paratypus!, Cymophorus tonkinensis n. ssp. ♂ det. H. Schein, 1954; 1♀ (BMNH, Figs. 13���14), TONKIN: Hoabinh. A. de Cooman. B.M.1940-13 // Parallotypus! Cymophorus tonkinensis n.ssp. ♀ det. H. Schein, 1954; 1♀ (MNHN, Figs. 21���22), TONKIN, Env. de Hoa-Binh, J.Laisi 1902 // MUSEUM PARIS // Parallotypus! Cymophorus tonkinensis n. ssp. ♀ det. H. Schein, 1954; 1♀ (MNHN, Figs. 23���24), TONKIN, Bao-kan, Lem��e, 1908 // MUSEUM PARIS // G.J.Arrow, vidit 1910 // Parallotypus! Cymophorus tonkinensis n. ssp. ♀ det. H. Schein, 1954; 1♀ (MNHN, Allotype, Figs. 25���26), Tonkin occ. R��g. de Hoa Binh, 1919 // MUSEUM PARIS // allotypus! Cymophorus tonkinensis n. ssp. ♀ det. H. Schein, 1954; 1♀ (MNHN, Figs. 27���28), Tonkin // MUSEUM PARIS (Coll. Ph. FRANCOIS), Coll. L. BEDEL 1922 // Parallotypus! Cymophorus tonkinensis n. ssp. ♀ det. H. Schein, 1954; 1♀ (MFNB, Figs. 17���18), CAMBODGE // Paratyp., Cymophorus pulchellus Arrow tonki-nensis ssp. det. H. Schein, 1954. Other material examined (34♂♂, 29♀♀). CHINA: Hainan: 1♀ (BMNH), 1983.VII.28, Mount Jianfengling, Hainan // Yuan-Fu LIU leg. // I-10427 // 147 // BMNH(E), 2008-19, Ming Bai // IOZ(E) 900652 // Cymophorus pulchellus ssp.? Arrow, J.Ph.Legrand det. V-2008; 2♂♂ (MYNU), 28.V.2012, Nansheng, Mount Wuzhishan, Xin ZHOU leg.; 1♀ (SYSM, No. En-346726), April. 13���14.1935, Hainan Is., S. China. Cheung-Kon-ts���uen, Ka-lukkong (18 mi. E. of Nam-fung [= Nanfeng]), Kiung-shan Dist. [= Qiongshan], F. K. To leg.; 1♀ (SYSM, No. En-346727), Hainan Is., S. China. Lok-kei [= Luoji Township], 9 mi. N-NW. of Nodoa [= Nada]. Tan-hsien (Dist.) [= nowadays Danzhou]. June 1. 1932, F. K. To leg.; 1♀ (IZAS), 1960.VI.28, Tongshi [= nowadays Wuzhishan City], Hainan, Guangdong, 340 m, Suo-Fu LI leg.; 3♂♂ (IZAS), 1984.V.25, Mount Limushan, You-Dong LIN leg.; Guangxi: 1♂ (NWAU), 1984.V.20, Longrui, Ningming County, Wen-Jie SUN leg.; 1♂ (GXIP), 1980.V, Nonggang, Longzhou County, Chongzuo, Zhu-Yin WANG leg.; 2♂♂ (IZAS), 1♂ (BMNH), 2000.VI.22, Beidou, Napo County, 550 m, Jun CHEN leg.; Yunnan: 2♀♀ (YNAU), 1992.IV, Caoba, Mengzi; 1♂ (MYNU), 2017.VII.23, Lushanxin-zhai, Nuozhadu, Lancang County, Zhen ZHOU & Xiao-Long LUO leg.; 1♀ (IZAS), 1957.VIII.3, Lancang County, 1,000 m, Shu-Yong WANG leg.; 1♀ (IZAS), 1958.VII.1, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, 850 m, Le-Yi ZHENG leg.; 1♀ (KIZ), 1981.V.26, Mengla County, GAN, ZHOU, & LU leg.; 1♂ (KIZ), 1982.V.27, Mengla County, Jiang XIONG leg.; 1♀ (IZAS), 1959.VI.6, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna, 620���650 m, Yi-Ran ZHANG leg.; 1♂ (IZAS), 1958. VIII.18, Meng���a, Menghai County, 1,050 ���1,080 m, Yi-Ran ZHANG leg.; 1♀ (HBUM), 2012.VIII.5, Meng���a, Menghai County, Ji-Shan XU & Ling-Xiao CHANG leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (IZAS), 1958.VII.3, Mengzhe, Xishuangbanna, 870 m, Fu-Ji PU leg.; 1♀ (IZAS), 1958.VII.3, Mengzhe, Xishuangbanna, 1,200 m, Shu-Yong WANG leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (MYNU), 2015.V, Tropical Botanical Garden of CAS, Menglun, Mengla County, 550m, Shu-Yin HUANG leg.; 1♂ (MYNU), 2017.VI.11, Tropical Botanical Garden of CAS, Menglun, Mengla County, Qing-Hua ZHOU leg.; 1♂ (MYNU), 2019.VI.15���30, Mangyu, Pingyuan, Yingjiang County, Chang-Gui LIU leg.; VIETNAM: 2♀♀ (MNHN), Tonkin; 1♀ (MNHN), Tonkin occ., Env. de Hoa-Binh, R.P.A. de Cooman, 1919 // MUS��UM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberth��r; 1♀ (MNHN), Ha-Giang, (Tonkin) Rau // MUS��UM PARIS, (Coll. Ph. Francois), Coll. L. Bedel 1922; 1♀ (MNHN), MUS��UM PARIS, Lang-Son et Cao Bang, Girard 1894; 1♂ (NSMT), 1997.VI.23, Deo Cao Pha (420 m), E. of Ban Song, Son La Prov., Masaaki Tomokuni leg.; 1♂ (BMNH), Tonkin, June 1917, R.V.de Salvaza. // Brit. Mus. 1921-89// Cymophorus; 1♀ (CKSJ), 1999.VI, Mau Son, N. Vietnam; 3♂♂, 2♀♀ (MNHN), Cochinchine: Larkhe Prov Bencat [106��37��� E, 11��8��� N], V.1944; 1♂ (MNHN), N. Annam Prov. De Thanh Hoa; 1♂ (CKSJ), 1♀ (MYNU), 1999.VI.23, Bao Loc, S. Vietnam, M. Ito leg.; 1♀ (CKSJ), 2000.V.25, Bao Loc, S. Vietnam, M. Ito leg.; 1♀ (CKSJ), 2000.V.15, Bao Loc, S. Vietnam, M. Ito leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CKSJ), 2000.VI.1, Bao Loc, S. Vietnam, M. Ito leg.; 2♀♀ (MYNU), 2016.VII, Bao Loc, S. Vietnam; MYANMAR: 1♂ (BMNH, ex coll. Krajčik), Burma-Taninthy, Tavoy-Maungma, IV.1977, lgt. Thoomas; LAOS: 1♀ (NHMB), LAOS, Louang Namtha prov., 10 km E. Muang Sing, 750-1400 m, Ban Oudomsinh / B. Nam Det / B. Nam Mai, 21��09-10��� N, 101��13-15��� E, 14-20.V.2011 // NHMB Basel, Laos 2011 Expedition, D. Hauck & M. Geiser; 1♂ (MNHN), da Khone Harmand // MUS��UM PARIS, Lak-hon, Harmand 1878; THAILAND: 1♂ (CKSJ), 1985.VII.18, Huay Gaew, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1♂ (CKSJ), 1985.VIII.1, Huay Gaew, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1♂ (CKSJ), 1990.VII.22, Meateang, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1♂ (CKSJ), 1985.VI.17, Hangdong, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1♂ (CKSJ), 1985.IX.16, Samoeng, Chiang Mai, N. Thailand; 1♂ (CKSJ), 2001.VIII.16, Doi Suthep, Chiang Khian, Chiang Mai, Okajima leg.; 1♂ (NSMT), 1965. VI.23, Haadyai, Thailand, K. Morimoto leg. Distribution. China: Hainan, Guangxi (new record), Yunnan; Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam. Remarks. The type specimens of Cymophorus pulchellus tonkinensis were caught from northern Vietnam, northeastern Laos, and Cambodia (Schein 1954), which implied a widely distributional range of this subspecies in the Indochinese region. This was also confirmed by the scattered records from southern China, northern Thailand, and southern Myanmar (Ma 1987, 1995, 2002; Sakai & Ikeda 1996; Sakai & Nagai 1998; Ek-Amnuay 2008; Krajčik 2011). The subspecies name, however, has not appeared in these faunistic works, except of Sakai & Nagai (1998) who suspected the specimens from southern Vietnam as the subspecies C. pulchellus tonkinensis because the specimens have a distinctly larger body size compared to the individuals from other areas (Fig. 31). Whether C. pul-chellus tonkinensis was unknown to these authors or rather difficult to separate, the validity of its status has not been recognized that became an unspecified consensus among these authors. Schein���s subspecies was eventually fall into synonymy (Bezděk 2016), but it has never received proper taxonomic treatment since the original publication. In the original description of C. pulchellus tonkinensis, Schein (1954) claimed that his subspecies can be distinguished from C. pulchellus pulchellus by head with coarse wrinkles (fine in the latter); lateral margin of head usually without setae, at most sparse and short (with long and dense setae in the latter); posterior margin of pronotum bisinuate (almost straight and slightly notched in middle in the latter); different shape of the two basal depressions on pronotum; two red maculae on elytron usually completely separate (maculae connected along lateral margin in the latter); ventral side and legs deep black or dark brown (deep black in the latter). Actually, the differences of the posterior margin and basal depressions of pronotum are somewhat indistinct, as well the wrinkles on head. Among the specimens from Indochina, we found several exceptions to the diagnostic characteristics given by Schein (1954), such as head with setae (Figs. 29���30) and red maculae on elytron connected laterally (Figs. 13, 17, 25, 30). Moreover, all specimens we examined are black except that the four dark brown type specimens of C. pulchellus tonki-nensis (Figs. 11, 13, 15, 27) which seem like newly emerged individuals. Hence, all the aforementioned characters cannot serve to separate the specimens originate from India and Indochina. While the rest diagnostic characters of C. pulchellus tonkinensis mentioned by Schein (1954) agree with our observation on Indochinese specimens, i.e., posterior angle of pronotum rounded (Figs. 11, 23, 29; angular in C. pulchellus pulchellus, Figs. 1, 5), punctures on pronotum denser (Figs. 17, 29), and apical portion of pygidium blunter. Additionally, the pronotum of C. pulchellus tonkinensis is glabrous (Figs. 15, 17, 19, 29���31), but that of C. pulchellus pulchellus distinctly with setae on lateral margins (Figs. 3, 7, 9). Concerning the difference in male genitalia, no enough male specimens available for the current study; nevertheless, here we show the parameres (Figs. 32���33) of one Chinese specimen for future comparison with individuals from other areas. Although the knowledge on the distribution of this species is still limited, the nominate subspecies is likely restricted in India, Schein���s subspecies occurs in the mountain range of Indo-China and Hainan Island. The two subspecies are thus geographically isolated by the vast plain in eastern India and western Myanmar. Therefore, we suggest temporarily maintaining their subspecies status rather than synonymizing them. To confirm the exact taxonomic identity of the two subspecies, more sampling effort is required, particularly the specimens from eastern India. The presence of Cymophorus in China was known to foreign scholars fairly recently (Krajčik 2011; Bezděk 2016). In fact, C. pulchellus was already mentioned in Chinese works three decades ago (Ma 1987). The Cetoniinae species documented in Ma (1987) were mainly based on the faunistic investigation of insects in Yunnan, and C. pulchellus was found in four regions of this province: Jinping, Maguan, Pu���er, and Xishuangbanna. For the last region, seven exact collecting sites were given in her subsequent work (Ma 1995), and these specimens are housed in IZAS now (details see the material examined sections). The remaining voucher specimens of Ma (1987) are presumed to be deposited in Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland and are unavailable for the present study, but the identification and records should be reliable. However, the record of C. pulchellus from Lanzhou of Gansu Province mentioned in Ma (1995) is presumably simply mislabeled. In IZAS we did found a female collected from there (1957.IX.7, Yi-Ran Zhang leg.), but Lanzhou is situated at the Palaearctic Region where is far from the known distribution of this remarkable species. Most specimens of C. pulchellus tonkinensis were collected in the second half of the last century, but the specimen records from China and Vietnam date back to as early as the 1930s (two females from Hainan Island) and 1900s (two females from Tonkin), respectively. The label data of recently captured individuals indicated that several populations still inhabit the forests in the southernmost part of China, ranging from southwestern Yunnan in the west and Hainan Island in the east. However, these primary forests are mostly at low elevation and being threatened by human activities, which results in a constant reduction of the habitat of this rare beetle, particularly in the southern part of Yunnan and Guangxi., Published as part of Xu, Hao & Qiu, Jian-Yue, 2020, An update on the distribution of the poorly known flower beetle genus Cymophorus Kirby, 1827 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) in Asia, pp. 575-586 in Zootaxa 4877 (3) on pages 579-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4424497, {"references":["Schein, H. (1954) Die gattung Cymophorus und ihre naheren Verwandten (Coleoptera: Cetonidae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africains, 50 (3 - 4), 356 - 394.","Krajcik, M. (1999) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part II. Typos Studio, Most, 72 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lo ¨ bl, I. & Lo ¨ bl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 3, Scara- baeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and updated edition. Brill, Leiden and Boston, pp. 367 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004309142","Paulian, R. (1961) Coleopteres Scarabeides de L'Indochine II (Rutelines et Cetonines) (suite et fin). Annales de la Societe En- tomologique de France, 130, 1 - 47.","Ma, W. Z. (1987) Coleoptera: Cetoniidae. In: Huang, F. S. (Ed.), Forest Insects of Yunnan. Yunnan Science & Technology Press, Kunming, pp. 570 - 580. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Volume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Valgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Sakai, K. & Ikeda, K. (1996) Check list of Insects of Thailand 4. Family Scarabaeidae, Subfamily Cetoniinae. Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Education. Part II, Mathematics & natural sciences, University of Yamanashi, 47, 34 - 43.","Sakai, K. & Nagai, S. (1998) The Cetoniine Beetles of the World. Mushi-Sha's Iconographic Series of Insects. Vol. 3. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 421 pp.","Ma, W. Z. (2002) Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, Valgidae. In: Huang, F. S. (Ed.), Forest Insects of Hainan. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 337 - 344. [in Chinese]","Ek-Amnuay, P. (2008) Beetles of Thailand. 2 nd Edition. Fascinating Insects. Vol. 1. Amarin Printing and Publishing Public, Bangkok, 495 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated Catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x., Supplement 1, 1 - 113.","Hawksworth, D. L. (2010). Terms used in bionomenclature: the naming of organisms and plant communities: including terms used in botanical, cultivated plant, phylogenetic, phytosociological, prokaryote (bacteriological), virus, and zoological nomenclature. Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, 215 pp.","Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp."]}

Cymophorus Kirby, 1827 Cymophorus Kirby 1827: 153; Schaum 1845: 53 (in synonymy); Schaum 1848: 60 (in synonymy); Lacordaire 1856: 544 (in synonymy); Harold in Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1334 (catalogue); Westwood 1873: 16; Berg�� 1884: 157; Schoch 1894: 218 (in key); Schoch 1895: 132; Schoch 1896: 78 (catalogue); P��ringuey 1907: 499 (South African species); Arrow 1910: 203 (Indian species); Schenkling 1921: 358 (catalogue); Schein 1954: 357 (revision); Paulian 1961: 4; Krikken 1977: 310 (in key); Krikken 1984: 44; Marais & Holm 1992: 20 (southern African species); Ma 1995: 150 (China); Sakai & Nagai 1998: 153; Krajč��k 1999: 35 (catalogue); Krajč��k 2011: 68; Krajčik 2012: 85 (list); Bezděk 2016: 391 (list). Type species Cymophorus undatus Kirby, 1827, by monotypy. Cymatophorus Burmeister in Burmeister & Schaum, 1840: 361 (unjustified emendation); Schenkling 1921: 358 (in synonymy); Marais & Holm 1992: 20; Krajč��k 1999: 35 (in synonymy). Ptychophorus Schaum in Burmeister & Schaum 1841: 271 (unnecessary replacement name); Burmeister 1842: 646; Schaum 1845: 53 (catalogue); Schaum 1848: 60 (catalogue); Lacordaire 1856: 544; Harold in Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1334 (in synonymy); Westwood 1873: 16 (in synonymy); P��ringuey 1907: 499 (in synonymy); Arrow 1910: 203 (in synonymy); Schenkling 1921: 358 (in synonymy); Paulian 1961: 4 (in synonymy); Marais & Holm 1992: 70 (in synonymy); Ma 1995: 150 (in synonymy); Krajč��k 1999: 35 (in synonymy); Bezděk 2016: 391 (in synonymy). Nomenclature. The name Cymophorus has not been constantly used in early times that produced two junior synonyms. Schaum claimed that the generic name was preoccupied by Cymatophora Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera: Thyatiridae), and introduced the name Ptychophorus as a replacement for this genus (Burmeister & Schaum 1841). This replacement name was adopted in a few subsequent works (Burmeister 1842, 1845; Schaum 1844, 1845, 1848). Later Lacordaire (1856) and Westwood (1873) pointed out that the spelling of Kirby���s Cymophorus is sufficiently different from Treitschke���s Cymatophora, and the original generic name should be resurrected. Actually, the replacement name Ptychophorus was not proposed for Kirby���s Cymophorus, and the spelling of Kirby���s name was already changed to Cymatophorus by Burmeister (Burmeister & Schaum 1840: 361) without explanation. This modified name appears to be overlooked; nevertheless, Kirby���s Cymophorus remains the valid name of this genus, because Article 56.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) indicates that two genus-group names are not homonyms even if the difference between them is only one letter. Hence, Ptychopho-rus Schaum, 1841 being an unnecessary substitute name. Besides, according to Article 33.2.3 (ICZN 1999), Cy-matophorus Burmeister, 1840 is an unjustified emendation, and thus, as Schein (1954) stated, it should be treated as a junior objective synonym of Cymophorus. This junior synonym was listed in Krajč��k (1999) but neglected in the new Palaearctic catalogue (Bezděk 2016). Remarks. When divided the genus Cymophorus into seven subgenera, Schein (1954) assigned four African species to the subgenus Pseudocymophorus Schein, 1954 with the Asian species C. pulchellus. However, Marais & Holm (1992) listed two of them, C. sexfoveatus Fairmaire, 1884 and C. limbatus Gestro, 1895, in the nominate subgenus without explanation. Later Krajčik (1999, 2012) not only followed this arrangement but also incorrectly placed C. pulchellus in the nominate subgenus. To confirm the true placement of these species requires a detailed study of other congeners. It is beyond the scope of this study, and thus we adopt the arrangement in Schein���s (1954) revision., Published as part of Xu, Hao & Qiu, Jian-Yue, 2020, An update on the distribution of the poorly known flower beetle genus Cymophorus Kirby, 1827 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) in Asia, pp. 575-586 in Zootaxa 4877 (3) on pages 576-577, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4424497, {"references":["Kirby, W. (1827) A description of some new genera and species of Petalocerous Coleoptera. Zoological Journal, 3, 145 - 158.","Schaum, H. (1845) Catalogue des especes connues qui entrent dans la famille des Lamillicornes melitophiles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 2, 3, 37 - 56.","Schaum, H. (1848) Verzeichnis der Lamellicornia, Melitophila. Schaum, H., Stettin, 74 pp.","Lacordaire, T. (1856) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes. Tome troisieme contenant les familles des pectinicornes et lamelli- cornes. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 594 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. v on (1869) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. IV. Scarabaeidae. E. H. Grummi, Monachii, pp. 979 - 1346. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9089","Westwood, J. O. (1873) Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or, Illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects, for the most part contained in the collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope. Part I. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 56 pp, 10 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14077","Berge, A. (1884) Enumeration des Cetonides decrits depuis la publication du Catalogue de MM. Gemminger & de Harold. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 28, 113 - 163.","Schoch, G. (1894) Ueber die Systematik der Cetoniden. Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 9, 164 - 225.","Schoch, G. (1895) Die Genera und Species meiner Cetoniden-Sammlung II. Teil: Tribus Cetoniadae, Diplognathidae und Cremastochilidae. E. Zwingli., Zurich, pp. 86 - 148.","Schoch, G. (1896) Catalogus systematicus Cetonidarum et Trichiidarum ad huc cognitarum. E. Zwingli., Zurich, 95 pp.","Peringuey, L. (1907) Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa (Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae): subfamily Cetoniinae. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 13, 294 - 546. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21560382.1904.9525999","Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp.","Schenkling, S. (1921): Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. XXI. Scarabaeidae III. Pars 72. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 011 - 9697 - 0 _ 1","Schein, H. (1954) Die gattung Cymophorus und ihre naheren Verwandten (Coleoptera: Cetonidae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africains, 50 (3 - 4), 356 - 394.","Paulian, R. (1961) Coleopteres Scarabeides de L'Indochine II (Rutelines et Cetonines) (suite et fin). Annales de la Societe En- tomologique de France, 130, 1 - 47.","Krikken, J. (1977). Notes on Asian cremastochiliform genera, with descriptions of two new species (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 50 (21), 309 - 320.","Krikken, J. (1984). A new key to the suprageneric taxa in the beetle family Cetoniidae, with annotated lists of the known genera. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 210, 1 - 75.","Marais, E. & Holm, E. (1992) Type catalogue and bibliography of the Cetoniinae of sub-Saharan Africa (excluding Trichiini and Valgini) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Cimbebasia Memoir, 1992, 1 - 125.","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Volume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Valgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Sakai, K. & Nagai, S. (1998) The Cetoniine Beetles of the World. Mushi-Sha's Iconographic Series of Insects. Vol. 3. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 421 pp.","Krajcik, M. (1999) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part II. Typos Studio, Most, 72 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated Catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x., Supplement 1, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lo ¨ bl, I. & Lo ¨ bl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 3, Scara- baeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and updated edition. Brill, Leiden and Boston, pp. 367 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004309142","Burmeister, H. & Schaum, H. (1840) Kritische revision der Lamellicornia melitophila, Trichiadae. Zeitschrift fur die Entomolo- gie, 2, 353 - 420.","Burmeister, H. & Schaum, H. (1841) Kritische revision der Lamellicornia melitophila. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 3, 226 - 282.","Burmeister, H. (1842) Handbuch der Entomologie. Dritter Band. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Melitophila. Theod. Chr. Friedr. Enslin, Berlin, 826 pp.","Burmeister, H. (1845) Genera quaedam insectorum. Iconibus illustravit et descripsit. Volumen I. Continet tabulas XL. Heft 9. Sumtibus A. Burmeister, Berolini, 8 pp.","Schaum, H. (1844) Observations critiques sur la famille des Lamellicornes melitophiles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 2, 2, 333 - 426.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London, 306 pp. Available from: https: // www. iczn. org / the-code / the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature / the-code-online / (accessed 9 July 2020)"]}

Cymophorus (Pseudocymophorus) pulchellus pulchellus Arrow, 1910 (Figs. 1���10, 34) Cymophorus pulchellus Arrow, 1910: 203 * (type locality: Barway, Chota Nagpur, West Bengal, India = [near Chainpur, Jharkhand, E. India]), plate II, fig. 5 ♀; Schenkling 1921: 359; Bacchus 1974: 34 (lectotype designation); Chatterjee & Biswas 1995: 396; Bezděk 2016: 391. Cymophorus pulchellus pulchellus Arrow: Schein 1954: 383; Krajč��k 1999: 35; Krajč��k 2012: 85. Type material. The label data and depository of all five type specimens were provided by Bacchus (1974) when he designated the lectotype of Cymophorus pulchellus. These specimens were all collected from Chota Nagpur Plateau in Eastern India by Father Louis Cardon (1857���1946), and three exact sites were given on their labels, i.e., Barway, Nowatoli, and Chandernagore. A missionary residence of the Belgian Mission has been established at the type locality Barway, and Father Cardon was worked at Barway and Nowatoli which both around Gumla of Jharkhand (Fik��ček et al. 2012; Toppo 2019). Furthermore, based on a historical map, Fik��ček et al. (2012) pointed out that Barway (ca. 23��08��� N, 84��14��� E) is located at Chainpur. While the exact location of Chandernagore is unknown, perhaps is also a nearby village. The male lectotype (BMNH, Figs. 1���4) is labeled: Chota Nagpore, Barway, R. P. Cardon, VI-VII 1896 // ex Coll. Oberth��r. 1913-353 // Cymophorus pulchellus Arrow, type, ♂ // HOLOTYPE // Type // Cymophorus pul-chellus Arr., ♂, M.E.Bacchus det. 1972, HOLOTYPE. Three examined paralectotypes (2♂♂, 1♀) are labeled: 2♂♂ (MNHN, Figs. 5���8), Chota-Nagpore, Nowatoli, R. P. Cardon, IX, 1897 // // Cymophorus pulchellus Arr. ♂, M. E. Bacchus 1973, PARALECTOTYPE // PARA-LECTO-TYPE; 1♀ (MNHN, Figs. 9���10), Chota-Nagpore, Barway, R. P. Cardon, VI-VIII, 1896 // Cymophorus pulchellus Arrow, co-type // Cymophorus pulchellus Arr. ♀, M. E. Bacchus 1973, PARALECTOTYPE // PARA-LECTO-TYPE. The unexamined female paralectotype from Chandernagore is preserved in RMNH now (Arrow 1910; Bacchus 1974), but it has not been mentioned by Krikken (1977) when he clarified the taxonomy of Asian Cremastocheilini genera. Other material examined (1♂, 2♀♀). INDIA: 1♂ (BMNH), RAMGANGA V. Kumaon, 8.24, 3500-5000 // E. Ramganga V., Kumaon, 5000 ft. India, H.G.C. // Cymophorus pulchellus Arr., G.J.Arrow det. // H. G. Champion Coll., B.M. 1953-156; 1♀ (MNHN), India; 1♀ (MNHN), Nagpur // Cymophorus pulchellus Arr., G. Ruter det.19. Distribution. India. Remarks. Cymophorus pulchellus pulchellus is very scarce, only known from the eight specimens. Most are from Chota Nagpur Plateau in Eastern India, and the male from the Ramganga valley in Uttarakhand, North India which represents the northernmost and an isolated record of this subspecies (Fig. 34)., Published as part of Xu, Hao & Qiu, Jian-Yue, 2020, An update on the distribution of the poorly known flower beetle genus Cymophorus Kirby, 1827 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) in Asia, pp. 575-586 in Zootaxa 4877 (3) on page 577, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4424497, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp.","Schenkling, S. (1921): Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. XXI. Scarabaeidae III. Pars 72. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 011 - 9697 - 0 _ 1","Bacchus, M. E. (1974) A catalogue of the type-specimens of the Cetoniinae described by G. J. Arrow. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 31 (3), 25 - 44.","Chatterjee, S. K. & Biswas, S. (1995) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae, Dynastinae, Rutelinae. In: State Fauna Series 3. Fauna of West Bengal. Part- 6 A. Insecta: Coleoptera. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 363 - 447.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lo ¨ bl, I. & Lo ¨ bl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 3, Scara- baeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and updated edition. Brill, Leiden and Boston, pp. 367 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004309142","Schein, H. (1954) Die gattung Cymophorus und ihre naheren Verwandten (Coleoptera: Cetonidae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africains, 50 (3 - 4), 356 - 394.","Krajcik, M. (1999) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part II. Typos Studio, Most, 72 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Fikacek, M., Jia, F. L. & Prokin, A. (2012) A review of the Asian species of the genus Pachysternum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Zootaxa, 3219 (1), 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3219.1.1","Toppo, J. (2019) The history of the Chotanagpur mission. Available from: https: // www. ranjesu. org / getResources. php? newsid = 21 (accessed 29 July 2020)","Krikken, J. (1977). Notes on Asian cremastochiliform genera, with descriptions of two new species (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 50 (21), 309 - 320."]}

Paratrichius tesari M��ckstein, Xu & Qiu, new species (Figs. 7���12, 17���20, 29���31, 35���37) Type material examined (4♂♂, 2♀♀). Holotype (♂, MYNU, Figs. 7���9): China: Guizhou, Libo County, Maolan Nature Reserve, alt. 750 m, 2018.VI.11���17, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg. Paratypes (3♂♂, 2♀♀): CHINA: 1♀ (allotype, RMHK), KOUY-TCH��OU / R��G. DE PIN-FA / P��re Cavalerie 1909; 1♀ (PMCH, Figs. 10���12), KOUY- TCH��OU / Kouy-Yang [Guiyang] / P.P. Cavalerie et Fortunat 1906; 1♂ (RMHK), KOUY-TCH��OU [Guizhou] / R��G. DE PIN-FA [Pingfa, Yunwu, Guiding County] / P��re Cavalerie 1908; 2♂♂ (MYNU), Guizhou, Libo County, Maolan Nature Reserve, alt. 750 m, 2018. VI.11���17, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg. Description of holotype (male). Elongate, with slender legs; color black (Figs. 7���9); antennae fulvous (with slightly darker scapus); elytra with reddish-brown band at margins; body decorated with pale yellowish chalky material as follows: pronotum with a narrow band along margins, slightly wider at the posterior lateral margins; elytral disc with two narrow, sinuate transverse bands, positioned before and behind middle, which do not reach lateral margins (the anterior one divided into two parts); elytral juxtascutellar area with a narrow band along suture and not exceeding the anterior sinuate transverse band; elytral distal declivity with a crescent narrow transverse band (lining the apical umbone); pygidium covered with pale yellowish chalky material at sides only (connected at the middle of upper margin); ventral surface (except anal sternites) completely covered. Head. Black, without luster. Surface of frons and clypeus covered with scattered, rounded, large, shallow punctuation, each puncture with short, erect whitish seta. Clypeal outline squarish, clypeus slightly depressed behind anterior emarginated margin, sides arcuate, clypeal apex somewhat bisinuate, not raised. Vertex and anterior part of clypeus with sparse, short, yellowish setae. Mentum and gula with sparse, long, yellowish setae. Antennae fulvous, 10-segmented; scapus slightly darker, with conspicuous brush of yellowish bristles posteriorly (the longest bristles in the apical part); antennal clubs developed, about as long as the length of the antennomere 2���7 combined. Pronotum. Suboctagonal, transverse, moderately convex. Disc with wrinkled impressions, punctuation in basal part rounded, large and shallow, each puncture with one short erect yellowish seta. Sides abruptly convergent anteriorly before the middle, widely rounded posteriorly; anterior angles slightly projected, obtuse and rounded at apex; posterior angles widely rounded without distinct projecting, posterior margin broadly emarginated medially. Scutellum. Triangular, wider than long, sides arcuate, apex rounded, surface covered with black pruinosity, sparsely punctate, with short, erect, yellowish setae. Elytra. Longer than wide, widest before the middle; each elytron with six striae dorsally and one on lateral declivity; each striae with a row of horseshoe-shaped punctures (few C-shaped), from second third more or less merged. Elytral suture black, uniformly narrow throughout its length. The whole area of elytra regularly covered with sparse yellowish setae (Fig. 29). Humeral umbone developed. Macropterous. Pygidium. Convex, wider than long, with apex rounded. Surface with concentric wrinkles, evenly and sparsely covered with slightly recumbent yellowish setae (Fig. 18). Ventral surface. Metasternal and abdominal ventrites covered with long yellow hairlike macrosetae, denser and longer medially than laterally. Anal sternites hollowed medially. Legs. Protibia bidentate, with proximal tooth inconspicuous, lacking terminal spur, inner margin of protibia with a row of yellowish setae. Mesotibia slightly curved, with inconspicuous oblique ridge at the apical third of outer margin and a pair of simply spurs apically; inner margin of mesotibia with a row of longer yellowish setae. Mesotarsi clad with minute yellowish setae, mesotarsomeres with some pale yellow brush-like bristles apically. Metatibia straight, with inconspicuous oblique ridge at the apical third of outer margin and a pair of simply spurs apically, the apical third of metatibia inner margin with a row of longer yellowish setae, outer margin with inconspicuous oblique ridge. Metatarsi extensively prolonged, 1.5 as long as mesotarsi; first metatarsomere as long as second; metatarsomeres clothes with minute yellowish setae and also with some pale yellow brush-like bristles apically. Procoxae and mesocoxae with longer yellow hairlike macrosetae, metacoxae glabrous. Genitalia. Rake shaped in apical view. Parameres slender; apex rounded, arcuate inwards; a long, ensiform protuberance laterally protruding from basal part of paramere (Figs. 30���31). Sexual dimorphism. Female similar to male, but different in the following characters: antennal clubs shorter; puncture on dorsal surface of pronotum larger and deeper; legs stronger and shorter; protibia wider and teeth on the outer margin distinctly larger; the chalky area on pygidium larger; a small depression in middle of disc of pygidium; abdomen convex with less chalky material. Measurements. Body length 14.8���15.2 mm (male holotype 15.0 mm), width 6.2���7.0 mm (male holotype 6.8 mm). Variability. The chalky band along the margin of pronotum divided before scutellum in the male paratype (RMHK), and the anterior chalky band of elytra not divided into two parts in some individuals. Differential diagnosis. The new species is very similar to P. circularis, from which can be separated by following characters: anterior angles of pronotum slightly projected (distinctly projected in P. circularis); pronotal disc always without yellow chalky material; the posterior transverse sinuate band on elytra continuous (usually divided into three parts in P. circularis); lateral protuberances of parameres ensiform, distinctly long and slender (protuberance auriform in P. circularis). This new species also resembles Vietnamese species P. pejchai M��ckstein, 2018 in appearance and parameres, but the anterior angles of pronotum is slightly projected (distinctly projected in P. pejchai), the color of elytra is darker, the scutellum and pronotal disc without chalky material, and the protuberances of parameres distinctly longer. Etymology. Named after Zdeněk Tesař (1907���1985), well-known Czech specialist on Scarabaeidae, in whose collection this newly described species was firstly found. Distribution. China: Guizhou. Remarks. According to the collecting data, the type specimens of Paratrichius tesari new species in Tesař���s collection were collected by missionary P��re Julien Cavalerie (1869���1927). Father Cavalerie worked at Guizhou province, China from 1894 to 1919, and collected a lot of plants and animals from the places he had worked (Wu & Tan 2003; Moussay & Appavou 2004). Pin-Fa (i.e. Pingfa), the exact locality given on his label of one paratype, is the type locality of many species (L��veill�� 1906; Olivier 1909; Tsai & R��dei 2010). Pingfa (107��4���54.35��� E, 26��12���44.34��� N, alt. 1,000 m) is a small village in Yunwu township of Guiding County, located in the Yunnan���Gui- zhou Plateau with limestone mountainous environment. However, nowadays it is difficult to find a fit forest habitat for Paratrichius beetles around the village due to the environment changing. Subsequently, the authors (HX and JYQ) went to Maolan, a nearby nature reserve which is famous for its karst landscape at the edge of Yunnan���Guizhou Plateau. Finally, three males were captured on flowers of Viburnum sp. (Rubiales: Caprifoliaceae) during a one-week investigation (Figs. 35���36), but the amount of adults is distinctly less than other Paratrichius species, such as P. marmoreus (Moser, 1902) and P. tergorufus Ricchiardi, 2019. It is presumed that the peak of activity for adults of P. tesari new species should be slightly later than the collecting date, perhaps later June., Published as part of M��ckstein, Petr, Xu, Hao & Qiu, Jian-Yue, 2020, Description of a new species resembling Paratrichius circularis Ma, 1990 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China, pp. 259-269 in Zootaxa 4763 (2) on pages 262-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3762673, {"references":["Ma, W. Z. (1990) Four new species of Paratrichius from China (Coleoptera: Trichiidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 33 (4), 457 - 461. [in Chinese, with English summary] https: // doi. org / 10.16380 / j. kcxb. 1990.04.014","Wu, S. G. & Tan, B. C. (2003) Valuable and Noteworthy Chinese Fern Specimens Preserved at the Herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens (Sing). In: Chandra, S. & Srivastava, M. (Eds.), Pteridology in the New Millennium: NBRI Golden Jubilee Volume. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 153 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 2811 - 9 _ 12","Moussay, G. & Appavou, B. (2004) Repertoire des Membres de la Societe des Missions Etrangeres (en Chene) 1659 - 2004. Archives des Missions Etrangeres, Paris, 602 pp.","Leveille, M. H. (1906) Caricologie chinoise. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, 53 (4), 315 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1906.10831176","Olivier, E. (1909) Coleopteres Lampyrides rapportes de Kouy-Tcheou, Region de Pin Fa (Chine), par les P. Cavalerie et Fortunat. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 15, 247 - 250.","Tsai, J. F & Redei, D. (2010) Taxonomical notes on Oriental and Pacific jewel bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). Zootaxa, 2572 (1), 25 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2572.1.2","Ricchiardi, E., Bai, M. & Li, S. (2019) Description of three new species of Paratrichius Janson, 1881 from China and revision of the distribution range of Paratrichius rubrodecoratus (Tesar, 1952) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini). Zootaxa, 4700 (3), 345 - 355. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4700.3.3"]}

Paratrichius tesari Mückstein, Xu & Qiu, new species (Figs. 7–12, 17–20, 29–31, 35–37) Type material examined (4♂♂, 2♀♀). Holotype (♂, MYNU, Figs. 7–9): China: Guizhou, Libo County, Maolan Nature Reserve, alt. 750 m, 2018.VI.11–17, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg. Paratypes (3♂♂, 2♀♀): CHINA: 1♀ (allotype, RMHK), KOUY-TCHÉOU / RÉG. DE PIN-FA / Père Cavalerie 1909; 1♀ (PMCH, Figs. 10–12), KOUY- TCHÉOU / Kouy-Yang [Guiyang] / P.P. Cavalerie et Fortunat 1906; 1♂ (RMHK), KOUY-TCHÉOU [Guizhou] / RÉG. DE PIN-FA [Pingfa, Yunwu, Guiding County] / Père Cavalerie 1908; 2♂♂ (MYNU), Guizhou, Libo County, Maolan Nature Reserve, alt. 750 m, 2018. VI.11–17, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg. Description of holotype (male). Elongate, with slender legs; color black (Figs. 7–9); antennae fulvous (with slightly darker scapus); elytra with reddish-brown band at margins; body decorated with pale yellowish chalky material as follows: pronotum with a narrow band along margins, slightly wider at the posterior lateral margins; elytral disc with two narrow, sinuate transverse bands, positioned before and behind middle, which do not reach lateral margins (the anterior one divided into two parts); elytral juxtascutellar area with a narrow band along suture and not exceeding the anterior sinuate transverse band; elytral distal declivity with a crescent narrow transverse band (lining the apical umbone); pygidium covered with pale yellowish chalky material at sides only (connected at the middle of upper margin); ventral surface (except anal sternites) completely covered. Head. Black, without luster. Surface of frons and clypeus covered with scattered, rounded, large, shallow punctuation, each puncture with short, erect whitish seta. Clypeal outline squarish, clypeus slightly depressed behind anterior emarginated margin, sides arcuate, clypeal apex somewhat bisinuate, not raised. Vertex and anterior part of clypeus with sparse, short, yellowish setae. Mentum and gula with sparse, long, yellowish setae. Antennae fulvous, 10-segmented; scapus slightly darker, with conspicuous brush of yellowish bristles posteriorly (the longest bristles in the apical part); antennal clubs developed, about as long as the length of the antennomere 2–7 combined. Pronotum. Suboctagonal, transverse, moderately convex. Disc with wrinkled impressions, punctuation in basal part rounded, large and shallow, each puncture with one short erect yellowish seta. Sides abruptly convergent anteriorly before the middle, widely rounded posteriorly; anterior angles slightly projected, obtuse and rounded at apex; posterior angles widely rounded without distinct projecting, posterior margin broadly emarginated medially. Scutellum. Triangular, wider than long, sides arcuate, apex rounded, surface covered with black pruinosity, sparsely punctate, with short, erect, yellowish setae. Elytra. Longer than wide, widest before the middle; each elytron with six striae dorsally and one on lateral declivity; each striae with a row of horseshoe-shaped punctures (few C-shaped), from second third more or less merged. Elytral suture black, uniformly narrow throughout its length. The whole area of elytra regularly covered with sparse yellowish setae (Fig. 29). Humeral umbone developed. Macropterous. Pygidium. Convex, wider than long, with apex rounded. Surface with concentric wrinkles, evenly and sparsely covered with slightly recumbent yellowish setae (Fig. 18). Ventral surface. Metasternal and abdominal ventrites covered with long yellow hairlike macrosetae, denser and longer medially than laterally. Anal sternites hollowed medially. Legs. Protibia bidentate, with proximal tooth inconspicuous, lacking terminal spur, inner margin of protibia with a row of yellowish setae. Mesotibia slightly curved, with inconspicuous oblique ridge at the apical third of outer margin and a pair of simply spurs apically; inner margin of mesotibia with a row of longer yellowish setae. Mesotarsi clad with minute yellowish setae, mesotarsomeres with some pale yellow brush-like bristles apically. Metatibia straight, with inconspicuous oblique ridge at the apical third of outer margin and a pair of simply spurs apically, the apical third of metatibia inner margin with a row of longer yellowish setae, outer margin with inconspicuous oblique ridge. Metatarsi extensively prolonged, 1.5 as long as mesotarsi; first metatarsomere as long as second; metatarsomeres clothes with minute yellowish setae and also with some pale yellow brush-like bristles apically. Procoxae and mesocoxae with longer yellow hairlike macrosetae, metacoxae glabrous. Genitalia. Rake shaped in apical view. Parameres slender; apex rounded, arcuate inwards; a long, ensiform protuberance laterally protruding from basal part of paramere (Figs. 30–31). Sexual dimorphism. Female similar to male, but different in the following characters: antennal clubs shorter; puncture on dorsal surface of pronotum larger and deeper; legs stronger and shorter; protibia wider and teeth on the outer margin distinctly larger; the chalky area on pygidium larger; a small depression in middle of disc of pygidium; abdomen convex with less chalky material. Measurements. Body length 14.8–15.2 mm (male holotype 15.0 mm), width 6.2–7.0 mm (male holotype 6.8 mm). Variability. The chalky band along the margin of pronotum divided before scutellum in the male paratype (RMHK), and the anterior chalky band of elytra not divided into two parts in some individuals. Differential diagnosis. The new species is very similar to P. circularis, from which can be separated by following characters: anterior angles of pronotum slightly projected (distinctly projected in P. circularis); pronotal disc always without yellow chalky material; the posterior transverse sinuate band on elytra continuous (usually divided into three parts in P. circularis); lateral protuberances of parameres ensiform, distinctly long and slender (protuberance auriform in P. circularis). This new species also resembles Vietnamese species P. pejchai Mückstein, 2018 in appearance and parameres, but the anterior angles of pronotum is slightly projected (distinctly projected in P. pejchai), the color of elytra is darker, the scutellum and pronotal disc without chalky material, and the protuberances of parameres distinctly longer. Etymology. Named after Zdeněk Tesař (1907–1985), well-known Czech specialist on Scarabaeidae, in whose collection this newly described species was firstly found. Distribution. China: Guizhou. Remarks. According to the collecting data, the type specimens of Paratrichius tesari new species in Tesař’s collection were collected by missionary Pére Julien Cavalerie (1869–1927). Father Cavalerie worked at Guizhou province, China from 1894 to 1919, and collected a lot of plants and animals from the places he had worked (Wu & Tan 2003; Moussay & Appavou 2004). Pin-Fa (i.e. Pingfa), the exact locality given on his label of one paratype, is the type locality of many species (Léveillé 1906; Olivier 1909; Tsai & Rédei 2010). Pingfa (107°4′54.35″ E, 26°12′44.34″ N, alt. 1,000 m) is a small village in Yunwu township of Guiding County, located in the Yunnan–Gui- zhou Plateau with limestone mountainous environment. However, nowadays it is difficult to find a fit forest habitat for Paratrichius beetles around the village due to the environment changing. Subsequently, the authors (HX and JYQ) went to Maolan, a nearby nature reserve which is famous for its karst landscape at the edge of Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. Finally, three males were captured on flowers of Viburnum sp. (Rubiales: Caprifoliaceae) during a one-week investigation (Figs. 35–36), but the amount of adults is distinctly less than other Paratrichius species, such as P. marmoreus (Moser, 1902) and P. tergorufus Ricchiardi, 2019. It is presumed that the peak of activity for adults of P. tesari new species should be slightly later than the collecting date, perhaps later June.

Paratrichius circularis Ma, 1990 (Figs. 1���6, 13���16, 21-28, 32-34, 37) Paratrichius circularis Ma, 1990: 457, 460 (type locality: Mt. Emeishan, Qingyinge, Sichuan, China), figs. 1���2, ♂, 5 parameres; Ma 1995: 177, text-figs. 150a���b pronotum and elytron; Krajč��k 1999: 51; Smetana 2006: 309; Krajč��k 2011: 79; Krajč��k 2012: 197; Bezděk 2016: 406. Type material. This species was originally described based on two male specimens (Ma 1990). The type specimens deposited in IZAS being unavailable for the present work, here we transcribe the label data from the original publication: holotype (♂, IZAS), Mt. Emeishan, Qingyinge, Sichuan, 800���1,000 m, 1957.VII.25, Ke-Ren HUANG leg.; paratype (♂, IZAS), Mt. Emeishan, Jiulaodong, Sichuan, 1,800 ���1,900 m, 1957.VII.31, You-Cai LU leg. Additional material examined (5♂♂, 4♀♀). CHINA: Sichuan: 1♀ (MNHN), 1.VIII.[19]31, Omei, China, elv. 2,000; 1♀ (SYSM), Szechuan, W. China, Omei; 1♂ (MYNU), 2006.VII, Mt. Emeishan, Leshan, Sichuan; 1♂ (MYNU), 2014.VIII.24, Qiliping, Mt. Emeishan, Hongya, Chao ZHOU leg.; 1♀ (MYNU), 2018.VIII.9, Mt. Zhou- gongshan, Ya���an, Sichuan, alt. 1,600 m, Ji-Shen WANG leg.; 2♂♂ (MYNU), 2018.VIII.11 ~12, Mt. Zhougongshan, Ya���an, Sichuan, alt. 1,600 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU leg.; Chongqing: 2♂♂, 1♀ (SWU), 1991.VII.26, Mt. Simi- anshan Nature Reserve, Dawopu, Jiangjin, Chongqing, alt. 1,060 m, Jing-Qiu CHENG et al. leg. Diagnosis. Elongate, with slender legs, color black (Figs.1���6). Antennae fulvous (with slightly darker scapus); antennal club longer in male. Pronotum suboctagonal, slightly wider at the middle of lateral margins, anterior angles slightly pointed; a narrow chalky band along margins; three chalky maculae on disc (���/ | \��� shaped), sometimes partly (Fig. 22) or totally absent (Fig. 4) in female; dorsal surface with dense punctures (punctures larger in female). Elytra regularly covered with sparse yellowish setae (Fig 23); color of the inner area from humeral callus to apicosutural angle gradually from black to orange-brown. Yellowish chalky material on elytra: disc with two sinuate, transverse bands (usually, the anterior one divided into two parts, the posterior one divided into three parts); elytral juxtascutellar area with a narrow band along suture; elytral distal declivity with a crescent narrow transverse band. Pygidium strongly convex in male, while depressed medially in female; surface with concentric wrinkles, covered with pale yellowish chalky material at sides only (Figs. 14, 16). Sides of metasternum covered with chalky material. Abdominal sternite III to VI covered with chalky material (absent in median portion of III to V in female). Protibia bidentate (proximal tooth inconspicuous in male), without terminal spur in male. Parameres broad; apex rounded, slightly arcuate outwards; a short, auriform protuberance laterally protruding from basal part of paramere (Figs. 27���28). Measurements. Body length 14.2���15.1 mm, width 6.1���7.0 mm. Distribution. China: Chongqing (new record), Sichuan. Remarks. The figure numbers of the parameres of Paratrichius circularis and P. rufescens Ma, 1990 are reversed in the original description (Ma 1990), and this mistake was not corrected in Ma (1995). Ma (1990) claimed that P. circularis was closed to P. elegantulus (Moser, 1902) but differed in the body size, the color of elytra, and the shape of spots on elytra and pygidium. Actually, their coloration patterns are distinctly different: P. elegantulus resembles P. flavipes (Moser, 1901) which usually bears six maculae on elytron, while P. circularis has two chalky bands instead of maculae. The adults of P. circularis were observed visiting the flowers of Hydrangea sp. (Rosales: Saxifragaceae) in Mount Zhougongshan, Sichuan (Figs. 32���34) at a high elevation (about 1,600 m). While the label data of several specimens indicated that beetles were caught at an elevation around 1,000 m. These data suggested a broad altitude distribution range for this species., Published as part of M��ckstein, Petr, Xu, Hao & Qiu, Jian-Yue, 2020, Description of a new species resembling Paratrichius circularis Ma, 1990 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China, pp. 259-269 in Zootaxa 4763 (2) on pages 260-262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3762673, {"references":["Ma, W. Z. (1990) Four new species of Paratrichius from China (Coleoptera: Trichiidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 33 (4), 457 - 461. [in Chinese, with English summary] https: // doi. org / 10.16380 / j. kcxb. 1990.04.014","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Volume 46, Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Valgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Krajcik, M. (1999) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue. Part II. Typos Studio, Most, 72 pp.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 3. Scarabaeoidea-Scirtoidea-Dascilloidea-Buprestoidea-Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated Catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Animma. x, Supplement 1, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 3. Scarabaeoidea-Scirtoidea-Dascilloidea-Buprestoidea-Byrrhoidea. Revised and updated edition. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412."]}

Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao, Chen, Li (2019): Coloration variability of the Oriental genus Agnorimus Miyake & Iwase, 1991 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) with synonymic notes. Zootaxa 4585 (3): 531-545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4585.3.8

Agnorimus Miyake & Iwase, 1991 Agnorimus Miyake & Iwase 1991: 187; Yu et al. 1998 (in synonymy); Li & Yang 1999: 164 (diagnostic characters); Krajč��k 1999: 50; Tauzin 2000 (in synonymy); Tauzin 2004 (in synonymy); Smetana 2006 (in synonymy); Krikken 2009: 13; Krajč��k 2011: 75; Krajč��k 2012: 14; Bezděk 2016: 404. Type species: Gnorimus tibialis Ch��j��, 1938 (= Gnorimus pictus Moser, 1902), by original designation. Differential diagnosis. By strongly curved inward male mesotibia and inflexed male metatibia, this genus can be easily separated from other genera of the Eurasian Trichiini. It differs from the most similar genus Gnorimus by the following characteristics (modified from Miyake & Iwase (1991): body convex (Fig. 47; flat in Gnorimus); dorsal surface matt (usually bright in Gnorimus); anterior margin of clypeus not raised (distinctly raised in Gnorimus); mesometasternal process distinct and long (Fig. 2; almost invisible in Gnorimus); scutellum subtriangular (semicircular in Gnorimus); male abdomen without groove (Fig. 2; with a longitudinal groove in Gnorimus); female pygidum without groove (Fig. 5; with a medial groove in dorsal view in Gnorimus); male mesotibia abruptly expand inward in distal portion (Fig. 1; gradually expand inward in Gnorimus); male metatibia inflexed (Fig. 1; straight in Gnorimus); segment 1 of male mesotarsus distinctly elongated and pilose (Fig. 1; segment 1 unmodified and glabrous in Gnorimus); parameres margins almost parallel, and outer margin sharply protrude outward in apex (Fig. 37; margins constricted and without sharply protruding in Gnorimus). Distribution. Oriental region., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, Coloration variability of the Oriental genus Agnorimus Miyake & Iwase, 1991 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) with synonymic notes, pp. 531-545 in Zootaxa 4585 (3) on page 533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4585.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2640260, {"references":["Miyake, Y. & Iwase, K. (1991) A new genus and a new species of Trichiini from southeastern Asia (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Entomological Review of Japan, 46 (2), 187 - 193.","Yu, C. K., Kobayashi, H. & Chu, Y. I. (1998) The Scarabaeidae of Taiwan. Mu Sheng Co., Taipei, 263 pp.","Li, C. L. & Yang, P. S. (1999) Taxonomic notes on trichiine beetles of Taiwan (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Cetoniinae). Chinese Journal of Entomology, 19 (2), 161 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.6660 / TESFE. 1999012","Krajcik, M. (1999) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part II. Typos Studio, Most, 72 pp.","Tauzin, P. (2000) The genus Aleurostictus Kirby, 1827. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus and information on the distribution of the species (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae, Trichiinae, Trichiini). L'Entomologiste, 56 (6), 231 - 281.","Tauzin, P. (2004) Iconography of some species of the genus Aleurostictus Kirby, 1827 and new data on their distribution. (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae, Trichiinae, Trichiini). Cetoniimania, 1 (2), 77 - 94.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krikken, J. (2009) Indognorimus and Indotrichius, new genera for South Asian Trichiini: a taxonomic clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Haroldius, 3, 3 - 15.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x, 1 (Supplement), 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, 5 (Supplement), 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Fol. 3. Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and updated edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412.","Chujo, M. (1938) Description of a new Scarabaeidae from Formosa. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 28 (183), 444 - 445.","Moser, J. (1902) Neue Cetoniden-Arten aus Tonkin, gesammelt von H. Fruhstorfer. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 46, 525 - 538."]}

Macronotops vuilleti (Bourgoin, 1916) (Figs. 16–17, 39–40, 63–64, 94–97, 119, 131, 169–172, 219–220, 238–242, 258, 279–281, 309) Macronota vuilleti Bourgoin, 1916: 135 (type locality: Chapa, Lao-Kay, Tonkin [=Sa Pa, Lao Cai, N. Vietnam])*; Schenkling 1921: 143. Coilodera vuilleti (Bourgoin): Paulian 1960: 18. Pleuronota vuilleti (Bourgoin): Mikšić 1971: 208; Mikšić 1976: 170 (holotype). Macronotops vuilleti vuilleti (Bourgoin): Krikken 1977: 208; Krajčík 1998: 90; Sakai 2008: 20 (Mount Phu Pan & Xam Neua, Laos)*, fig. 72 ♂; Krajčík 2011: 59; Krajčík 2012: 152. Type material. Holotype (by monotypy, ♂, BMNH, Figs. 238–242): Macronota vuilleti Bourgoin, Type [white label with red right edge]// Holotype [white label with red border] // Bourgoin Coll., B. M. 1938-252 [pale yellow label] // Macronota vuilleti Bourg. ♂, M. E. Bacchus det 1974, HOLOTYPE [white label]. Additional material examined (20♂♂, 5♀). CHINA: Yunnan: 6♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Huanglianshan Nature Reserve, Lüchun County, 1,900 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar larvae in rotten wood 21.II.2018, adult emerged V.2018. VIETNAM: 1♂ (QCCC), V.2015, Mount Sapa, Lao Cai prov. LAOS: 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), V.2013, Mount Phu Pane, Hua Phan prov.; 5♂♂ (QCCC), VI.2014, Mount Phu Pane, Hua Phan Prov., 2,060 m; 1♂ (KSCJ), 15–24. V.2004, Phu Pan (Mt.), Houa Phan Prov., T. Mizusawa; 5♂♂ (KSCJ), VII.2005, Xam Nua, Hua Phan Prov.; 1♀ (KSCJ), 10–21. VI.2010, Phou Pan (Mt.), Houa Phan Prov., St. Jakl; 1♀ (KSCJ), V.2012, Mt. Pan, Sam Neua, Houa Pan Prov.; 1♀ (KSCJ), V.2007, Xan Neua, Hua Phan Prov. Redescription (male). General: Body length 16.5–18.0 mm; width 7.0–7.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense, setiferous, punctures; setae short, fulvous, but long on frons. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised. Frons flat or with an indistinct longitudinal ridge (Fig. 16). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus dark brown. Antenna yellowish-brown to dark brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 16). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 170). Pronotum: Reddish-brown to brown. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface densely clad with long, fulvous and black setae (Fig. 169). Scutellum: Reddish-brown to dark brown, with sparse, fulvous setae. Elytron: Humeral umbone, disc, lateral declivity, and distal declivity reddish-brown; juxtascutellar area dark brown; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, median macula, and distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae black on lateral declivity, light yellow on maculae; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 169). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown, with fulvous and/or dark brown setae. Sternum: Preprosternum reddish, with sparse, fulvous setae on sides. Mesosternum dark reddish-brown, with sparse, fulvous setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, dark reddish-brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, with long, fulvous setae. Metasternum black, with long, fulvous setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 170). Pygidium: Brown. With a small yellow macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae fulvous in middle, dark brown on sides (Fig. 94). Abdomen: Dark reddish-brown. With a slightly depressed longitudinal groove in median. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites surface clad with fulvous setae; setae on sternite II long, dense; setae on sternites III–V longer on sides, but almost glabrous in median; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII with sparse, short setae on sides. Sternites II–V densely clad with black and fulvous setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 170). Legs: Reddish-brown, slender, simple. Metacoxa, femora, and tibia clad with long, fulvous and light yellow setae. Protibia without tiny tooth (Fig. 39); mesotibia and metatibia with a sharp spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 169–170); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 63). Tarsi simple; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of dense, long setae (Fig. 63). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded, distinctly expanded. Interparameral split wide, gradually constricted to apex; base with membrane, slightly divided in medial. Median lobe wide at base, filiform apically; distinctly longer than paramere (Fig. 119). Female. Body length 17.0–17.5 mm; width 7.7–8.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, body color darker (Fig. 1 71), dorsal tooth of metatibia larger (Fig. 64), setae on mesotibia and metatibia shorter (Figs. 171–172), and basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 64). Variability. Features are stable, but pygidium of some specimens without yellow macula (Figs. 95–96), and setae are black (Fig. 96). Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna yellowish-brown to dark brown (Figs. 16–17). Male pronotum clad with fulvous long setae. Elytra with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae, and distal maculae (Figs. 169, 171). Pygidium with a yellow macula (Figs. 94, 97), sometimes absent (Figs. 95–96). Abdominal sides without yellow maculae (Figs. 1 70, 172); male abdomen with a slightly longitudinal groove. Protibia without tiny tooth (Figs. 39–40); dorsal tooth of male metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 63). This species is similar to Macronota fulvoguttatus, and the differences are provided in the differential diagnosis of that species. Distribution. China (new country record): Yunnan; Vietnam; Laos. Natural history. Larvae of this species were excavated from several rotten trunks in February and finally emerged in May. The habitus is a slope by a stream in Mount Huanglianshan of southern Yunnan, and the trunks were lying under a forest composed of bamboo and Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie (Zingiberaceae) (Figs. 279–281). Remarks. Macronota vuilleti was rarely reported and previously only known from northeastern Laos and northern Vietnam (Bourgoin 1916; Sakai 2008). This species is also occurring in southern Yunnan of China close to the type locality., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Bourgoin, A. (1916) Description de trois Macronota nouveaux (Col. Scarabaeidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France Paris, 1916 (7), 133 - 137.","Schenkling, S. (1921) Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Fol. XXI. Scarabaeidae III Pars. 72. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 431.","Paulian, R. (1960) Coleopteres Scarabeides de L'Indochine (Rutelines et Cetonines) (Suite). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 129, 1 - 87.","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Sakai, K. (2008) Record of Cetoniid beetles from the central and northern Laos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Saikaku-Tsushin, 16, 11 - 22. [in Japanese]","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x, Supplement, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278."]}

Macronotops biserratus Qiu, Xu & Chen new species (Figs. 1, 24, 48, 72–73, 111, 123, 135–136, 203, 258) Type material. LAOS: ♂ (Holotype, SWU), VI.2014, Mount Phu Pane, Hua Phan Prov., 2,060 m; Paratypes (2♂♂): 1♂ (QCCC), VI.2014, Mount Phu Pane, Hua Phan Prov., 2,060 m; 1♂ (KSCJ), 10–21.VI.2010, Phou Pan (Mt.), Houa Phan Prov., St. Jakl. Holotype (male). General: Body length 18.0 mm; width 8.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Dorsal surface with dense, setiferous punctures; setae fulvous, short. Clypeus with week green metallic reflections; anterior margin nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge not distinct. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 1). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna brown, antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 1). Ventral surface clad with long, orange setae (Fig. 136). Pronotum: Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface clad with short, reddish-brown setae except for basolateral area; basolateral area clad with long, black and light yellow setae (Fig. 135). Scutellum: Surface clad with short, sparse, black setae. Elytron: With posthumeral macula, lateral macula, median macula, and distal macula; median macula and distal macula small. Surface densely clad with setae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae black behind humeral umbone and on lateral and distal declivity; setae dark brown on juxtascutellar area; setae long, fulvous on disc; setae fulvous along lateral margins; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 135). Mesepimeron: Dark brown, clad with light yellow and dark brown setae. Metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown, clad with dark brown and black setae. Sternum: Preprosternum dark brown, almost glabrous. Mesosternum black, clad with long, sparse, light yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with long, yellow setae. Metasternum black, with long, sparse, yellow and brown setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 136). Pygidium: Dark brown. Surface clad with short, dense, fulvous and black setae; setae fulvous in middle (Figs. 72, 135). Abdomen: Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites II– V clad with yellow setae; setae on sternite II long, dense; setae on sternites III– V short, sparse, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, orange; sternite VII with sparse, short, fulvous setae on sides. Sternites II– V with a small, indistinct yellow macula close to posterior margin on each side; densely clad with fulvous and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 136). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa brown; clad with long, orange and yellow setae. Femora and tibia reddish-brown; clad with long, orange and yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 25); spine near the middle of outer margin of mesotibia sharp, but blunt in metatibia; metatibia with a row of dense, brush-like, orange setae along inner margin (Figs. 135–136); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus, outer tooth small and short (Fig. 48). Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 48). Genitalia: Parameres narrow, long; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Interparameral split wide; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like; distinctly longer than paramere (Fig. 111). Female. Unknown. Variability. Pygidium of the male paratype with a distinct yellow macula (Fig. 73). Differential diagnosis (male). Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna brown (Fig. 1). Elytra dark brown, with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae and distal maculae (Fig. 135). Pygidium with numerous black setae (Fig. 72). Abdominal sternites II–V with a small or indistinct, yellow maculae on each side (Fig. 136); male abdomen without median groove. Protibia with tiny teeth (Fig. 24); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 48). This new species is similar to M. vuilleti, but can be separated by male protibia with several tiny teeth (Fig. 24), numerous black setae on pygidium (Fig. 72), distinctly longer legs (Figs. 135–136), elongated parameres, wider median lobe, and distinctly divided membrane (Fig. 111). Etymology. The species name “ biserratus ” is a combination of the Latin words “ bi ” meaning “double”, and “ serratus ” meaning “serrated”, since this species is similar to M. vuilleti, but the protibia bear distinct tiny teeth between the three large teeth. Distribution. Laos. Remarks. This species occurs sympatrically with M. vuilleti at Mount Phu Pane, Laos, and these two species are very similar, but several morphological differences (see differential diagnosis section) are observed, especially in tiny teeth and male genitalia which are stable diagnostic characters of this genus.

Macronotops dianensis Qiu, Xu & Chen new species (Figs. 2–3, 25–26, 49–50, 74–75, 112, 124, 137–140, 205–206, 258, 261–262, 295–297) Macronotops fulvoguttata (Fairmaire): Krikken 1977: 208 (partim, specimens from Sse-Tsong [=Shizong County, E. Yunnan, China], fig. 21 ♂. (misidentification). Type material. CHINA: Yunnan: ♂ (Holotype, SWU), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.III.2015, adult emerged IV.2015. Paratypes (9♂♂, 8♀♀): CHINA: 1♀ (Allotype, SWU), 1♂ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.III.2015, adult emerged IV.2015; 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Gui-Qiang HUANG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 27– 28.X.2016, adult emerged IV.2017; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 25.II.2018, adult emerged IV.2018; 2♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Zheng ZHOU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood II.2018, adult emerged V.2018; 1♀ (IBDU), 14.VII.2015, Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,104 m, Kai-Ge XU; 4♂♂, 3♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Junzishan Nature Reserve, Shizong County, Ke TANG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood II.2018, adult emerged V.2018; 1♂ (MNHN), Yunnan Kutsingfu [Qujing], R. P. Letourmy 1917. VIETNAM: 1♂ (KSCJ), 30.VI.1998, Mt. Pia Oac [E 105°52′, N 22°36′], Cao Bang. Holotype (male). General: Body length 14.5 mm; width 6.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense setiferous punctures; setae fulvous, longer on frons. Clypeus with green metallic reflections; anterior margin nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge distinct. Frons slightly convex (Fig. 2). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of the antennomere 8 with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 2). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 138). Pronotum: Brown with winered metallic reflections. Widest at base; basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface evenly clad with dense, setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous; sparse, brown setae on basolateral area (Fig. 137). Scutellum: Reddish-brown with weak wine-red metallic reflections. Surface with sparse, setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous. Elytron: Reddish-brown with weak wine-red metallic reflections; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, median macula, and distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae black near humeral umbone; setae brown on lateral declivity (between posthumeral macula and lateral macula); setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 137). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Reddish-brown, evenly clad with yellow setae. Sternum: Preprosternum brown, sides clad with sparse, fulvous setae. Mesosternum brown, clad with sparse, yellow setae. Mesometasternal process, short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with fulvous, long setae. Metasternum reddish-brown to black from side to midline; evenly clad with long, yellow setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 138). Pygidium: Black. Surface clad with long, dense, fulvous and black setae; most fulvous setae in median (Figs. 74, 137). Abdomen: Brown. Longitudinal groove in median indistinct. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites II– V evenly clad with fulvous setae on ventral surface, densely clad with black and light yellow setae in dorsal and lateral portion; setae on sternite II long; setae on sternites III– V short, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII with sparse, short, fulvous setae on sides (Fig. 138). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black; with long, black setae. Femora and tibia reddish-brown; with long, fulvous and light yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia indistinct (Fig. 25); mesotibia with a sharp spine in middle; metatibia with a blunt spine in middle; metatibia with a row of brushlike, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 137–138); dorsal tooth of metatibia as long as basitarsus of metatarsus, outer tooth small and short (Fig. 49). Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 49). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Apical half of interparameral split constricted; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like, apical portion of median lobe reversed; nearly twice length of paramere (Fig. 112). Female. Body length 16.5–18.0 mm; width 7.0–7.5 mm. Body color darker. Surface of head with short, sparse, fulvous and brown setae; midline of frons convex, glabrous (Fig. 3). Pronotum clad with sparse, short, fulvous, dark brown, and black setae. Elytra dark brown to black; clad with dark brown and black setae, except the yellow tomentous maculae (Fig. 139). Ventral surface black, clad with fulvous setae; abdomen convex, with less setae (Fig. 140). Legs dark brown to black; dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia large, as long as basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 50); setae on mesotibia and metatibia shorter; basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 50). Variability. Male paratypes body length 16.5 mm, width 7.0 mm; some with green metallic reflections on dorsal surface. The length of dorsal tooth of metatibia sometimes slightly longer than basitarsus of metatarsus. Body color of the females from Mount Junzishan appears lighter, and is similar to males from the same location. Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width (Figs. 2–3). Elytra with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae, and distal maculae (Figs. 137, 1 39). Pygidium without macula (Figs. 74–75). Abdominal sides without yellow macula (Figs. 138, 1 40). Male: Dorsal surface reddish-brown with fulvous short setae (Fig. 137); antenna yellowish-brown (Fig. 2); protibia with tiny teeth (Fig. 25) and dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 49); abdomen without median groove. Female: Dorsal surface dark brown to black with black short setae (Fig. 139); head with a longitudinal ridge on frons and antenna black (Fig. 3). Male of Macronotops dianensis new species is very similar to M. fulvoguttatus, but can be distinguished by tiny teeth of protibia indistinct (Fig. 25; distinct in M. fulvoguttatus, Fig. 27), abdomen without tomentous maculae (Fig. 138; abdominal sides with yellow maculae in M. fulvoguttatus, Fig. 142), dorsal tooth of male metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 49; that of M. fulvoguttatus shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus, Fig. 51), parameres shorter but broader, and apical portion of median lobe reversed (Fig. 112). Etymology. It is named for the alias name of Yunnan (Dian) where the type locality is located. Distribution. China: Yunnan; Vietnam. Natural history. This new species occurs sympatrically with M. olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin, 1916) at Mount Daweishan, and the mature larvae in rotten wood were found near the mountain top (elevation approximately 2,100 m, Figs. 261–262), but larvae of the latter species were collected from the mountainside at an elevation of around 1,600 m. Remarks. All type series of this new species were obtained in recent years, except the old specimen in MNHN collected by Letourmy. Since 1910, Father Omer Letourmy (1884–1963) visited several places in Qujing (Eastern Yunnan, China) for missionary work, and he stayed at “San-pe-fou” in 1914–1928 (Moussay & Appavou 2004). San-pe-fou, i.e. Sanbaihu, is a village now called Wulian (E 103°50'14.05", N 25°24'51.00", alt. 1,860 m) and located in Sanbao Town not far from the south of Qujing City. The male labeled “ Yunnan Kutsingfu, R. P. Letourmy 1917” perhaps was captured in the mountains around the village. A couple of specimens identified by Krikken (1977) as M. fulvoguttatus appear to be M. dianensis new species. These two specimens originated from Sse-Tsong in eastern Yunnan, i.e. Shizong County, where seven paratypes of M. dianensis new species were collected. The characters for separation of these two species are provided in the differential diagnosis section and in the key.

Macronotops biserratus Qiu, Xu & Chen new species (Figs. 1, 24, 48, 72���73, 111, 123, 135���136, 203, 258) Type material. LAOS: ♂ (Holotype, SWU), VI.2014, Mount Phu Pane, Hua Phan Prov., 2,060 m; Paratypes (2♂♂): 1♂ (QCCC), VI.2014, Mount Phu Pane, Hua Phan Prov., 2,060 m; 1♂ (KSCJ), 10���21.VI.2010, Phou Pan (Mt.), Houa Phan Prov., St. Jakl. Holotype (male). General: Body length 18.0 mm; width 8.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Dorsal surface with dense, setiferous punctures; setae fulvous, short. Clypeus with week green metallic reflections; anterior margin nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge not distinct. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 1). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna brown, antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2���7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 1). Ventral surface clad with long, orange setae (Fig. 136). Pronotum: Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface clad with short, reddish-brown setae except for basolateral area; basolateral area clad with long, black and light yellow setae (Fig. 135). Scutellum: Surface clad with short, sparse, black setae. Elytron: With posthumeral macula, lateral macula, median macula, and distal macula; median macula and distal macula small. Surface densely clad with setae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae black behind humeral umbone and on lateral and distal declivity; setae dark brown on juxtascutellar area; setae long, fulvous on disc; setae fulvous along lateral margins; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 135). Mesepimeron: Dark brown, clad with light yellow and dark brown setae. Metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown, clad with dark brown and black setae. Sternum: Preprosternum dark brown, almost glabrous. Mesosternum black, clad with long, sparse, light yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with long, yellow setae. Metasternum black, with long, sparse, yellow and brown setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 136). Pygidium: Dark brown. Surface clad with short, dense, fulvous and black setae; setae fulvous in middle (Figs. 72, 135). Abdomen: Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites II��� V clad with yellow setae; setae on sternite II long, dense; setae on sternites III��� V short, sparse, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, orange; sternite VII with sparse, short, fulvous setae on sides. Sternites II��� V with a small, indistinct yellow macula close to posterior margin on each side; densely clad with fulvous and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 136). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa brown; clad with long, orange and yellow setae. Femora and tibia reddish-brown; clad with long, orange and yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 25); spine near the middle of outer margin of mesotibia sharp, but blunt in metatibia; metatibia with a row of dense, brush-like, orange setae along inner margin (Figs. 135���136); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus, outer tooth small and short (Fig. 48). Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 48). Genitalia: Parameres narrow, long; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Interparameral split wide; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like; distinctly longer than paramere (Fig. 111). Female. Unknown. Variability. Pygidium of the male paratype with a distinct yellow macula (Fig. 73). Differential diagnosis (male). Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna brown (Fig. 1). Elytra dark brown, with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae and distal maculae (Fig. 135). Pygidium with numerous black setae (Fig. 72). Abdominal sternites II���V with a small or indistinct, yellow maculae on each side (Fig. 136); male abdomen without median groove. Protibia with tiny teeth (Fig. 24); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 48). This new species is similar to M. vuilleti, but can be separated by male protibia with several tiny teeth (Fig. 24), numerous black setae on pygidium (Fig. 72), distinctly longer legs (Figs. 135���136), elongated parameres, wider median lobe, and distinctly divided membrane (Fig. 111). Etymology. The species name ��� biserratus ��� is a combination of the Latin words ��� bi ��� meaning ���double���, and ��� serratus ��� meaning ���serrated���, since this species is similar to M. vuilleti, but the protibia bear distinct tiny teeth between the three large teeth. Distribution. Laos. Remarks. This species occurs sympatrically with M. vuilleti at Mount Phu Pane, Laos, and these two species are very similar, but several morphological differences (see differential diagnosis section) are observed, especially in tiny teeth and male genitalia which are stable diagnostic characters of this genus., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204

Key to species of the genus Macronotops (Excluding the unnamed species from Xizang, China) 1 Length of clypeus almost equal to Width (Figs. 1–17); pronotum Without ridge (Figs. 203–220); proximal tooth of male protibia usually distinct (Figs. 24–25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39)................................................. 2 - Length of clypeus greater than Width (Figs. 18–23); disc of pronotum With a narroW, longitudinal ridge medially (Figs. 221– 226); proximal tooth of male protibia usually indistinct (Figs. 42, 44, 46)........................................ 10 2 Elytron With a distal macula (Figs. 203–208, 219–220)........................................................ 3 - Elytron Without distal macula (Figs. 209–218)............................................................... 6 3 Protibia Without tiny teeth or the tiny teeth indistinct (Figs. 25–26, 39–40)........................................ 4 - Protibia With distinct tiny teeth (Figs. 24, 27–28)............................................................. 5 4 Body slender; pygidium usually With a yelloW macula (Figs. 94, 97), but macula absent in some specimens from Laos (Figs. 95–96); outer tooth of female metatibia absent (Fig. 64); median lobe of male genitalia filiform, shorter (Fig. 119)........................................................................... M. vuilleti (Bourgoin, 1916) - Body Wider; pygidium Without yelloW macula (Figs. 74–75); outer tooth of female metatibia present (Fig. 50); median lobe of male genitalia ribbon-like, longer (Fig. 112)............................... M. dianensis Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species 5 Three large teeth of protibia longer (Fig. 24); pronotum With reddish-broWn and black setae (Fig. 135); median area of male abdomen clad With sparse setae (Fig. 136); setae on inner side of male metatibia denser (Figs. 135–136); length of dorsal tooth of male metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 48); parameres longer (Fig. 111)............................................................................................. M. biserratus Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species - Three large teeth of protibia shorter (Figs. 27–28); pronotum With fulvous setae (Figs. 141, 143); median area of male abdomen evenly clad With setae; setae on inner side of male metatibia sparser (Figs. 141–142); length of dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51); parameres shorter (Fig. 113)......... M. fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891) 6 Protibia With tiny teeth (Figs. 29–30, 33–36)................................................................ 7 - Protibia Without tiny teeth (Figs. 31–32, 37–38)............................................................. 9 7 Antenna yelloWish broWn (Figs. 12–13)............................ M. olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin, 1916) revised status - Antenna dark broWn to black (Figs. 6–7, 10–11)............................................................. 8 8 Body larger, usually more than 16 mm in length; pronotum With dark broWn or black setae (Figs. 154, 156); pygidium usually With a yelloW macula (Figs. 86, 88), but absent in feW individuals (Figs. 87, 89); parameres longer and apex expanded (Fig. 116). TaiWan Island......................................................... M. nigropubescens (Mikšić, 1971) - Body smaller, usually less than 16 mm in length; pronotum With fulvous setae (Figs. 145, 147–14 8, 150); pygidium Without yelloW macula (Figs. 80–83); parameres shorter and apex not expanded (Fig. 114). Asian mainland............................................................................................... M. fulvopilosus (Fairmaire, 1894) 9 Inner margin of metatibia in distal portion convex (Figs. 152, 154); angles betWeen large teeth of protibia acute (Figs. 31–32); membrane betWeen parameres distinct (Fig. 115)....................... M. miksici Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species - Inner margin of metatibia in distal portion straight (Figs. 166, 168); angles betWeen large teeth of protibia right-angled or slightly arcuate (Figs. 37–38); male genitalia Without membrane (Fig. 118)............... M. sexmaculatus (Kraatz, 1894) 10 Antenna yelloWish broWn (Figs. 20–21); pygidium With a triangular yelloW macula (Figs. 102–103); parameres longer (Fig. 121)............................................................ M. medogensis Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species - Antenna dark broWn (Figs. 18–19, 22–23); pygidium usually Without macula (Figs. 99, 101, 104–108); parameres shorter (Figs. 120, 122)...................................................................................... 11 11 All four yelloW maculae on elytron usually presented in male (Figs. 175, 177–178), but usually partly absent in female (Figs. 181–184); ventral surface of male abdominal sternites III–V sparsely clad With setiferous punctures near anterior margin (Fig. 176); parameres shorter, and anterior margin of apex nearly straight (Fig. 120)............. M. curvimarginatus (Ma, 1993) - All four yelloW maculae on elytron usually presented in female (Figs. 197, 201–202), but usually partly absent in male (Figs. 191, 193–196); ventral surface of male abdominal sternites III–V glabrous near anterior margin (Fig. 192); parameres longer, and apex slightly rounded (Fig. 122)................................................. M. ovaliceps (ArroW, 1941), Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Bourgoin, A. (1916) Description de trois Macronota nouveaux (Col. Scarabaeidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France Paris, 1916 (7), 133 - 137.","Fairmaire, L. (1891) Description de Coleopteres de l'interieur de la Chine (Suite, 6 e partie). Bulletin ou Comptes-Rendus des Seances de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 35, VI - XXIV.","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Fairmaire, L. (1894) Quelques Coleopteres du Thibet. Annales de la Soci ete Entomologique de Belgique, 38, 216 - 225.","Kraatz, G. (1894) Pleuronota 6 - maculata n. sp. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1894 (1), 141.","Ma, W. Z. (1993) Three new species of Pleuronota from China (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 179 - 183. [in Chinese]","Arrow, G. J. (1941) Systematic notes on the Cetoniid Coleoptera and descriptions of a few new species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 11, 8 (44), 73 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745481.1941.9727954"]}

Macronotops Krikken, 1977 Macronotops Krikken, 1977: 207; Krikken 1984: 63; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 350; Krajčík 1998: 90; Antoine 2000: 130; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 57; Krajčík 2012: 151; Bezděk 2016: 403. Pleuronota (nec Kraatz): Mikšić 1971: 208; Mikšić 1976: 164; Ma 1993: 179; Ma 1995: 34. Type species Pleuronota sexmaculata Kraatz, 1894, by original designation. Description. General: Body middle sized (length 14.0–20.0 mm). Surface dark brown, densely punctuate; clad with black, brown, fulvous, or light yellow setae. Scutellum and the adjacent area depressed. Head: Dorsal surface clad with short, sparse setae, setae long on frons; midline of frons raised; clypeus flat, non-notched, the length of clypeus equal to/or greater than the width, anterior margin slightly raised; antenna developed. Dorsal surface: Pronotum nearly heptagonal; posterior margin significantly extended backward and covered anterior margin of scutellum; disc clad with long, dense setae; posterior margin usually glabrous; disc of some species with two pronotal ridges and a distinct, narrow, longitudinal ridge medially. Scutellum elongated triangular; lateral sides glabrous. Elytra widest near the humeral umbone, gradually narrowed to the apex; most area clad with brown or black setae; sutural and discolateral costae distinct, discolateral costae and humeral umbone glabrous; maculae yellow, tomentose; posthumeral macula, median macula, lateral macula, and distal macula presented, or partially absent on elytra; setae distinctly longer between sutural and discolateral costae. Abdominal sides visible in dorsal view, and clad with yellow and brown (or dark brown) setae. Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Clad with light yellow to fulvous setae; mesepimeron with a yellow tomentous macula in some species. Ventral surface: Clad with fulvous to yellow setae, setae denser on sides; median portion of metasternum, abdominal sternites II–VI, and whole abdominal sternite VII usually glabrous or just with sparse setae; mesometasternal process short, glabrous, apex rounded. Pygidium: Usually evenly clad with long setae; with a small, or large, yellow macula in some species. Legs: Slender, trochanters glabrous; tibia and femora sparsely clad with setae; protibia with 3 teeth; an external protrusion in middle of mesotibia; metatibia straight or slightly inturned; tarsi usually with sparse hard setae. Sexual dimorphism. Male: body usually slender; setae on surface longer; antenna club longer; tarsi longer; abdomen more flat; widest of pronotum at the basolateral angle; metatibia with long setae along inner margin. In some species, median portion of male abdomen with a longitudinal groove. Female: body usually wider; antennal club short, about as long as the length of antennomeres 2–7 combined (Figs. 1–23); the widest of pronotum near the middle; protibia wider, with 3 larger and distinct teeth along outer margin (Figs. 24–47); external protrusion in middle of mesotibia larger; ventral tooth of mesotibia larger (Figs. 48–71); more setae on abdominal sternite VII. Differential diagnosis. By unnotched clypeus, well-developed setae, yellow tomentose maculae on elytra, and median lobe present in male genitalia, this genus can be easily separated from other genera of the tribe Taenioderini. Differences to the most similar genus Bombodes: Body size usually larger; setae on body surface sparser and shorter; anterior margin of clypeus straight or slightly arcuate, but bisinuate in Bombodes; the widest of male pronotum at basolateral angle, but at the middle in Bombodes; male antennal club distinctly longer than female, but in Bombodes slightly longer than female. Natural history. Specimens data and field observation show that species of the genus Macronotops live at elevations of 900 to 2,500 m in the mountainous region. Mature larvae can be easily found under the bark of highly rotten trunks since autumn to early spring, especially in the humid environment in narrow valley or near stream. Larvae also inhabit the galleries of some cockroach Panesthia spp., Lucanidae larvae, and Passalidae adults and larvae. It is implied that Macronotops species are facultative commensal. Sometimes larvae hid in the gaps between the hard parts of rotten wood, and to be hurt easily during chopping. Hence, follow their fecal pellets is more suitable for excavating. In captivity, the larvae fed rotten wood and developed well. The feeding activity of larvae almost stopped from December to February at room temperature of Chongqing, China. However, they were unbearable for the temperature above 30°C. So all containers were placed in the room temperature below 25°C, and almost all individuals were successfully developed to the adult stage, except that few larvae (presumably infected in the field) were killed by entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium. Mature larvae pupate soon after pupa cells appearing in April and May. The exact duration of the stages of prepupa, pupa, and dormancy of teneral adult is not clear, about three to four weeks in total. Once the pupal cells are broken, it will result in either individual died easily or occurrence of teratisms increases significantly during pupating and emerging. Adults usually emerge in May under artificial condition; and according to label data, wild adults occur in southern China from June to August, with peaks in late July and early August. Based on our field observation, the beetles are not flower visitors (like other Taenioderina), but exhibit similar sap feeding habits to most members of Asian Goliathini. Under artificial condition, adults were mated on the surface of the rotten wood in the daytime and hid in wood pieces at night. One attempt was undertaken to bred adults of M. olivaceofuscus for reproduction, but all larvae died of heat, and the number of eggs produced per female was unknown. Distribution. Northern Oriental and Palearctic Regions. It is the most northern genus of Taenioderina. Nomenclature. The gender of the generic name Macronotops was not indicated in the original publication, and the ending of all species names were not changed when Krikken (1977) transferred them from the genus Pleuronota. According to the Article 30.1.4.3 of ICZN (1999), genus-group names ending in - ops are treated as masculine, that resulted in the changes of the species names ending in the updated and revised edition of Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Bezděk 2016). Remarks. In order to facilitate the comparison of the morphological characters, two species groups of the genus Macronotops are proposed in the present paper (see following text)., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Krikken, J. (1984) A new key to the suprageneric taxa in the beetle family Cetoniidae, with annotated lists of the known genera. Zoologische Ferhandelingen, 210, 1 - 75.","Sakai, K. & Nagai, S. (1998) The Cetoniine Beetles of the World. Mushi-Sha's Iconographic Series of Insects. Fol. 3. Mushi- Sha, Tokyo, 421 pp.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Antoine, P. (2000) Some new or little known species of the family Cetoniidae VIII (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Coleopteres, 6 (10), 123 - 145.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x, Supplement, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and Updated Edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412.","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Ma, W. Z. (1993) Three new species of Pleuronota from China (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 179 - 183. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Folume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Falgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Kraatz, G. (1894) Pleuronota 6 - maculata n. sp. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1894 (1), 141.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London, 306 pp. Avaliable from: http: // www. iczn. org / iczn / index. jsp (accessed 10 October 2018)"]}

Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891) (Figs. 4–5, 27–28, 51–52, 76–79, 113, 125, 141–144, 207–208, 249, 258, 260, 301–302) Macronota fulvoguttata Fairmaire, 1891: XI (type locality: Mount Qizimeishan, Xuan’en County, Hubei, China); Schoch 1896: 35; Schenkling 1921: 138; Winkler 1929: 1119; Mao 1937: 1084; Medvedev 1964: 72; Mikšić 1971: 208. Pleuronota vuilleti ? ssp. fulvoguttata (Fairmaire): Mikšić, 1976: 173 (Mount Yunlingshan, Fujian, China). Macronotops fulvoguttata (Fairmaire): Krikken 1977: 208 (partim, Djo-Kou-La, NW. Yunnan [Zhukula, Binchuan County, Yunnan, China]); Krajčík 1998: 90; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 57; Krajčík 2012: 151. Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire): Bezděk 2016: 403. Pleuronota hefengensis Ma, 1992a: 439 (type locality: Maoba, Hefeng County, Hubei, China)*, figs. 1345-1–2; Ma 1995: 36, figs. a–b; Krajčík 1998: 92. New synonym. Macronotops hefengensis (Ma): Antoine 2000: 130; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 58; Krajčík 2012: 151; Bezděk 2016: 403. Type material. Neotype of Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891) is here designated (♂, MNHN): Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Hubei province, CHINA // 1,200 m, Mao YE // 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.IV.2012, adult emerged 12.V.2012. All type series of Pleuronota hefengensis Ma, 1992 were examined in IZAS: holotype (♂) and allotype (♀) labeled: 1. VI.1988, Maoba, Hefeng County, Hubei Province, 560-600 m, Wen-Zhen MA; paratypes: 1♀, 14.VIII.1988, Mount Tianpingshan, Sangzhi County, Hunan Province, 1,640 m; 1♀, 15.VIII.1988, Mount Tianpingshan, Hunan Province, 1,300 m. Additional material examined (5♂♂, 16♀♀). CHINA: Guizhou: 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 11–15.VII.2015, Mount Leigongshan Nature Reserve, Leishan County, Bo-Yan LI; 1♀ (GXIP), 1.VIII.2001, Mount Fanjingshan, Huguosi, Jiangkou County, Tongren, 1,300–2,100 m, De-Wei WEI; 1♀ (QCCC), 9.VIII.2015, Mount Fanjingshan, Jiangkou County, Tongren, Chao-Yi ZHANG; Hubei: 1♀ (YUJC), 15.VII.2002, Houhe, Wufeng County, Yun-Peng ZHANG; 1♀ (YUJC), 16.VII.2002, Houhe, Wufeng County, Hai-Feng ZHANG; 1♀ (YUJC), 12.VIII.2004, Muyu, Shennongjia Forest Area, 900 m, Qiu-Feng WANG; 1♀ (YUJC), 12.VIII.2004, Muyu, Shennongjia Forest Area, 900 m, Zhi-Xu LIU; 1♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Enshi, 1,200 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.IV.2012, adult emerged V.2012; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Enshi, 1,200 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 8.IX.2012, adult emerged V.2013; 1♂ (QCCC), 15. V.2014, Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Enshi, 1,200 m, Mao YE; 1♀ (QCCC), Longzhong, Xiangyang, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 2.II.2013, adult emerged V.2013; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Wudaoxia, Baokang County, Xiangyang, 700 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4.IV.2016, adult emerged V.2016; Jiangxi: 1♀ (QCCC), north of Mount Sanqingshan, Fenshui, Shangrao, Zhong PENG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 14.X.2010, adult emerged V.2011; Sichuan: 1♀ (MNHN), Siao-Lou [near Mount Maanshan, Tianquan County], 1900 Chasseurs indigènes// Pleuronota fulvoguttata Fairm. G. Ruter det. 19// Macronotops fulvoguttata (Fairm.) J.–Ph. Legrand det. 2010; 1♀ (QCCC), 7.VIII.2014, Mount Emeishan, Xixinsuo, Emeishan, 1,300 m, De- Yao ZHOU; Yunnan: 1♀ (BMNH), Pe Yen Tsin [Shiyang, in Dayao County], Yunnan // Bourgoin Coll. B. M. 1938-252 // ♀. Redescription (male). General: Body length 15.0–18.0 mm; width 6.5–7.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, brown and light yellow setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense setiferous punctures; setae fulvous. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge distinct. Frons slightly convex (Fig. 4). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous, setae (Fig. 4). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 142). Pronotum: Brown, with green metallic reflections. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface evenly clad with dense, setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous (Fig. 141). Scutellum: Dark brown to black. Surface with sparse setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous. Elytron: Brown; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, median macula, and distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae brown on lateral declivity; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 141). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown to black, clad with light yellow setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, sides with sparse, yellow setae. Mesosternum black with sparse, yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, black, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed with long, yellow setae. Metasternum black, clad with long, yellow setae on sides (Fig. 142). Pygidium: Dark brown to black. Surface clad with long, dense, fulvous setae (Figs. 76, 78). Abdomen: Brown, with week green metallic reflections. Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible. Sternites II–V with a distinct, yellow macula close to posterior margin on each side (Fig. 142); surface densely clad with yellow and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion. Sternites II–VI evenly clad with dense, yellow setae; setae on sternite II long; setae on sternites III–V short, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII with sparse, short setae on sides (Fig. 142). Legs: Dark brown, slender, simple. Metacoxae, femora, and tibia clad with long, fulvous setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 27); mesotibia and metatibia with a small spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 141–142); dorsal tooth of metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51); outer tooth small or indistinct. Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 51). Genitalia: Parameres narrow, short; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Interparameral split widened, gradually constricted to apex; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like, base distinctly broad; nearly twice length of paramere (Fig. 113). Female. Body length 14.5–18.0 mm; width 6.5–8.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, abdomen with wine-red to green metallic reflections (Fig. 144); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia larger, as long as basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 52); setae on mesotibia and metatibia shorter; basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 52). Variability. Characters of this species are quite stable except that two individuals are partly and fully covered with black setae on the pygidium, respectively (Figs. 77, 79). Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna yellowish-brown (Figs. 4–5). Pronotum clad with fulvous short setae. Elytra brown; with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae, and distal maculae (Figs. 141, 143). Pygidium without macula (Figs. 76–79). Abdominal sternites II–V with a small yellow macula on each side (Figs. 142, 144), male abdomen without median groove. Protibia with tiny teeth (Figs. 27–28). Dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51). Macronota fulvoguttatus is similar to M. vuilleti, but can be distinguished by body smaller, male antennal club shorter (Fig. 4), abdominal sides usually with small yellow maculae (Figs. 142, 144; absent in M. vuilleti, Figs. 170, 172), protibia with several tiny teeth (Figs. 27–28; absent in M. vuilleti, Figs. 39–40), dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51; in M. vuilleti distinctly longer, Fig. 63), outer tooth present in female metatibia (Fig. 52; absent in female M. vuilleti, Fig. 64), and median lobe longer and ribbon-like (Fig. 113; in M. vuilleti shorter and filiform, Fig. 119). Male of this species also resembles M. dianensis new species, and the distinguishing characters are provided in the differential diagnosis of M. dianensis new species. Distribution. China: Fujian, Guizhou (new provincial record), Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi (new provincial record), Sichuan (new provincial record), Yunnan. Remarks. Macronotops fulvoguttatus was originally described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Changyang county in central China. In 2017 we visited MNHN where almost all of Fairmaire’s specimens are preserved, and other European museums where likely keep his type specimens (Cambefort 2006), but no probable type specimens of M. fulvoguttatus were found. Furthermore, the type series of M. fulvoguttatus were never been mentioned in any previous works on this genus (Mikšic 1971, 1976; Krikken 1977; Antoine 2000). Therefore, the type series of M. fulvoguttatus are presumed lost. Due to the lack of material, the identity of M. fulvoguttatus is unclear. Mikšic (1976) listed this species and M. olivaceofuscus both as subspecies of M. vuilleti. While Krikken (1977) doubted Mikšic(1976) ’s treatment and pointed out that the status of M. fulvoguttatus, M. fulvopilosa, and M. vuilleti were confused and needed further clarifying. In the original description of M. fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire 1891), only four yellow maculae on elytron (two on the side, one near the apex, and the other behind the scutellum) were mentioned, and this seems to imply a lack of macula on the pygidium. Such features of M. fulvoguttatus are consistent with M. hefengensis (Ma, 1992) which was described from neighboring Hefeng county. After checking the type specimens of M. olivaceofuscus and M. hefengensis (Fig. 249), we confirm that only these two Macronotops species are known from central China (see map, Fig. 258), and they can be easily separated by the presence or absence of distal macula on elytron and pygidial macula. These differences agree with Mikšic (1976) ’s inference when he comparing M. olivaceofuscus with a putative female of M. fulvoguttatus from Fujian, China. Therefore, we treat P. hefengensis as a junior synonym of M. fulvoguttatus, and it is necessary to designate a neotype of M. fulvoguttatus to resolve the identity and preserve the stability of nomenclature for further studies. For neotype we choose male specimen in good condition from Xuan’en (near the collecting site of the original type series). Macronotops fulvoguttatus is mainly distributed in central China, and the map implies that this species is probably widely distributed in southern China. Krikken (1977) examined one male and one female of this species collected from Djo-Kou-La in northwestern Yunnan where the location was unknown to him. Djo-Kou-La, i.e. Zhukula (E 100°54'17.01", N 26°06'13.78", alt. 1,400 m), a village in Binchuan County (Pin-Tchouan) located at the west of the valley of River Yupaojiang and adjacent to Dayao County (Ta-Yao). Since 1904, Father Alfred Liétard (1872–1912) preached in the village for four years where a Catholic church he built (Moussay & Appavou 2004). As an anthropologist, he published several important studies on the ethnic customs of the Yi people of Djo- Kou-La; Djo-Kou-La as author’s address was clearly given in his paper (Liétard 1909). Siméon Ten, a Chinese Christian who assisted Father Liétard’s missionary work at Djo-Kou-La, also collected plants for European Botanists due to he was a student of the famous botanical collector Father François Ducloux (1864–1945) when Ducloux teaching in the Seminary of Kunming (Moussay & Appavou 2004; Zhang & Li 2015). Between 1915– 1928, Mr. Ten conducted missionary work in Pe Yen Tsin (i.e. Baiyanjing) where was the county seat of the former County Yanfeng (Yen-Feng). Pe Yen Tsin and Djo-Kou-La are approximately only 31 km apart, and both around the Baicaoling mountain range where Mr. Ten and Father Ducloux collected a lot of plants. Later, many western naturalists had been attracted to this area (Luo 2005), and then Pe Yen Tsin became a well-known type locality of Chinese plants and insects. Now Pe Yen Tsin is called Shiyang (E 101°05'57.26", N 25°51'27.64", alt. 1,600 m) after Yanfeng County was incorporated into Dayao County in 1958. Although the voucher specimens from Djo- Kou-La in RMNH (Krikken1977) are unavailable for study at present, the identity is presumably correctly identified since a female of Macronotops fulvoguttatus from Pe Yen Tsin was examined in BMNH., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 16-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Fairmaire, L. (1891) Description de Coleopteres de l'interieur de la Chine (Suite, 6 e partie). Bulletin ou Comptes-Rendus des Seances de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 35, VI - XXIV.","Schoch, G. (1896) Catalogus systematicus Cetonidarum et Trichiidarum ad huc cognitarum. published not identified, Zurich, 95 pp.","Schenkling, S. (1921) Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Fol. XXI. Scarabaeidae III Pars. 72. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 431.","Winkler, A. (1929) Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae II pars 9 Lamellicornia. Albert Winkler, Wien, 110 pp.","Mao, Y. T. (1937) Family Scarabaeidae. In: Wu, C. F. (Ed.), Catalogus Insectorum Sinensium (Catalogue of Chinese Insects). Fol. III. The Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Peiping, pp. 961 - 1102.","Medvedev, S. I. (1964) Plastinchatousye (Scarabaeidae), posdem. Cetoniinae, Falginae, Fauna SSSR, zhestkokrylye. Tom 10. Fyp. 5. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 375 pp. [in Russian]","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x, Supplement, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and Updated Edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412.","Ma, W. Z. (1992 a) Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, Valgidae. In: Peng, J. W. & Liu, Y. Q. (Eds.), Iconography of Forest Insects in Hunan. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 437 - 457. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Folume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Falgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Antoine, P. (2000) Some new or little known species of the family Cetoniidae VIII (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Coleopteres, 6 (10), 123 - 145.","Moussay, G. & Appavou, B. (2004) Repertoire des Membres de la Societe des Missions Etrangeres 1659 - 2004. Archives des Missions Etrangeres, Paris, 602 pp.","Zhang, Y. X & Li, D. Z. (2015) History of and Recent Advances in Plant Taxonomy. In: Hong, D. Y. & Blackmore, S. (Eds.), The Plants of China: A Companion to the Flora of China. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 256 - 278."]}

Key to species of the genus Macronotops (Excluding the unnamed species from Xizang, China) 1 Length of clypeus almost equal to Width (Figs. 1–17); pronotum Without ridge (Figs. 203–220); proximal tooth of male protibia usually distinct (Figs. 24–25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39)................................................. 2 - Length of clypeus greater than Width (Figs. 18–23); disc of pronotum With a narroW, longitudinal ridge medially (Figs. 221– 226); proximal tooth of male protibia usually indistinct (Figs. 42, 44, 46)........................................ 10 2 Elytron With a distal macula (Figs. 203–208, 219–220)........................................................ 3 - Elytron Without distal macula (Figs. 209–218)............................................................... 6 3 Protibia Without tiny teeth or the tiny teeth indistinct (Figs. 25–26, 39–40)........................................ 4 - Protibia With distinct tiny teeth (Figs. 24, 27–28)............................................................. 5 4 Body slender; pygidium usually With a yelloW macula (Figs. 94, 97), but macula absent in some specimens from Laos (Figs. 95–96); outer tooth of female metatibia absent (Fig. 64); median lobe of male genitalia filiform, shorter (Fig. 119)........................................................................... M. vuilleti (Bourgoin, 1916) - Body Wider; pygidium Without yelloW macula (Figs. 74–75); outer tooth of female metatibia present (Fig. 50); median lobe of male genitalia ribbon-like, longer (Fig. 112)............................... M. dianensis Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species 5 Three large teeth of protibia longer (Fig. 24); pronotum With reddish-broWn and black setae (Fig. 135); median area of male abdomen clad With sparse setae (Fig. 136); setae on inner side of male metatibia denser (Figs. 135–136); length of dorsal tooth of male metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 48); parameres longer (Fig. 111)............................................................................................. M. biserratus Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species - Three large teeth of protibia shorter (Figs. 27–28); pronotum With fulvous setae (Figs. 141, 143); median area of male abdomen evenly clad With setae; setae on inner side of male metatibia sparser (Figs. 141–142); length of dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51); parameres shorter (Fig. 113)......... M. fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891) 6 Protibia With tiny teeth (Figs. 29–30, 33–36)................................................................ 7 - Protibia Without tiny teeth (Figs. 31–32, 37–38)............................................................. 9 7 Antenna yelloWish broWn (Figs. 12–13)............................ M. olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin, 1916) revised status - Antenna dark broWn to black (Figs. 6–7, 10–11)............................................................. 8 8 Body larger, usually more than 16 mm in length; pronotum With dark broWn or black setae (Figs. 154, 156); pygidium usually With a yelloW macula (Figs. 86, 88), but absent in feW individuals (Figs. 87, 89); parameres longer and apex expanded (Fig. 116). TaiWan Island......................................................... M. nigropubescens (Mikšić, 1971) - Body smaller, usually less than 16 mm in length; pronotum With fulvous setae (Figs. 145, 147–14 8, 150); pygidium Without yelloW macula (Figs. 80–83); parameres shorter and apex not expanded (Fig. 114). Asian mainland............................................................................................... M. fulvopilosus (Fairmaire, 1894) 9 Inner margin of metatibia in distal portion convex (Figs. 152, 154); angles betWeen large teeth of protibia acute (Figs. 31–32); membrane betWeen parameres distinct (Fig. 115)....................... M. miksici Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species - Inner margin of metatibia in distal portion straight (Figs. 166, 168); angles betWeen large teeth of protibia right-angled or slightly arcuate (Figs. 37–38); male genitalia Without membrane (Fig. 118)............... M. sexmaculatus (Kraatz, 1894) 10 Antenna yelloWish broWn (Figs. 20–21); pygidium With a triangular yelloW macula (Figs. 102–103); parameres longer (Fig. 121)............................................................ M. medogensis Qiu, Xu & Chen, new species - Antenna dark broWn (Figs. 18–19, 22–23); pygidium usually Without macula (Figs. 99, 101, 104–108); parameres shorter (Figs. 120, 122)...................................................................................... 11 11 All four yelloW maculae on elytron usually presented in male (Figs. 175, 177–178), but usually partly absent in female (Figs. 181–184); ventral surface of male abdominal sternites III–V sparsely clad With setiferous punctures near anterior margin (Fig. 176); parameres shorter, and anterior margin of apex nearly straight (Fig. 120)............. M. curvimarginatus (Ma, 1993) - All four yelloW maculae on elytron usually presented in female (Figs. 197, 201–202), but usually partly absent in male (Figs. 191, 193–196); ventral surface of male abdominal sternites III–V glabrous near anterior margin (Fig. 192); parameres longer, and apex slightly rounded (Fig. 122)................................................. M. ovaliceps (ArroW, 1941)

Macronotops dianensis Qiu, Xu & Chen new species (Figs. 2–3, 25–26, 49–50, 74–75, 112, 124, 137–140, 205–206, 258, 261–262, 295–297) Macronotops fulvoguttata (Fairmaire): Krikken 1977: 208 (partim, specimens from Sse-Tsong [=Shizong County, E. Yunnan, China], fig. 21 ♂. (misidentification). Type material. CHINA: Yunnan: ♂ (Holotype, SWU), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.III.2015, adult emerged IV.2015. Paratypes (9♂♂, 8♀♀): CHINA: 1♀ (Allotype, SWU), 1♂ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.III.2015, adult emerged IV.2015; 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Gui-Qiang HUANG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 27– 28.X.2016, adult emerged IV.2017; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 25.II.2018, adult emerged IV.2018; 2♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,100 m, Zheng ZHOU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood II.2018, adult emerged V.2018; 1♀ (IBDU), 14.VII.2015, Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 2,104 m, Kai-Ge XU; 4♂♂, 3♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Junzishan Nature Reserve, Shizong County, Ke TANG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood II.2018, adult emerged V.2018; 1♂ (MNHN), Yunnan Kutsingfu [Qujing], R. P. Letourmy 1917. VIETNAM: 1♂ (KSCJ), 30.VI.1998, Mt. Pia Oac [E 105°52′, N 22°36′], Cao Bang. Holotype (male). General: Body length 14.5 mm; width 6.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense setiferous punctures; setae fulvous, longer on frons. Clypeus with green metallic reflections; anterior margin nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge distinct. Frons slightly convex (Fig. 2). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of the antennomere 8 with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 2). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 138). Pronotum: Brown with winered metallic reflections. Widest at base; basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface evenly clad with dense, setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous; sparse, brown setae on basolateral area (Fig. 137). Scutellum: Reddish-brown with weak wine-red metallic reflections. Surface with sparse, setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous. Elytron: Reddish-brown with weak wine-red metallic reflections; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, median macula, and distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae black near humeral umbone; setae brown on lateral declivity (between posthumeral macula and lateral macula); setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 137). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Reddish-brown, evenly clad with yellow setae. Sternum: Preprosternum brown, sides clad with sparse, fulvous setae. Mesosternum brown, clad with sparse, yellow setae. Mesometasternal process, short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with fulvous, long setae. Metasternum reddish-brown to black from side to midline; evenly clad with long, yellow setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 138). Pygidium: Black. Surface clad with long, dense, fulvous and black setae; most fulvous setae in median (Figs. 74, 137). Abdomen: Brown. Longitudinal groove in median indistinct. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites II– V evenly clad with fulvous setae on ventral surface, densely clad with black and light yellow setae in dorsal and lateral portion; setae on sternite II long; setae on sternites III– V short, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII with sparse, short, fulvous setae on sides (Fig. 138). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black; with long, black setae. Femora and tibia reddish-brown; with long, fulvous and light yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia indistinct (Fig. 25); mesotibia with a sharp spine in middle; metatibia with a blunt spine in middle; metatibia with a row of brushlike, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 137–138); dorsal tooth of metatibia as long as basitarsus of metatarsus, outer tooth small and short (Fig. 49). Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 49). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Apical half of interparameral split constricted; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like, apical portion of median lobe reversed; nearly twice length of paramere (Fig. 112). Female. Body length 16.5–18.0 mm; width 7.0–7.5 mm. Body color darker. Surface of head with short, sparse, fulvous and brown setae; midline of frons convex, glabrous (Fig. 3). Pronotum clad with sparse, short, fulvous, dark brown, and black setae. Elytra dark brown to black; clad with dark brown and black setae, except the yellow tomentous maculae (Fig. 139). Ventral surface black, clad with fulvous setae; abdomen convex, with less setae (Fig. 140). Legs dark brown to black; dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia large, as long as basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 50); setae on mesotibia and metatibia shorter; basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 50). Variability. Male paratypes body length 16.5 mm, width 7.0 mm; some with green metallic reflections on dorsal surface. The length of dorsal tooth of metatibia sometimes slightly longer than basitarsus of metatarsus. Body color of the females from Mount Junzishan appears lighter, and is similar to males from the same location. Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width (Figs. 2–3). Elytra with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae, and distal maculae (Figs. 137, 1 39). Pygidium without macula (Figs. 74–75). Abdominal sides without yellow macula (Figs. 138, 1 40). Male: Dorsal surface reddish-brown with fulvous short setae (Fig. 137); antenna yellowish-brown (Fig. 2); protibia with tiny teeth (Fig. 25) and dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 49); abdomen without median groove. Female: Dorsal surface dark brown to black with black short setae (Fig. 139); head with a longitudinal ridge on frons and antenna black (Fig. 3). Male of Macronotops dianensis new species is very similar to M. fulvoguttatus, but can be distinguished by tiny teeth of protibia indistinct (Fig. 25; distinct in M. fulvoguttatus, Fig. 27), abdomen without tomentous maculae (Fig. 138; abdominal sides with yellow maculae in M. fulvoguttatus, Fig. 142), dorsal tooth of male metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 49; that of M. fulvoguttatus shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus, Fig. 51), parameres shorter but broader, and apical portion of median lobe reversed (Fig. 112). Etymology. It is named for the alias name of Yunnan (Dian) where the type locality is located. Distribution. China: Yunnan; Vietnam. Natural history. This new species occurs sympatrically with M. olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin, 1916) at Mount Daweishan, and the mature larvae in rotten wood were found near the mountain top (elevation approximately 2,100 m, Figs. 261–262), but larvae of the latter species were collected from the mountainside at an elevation of around 1,600 m. Remarks. All type series of this new species were obtained in recent years, except the old specimen in MNHN collected by Letourmy. Since 1910, Father Omer Letourmy (1884–1963) visited several places in Qujing (Eastern Yunnan, China) for missionary work, and he stayed at “San-pe-fou” in 1914–1928 (Moussay & Appavou 2004). San-pe-fou, i.e. Sanbaihu, is a village now called Wulian (E 103°50'14.05", N 25°24'51.00", alt. 1,860 m) and located in Sanbao Town not far from the south of Qujing City. The male labeled “ Yunnan Kutsingfu, R. P. Letourmy 1917” perhaps was captured in the mountains around the village. A couple of specimens identified by Krikken (1977) as M. fulvoguttatus appear to be M. dianensis new species. These two specimens originated from Sse-Tsong in eastern Yunnan, i.e. Shizong County, where seven paratypes of M. dianensis new species were collected. The characters for separation of these two species are provided in the differential diagnosis section and in the key., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 9-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Bourgoin, A. (1916) Description de trois Macronota nouveaux (Col. Scarabaeidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France Paris, 1916 (7), 133 - 137.","Moussay, G. & Appavou, B. (2004) Repertoire des Membres de la Societe des Missions Etrangeres 1659 - 2004. Archives des Missions Etrangeres, Paris, 602 pp."]}

Macronotops sp. (Figs. 41, 65, 98, 173���174, 204, 258���259) Material examined (1♀). CHINA: Xizang: 1♀ (QCCC), Gelin, Beibeng, M��dog County, 2,000 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, larva in rotten wood 15.VII.2016, adult emerged V.2017. Distribution. China: Xizang. Remarks. A remarkable female from M��dog was obtained by artificial rearing, but it died in pupal cell few days before we opened the cell. The body was thus slightly decayed and the antenna and most tarsomeres were decomposed (Figs. 173���174); nevertheless, this female shows distinct differences from all other Macronotops species: the elytron bears a distal macula (Fig. 173) and protibia without the tiny tooth (Fig. 41). Thus it is considered as a new species but will not be described here because of the lack of males. Presently, four species were recorded from southeastern Xizang that reveals the high diversity of Macronotops species in the south side of the Himalayas (Fig. 259)., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204

Macronotops miksici Qiu, Xu & Chen new species (Figs. 8–9, 31–32, 55–56, 84–85, 115, 127, 151–154, 211–212, 250–257, 258, 266–268, 303–304) Macronota sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Arrow 1910: 47 (partim, specimens from Taung-ngu, Myanmar). Macronotops sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Krikken 1977: 208 (partim, specimens from Toungoo, S. Myanmar), figs. 11-13 & 20 ♂. Pleuronota sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Mikšić 1971: 208 (Khasia Hills, Assam, NE. India), fig. 1 (parameres); Mikšić 1976: 169, fig. 22a (parameres); Ma 1993: 182, fig. 5 (parameres); Ma 1995: 38 (partim), fig. 29 (parameres). Type material. Holotype: ♂ (SWU), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU // 3 nd instar in rotten wood 16.II.2016, adult emerged V.2016. Paratypes (26♂♂, 21♀♀): CHINA: 1♀ (Allotype, SWU), 2♂♂, 10♀♀ (QCCC), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, Yunnan, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 16.II.2016, adult emerged V.2016; 1♂ (QCCC), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, Yunnan, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 26.II.2015, adult emerged V.2015; 19♂♂, 9♀♀ (QCCC), 1♂, 1♀ (KSCJ), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, Yunnan, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 15.II.2018, adult emerged VI.2018. MYANMAR: 1♂ (KSCJ), VI –VIII.2004, Chudu Razi [east of Kawnglanghpu], Mt. Range, E. Kachin; 1♂ (KSCJ), VI.2001, near Putao, Kachin. INDIA: 1♂ (MFNB), Khasia Hills // Pleuronota sexmaculata Krtz. Holotype (male). General: Body length 16.0 mm; width 7.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, reddish-brown, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous, longer on frons. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge not distinct. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 8). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club very long, about twice length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 8). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 152). Pronotum: Reddish-brown. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface densely clad with reddish-brown and black setae (Fig. 1 51). Scutellum: Reddishbrown. Surface with sparse setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous. Elytron: Reddish-brown; with posthumeral macula and lateral macula; median macula disappeared. Surface densely clad with setae; setae brown between sutural and discolateral costae; setae on maculae light yellow; setae brown to dark brown on basal and distal areas, around maculae, along inner side of discolateral costa, and near lateral margin; setae black on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 151). Mesepimeron: Dark brown to black, with a small yellow macula, surface clad with light yellow setae. Metepisternum: Black, clad with black and light yellow setae. Metepimeron: Brown, clad with light yellow setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, with sparse, light yellow setae. Mesosternum black, clad with sparse, light yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with long, yellow setae. Metasternum black, clad with long, sparse, light yellow, brown, and black setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 152). Pygidium: Brown. Surface clad with dense, fulvous setae; a large, round, yellow macula in middle (Fig. 84). Abdomen: Brown, midline reddish-brown. Longitudinal groove in median indistinct. Six abdominal sternites visible; setae on sternite II long, dense, light yellow; setae on sternites III– V short, sparse, light yellow, but longer and denser on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense, orange; sternite VII with sparse, short, light yellow setae on sides. Sternites II– V with an indistinct yellow macula close to posterior margin on each side; surface densely clad with light yellow and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 152). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, clad with long, black setae. Femora and tibia reddish-brown to black, with long, orange and light yellow setae. Protibia with 3 sharp, large teeth; without tiny tooth (Fig. 31); large tooth and outer margin forming a acute angle (Fig. 31); mesotibia and metatibia with a spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 151–152); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 55); outer tooth small, short. Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of dense, long setae (Fig. 55). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded. Apical half of interparameral split widened; base with membrane, protruding medially. Median lobe filiform; nearly equal to the length of paramere (Fig. 115). Female. Body length 17.0–19.0 mm, width 8.0–9.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, setae on mesotibia and metatibia sparser (Figs. 153–154), and basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 56). Variability. Male paratypes length 16.0–18.0 mm, width 7.0–8.0 mm. The median macula, posthumeral macula of elytron, and the maculae on abdominal side are sometimes indistinct or absent (Fig. 151). Some individuals have more black setae on the dorsal surface. Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club very long (Figs. 8–9). Pronotum clad with reddish-brown and black setae. Elytra reddish-brown; with posthumeral maculae, median maculae and lateral maculae (Figs. 151, 153). Pygidium with a large yellow macula (Figs. 84– 85). Yellow maculae on abdominal side indistinct or absent (Figs. 152, 154); male abdomen with a longitudinal groove. Legs reddish-brown to brown; protibia without tiny tooth (Figs. 31–32); basitarsus of male metatarsus with a cluster of dense, long setae (Fig. 55); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 55). Macronotops miksici new species is highly similar to M. sexmaculatus, the differences are: angles between large teeth of protibia acute in M. miksici new species (Figs. 31–32; in M. sexmaculatus right-angled or slightly arcuate, Figs. 37–38), inner margin of metatibia in distal portion straight in M. miksici new species (Figs. 152, 154; in M. sexmaculatus convex, Figs. 166, 168), membrane between parameres present in M. miksici new species (Fig. 115; in M. sexmaculatus absent, Fig. 118). Etymology. This species is named after Cetoniinae specialist René Mikšić (1920–1986) to honor his great contributions to our knowledge of Asian flower beetles. Distribution. China: Yunnan; India; Myanmar. Natural history. Some standing and fallen rotten wood were found in woodland by a wide river valley in 2015 (Fig. 266); the woodland was dark and humid at an elevation around 1,000 m, with a small stream flowing over part of the ground. Approximately 20 larvae were found in the tunnel in rotten wood which made by cockroaches and Passalidae (Figs. 267–268). However, most of them were not survived in the pupal stage at room temperature in Chongqing, China. Twelve individuals were successfully raised from mature larvae which were collected from the same site in 2016; they were placed under 25°C in April and May. In the winter of 2017, a lot of fallen decayed wood was checked in a dry open forest opposite the previous site, but no Macronotops larvae were found. In the latest visit, 30 larvae were caught at the first site. Remarks. All the Chinese specimens of M. miksici new species were obtained by rearing field collected larvae from the border with Myanmar, and a male collected from Assam in northeastern India was found in MFNB which was misidentified as M. sexmaculatus (see label in Fig. 257, and the remarks section of M. sexmaculatus). Arrow (1910) listed M. sexmaculatus from Taung-ngu, Myanmar; an illustrated male specimen from the same place (Taungoo) was also considered to be M. sexmaculatus, but the diagnostic characters are indiscernible (Figure 20 in Krikken 1977). These voucher specimens are unavailable for this study, and we highly suspect that these specimens are M. miksici new species. Only a single male from Putao in northern Myanmar was examined. Nevertheless, it seems that the new species is widely distributed in Myanmar (Fig. 258).

Macronotops medogensis Qiu, Xu & Chen new species (Figs. 20���21, 44���45, 68���69, 102���103, 121, 133, 185���190, 223���224, 276���277, 311) Type material. CHINA: Xizang: ♂ (Holotype, SWU), 15���20.VIII.2011, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,300 m, Yang HE. Paratypes (15♂♂, 9♀♀): 1♀ (Allotype, SWU), 15���20.VIII.2011, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,300 m, Yang HE; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 15���20.VIII.2011, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,300 m, Yang HE; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ (CCCC), 9.VIII.2012, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, Xiao-Dong YANG; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), 31.VII.2015, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, Zhuo CHEN; 4♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 17���19.VII.2016, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,130 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 1♂, 1♀ (CCCC), 29.VII.2016, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,111 m, Xiao-Dong YANG; 1♂ (CCCC), 1.VIII.2016, M��dog County, Xiao-Dong YANG; 1♀ (CCCC), 13.VIII.2016, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,111 m, Xiao-Dong YANG; 1♂ (CCCC), 14.VIII.2016, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,111 m, Xiao-Dong YANG; 1♂ (QCCC), 13.VII.2017, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), M��dog County, 2,130 m, Si- Yao HUANG; 1♂ (LQCL), VIII.2012, Hanmi, M��dog County, Hao HUANG; 1♂ (KSCJ), VII.2012, Hanmi, Motuo [M��dog]. Holotype (male). General: Body length 15.5 mm; width 7.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, black and light yellow setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with sparse, fulvous setae; setae long on frons. Clypeus narrow; anterior margin arcuated, slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge indistinct. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 20). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club very long, about twice length of antennomeres 2���7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 20). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 186). Pronotum: Brown. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded; disc with two pronotal ridges and a narrow, longitudinal ridge medially (Fig. 185). Surface densely clad with fulvous and black setae; black setae only on basolateral area; medial ridge glabrous (Fig. 185). Scutellum: Dark brown, with sparse, fulvous setae. Elytron: Brown; lateral macula and distal macula large; without posthumeral macula and median macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae dark brown to black on lateral declivity except for posthumeral area; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 185). Mesepimeron: Dark brown to black, clad with yellow tomenta and light yellow setae. Metepisternum: Dark brown to black, clad with fulvous setae and a small tomentous macula. Metepimeron: Black, with long, fulvous setae. Sternum: Preprosternum reddish-brown, with sparse, long, fulvous setae. Mesosternum dark brown, with long, fulvous setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, with long, fulvous setae. Metasternum black, with long, dense, fulvous setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 186). Pygidium: Dark brown; with dense, fulvous setae; a small, triangular, yellow, tomentous macula in middle (Fig. 102). Abdomen: Reddish-brown to dark brown. Median portion slightly depressed. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites clad with fulvous setae; setae on sternite II dense, long; setae on sternites III��� V short, sparse in medial, but longer and denser on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII almost glabrous, with sparse, short setae on sides; sternites II��� V densely clad with black and fulvous setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 186). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, with long, light yellow and black setae. Femora and tibia dark brown, with fulvous setae. Protibia with 3 teeth; the proximal tooth small and indistinct; without tiny tooth (Fig. 44). Mesotibia with a small spine near middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of long, brush-like, sparse, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 185���186); dorsal tooth of metatibia distinctly longer than basitarsus, outer tooth absent (Fig. 68). Tarsi dark brown; each segment of metatarsus with sparse, long setae (Fig. 68). Genitalia: Parameres broad, long; apex slightly rounded. Interparameral split narrow; base with little membrane, protruding medially. Median lobe flagelliform, gradually narrowed to apex; apical half twisted; very long (Fig. 121). Female. Body length 15.5���19.5 mm; width 7.5���8.5 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, body color darker (Figs. 188���190), abdominal sternites with more short, fulvous setae in medial (Fig. 189); dorsal tooth of metatibia larger (Fig. 69), setae on mesotibia and metatibia sparser, basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 69). Variability. Male paratypes length 14.5���17.0 mm, width 6.5���7.5 mm. The lateral maculae and tomentous maculae on the mesepimeron could be very small, even absent (Fig. 187). The setae between the sutural and discolateral costae of the elytra are black in some females (Fig. 188). Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus greater than width. Antenna yellowish-brown (Figs. 20���21), male antennal club very long. Disc of pronotum with a glabrous, narrow, longitudinal ridge medially (Figs. 185, 188, 190). Elytra usually with lateral maculae and distal maculae (Figs. 185, 188, 190). Metepisternum usually with a yellow macula (Figs. 185, 188). Pygidium with a small triangular macula (Figs. 102���103). Abdominal sides without yellow macula. Dorsal tooth of male metatibia distinctly longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 68). This new species is highly similar to M. curvimarginatus, but can be distinguished by antenna yellowish- brown (Figs. 20���21; in M. curvimarginatus dark brown, Figs. 18���19), pygidium with a small triangular tomentous macula (Figs. 102���103; in M. curvimarginatus usually absent, Figs. 99, 101), abdominal surface with more setiferous punctures (Figs. 186, 189), posthumeral macula and median macula on male elytron absent (Fig. 185; present in M. curvimarginatus usually absent, Figs. 175, 177���178), parameres distinctly longer, and basal half of median lobe wider (Fig. 121). Etymology. The specific name of the new species refers to its area of occurrence, M��dog County, China. Distribution. China: Xizang. Natural history. A photograph of the adult of this new species feeding the sap on a tree with Neolucanus sp. was presented in Huang & Chen (2013). Remarks. Macronotops medogensis new species is currently only found in M��dog County of Xizang (Fig. 259) and occurs sympatrically with M. curvimarginatus, and the differences of these two species are provided in the differential diagnosis., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Huang, H. & Chen, C. C. (2013) Stag beetles of China II. Formosa Ecological Company, New Taipei, 716 pp."]}

Macronotops nigropubescens (Mikšić, 1971) (Figs. 10–11, 33–34, 57–58, 86–89, 116, 128, 155–158, 213–214, 258) Pleuronota nigropubescens Mikšić, 1971: 208 (type locality: Taiwan-Taiheizan [=Mount Taipingshan, Datong, Ilan Hsien, Taiwan]), fig. 2 parameres; Mikšić, 1976: 174, fig. 22b. Macronotops nigropubescens (Mikšić): Krikken 1977: 207; Miyake et al. 1991: 39 (Lishan, Taiwan); Kobayashi 1994: 161 (Mt. Senpei, Liukuei, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan); Sakai & Nagai 1998: 351 (Nantou & Taichung, Taiwan), plate. 132, figs. 1567-1–2; Krajčík 1998: 90; Yu et al. 1998:102 (Nantou Hsien, Taiwan)*, plate. 6, figs. 7a-b; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2012: 152; Bezděk 2016: 403. Bombodes sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Kobayashi 1980: 28. Coilodera sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Nomura 1970: 71 (Lishan, Taiwan). Type material. The male holotype is housed in HPM, and now unavailable for this study. Additional material examined (15♂♂, 14♀♀). Taiwan: 1♂ (QCCC), 19.VII.1983, Sungkang, Nantou Hsien, J. LO; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 24.VIII.1994, Sungkang, Nantou Hsien, H. TORIGAI; 4♀♀ (QCCC), Ren’ai Town, Nantou Hsien, Fu-Sheng HUANG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 21.III.2014, adult emerged V.2014; 2♂♂ (KSCJ), 7.VIII.2011, Shischitou, Nantou Hsien; 1♂, (KSCJ), 10.X.2011, Shischitou, Nantou Hsien; 1♀, (KSCJ), 12.IX.2011, Shischitou, Nantou Hsien; 1♂ (KSCJ), 13.VIII.2011, Shischitou, Nantou Hsien, C. C. Lo; 1♂, 1♀, (KSCJ), 17.VIII.2011, Shischitou, Nantou Hsien; 1♀, (KSCJ), 27.VIII.2011, Shischitou, Nantou Hsien; 1♀, (KSCJ), 17.XI.1991, Guguan; 2♂♂, 1♀ (KSCJ), 25.VII.1975, Mt. Lishan, C. Taiwan, Y. MIYAKE; 1♀ (KSCJ), 25.VII.1976, Mt. Lishan, C. Taiwan; 1♀ (KSCJ), 16.VII.1985, Palin, Taoyuan; 1♀ (KSCJ), 10.VIII.1994, Sungkang, Nantou Hsien; 1♂ (KSCJ), 24.VIII.1994, Sungkang, Nantou Hsien; 4♂♂ (KSCJ), 27–29.VIII.1994, Sungkang, Nantou Hsien, H. Torigai. 1♂ (OMNH), 12.VII.1974, Lishan; 1♀ (OMNH), 8.VIII.1977, Lishan, Heping Town, Taichung Hsien, Wataro OUCHI. Redescription (male). General: Body length 18.0–18.5 mm; width 8.0–8.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone. Body dark brown to black, with week green and wine-red metallic reflections. Surface with fulvous, brown, black and light yellow setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Dark brown. Dorsal surface with dense, setiferous punctures; setae short, fulvous. Clypeus with week green and wine-red metallic reflections, anterior margin nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge not distinct. Frons flat or with a short, slightly raised, longitudinal ridge (Fig. 10). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus dark brown. Antenna dark brown to black; antennal club very long, about twice the length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 10). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 156). Pronotum: Dark brown to black, with week green and wine-red metallic reflections. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface densely clad with setiferous punctures; setae long, brown and black (Fig. 155). Scutellum: Black, with long, sparse, light yellow and fulvous setae. Elytron: Dark brown to black, with week wine-red metallic reflections; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, and median macula, without distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae brown on disc, juxtascutellar area, and distal declivity; setae dark brown around humeral umbone; setae on lateral declivity black; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 155). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown to black, with light yellow and black setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, almost glabrous, sides with sparse, fulvous setae. Mesosternum black, with light yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, black, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, with long, yellow setae. Metasternum black, with dense light yellow and fulvous setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 156). Pygidium: Dark brown. Surface with dense, yellow (or fulvous) and dark brown setae; a small, round, yellow macula in middle (Fig. 86). Abdomen: Dark brown, with wine-red metallic reflections. Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites III–V clad with sparse, fulvous setae; setae on sternite II long, dense; setae on sternites III–V short, sparse, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII almost glabrous. Sternites II–V densely clad with black and fulvous setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 156). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, with long, light yellow setae. Femora and tibia dark brown to black, with long, fulvous and light yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 3 3); mesotibia and metatibia with a spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 155–156); dorsal tooth of metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 57); outer tooth small, indistinct. Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of male metatarsus without cluster of long setae (Fig. 57). Genitalia: Parameres broad, long; apex rounded, expanded; Apical half of interparameral split constricted; base with membrane, divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like; less than twice length of paramere (Fig. 116). Female. Body length 16.5–18.5 mm; width 7.5–8.5 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, pronotum and elytra with weaker metallic reflections (Fig. 157); tiny teeth in protibia indistinct (Fig. 34); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia larger, and longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 58); setae on mesotibia and metatibia sparser and shorter (Fig. 58). Variability. Median maculae of elytron and the yellow macula on pygidium is absent in some individuals (Figs. 87, 89). Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna dark brown to black (Figs. 10–11). Dorsal surface mostly clad with brown or black setae. Elytra with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, and lateral maculae (Figs. 155, 157). Pygidium usually with a small, round, yellow macula (Figs. 86, 88), sometimes absent (Figs. 87, 89). Abdominal sides without yellow maculae (Figs. 156, 158); male abdomen without median groove. Legs dark brown to black; protibia with tiny teeth (Figs. 33–34); dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 57); basitarsus of male metatarsus without cluster of long setae (Fig. 57). This species resembles M. olivaceofuscus, but can be readily differentiated by antenna dark brown to black (Figs. 10–11; in M. olivaceofuscus yellowish-brown, Figs. 12–13), body color darker, pygidium with a small macula or absent (Figs. 86–89; macula larger in M. olivaceofuscus, Figs. 90–91), and parameres in different shape (Fig. 116). Distribution. Taiwan Island., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Miyake, Y., Nakamura, S. & Kojima, K. (1991) The Scarabaeoidea of Taiwan preserved in Hiwa Museum for Natural History, with descriptions of two new species. Miscellaneous Reports of the Hiwa Museum for Natural History, 29, 1 - 41.","Kobayashi, H. (1994) List of Formosan Scarabaeidae Collected by Dr. K. BABA, IV. Special Bulletin of Essa Entomological Society, (2), 157 - 164.","Sakai, K. & Nagai, S. (1998) The Cetoniine Beetles of the World. Mushi-Sha's Iconographic Series of Insects. Fol. 3. Mushi- Sha, Tokyo, 421 pp.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Yu, C. K., Kobayashi, H. & Chu, Y. I. (1998) The Scarabaeidae of Taiwan. Mu Sheng Co., Taipei, 263 pp.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and Updated Edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412.","Kobayashi, H. (1980) Scarabaeidae from Taiwan 4. Nature and Insects, 15 (7), 28 - 32. [in Japanese]","Nomura, S. (1970) Notes on Some Scarabaeid-beetles from Loochoos and Formosa. Entomological Review of Japan, 22 (2), 61 - 72."]}

Macronotops sexmaculatus species group Distribution Macronotops biserratus Qiu, Xu & Chen new species Laos (Hua Phan) Macronotops dianensis Qiu, Xu & Chen new species China (Yunnan), N Vietnam Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891) S China = Pleuronota hefengensis Ma, 1992 new synonym Macronotops fulvopilosus (Fairmaire, 1894) China (Sichuan) Macronotops miksici Qiu, Xu & Chen new species China (Yunnan), NE India, Myanmar Macronotops nigropubescens (Mikšic, 1971) Taiwan Island Macronotops olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin, 1916) revised status S China, N Vietnam = Pleuronota subsexmaculata Ma, 1992 new synonym Macronotops sexmaculatus (Kraatz, 1894) # China (Xizang), NE India, Bhutan Macronotops vuilleti (Bourgoin, 1916) China (Yunnan), N Laos, N Vietnam Macronotops sp. China (Xizang)

Macronotops curvimarginatus (Ma, 1993) (Figs. 18–19, 42–43, 66–67, 99–101, 120, 132, 175–184, 221–222, 247, 258–259, 282–285, 310) Pleuronota curvimarginata Ma, 1993: 181 (type locality: Bendui, Zayü County, Xizang, China)*, figs. 4a–c; Ma 1995: 35, figs. 26a–c; Krajčík 1998: 92. Macronotops curvimarginata (Ma): Antoine 2000: 130; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 57; Krajčík 2012: 151. Macronotops curvimarginatus (Ma): Bezděk 2016: 403. Type material. One female paratype of Macronotops curvimarginatus were not found in IZAS, and the label data transcribed from the original publication (Ma 1993) as follows: 25.VII.1978, Yigong [in Bomi County, Xizang], Guang-Wu LI. Other four type specimens of Macronotops curvimarginatus were examined in IZAS: holotype (♂, Fig. 247) labeled: 4.VIII.1973, Bendui, Zayü County, Xizang, Fu-Sheng HUANG; allotype (♀) labeled: 22.VIII.1975, Hanmi, Mêdog County, Xizang, 2,0 50 m, Fu-Sheng HUANG; paratypes: 1♀, 19.VIII.1975, Nage, Mêdog County, Xizang, 2,400-3,000 m, Fu-Sheng HUANG; 1♀, 23.VIII.1975, Hanmi, Mêdog County, Xizang, 2,100 m, Fu-Sheng HUANG. Additional material examined (14♂♂, 11♀♀). CHINA: Xizang: 1♀ (QCCC), 1.VIII.2017, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Pêlung, Nyingchi County, Si-Yao HUANG; 4♂♂, 6♀♀ (QCCC), 12.VIII.2017, Pêlung, Nyingchi County, 2,050 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 1♀ (QCCC), 26.VII.2014, Tangmai, Bomi County, Wei-Wei ZHANG; 1♂ (HBUM), 13.VII.2013, Yigong, Bomi County, Xing-Long BAI & Jun-Sheng SHAN; 1♂ (QCCC), 12.VIII.2017, Gongde, Yigong, Bomi County, 2,670 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 2♂♂ (QCCC), 23–25.VII.2016, Suotong, Guxiang, Bomi County, 2,450 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 1♀ (QCCC), 20.VIII.2011, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), Mêdog County, 2,300 m, Yang HE; 1♂ (QCCC), 6.VIII.2014, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), Mêdog County, Guang-Lin XIE; 1♂ (CCCC), 25.VII.2016, Tangmai, Bomi County, 2,063 m, Xiao-Dong YANG; 1♂ (CCCC), 27.VII.2016, Yigong, Bomi County, 2,326 m, Xiao-Dong YANG; 1♂, 1♀ (CCCC), 30.VII.2016, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), Mêdog County, 2,111 m, Xiao-Dong YANG; 1♂ (CCCC), 9.VIII.2012, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), Mêdog County, Xiao- Dong YANG; 1♀ (QCCC), 18.VIII.2017, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Bononggong (80 K), Mêdog County, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 1♂ (QCCC), Shangchayu, Zayü County, 1,860 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 1 st instar in rotten wood 9.VII.2016, adult emerged IV.2017. Redescription (male). General: Body length 14.5–16.5 mm; width 6.0–7.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, dark brown and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with sparse, fulvous setae; setae long on frons. Clypeus narrow; anterior margin arcuated, slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge indistinct. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 18). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna dark brown; antennal club very long, about twice length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 18). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 176). Pronotum: Brown. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded; disc with two pronotal ridges and a narrow, longitudinal ridge medially (Fig. 175). Surface densely clad with fulvous and black setae; medial ridge glabrous. Scutellum: Dark brown, with sparse, fulvous setae. Elytron: Reddish-brown to brown; usually with large posthumeral macula, lateral macula, and distal macula; median macula small. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae dark brown to black on lateral declivity; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Figs. 175, 177). Mesepimeron: Dark brown to black, with a yellow tomentous macula and fulvous setae. Metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown to black, with fulvous setae. Sternum: Preprosternum reddish-brown, with sparse, long, fulvous setae. Mesosternum dark brown, with long, fulvous setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, with long, fulvous setae. Metasternum black, with long, dense, fulvous setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 176). Pygidium: Dark brown to black; with dense, fulvous and brown setae; brown setae on sides (Figs. 99, 101). Abdomen: Dark brown to black. With a slightly depressed longitudinal groove in median. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites clad with fulvous setae; setae on sternite II long, dense; setae on sternites III–V short, sparse in median, but longer and denser on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII almost glabrous, with sparse, short setae on sides; sternites II–V densely clad with black and fulvous setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 176). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, with long, fulvous setae. Femora and tibia dark brown, with fulvous setae. Protibia with 3 teeth; the proximal tooth usually small and indistinct; without tiny tooth (Fig. 42). Mesotibia with a small spine near middle of outer margin; the spine in middle of metatibia indistinct or absent; metatibia with a row of long, brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 175–176); dorsal tooth of metatibia distinctly longer than basitarsus of metatarsus, outer tooth absent (Fig. 66). Tarsi dark brown; each segment of metatarsus with a cluster of long setae (Fig. 66). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; anterior margin nearly straight. Interparameral split narrow; base with small membrane, protruding medially. Median lobe flagelliform, wide at base, gradually narrowed to apex; apical half twisted; less than twice length of paramere (Fig. 120). Female. Body length 14.5–17.5 mm; width 7.5–8.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, body color darker (Figs. 179–184), dorsal tooth of metatibia slightly larger (Fig. 67), setae on mesotibia and metatibia sparser and shorter, and basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 67). Variability. Posthumeral macula, lateral macula, and tomentous macula on mesepimeron could be very small, even absent in femals (Figs. 182–184). Only a single male from Zayü County with a yellow macula on the pygidium (Fig. 100). Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus greater than width. Antenna brown to dark brown (Figs. 18–19); male antennal club very long. Disc of pronotum with a narrow, longitudinal ridge in medial. Pygidium and abdomen usually without macula (Figs. 99, 101, 176, 180). Male metepisternum usually with a yellow macula. Male elytra usually with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae, and distal maculae (Figs. 175, 177–178). Dorsal tooth of male metatibia distinctly longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 66). Maculae on female elytra usually partly absent (Figs. 181–184). This species is similar to Macronotops ovaliceps, but body size larger; all four maculae on elytron usually present in male (Figs. 175, 177–178; in male M. ovaliceps usually partly absent, Figs. 191, 193–195), and usually partly absent in female (Figs. 181–184; in female M. ovaliceps usually all present, Figs. 197, 201–202); male abdominal sternites III–V with sparse setiferous punctures near anterior margin (Fig. 176; in M. ovaliceps glabrous, Fig. 192); parameres distinctly shorter, anterior margin nearly straight (Fig. 120; apex rounded in M. ovaliceps, Fig. 122). Distribution. China: Xizang. Natural history. The adults were found feeding on the sap of Quercus sp., and Castanea sp. (Fagaceae) (Figs. 283–285). A first instar larva was captured by excavating rotten wood near the type locality in Zayü County, and adult emerged in April 2017 (Fig. 310). Remarks. Macronotops curvimarginatus is the most widely distributed species of the genus in the area of Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (Brahmaputra Valley). This species not only occurs on the south side of the Himalayas, but also extends to north side along the valley of Yigong Tsangpo and Pêlung Tsangpo (Fig. 259)., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 41-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Ma, W. Z. (1993) Three new species of Pleuronota from China (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 179 - 183. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Folume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Falgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Antoine, P. (2000) Some new or little known species of the family Cetoniidae VIII (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Coleopteres, 6 (10), 123 - 145.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x, Supplement, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and Updated Edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412."]}

Macronotops sp. (Figs. 41, 65, 98, 173–174, 204, 258–259) Material examined (1♀). CHINA: Xizang: 1♀ (QCCC), Gelin, Beibeng, Mêdog County, 2,000 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, larva in rotten wood 15.VII.2016, adult emerged V.2017. Distribution. China: Xizang. Remarks. A remarkable female from Mêdog was obtained by artificial rearing, but it died in pupal cell few days before we opened the cell. The body was thus slightly decayed and the antenna and most tarsomeres were decomposed (Figs. 173–174); nevertheless, this female shows distinct differences from all other Macronotops species: the elytron bears a distal macula (Fig. 173) and protibia without the tiny tooth (Fig. 41). Thus it is considered as a new species but will not be described here because of the lack of males. Presently, four species were recorded from southeastern Xizang that reveals the high diversity of Macronotops species in the south side of the Himalayas (Fig. 259).

Macronotops fulvopilosus (Fairmaire, 1894) (Figs. 6–7, 29–30, 53–54, 80–83, 114, 126, 145–150, 209–210, 227–229, 258, 260, 263–265, 298–300) Taeniodera fulvopilosa Fairmaire, 1894: 219 (type locality: Vallée du Tong-Hô, Thibet [=Valley of River Daduhe, near Leshan County, W. Sichuan, China])*; Schoch 1896: 36. Macronota fulvopilosa (Fairmaire): Schenkling 1921: 138; Winkler 1929: 1119; Mao 1937: 1084. Pleuronota fulvopilosa (Fairmaire): Mikšić 1976: 174. Macronotops fulvopilosa (Fairmaire): Krikken 1977: 207; Krajčík 1998: 90; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 58; Krajčík 2012: 151. Macronotops fulvopilosus (Fairmaire): Bezděk 2016: 403. Type material. Syntype (♂, MNHN, Figs. 228–230) is labeled: Vallée du Tong-Hô, Chasseurs indigenes, 15 Avril-15 Mai 1893 [pale yellow label] // Taeniodera fulvopilosa n. sp. [pale yellow label] // L. Fairmaire vidit 1893 [pale yellow label] // MUSÉUM PARIS, 1952, COLL. R. OBERTHUR [white label] // TYPE [red label] // Macronotops fulvopilosa (FAIRMAIRE), J. Ph. Legrand det. VII-2009 [white label] // HOLOTYPE [red label] // MNHN, CE1746 [white label]. Additional material examined (24♂♂, 17♀♀). CHINA: Sichuan: 1♀ (MNHN), Su-Tchuen, Chasseurs indigenes, 1903; 1♀ (SWU), VIII.1983, Wolong Nature Reserve, Mujiangping, Wenchuan County, DU & LI.; 1♂ (QCCC), 2.VIII.2004, Labahe Nature Reserve, Tianquan County, Yaan, Mao-Lin ZHU; 1♀ (QCCC), 6.VIII.2004, Wolong Nature Reserve, Wenchuan County, Mao-Lin ZHU; 1♂ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 2.X.2014, adult emerged V.2015; 9♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4.X.2015, adult emerged V.2016; 8♂♂, 7♀♀ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 21.II.2017, adult emerged V.2017; 3♂♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1. I.2018, adult emerged V.2018; 1♀ (QCCC), 7.VIII.2014, Mount Emeishan, Xixinsuo, Leshan, 1,300 m, De-Yao ZHOU; 2♂♂ (QCCC), 20. VI.2016, Longcanggou Forest Park, Yingjing County, Yaan, 1,600 m, adult in pupa cell, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 3♀♀ (QCCC), Longcanggou Forest Park, Yingjing County, 1,600 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3nd instar larvae in rotten wood 30.XII.2017, adult emerged V.2018. Redescription (male). General: Body length 14.0–16.0 mm; width 6.0–8.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Dark brown. Dorsal surface densely clad with fulvous setae, setae longer on frons. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised. Frons flat (Fig. 6). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus dark brown to black. Antenna brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 6). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 146). Pronotum: Brown. Widest at basolateral angle, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded; surface densely clad with long, fulvous setae (Figs. 145, 147). Scutellum: Dark brown to black, with long, dense, fulvous setae. Elytron: Reddish-brown to brown; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, and median macula; without distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae dark brown to black on lateral declivity; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Figs. 145, 147). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Black, surface clad with dense, fulvous setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, sides clad with sparse, fulvous setae. Mesosternum black, densely clad with long, fulvous setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, black, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with long, dense, fulvous setae. Metasternum black, clad with dense, fulvous setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 146). Pygidium: Dark brown; surface densely clad with long setae; setae fulvous in middle and dark brown on sides (Figs. 80–81). Abdomen: Dark brown to black. Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites evenly clad with dense, fulvous setae, but setae sparse in median; setae on sternite II long; setae on sternites III–V short, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII almost glabrous, with sparse, short setae on sides. Sternites II–V densely clad with black and yellow setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 146). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black; with long, light yellow and brown setae. Femora and tibia dark brown; with long, fulvous and light yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 29); mesotibia with a spine near the middle of outer margin; the spine of metatibia indistinct or absent; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 145–147); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 53). Tarsi dark brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 53). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded, not expanded. Apical half of interparameral split constricted; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like, base distinctly broad; less than twice length of paramere (Fig. 114). Female. Body length 14.5–16.0 mm; width 6.5–7.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, setae on body surface shorter (Figs. 148–150); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia larger, and longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 54); basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 54). Variability. Posthumeral maculae and/or median maculae are absent in some individuals (including the holotype, Figs. 145, 148, 227). Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna brown (Figs. 6–7). Pronotum densely clad with fulvous long setae. Elytra usually with posthumeral maculae, median maculae and lateral maculae (Figs. 145, 147–148, 150). Pygidium without macula (Figs. 80–83). Abdominal sides without yellow maculae (Figs. 146, 149); male abdomen without median groove. Protibia with indistinct tiny teeth (Figs. 29–30). Spine of metatibia indistinct or absent; dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 53). This species is similar to M. fulvoguttatus, but can be differentiated by elytron without distal macula (Figs. 209–210; in M. fulvoguttatus always present and distinct, Figs. 207–208), posthumeral macula sometimes absent (Fig. 148; in M. fulvoguttatus always present and distinct, Figs. 141, 143), abdominal sides without maculae (Figs. 146, 149; in M. fulvoguttatus present, Figs. 142, 144), tiny teeth of male protibia smaller (Figs. 29–30), parameres broader, and median lobe shorter (Fig. 114). Distribution. China: Sichuan. Natural history. Using knowledge of larval habitats obtained from Macronotops olivaceofuscus, we successfully found larvae of this species from Baoxing County in the fall of 2014. By the continually searching of similar humid forested valleys in western Sichuan in the following years, many larvae were captured in autumn and winter. The larvae are usually found under bark or inhabit tunnels in rotten wood, which are made by Lucanidae larvae (Figs. 264–265). Pupal cells formed in April under artificial condition and adults emergence in May. In the field, an adult in a pupal cell was found as early as June, but adults usually caught in early August according to the label date. Remarks. The number of type specimens of Macronotops fulvopilosus was not indicated by Fairmaire (1894), but the measurement was given only as a single value in the original description. There was no other conspecific specimen bearing similar label data in MNHN, it is probably the only type. The type specimen was collected from the valley of “Tong-Ho”, i.e. the river Tonghe (Tung Ho) in Sichuan. Early Westerners’ travels usually referred to this name as the whole reach of the river Daduhe (see maps in Pratt 1892; Wilson 1913; Limpricht 1922), but Chinese locals regard “Tong-Ho” as only lower reach of the river Daduhe (Tatu Ho) from Jinkouhe (Chin-kou-ho) near Mount Washan (E 103°01'38.57", N 29°19'32.76", Fig. 259). The valley is hot and dry in Luding, but it is humid and forested in lower reach where more likely to be the collecting site of the syntype. Macronotops fulvopilosus is a very rare species and which has been known only the type specimen for more than hundred years. Only one female specimen was found in the European museums we visited and labeled with an imprecise location information. Mikšić (1976) presumably did not examine the holotype due to he stated that placing this species in the genus Macronotops was merely based on the original description. Krikken (1977) considered this species could not be satisfactorily distinguished from M. fulvoguttatus and M. vuilleti because of insufficient material. So that the status of M. fulvopilosus remained doubtful. The additional specimens of M. fulvopilosus we collected from the mountainous area between the valley of river Daduhe and the Sichuan basin allowed us to compare it with other species better. We confirmed the validity of this species by the protibial teeth, the yellow setae on the pronotum and the shape of the parameres., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 21-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Fairmaire, L. (1894) Quelques Coleopteres du Thibet. Annales de la Soci ete Entomologique de Belgique, 38, 216 - 225.","Schoch, G. (1896) Catalogus systematicus Cetonidarum et Trichiidarum ad huc cognitarum. published not identified, Zurich, 95 pp.","Schenkling, S. (1921) Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Fol. XXI. Scarabaeidae III Pars. 72. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 431.","Winkler, A. (1929) Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae II pars 9 Lamellicornia. Albert Winkler, Wien, 110 pp.","Mao, Y. T. (1937) Family Scarabaeidae. In: Wu, C. F. (Ed.), Catalogus Insectorum Sinensium (Catalogue of Chinese Insects). Fol. III. The Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Peiping, pp. 961 - 1102.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x, Supplement, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and Updated Edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412."]}

Macronotops olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin, 1916) revised status (Figs. 12–13, 35–36, 59–60, 90–91, 117, 129, 159–164, 215–216, 235–237, 248, 258, 260, 269–275, 305–308) Macronota olivaceofusca Bourgoin, 1916: 136 (Fo-kien, Chine [= Fujian, SE. China])*; Schenkling 1921: 141; Winkler 1929: 1120; Mao 1937: 1085. Pleuronota olivaceofusca (Bourgoin): Mikšić 1971: 208. Pleuronota vuilleti olivaceofusca (Bourgoin): Mikšić 1976: 172 (demoted to subspecies rank) (Sichuan and Zhejiang, China). Macronotops vuilleti olivaceofusca (Bourgoin): Krikken 1977: 208; Krajčík 1998: 90; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 59; Krajčík 2012: 152. Macronotops vuilleti olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin): Bezděk 2016: 403. Pleuronota subsexmaculata Ma, 1992a: 438 (type locality: Mount Tianmushan, Zhejiang, China)*, figs. 1344-1–3; Ma 1995: 37, figs. 28a–c; Krajčík 1998: 92. New synonym. Macronotops subsexmaculata (Ma): Antoine 2000: 132; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 59; Krajčík 2012: 152. Macronotops subsexmaculatus (Ma): Bezděk 2016: 403. Pleuronota sexmaculata nec Kraatz: Ma 1992b: 526 (Wolong, Whenchuan, Sichuan, China), fig. 1 ♀; Ma 1995: 38; Ma 2002: 367 (Jianyang, Fujian, China); Dai et al. 2002: 7 (Wolong, Sichuan, China). Type material. Holotype of Macronotops olivaceofuscus (by monotypy, ♂, BMHN, Figs. 235–237) labeled: Chine, Fo-Kien [pale yellow label] // Bourgoin Coll., B. M. 1938-252 [pale yellow label] // Macronota aeneofusca Bourgoin Type ♂ MS [white label with red right edge] // Holotype [white label with red border] // Macronota olivaceofusca Bourg., M. E. Bacchus det 1975., HOLOTYPE [white label]. The name Macronota aeneofusca on the handwritten label was never used and was presumably changed before Bourgoin (1916) published. One female paratype of Macronotops subsexmaculatus cannot be located, and the label data was given as follows according to the original publication (Ma 1992a): 15.VII.1988, 1,300 m, Mount Tianpingshan, Sangzhi County, Hunan province. Other eight type specimens of Macronotops subsexmaculatus (Ma, 1992) were examined in IZAS: holotype (♂) labeled: 20.VII.1936, Tienmushan, O. PIEL coll.; allotype (♀) labeled: 27.VII.1937, Tienmushan; other 6 paratypes: 2♂♂, 20.VII.1936, Tienmushan; 1♀, 9.VIII.1937, Tienmushan; 1♀, 5.VIII.1935, Tienmushan; 1♀, 27.VII.1947, Tienmushan; 1♀, VII.1978, Mount Mangshan, Pingkeng [in Yizhang County, Hunan province]. Additional material examined (102♂♂, 98♀♀). CHINA: Chongqing: 1♀ (SWU), 3.VIII.1992, Lake Dahonghu, Mount Simianshan Nature Reserve, Jiangjin, 1,200 m, You-Ping YIN // Pleuronota sexmaculata Kraatz, det. Wen-Zhen MA; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Jiuchongshan National Forest Park, Bengxihe, Miaoba, Chengkou County, 1,140 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 6.X.2013, adult emerged V.2014; 2♀♀ (QCCC), 31.VII.2011, Mount Simianshan Nature Reserve, Jiangjin, 1,350 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 40♂♂, 44♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Simianshan Nature Reserve, Jiangjin, 1,260m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 16.III.2014, adult emerged V.2014; 4♂♂, 10♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Simianshan Nature Reserve, Jiangjin, 1,200m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 10.II.2015, adult emerged V.2015; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mt. Simianshan, Xiangbiling, Jiangjin, 1,400 m, Hao XU, 3 nd instar larvae in rotten wood 16.X.2017, adult emerged V.2018; Fujian: 1♂ (MNHN), Chine Kuatun Fukien, Tschung-Sen, 6.9.46, Pleuronota olivaceofusca Bourgoin, G. Ruter det. 19// Macronotops olivaceofusca (Bourgoin), J. –Ph. Legrand, det. 2010; 1♀ (MNHN), Chine Kuatun Fukien, Tschung-Sen, 18.8.[19]46; 1♀ (MHNG), Kuatun, Fukien China, 27.7.[19]46, TSCHUNG SEN.// Macronota olivaceofusca Bourgoin, det. H. Schein 1955 / vielleicht [vuilleti] synonym zu M. fulvoguttata Fairm.?; 1♂ (QCCC), 1–10.IX.2009, Mount Wuyishan Nature Reserve, Guadun, Tongmu, Xingcun, Wuyishan, Hao HUANG; 1♂ (QCCC), 23.VII.2011, Mount Wuyishan Nature Reserve, Guadun, Tongmu, Xingcun, Wuyishan, Peng-Yu LIU; Guangxi: 2♂♂ (QCCC), 10. VI.2015, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,200 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO; Guizhou: 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 27–30.VII.2013, Mount Leigongshan Nature Reserve, Queniao, Fangxiang, Leishan County, 1,540 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Leigongshan Nature Reserve, Queniao, Fangxiang, Leishan County, 1,540 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 30.VIII.2014, adult emerged V.2015; 1♂ (QCCC), Mount Doupengshan, Duyun, Tian-Yong YANG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 29.IV.2017, adult emerged VI.2017; 1♀ (QCCC), 11–15.VII.2015, Mount Leigongshan Nature Reserve, Leishan County, Bo-Yan LI; 1♂ (QCCC), Luosike Nature Reserve, Duyun, 1,440 m, Ye-Jie LIN, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 25. I.2018, adult emerged V.2018; Henan: 2♂♂, 5♀♀ (QCCC), Baotianman Nature Reserve, Neixiang County, 1,200 m, Yan SHI & Xin-Ran LI, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 7.X.2014, adult emerged V.2015; 1♀ (QCCC), Baotianman Nature Reserve, Neixiang County, 1,200 m, George GESHEV; 1♂ (QCCC), 22– 25.VIII.2018, Baotianman Nature Reserve, Neixiang County, 1,200 m, George GESHEV; Hubei: 1♂ (YUJC), 17.VII.2008, Changleping, Wufeng County, Yu-Xiang YAO; 1♀ (YUJC), 16.VII.2002, Houhe, Wufeng County, Shui-Bing LAO; 1♀ (YUJC), 17.VII.2002, Houhe, Wufeng County, Shuai YAN; 1♀ (QCCC), 28.VII.2018, Houhe Nature Reserve, Bodaoling, Wufeng County, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; 1♂ (YUJC), 20.VII.2003, Songbai, Shennongjia Forest Area, 900– 1,300 m, Jun-Kun SHAO; 1♂ (YUJC), 7.VII.2016, Shiqiaoping, Yesanguan, Badong County, Jie HU; 1♂ (QCCC), Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Houhe, Changtanhe, Xuan’en County, 1,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1. I.2015, adult emerged V.2015; 1♂ (QCCC), Wudaoxia, Baokang County, 700 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 16.III.2013, adult emerged V.2013; 2♂♂ (QCCC), Wudaoxia, Baokang County, 700 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4.IV.2016, adult emerged V.2016; 1♀ (QCCC), IX.1992, Changyang, An-Ming CHEN; Shaanxi: 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Tianhuashan, Luoboyugou, Chaijiaguan, Simudi, Ningshan County, 1,200 m, Shun-Hua GUI, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 6.X.2013, adult emerged V.2014; Sichuan: 1♀ (MNHN), Siao-Lou Lou-Chan, 1899, Chasseurs indigènes; 1♂ (MNHN), Siao-Lou, 1900, Chasseurs indigènes; 1♂ (MNHN), Siao-Lou, Chasseurs indigenes, 1894; 1♂ (MNHN), Su- Tchuen, Siao-Lou, 1897; 1♀ (SCUM), 28.VIII.1962, Mount Emeishan, Temple Wanniansi, Leshan, Zhao-Ke CHEN; 4♂♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), Labahe Nature Reserve, Tianquan County, 1,700 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4.X.2014, adult emerged V.2015; 1♂ (QCCC), Longcanggou National Forest Park, Yingjing County, 1,600 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4.X.2015, adult emerged V.2016; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Emeishan, Leshan,, 1,400 m, Chao ZHOU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 28.VIII.2014, adult emerged V.2015; 1♀ (LQCL), 24.VIII.2014, Mount Emeishan, Qiliping, Hongya County, 1,000–1,200 m, Chao ZHOU; 1♀ (QCCC), 28.VIII.2014, Mount Emeishan, Leshan, 1,400 m, Chao ZHOU; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Jiguanshan, Chongzhou, 1,100 m, Chao ZHOU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 17.II.2016, adult emerged V.2016; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Jiulonggou, Sanlang, Chongzhou, 1,100 m, Chao ZHOU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 28.IV.2016, adult emerged V.2016; 8♂♂, 3♀♀ (QCCC), Jiulonggou, Sanlang, Chongzhou, 1,100 m, Chao ZHOU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 21. I.2017, adult emerged V.2017; 1♀ (QCCC), Wushan, Dayi County, Chao ZHOU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 24. I.2017, adult emerged V.2017; 5♂♂, 3♀♀ (QCCC), Jiulonggou, Sanlang, Chongzhou, 1,400 m, Jian-Yue QIU, 3 nd instar larvae in rotten wood 16.XI.2017, adult emerged V.2018; Yunnan: 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Daweishan Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, 1,600 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.III.2015, adult emerged V.2015; Zhejiang: 1♂ (ZJUH), Mount Fengyangshan, Longquan County, Li ZHAN; 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Longquanshan, Longquan County, 1,500 m, Wei LIU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4–6.X.2011, adult emerged IV.2012; 1♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), VIII.2008, Mount Tianmushan Nature Reserve, Lin’an; 1♂ (QCCC), 13.VII.2017, Mount Tianmushan Nature Reserve, Lin’an, Li-Na CHEN; 1♀ (QCCC), 3–6.VII.2014, Mount Tianmushan Nature Reserve, Lin’an, Ze-Hua WANG; 1♀ (ZZYC), 15.VII.2018, Mount Tianmushan Nature Reserve, Lin’an, 1,200– 1,400 m, Zi-Zhou YU. VIETNAM: 1♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), V.2014, Ha Giang; 2♂♂ (KSCJ), 30. VI.1998, Mt. Pia Oac, Cao Bang. Redescription (male). General: Body length 15.0–19.0 mm; width 6.5–8.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Dark brown. Dorsal surface with dense setiferous punctures; setae short, fulvous, longer on frons. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised. Frons flat (Fig. 12). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 12). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous, setae (Fig. 160). Pronotum: Brown. Widest at the middle, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface densely clad with setiferous punctures; setae short, fulvous (or reddish-brown and black). Scutellum: Brown, with sparse, fulvous or light yellow setae. Elytron: Reddish-brown to brown; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, and median macula; without distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae dark brown on lateral declivity; setae fulvous or dark brown on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 159). Mesepimeron: Dark brown to black; with a small yellow macula; surface clad with light yellow setae. Metepisternum and metepimeron: Black, with light yellow (or dark brown) setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, glabrous. Mesosternum black, with sparse, light yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, black, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, with long, fulvous setae. Metasternum black, with sparse, light yellow or brown setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 160). Pygidium: Dark brown; surface clad with short, dense, brown or light yellow setae; a large, round, yellow macula in middle (Fig. 90). Abdomen: Brown. Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites evenly clad with dense, setae; setae on sternite II long, fulvous; setae on sternites III–V short, light yellow, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, orange; sternite VII almost glabrous, with sparse, short setae on sides. Sternites II–V densely clad with fulvous and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 160). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, with light yellow long setae. Femora and tibia dark brown, with long, fulvous and light yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 35); mesotibia and metatibia with a spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 159– 160); dorsal tooth of metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 59); outer tooth small, short. Tarsi brown; basitarsus of metatarsus without cluster of long setae (Fig. 59). Genitalia: Parameres narrow, long; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Interparameral split wide; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like; nearly twice length of paramere (Fig. 117). Female. Body length 16.0–19.0 mm; width 6.5–9.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, pygidium usually with a smaller yellow macula (Fig. 91); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia large, and shorter than or as long as basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 60); setae on mesotibia and metatibia sparser and shorter. Variability. The color of setae covering body surface gradually becomes darker in individuals from northern to southern area (Figs. 161–162, 164). Median maculae are absent in some individuals (Figs. 161, 164). Few specimens with a small yellow macula close to the posterior margin on each side of abdominal sternites II–III, or sternites II–IV. Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna yellowish-brown (Figs. 12–13). Dorsal surface largely clad with short, fulvous setae. Elytra with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, and lateral maculae (Figs. 159, 162). Pygidium with a large yellow macula (Figs. 90–91). Abdominal sides without yellow maculae (Figs. 160, 163); male abdomen without median groove. Legs dark brown; protibia with distinctly tiny tooth (Figs. 35–36); dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 59); basitarsus of male metatarsus without cluster of long setae (Fig. 59). This species is similar to M. sexmaculatus, but can be distinguished by male antennal club distinctly shorter (Fig. 12), protibia with tiny teeth (Figs. 35–36), abdominal sides without yellow maculae (Figs. 160, 163), male abdomen without longitudinal groove, dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 59), basitarsus of male metatarsus without cluster of long setae (Fig. 59), and median lobe ribbon-like (Fig. 117). Distribution. China: Chongqing (new provincial record), Fujian, Guangxi (new provincial record), Guizhou (new provincial record), Henan (new provincial record), Hubei (new provincial record), Hunan, Shaanxi (new provincial record), Sichuan, Yunnan (new provincial record), Zhejiang; Vietnam (new country record). Natural history. Adults were observed feeding sap of trees (Fagaceae) in late July in Mount Tianmushan (Zhejiang, Fig. 275), Mount Simianshan (Chongqing), and Mount Leigognshan (Guizhou), while third instar larvae can be found in the field as early as late August in Sichuan and Guizhou. In mid March 2014, a large rotten tree under humid woodland was found in Mount Simianshan of Chongqing, China. More than 100 mature larvae were found under the bark (Figs. 270–272), and about 90 larvae were brought back to rear, and 84 adults later emerged in May of the next year. Few of them were bred in a large container for reproduction. The larvae of the new generation developed well in May and June at the room temperature of Chongqing. Unfortunately, the authors forgot to place them in temperature-controlled environment and they all died of heat in July; the room temperature of Chongqing are usually above 30° C in summer. Almost all larvae collected afterward were successfully emerged under the temperature-controlled conditions. In later July 2018, a living female was observed in a rotten trunk laying on a slope of the humid woodland in Houhe Nature Reserve of Hubei. Remarks. Both Macronotops olivaceofuscus and M. vuilleti were originally described based on a single male specimen (Bourgoin 1916). By checking types and several additional materials of M. olivaceofuscus, Mikšić (1976) demoted it as a subspecies of M. vuilleti. Since the differences of antenna, protibia, maculae on body surface, and male genitalia are very distinct and consistent, here we treat M. olivaceofuscus as independent species. Ma (1992a) described a Chinese species M. subsexmaculatus based on the specimens from Zhejiang and Hunan, but her new species and M. olivaceofuscus are definite the same species by examination of type specimens, and Pleuronota subsexmaculata Ma is therefore placed as a junior synonym. Macronotops olivaceofuscus was previously known from Fujian (the type locality), Hunan, Sichuan, and Zhejiang (Mikšić 1976; Ma 1992a), while the specimens we examined ranging from Yunnan and Vietnam in the south, to Shaanxi and Henan in the north where are both located at the south side of the Qinling mountain range (see map, Fig. 258). Obviously, it is the most common species of the genus and widely distributed in southern China. However, the most often cited species of the genus in Chinese works (Ma 1992b, 1995, 2002) is M. sexmaculatus which also possessing a large yellow macula on pygidium. Macronotops sexmaculatus was reported by Ma (1992b, 1995, 2002) from western Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, and Fujian. It is suggested that both species are widely distributed species. On the contrary, the specimens with reliable collecting data indicate that M. sexmaculatus only inhabit the mountainous along the south side of the Himalayas (Figs. 258–259), and all similar specimens we examined from the same localities in Ma (1992b, 1995, 2002) are M. olivaceofusca. Furthermore, a female of M. olivaceofuscus from Chongqing (part of Sichuan before 1997) bearing a handwritten label of Ma was found in SWU, and the label data “ Pleuronota sexmaculata Kraatz ” revealed that Ma (1992b, 1995, 2002) have confused these two species., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Bourgoin, A. (1916) Description de trois Macronota nouveaux (Col. Scarabaeidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France Paris, 1916 (7), 133 - 137.","Schenkling, S. (1921) Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Fol. XXI. Scarabaeidae III Pars. 72. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 431.","Winkler, A. (1929) Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae II pars 9 Lamellicornia. Albert Winkler, Wien, 110 pp.","Mao, Y. T. (1937) Family Scarabaeidae. In: Wu, C. F. (Ed.), Catalogus Insectorum Sinensium (Catalogue of Chinese Insects). Fol. III. The Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Peiping, pp. 961 - 1102.","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2011) Illustrated catalogue of Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae of China (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Animma. x, Supplement, 1 - 113.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and Updated Edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412.","Ma, W. Z. (1992 a) Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, Valgidae. In: Peng, J. W. & Liu, Y. Q. (Eds.), Iconography of Forest Insects in Hunan. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 437 - 457. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Folume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Falgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]","Antoine, P. (2000) Some new or little known species of the family Cetoniidae VIII (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae). Coleopteres, 6 (10), 123 - 145.","Ma, W. Z. (1992 b) Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, Valgidae. In: Chen, S. X. (Eds.), I nsects of the Hengduan Mountains. Vol. 1. The series of the Scientific Expedition to the Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 525 - 536. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (2002) Coleoptera: Cetoniidae. In: Huang, B. K. (Ed.), Fauna of Insects in Fujian Province of China. Fol. 6. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 364 - 382. [in Chinese]","Dai, X. C., Gao, M. W. & Li, G. Y. (2002) List of scarabs from Plateau of Northwestern Sichuan. Ganzi Scientific Technology, 23 (2), 1 - 34. [in Chinese]"]}

Macronotops sexmaculatus (Kraatz, 1894) (Figs. 14–15, 37–38, 61–62, 92–93, 118, 130, 165–168, 217–218, 230–234, 258–259, 276–278) Pleuronota sexmaculata Kraatz, 1894: 141 (type locality: Darjeeling, N. India)*; Schoch 1896: 37; Schenkling 1921: 144. Macronota sexmaculata (Kraatz): Arrow 1910: 47 (partim, specimens from Bhutan); Bourgoin 1916: 137 (remarks). Macronotops sexmaculata (Kraatz): Krikken 1977: 208 (partim); Krajčík 1998: 90; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2012: 152. Macronotops sexmaculatus (Kraatz): Bezděk 2016: 403. Type material. Holotype labeled: (♀, MNHN, Figs. 230–234), Darjeeling (Watkins.) [pale yellow label] // unknown to me [pale yellow label] // 6-maculata Krtz. [pale yellow label] // Kraatz visit 1893. [pale yellow label] / / HOLOTYPE [red label] // HOLOTYPE, Pleuronota sexmaculata Kraatz, 1894 [white label] // MNHN / EC4377 [white label]. The female holotype originally belonged to Oberthür Collection, and now is deposited in MNHN. This species was originally described based on a female, and Arrow (1910) given the first description of male based on specimens from India and Bhutan. He claimed that no female was examined, but the label date of a male specimen in BMNH indicated the fact that he compared it with the female holotype. Additional material examined (18♂♂, 6♀♀). CHINA: Xizang: 1♂ (QCCC), 30.VII.2014, Mêdog County, Guang-Lin XIE; 1♂ (QCCC), 7.VIII.2016, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Renqinbeng Temple, Mêdog County, Zhi-Lin CHEN; 1♂ (CCCC), 20.VIII.2016, Mêdog County, 1,526 m, Xiao-Dong YANG; 2♂♂ (QCCC), 18.VIII.2017, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Pêlung, Nyingchi County, 2,050 m, Shi- Wei GUO; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 12.VIII.2017, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, Pêlung, Nyingchi County, 2,050 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU. INDIA: 3♂♂, 1♀ (MNHN), British Bootan Padong, L. Durel 1913; 1♂ (MNHN), British Bootang L. Durel 1899; 1♂ (MNHN), British India Sikkim Lachen-Lachung VIII.1933; 1♀ (MNHN), Sikkim Lachen 1932 Chasseurs indigenes; 1♂ (BMNH), British Bootang Maria Basti 1899, Oberthur Coll. 1909-159 // Macronota 6-maculata Kr., Compared with type. G. J. A.; 1♂ (BMNH), British Bootang L. Durel 1899 // Bourgoin Coll. B. M. 1938-252; 1♂ (BMNH), British Bootang L. Durel 1899 // Pleuronota sexmaculata Kr. // Bourgoin Coll. B. M. 1938-252; 1♀ (BMNH), Environs de Kurseong, R. P. Bretaudeau, Oberthur Coll. 1909- 159; BHUTAN: 1♂ (MNHN), Bhutan // Pleuronota sexmaculata Kr. G. Ruter det. 1977 // Macronotops sexmaculata (Kraatz) J. –Ph. Legrand det. 2010; 1♂, 2♀♀ (MNHN), Bhutan; 1♂ (MNHN), Brit. Buthan Pankasary Hill 1932. Redescription (male). General: Body length 17.0–18.5 mm; width 7.0–8.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body dark brown to black. Surface with fulvous, reddish-brown, brown and light yellow setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense, setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous, and longer on frons. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight; anterior margin and clypeolateral ridge slightly raised. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 14). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club very long, about twice length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 14). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 166). Pronotum: Dark brown. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface densely clad with long, fulvous and dark brown setae (Fig. 165). Scutellum: Dark brown to black, with sparse, light yellow setae. Elytron: Black; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, and median macula, but without distal macula. Surface densely clad with long setae; setae longer between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae brown on lateral declivity; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 165). Mesepimeron: black, with light yellow setae. Metepisternum and metepimeron: dark brown, with brown setae. Sternum: Black, preprosternum with sparse, setae on side. Mesosternum with sparse, light yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, black, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, with long, dense, fulvous setae. Metasternum with sparse, fulvous and brown setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 166). Pygidium: Dark brown. Surface with dense, fulvous and light yellow setae; a large, round, yellow macula in middle (Fig. 92). Abdomen: Reddish-brown to dark brown. With a longitudinal groove in median. Six abdominal sternites visible; ventral surface of sternites sparsely clad with yellow setae; setae on sternites II–V short, yellow, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense, fulvous; sternite VII with sparse short setae on sides. Sternites II–V with a small yellow macula close to posterior margin on each side; surface densely clad with yellow and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 166). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, with long, brown setae. Femora and tibia dark brown, with long, fulvous setae. Protibia with 3 sharp, large teeth, without tiny tooth (Fig. 37); mesotibia and metatibia with a spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Fig. 165– 166); inner margin of metatibia convex in distal portion (Fig. 166); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus, outer tooth absent (Fig. 162). Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of dense, long setae (Fig. 162). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Interparameral split wide; membrane almost absent. Median lobe wide at base, filiform apically; nearly equal to the length of paramere (Fig. 118). Female. Body length 17.5–20.0 mm; width 7.5–9.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, dorsal teeth of metatibia slightly larger (Fig. 62), setae on mesotibia and metatibia shorter (Figs. 167–168), and basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 62). Variability. The yellow macula in the middle of elytra and on sternite III to VI are absent in some individuals (Fig. 166). Specimens from Brahmaputra Valley usually have more fulvous setae on the dorsal surface. Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna yellowish-brown (Figs. 14–15); male antennal club very long (Fig. 14). Elytra dark brown, with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, and lateral maculae (Figs. 165, 167). Abdominal sternites II–V usually with a small, yellow macula on each side (Fig. 168); male abdomen with a longitudinal groove. Pygidium with a large, yellow macula (Figs. 92–93). Protibia without tiny tooth (Figs. 37–38); inner margin of metatibia convex in distal portion (Figs. 166, 168); dorsal tooth of male metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 6 1); basitarsus of male metatarsus with a cluster of dense, long setae (Fig. 6 1). This species highly resembles M. miksici new species, the differences are provided in differential diagnosis of M. miksici new species. Distribution. China (new country record): Xizang; India; Bhutan. Natural history. In the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, adults of M. sexmaculatus, M. curvimarginatus, and M. medogensis new species were observed flying around bushes in the sunshine after the rain and looked like large bees, and an adult of M. sexmaculatus was found feeding on the sap of bamboo (Fig. 278). Remarks. Macronotops sexmaculatus was originally described based on a female specimen from Darjeeling (Kraatz 1894), where located in the south side of the Himalayas. After checking the holotype, Arrow (1910) provided a short description of male, and listed this species from Bhutan. Mikšić (1971) briefly commented most members of the genus Pleuronota sensu Mikšić (i.e. Macronotops), and figured parameres of M. sexmaculatus and his new species for comparison. This is the first time structures of the male genitalia of this genus to be figured (Fig. 250), and the figure of M. sexmaculatus was cited by Ma (1993, 1995) who erroneously recorded this species widely distributed in China (see remarks section of M. olivaceofuscus). After examining the parameres and external features, some individuals collected from southeastern Xizang are confirmed conspecific with the specimens of M. sexmaculatus from Sikkim and Bhutan. These specimens represented the first record of this species in China; the parameres, however, without membrane, are not identical to the figure in Mikšić (1971). Mikšić’s figure was actually drawn in accordance with a single male from Assam, India, and it unexpectedly matchs the parameres of several specimens we collected from Xima (Sima) in western Yunnan (Fig. 115). Moreover, an undissected male from Assam was examined in MFNB (Figs. 251–257) which bears the same external morphological characters. This fact revealed that a similar species is distributed in northeastern India and southwestern China, and here we named it as M. miksici new species; while M. sexmaculatus is only distributed along the south Himalayas region., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Kraatz, G. (1894) Pleuronota 6 - maculata n. sp. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1894 (1), 141.","Schoch, G. (1896) Catalogus systematicus Cetonidarum et Trichiidarum ad huc cognitarum. published not identified, Zurich, 95 pp.","Schenkling, S. (1921) Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Fol. XXI. Scarabaeidae III Pars. 72. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 431.","Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp.","Bourgoin, A. (1916) Description de trois Macronota nouveaux (Col. Scarabaeidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France Paris, 1916 (7), 133 - 137.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Smetana, A. (2006) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 283 - 313.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Bezdek, A. (2016) Subfamily Cetoniinae. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Folume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Revised and Updated Edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 367 - 412.","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Ma, W. Z. (1993) Three new species of Pleuronota from China (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 179 - 183. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Folume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Falgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]"]}

Macronotops ovaliceps (Arrow, 1941) (Figs. 22–23, 46–47, 70–71, 104–110, 122, 134, 191–202, 225–226, 243–246, 258, 286–294, 312) Macronota ovaliceps Arrow, 1941: 83 (type locality: Sima, Burma [=Xima, Yingjiang County, Yunnan, China])*; Bacchus 1974: 33. Pleuronota ovaliceps (Arrow): Mikšić 1976: 167, fig. 22c parameres of holotype. Macronotops ovaliceps (Arrow): Krikken 1977: 208; Krajčík 1998: 90; Krajčík 2012: 151. Type material. Holotype (by monotypy, ♂, BMNH, Figs. 243–226): Sima, Burma, 16.8.18, P. M. R. Leonard [pale yellow label] // Type [pale yellow label with red border] // Macronota ovaliceps arrow, type [pale yellow label] // Bombay N. H. Soc., 1914-411 [pale label] // Macronota ovaliceps Arrow, M. E. Bacchus det 1973, HOLOTYPE [white label]. Additional material examined (45♂♂, 39♀♀). CHINA: Yunnan: 2♀♀ (MYCC), 11.VIII.2018, River Menglai, Xima, Yingjiang, Mao Ye; 1♀ (MYCC), 2♀ (QCCC), 13.VIII.2018, River Keduka, Kachang, Yingjiang, Mao YE & Zi-Chun XIONG; 1♂, 3♀♀ (QCCC), Pianma, Lushui County, 2,020 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 20.II.2015, adult emerged IV.2015; 8♂♂, 6♀♀ (QCCC), Pianma, Lushui County, 1,840– 2,150 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 11.II.2016, adult emerged IV.2016; 3♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Baihualing Nature Reserve, Baoshan, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 22– 23.II.2015, adult emerged IV.2015; 18♂♂, 15♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Baihualing Nature Reserve, Baoshan, 2,100 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 13.II.2016, adult emerged IV.2016; 5♂♂, 5♀♀ (QCCC), Zizhi, Mingguang, Tengchong, 2,200–2,400 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 14.II.2016, adult emerged IV.2016.; 5♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Pumanshao to Dahaoping, Tengchong, 2,300 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar larvae in rotten wood 14.II.2018, adult emerged V.2018; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 7.VIII.2016, Xiongdang, Dulongjiang, Gongshan County, 1,900 m, Chao-Ming CHEN; 1♂ (BMDU), VI.2011, Qiaohou, Eryuan County, Dali, 2,400 m, Ji-Shan XU. MYANMAR: 1♂ (KSCJ), 18.VII.2010?Panwa [Pang War], Kachin, Azuma Abe; 1♀ (KSCJ), VI–VIII.2004, Chudu Razi, Mt. Range, E. Kachin; 1♀ (KSCJ), VIII.2005, Chudu Razi, Mt. Range, E. Kachin; 1♂ (KSCJ), VII.2001, near Putao, N. Kachin. Redescription (male). General: Body length 14.5–15.5 mm; width 6.0–7.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with sparse, fulvous setae; setae long on frons. Clypeus narrow; anterior margin arcuated, slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge indistinct. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 22). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna brown to dark brown; antennal club very long, about twice length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 22). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 192). Pronotum: Brown. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Disc with two pronotal ridges and a narrow, longitudinal ridge medially (Figs. 193–196); surface densely clad with fulvous and black setae; medial ridge glabrous (Figs. 193–196). Scutellum: Reddish-brown to brown, with sparse, fulvous setae. Elytron: Reddish-brown to brown; usually with large lateral macula, but distal macula, posthumeral macula, and median macula small or absent (Figs. 191, 193–196). Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae dark brown to black on lateral declivity; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous. Mesepimeron: Dark brown to black, with light yellow and/or fulvous setae, partly clad with yellow tomenta. Metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown to black, with light yellow and fulvous setae. Metepisternum sometimes with few yellow tomenta on anterior portion. Sternum: Preprosternum reddish-brown, almost glabrous. Mesosternum reddish-brown to dark brown, with long, yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, with long, fulvous setae. Metasternum black, with dense, fulvous setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 192). Pygidium: Dark brown to black. Surface clad with dense, fulvous and brown setae; brown setae on sides (Figs. 104–105). Abdomen: Dark brown to black. Median portion slightly depressed. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites clad with fulvous setae; setae on sternite II dense, long; setae on sternites III–V sparse and short in median, but dense and long on sides; sternites III–V glabrous near anterior margin of each sternite; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII almost glabrous; sternites II–V densely clad with black and fulvous setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 192). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, with fulvous long setae. Femora and tibia dark brown, with fulvous setae. Protibia with 3 teeth; the proximal tooth small and indistinct; without tiny tooth (Fig. 46). Mesotibia with a small spine near the middle of outer margin; the spine in middle of metatibia indistinct or absent; metatibia with a row of long, brush-like, sparse, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 191–192); dorsal tooth of metatibia distinctly longer than basitarsus of metatarsus, outer tooth absent (Fig. 70). Tarsi dark brown; each segment of metatarsus with sparse, long setae (Fig. 70). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded. Interparameral split narrow, gradually constricted to apex; base with little membrane, protruding medially. Median lobe flagelliform, gradually narrowed to apex; distinctly longer than paramere (Fig. 122). Female. Body length 14.5–16.5 mm, width 6.0–7.5 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, all four yellow maculae on elytron usually present (Figs. 201–202), dorsal tooth of metatibia larger, setae on mesotibia and metatibia sparser (Fig. 71). Variability. The number of maculae on elytra and the color of setae are variable. All tomentous maculae on body surface could be absent and the variation of setae color are shown in Figs. 191–196. The pygidium of few specimens with a small yellow macula (Figs. 109–110). Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus greater than width. Antenna brown to dark brown; male antennal club very long (Fig. 22). Disc of pronotum with a glabrous, narrow, longitudinal ridge medially (Figs. 193–196, 199–202). Pygidium and abdomen usually without maculae (Figs. 104–108, 192, 198). Anterior margin of abdominal sternites III–V glabrous (Figs. 192, 198). Dorsal tooth of male metatibia distinctly longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 70). This species is similar to Macronotops curvimarginatus, and the differences are provided in the differential diagnosis of that species. Distribution. China: Yunnan; Myanmar. Natural history. Approximately 80 larvae were captured from the forested valleys where located at the south part of the Gaoligongshan mountain range. Larvae inhabit the galleries of some xylophagous insects or under bark (Figs. 286–294). By an excavation of a decaying log nearby river in the west side of Mount Gaoligongshan, remain of a female adult of this species was exposed under the bark, and few mature larvae were found in near place. It is likely that the female entered and laid eggs in the log. Remarks. The holotype was collected in 1916 or 1918 by Mr. P. M. R. Leonard, an officer of the Frontier Service of Britain Burma in the 1910s (Ward 1921; Rao 1928). The exact location of the type locality “Sima, Burma ” was not given in the original publication. Actually, Burmese Sima is the present Chinese town “Xima” (E 97°42', N 24°45', Fig. 258) in Yingjiang County of Yunnan, and its sovereignty has been altered several times in history. Sima was pointed to be located in northeastern Burma, near the boundary of Yunnan, China (Allen 1929). Moreover, the precise site of Sima was clearly indicated in the treaties for demarcation of the border between Myanmar (Britain Burma) and China (Great Qing) (Anonymous 1894, 1897): it is located at the Myanmar-China border and near the source of the river Molé. Due to no any specimens were reported since Macronotops ovaliceps was described in 1941 and the type locality “Sima” has never been verified, this species was only known from Myanmar. After the location of “Sima” was solved, we went there for searching larvae in winter, but only larvae of M. miksici new species were found. However, two females of M. ovaliceps were collected from the type locality by our friend, perhaps these two species inhabit the areas at different elevations. Larvae of M. ovaliceps were frequently found in the south part of the Gaoligongshan mountain range in western Yunnan, China, and three adults were collected from the valley of the river Dolongjiang where located in the north part of the same mountain range (Fig. 258). Besides, a male was caught from the mountainous area near Dali where is outside from the main region of occurrence of this species. It is suggested that this species is widely distributed in western Yunnan, China., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. (1941) Systematic notes on the Cetoniid Coleoptera and descriptions of a few new species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 11, 8 (44), 73 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745481.1941.9727954","Bacchus, M. E. (1974) A catalogue of the type-specimens of the Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) described by G. J. Arrow with a complete bibliography of his entomological works. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 31 (2), 25 - 44.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Krajcik, M. (1998) Cetoniidae of the World Catalogue-Part I. Typos Studio, Most, 96 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement, 5, 1 - 278.","Ward, F. K. (1921) In Farthest Burma: The Record of an Arduous Journey of Exploration and Research through Frontier Territory of Burma and Tibet. Seely Service and Co Limited, London, 311 pp.","Rao, H. S. (1928) The aquatic and amphibious Mollusca of the northern Shan States, Burma. Records of the Indian Museum, 30 (4), 399 - 468.","Allen, G. M. (1929) Viverrids from the Asiatic expeditions. American Museum Novitates, 359, 1 - 9. Anonymous (1894) Convention between Great Britain and China, giving effect to Article III of the Convention of July 24, 1886,"]}

Macronotops ovaliceps species group Macronotops curvimarginatus (Ma, 1993) China (Xizang) Macronotops medogensis Qiu, Xu & Chen new species China (Xizang) Macronotops ovaliceps (Arrow, 1941) China (Yunnan), NE Myanmar, Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Ma, W. Z. (1993) Three new species of Pleuronota from China (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 179 - 183. [in Chinese]","Arrow, G. J. (1941) Systematic notes on the Cetoniid Coleoptera and descriptions of a few new species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, Series 11, 8 (44), 73 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745481.1941.9727954"]}

Macronotops sexmaculatus species group Distribution Macronotops biserratus Qiu, Xu & Chen new species Laos (Hua Phan) Macronotops dianensis Qiu, Xu & Chen new species China (Yunnan), N Vietnam Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891) S China = Pleuronota hefengensis Ma, 1992 new synonym Macronotops fulvopilosus (Fairmaire, 1894) China (Sichuan) Macronotops miksici Qiu, Xu & Chen new species China (Yunnan), NE India, Myanmar Macronotops nigropubescens (Mikšic, 1971) Taiwan Island Macronotops olivaceofuscus (Bourgoin, 1916) revised status S China, N Vietnam = Pleuronota subsexmaculata Ma, 1992 new synonym Macronotops sexmaculatus (Kraatz, 1894) # China (Xizang), NE India, Bhutan Macronotops vuilleti (Bourgoin, 1916) China (Yunnan), N Laos, N Vietnam Macronotops sp. China (Xizang), Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Fairmaire, L. (1891) Description de Coleopteres de l'interieur de la Chine (Suite, 6 e partie). Bulletin ou Comptes-Rendus des Seances de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 35, VI - XXIV.","Fairmaire, L. (1894) Quelques Coleopteres du Thibet. Annales de la Soci ete Entomologique de Belgique, 38, 216 - 225.","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Bourgoin, A. (1916) Description de trois Macronota nouveaux (Col. Scarabaeidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France Paris, 1916 (7), 133 - 137.","Kraatz, G. (1894) Pleuronota 6 - maculata n. sp. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1894 (1), 141."]}

Macronotops miksici Qiu, Xu & Chen new species (Figs. 8���9, 31���32, 55���56, 84���85, 115, 127, 151���154, 211���212, 250���257, 258, 266���268, 303���304) Macronota sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Arrow 1910: 47 (partim, specimens from Taung-ngu, Myanmar). Macronotops sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Krikken 1977: 208 (partim, specimens from Toungoo, S. Myanmar), figs. 11-13 & 20 ♂. Pleuronota sexmaculata (nec Kraatz): Mik��ić 1971: 208 (Khasia Hills, Assam, NE. India), fig. 1 (parameres); Mik��ić 1976: 169, fig. 22a (parameres); Ma 1993: 182, fig. 5 (parameres); Ma 1995: 38 (partim), fig. 29 (parameres). Type material. Holotype: ♂ (SWU), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU // 3 nd instar in rotten wood 16.II.2016, adult emerged V.2016. Paratypes (26♂♂, 21♀♀): CHINA: 1♀ (Allotype, SWU), 2♂♂, 10♀♀ (QCCC), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, Yunnan, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 16.II.2016, adult emerged V.2016; 1♂ (QCCC), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, Yunnan, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 26.II.2015, adult emerged V.2015; 19♂♂, 9♀♀ (QCCC), 1♂, 1♀ (KSCJ), Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Xima, Yingjiang County, Yunnan, 1,380 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 15.II.2018, adult emerged VI.2018. MYANMAR: 1♂ (KSCJ), VI ���VIII.2004, Chudu Razi [east of Kawnglanghpu], Mt. Range, E. Kachin; 1♂ (KSCJ), VI.2001, near Putao, Kachin. INDIA: 1♂ (MFNB), Khasia Hills // Pleuronota sexmaculata Krtz. Holotype (male). General: Body length 16.0 mm; width 7.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, reddish-brown, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous, longer on frons. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge not distinct. Frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge (Fig. 8). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club very long, about twice length of antennomeres 2���7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 8). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 152). Pronotum: Reddish-brown. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface densely clad with reddish-brown and black setae (Fig. 1 51). Scutellum: Reddishbrown. Surface with sparse setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous. Elytron: Reddish-brown; with posthumeral macula and lateral macula; median macula disappeared. Surface densely clad with setae; setae brown between sutural and discolateral costae; setae on maculae light yellow; setae brown to dark brown on basal and distal areas, around maculae, along inner side of discolateral costa, and near lateral margin; setae black on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 151). Mesepimeron: Dark brown to black, with a small yellow macula, surface clad with light yellow setae. Metepisternum: Black, clad with black and light yellow setae. Metepimeron: Brown, clad with light yellow setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, with sparse, light yellow setae. Mesosternum black, clad with sparse, light yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, brown, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with long, yellow setae. Metasternum black, clad with long, sparse, light yellow, brown, and black setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 152). Pygidium: Brown. Surface clad with dense, fulvous setae; a large, round, yellow macula in middle (Fig. 84). Abdomen: Brown, midline reddish-brown. Longitudinal groove in median indistinct. Six abdominal sternites visible; setae on sternite II long, dense, light yellow; setae on sternites III��� V short, sparse, light yellow, but longer and denser on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense, orange; sternite VII with sparse, short, light yellow setae on sides. Sternites II��� V with an indistinct yellow macula close to posterior margin on each side; surface densely clad with light yellow and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 152). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black, clad with long, black setae. Femora and tibia reddish-brown to black, with long, orange and light yellow setae. Protibia with 3 sharp, large teeth; without tiny tooth (Fig. 31); large tooth and outer margin forming a acute angle (Fig. 31); mesotibia and metatibia with a spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 151���152); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 55); outer tooth small, short. Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of dense, long setae (Fig. 55). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded. Apical half of interparameral split widened; base with membrane, protruding medially. Median lobe filiform; nearly equal to the length of paramere (Fig. 115). Female. Body length 17.0���19.0 mm, width 8.0���9.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, setae on mesotibia and metatibia sparser (Figs. 153���154), and basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 56). Variability. Male paratypes length 16.0���18.0 mm, width 7.0���8.0 mm. The median macula, posthumeral macula of elytron, and the maculae on abdominal side are sometimes indistinct or absent (Fig. 151). Some individuals have more black setae on the dorsal surface. Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club very long (Figs. 8���9). Pronotum clad with reddish-brown and black setae. Elytra reddish-brown; with posthumeral maculae, median maculae and lateral maculae (Figs. 151, 153). Pygidium with a large yellow macula (Figs. 84��� 85). Yellow maculae on abdominal side indistinct or absent (Figs. 152, 154); male abdomen with a longitudinal groove. Legs reddish-brown to brown; protibia without tiny tooth (Figs. 31���32); basitarsus of male metatarsus with a cluster of dense, long setae (Fig. 55); dorsal tooth of metatibia longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 55). Macronotops miksici new species is highly similar to M. sexmaculatus, the differences are: angles between large teeth of protibia acute in M. miksici new species (Figs. 31���32; in M. sexmaculatus right-angled or slightly arcuate, Figs. 37���38), inner margin of metatibia in distal portion straight in M. miksici new species (Figs. 152, 154; in M. sexmaculatus convex, Figs. 166, 168), membrane between parameres present in M. miksici new species (Fig. 115; in M. sexmaculatus absent, Fig. 118). Etymology. This species is named after Cetoniinae specialist Ren�� Mik��ić (1920���1986) to honor his great contributions to our knowledge of Asian flower beetles. Distribution. China: Yunnan; India; Myanmar. Natural history. Some standing and fallen rotten wood were found in woodland by a wide river valley in 2015 (Fig. 266); the woodland was dark and humid at an elevation around 1,000 m, with a small stream flowing over part of the ground. Approximately 20 larvae were found in the tunnel in rotten wood which made by cockroaches and Passalidae (Figs. 267���268). However, most of them were not survived in the pupal stage at room temperature in Chongqing, China. Twelve individuals were successfully raised from mature larvae which were collected from the same site in 2016; they were placed under 25��C in April and May. In the winter of 2017, a lot of fallen decayed wood was checked in a dry open forest opposite the previous site, but no Macronotops larvae were found. In the latest visit, 30 larvae were caught at the first site. Remarks. All the Chinese specimens of M. miksici new species were obtained by rearing field collected larvae from the border with Myanmar, and a male collected from Assam in northeastern India was found in MFNB which was misidentified as M. sexmaculatus (see label in Fig. 257, and the remarks section of M. sexmaculatus). Arrow (1910) listed M. sexmaculatus from Taung-ngu, Myanmar; an illustrated male specimen from the same place (Taungoo) was also considered to be M. sexmaculatus, but the diagnostic characters are indiscernible (Figure 20 in Krikken 1977). These voucher specimens are unavailable for this study, and we highly suspect that these specimens are M. miksici new species. Only a single male from Putao in northern Myanmar was examined. Nevertheless, it seems that the new species is widely distributed in Myanmar (Fig. 258)., Published as part of Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, A revision of the rare flower beetle genus Macronotops Krikken (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Asia with biological notes, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4556 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2585204, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. (1910) The Fauna of British India (Including Ceylon and Burma). Lamellicornia (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae). Taylor & Francis, London, 322 pp.","Krikken, J. (1977) The Asian genus Pleuronota Kraatz and allied forms: a clarification (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51 (13), 199 - 209.","Miksic, R. (1971) Notizien uber ostasiatische Cetoniiden. (72. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden). Bulletin Scientifique, Conseil des Academies de la RPF Yougoslavie. Section A. Sciences Naturelles, Techniques et Medicales, 16 (7 - 8), 208 - 210.","Miksic, R. (1976) Monographie der Cetonniiae der Palaarktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Institut za sumarstvo, Sarajevo, 444 pp.","Ma, W. Z. (1993) Three new species of Pleuronota from China (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 179 - 183. [in Chinese]","Ma, W. Z. (1995) Economic Insect Fauna of China, Folume 46 Coleoptera: Cetoniidae, Trichiidae, and Falgidae. Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 210 pp. [in Chinese]"]}