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Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) sordens (van der Wulp, 1875): Hazar Lake (Elazığ) (Aydın 2022), Taurus Mountain Lakes (Taşdemir et al. 2011), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), Gölbaşı (Hatay) (Arslan et al. 2013), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Büyük Akgöl Lake (Sakarya), Emere Lake (Afyonkarahisar), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya), Gerede Lake (Bolu), Işıklı Lake (Denizli), Karagöl Lake (Bozkurt, Denizli), Karagöl Lake (Kıbrısçık, Bolu), Keçi Lake (Bolu), Küçük Akgöl Lake (Sakarya), Mersinbeleni Lake (Aydın), Taşkısı Lake (Sakarya) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Polypedilum uncinatum (Goetghebuer, 1921): Karasu Creek (Sinop) (Aydemir-Çil et al. 2021).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) bicrenatum Kieffer, 1921: Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Yeşilırmak River (Gültutan & Kazancı 2008), Meriç River, Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a; Özkan & Elipek 2006), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Hazar Lake (Elazığ) (Aydın 2022), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b).

Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) exsectum (Kieffer, 1916): Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Işıklı Lake (Denizli) (Akbaba & Boyacı 2015), Selçuk lakes (İzmir) (Balık et al. 2006a), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya) (Yıldız et al. 2005), Küçük Menderes Coastal Wetland (Yıldız et al. 2010), Meriç and Ergene Rivers, Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a; Özkan & Elipek 2006), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Kesikköprü Creek (Ankara) (Ahıska 2009), Hamam lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Sazlıdere stream (Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) scalaenum (Schrank, 1803): Yuvarlakçay Creek (Köyceğiz, Muğla) (Taşdemir et al. 2010a), Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Büyük Menderes River (Dügel & Kazancı 2004), Gökpınar Creek (Denizli) (Duran et al. 2007), Aslantaş Dam Lake (Osmaniye) (Fındık & Göksu 2007), Edirne region (Özkan & Kırgız 1995), Meriç River (Özkan & Elipek 2006), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Gölbaşı (Hatay) (Arslan et al. 2013), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Tahtalı Reservoir (İzmir) (Taşdemir et al. 2010b), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Dupnisa Cave Kırklareli (Özkan 2009), Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Elazığ region (Şahin 1980), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Hamam lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), Marmara Island (Özkan 2010b), Avşa (Türkeli) and Paşalimanı Islands (Özkan 2012a), Sazlıdere stream (Edirne) (Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007). = Polypedilum breviantennatum Chernovsky, 1949.

Polypedilum tritum (Walker, 1856): Karasu Creek (Sinop) (Aydemir-Çil et al. 2021).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) albicorne (Meigen, 1838): Uzungöl Lake (Bafra, Samsun) (Taşdemir et al. 2009a), Karasu creek (Sinop) (Aydemir-Çil et al. 2021).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) pedestre (Meigen, 1830): Gökpınar Creek (Denizli) (Duran et al. 2007), Yeşilırmak River (Gültutan & Kazancı 2008), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a; Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Süleymanlı Lake, Buldan, Denizli (Duran & Akyıldız 2011), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Marmara Island (Özkan 2010b), Gerede Lake (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) intermedium Albu & Botnariuc, 1966: Sat Mountain (Hakkari), Birecik (Urfa), (Reiss 1985).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) aegyptium Kieffer, 1925: Sat Mountain (Hakkari), Birecik (Urfa), (Reiss 1985).

Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) convictum (Walker, 1856): Yuvarlakçay Creek (Köyceğiz, Muğla) (Taşdemir et al. 2010a), Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Büyük Menderes River (Dügel & Kazancı 2004), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a), Bozcaada (Özkan 2006b), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Kovada Channel Isparta (Zeybek et al. 2013), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Gölbaşı (Hatay) (Arslan et al. 2013), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Meriç River (Özkan & Elipek 2006), Edirne region (Özkan & Kırgız 1995), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Hamam lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), Thrace region (Özkan 2010a), Sazlıdere stream (Edirne) (Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007), Ergene River (Özkan et al. 2010).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) pulchrum Albu, 1980: Sat Mountain (Hakkari), (Reiss 1985).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) laetum (Meigen, 1818): Büyük Menderes River (Dügel & Kazancı 2004), Gökpınar Creek (Denizli) (Duran et al. 2007), Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2009), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Eastern Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2010), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Elazığ province (Şahin 1980), Işıklı Lake, Denizli (Akbaba & Boyacı 2015).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804): Aksaray, Mamasin Dam Lake (Ersan et al. 2009), Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2009), Meriç and Ergene rivers, Sazlıdere stream (Özkan 2006a; Özkan & Elipek 2006; Özkan 2010a), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Kovada Channel Isparta (Zeybek et al. 2013), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Eastern Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2010), Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Denizli (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2016), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Menderes Creek, Çanakkale (Akbulut et al. 2009), Cip Dam Lake (Elazığ) (Akıl et al. 1996), Süleymanlı Lake (Buldan, Denizli) (Duran & Akyıldız 2011), TMI 12 Pond Elazığ (Arslan & Saler 2010), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Bursa Uluabat Lake (Arslan et al. 2010), Kızılırmak River (Fındık and Aras, 2016), Adıguzel Dam Lake (Denizli) (Özbek et al. 2016), Tahtalı Reservoir (İzmir) (Taşdemir et al. 2010b), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya) (Yıldız et al. 2005), Büyük Akgöl Lake (Sakarya), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya), Emre Lake (Afyonkarahisar), Gebekirse Lake (Selçuk, İzmir), Gerede Lake (Bolu), Karagöl Lake (Bozkurt, Denizli), Karagöl Lake (Yamanlar), Kocagöl Lake (Bolu), Mersinbeleni Lake (Aydın), Saklıgöl Lake (Denizli), Süleymanlı Lake (Buldan, Denizli) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

A new species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 is described from Baishanzu Nature Reserve, China, based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on standard barcode sequences confirmed a new clade of Polypedilum (Collartomyia) species. The new species is easily distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characters: membrane of wing with a large spot occupying 70% of the proximal area; tergite without dark brown band pigmentation; tarsi I–V dark brown; superior volsella with three outer lateral setae and six long setae along inner base; inferior volsella with setose tubercules. An updated key to adult males of the subgenus Collartomyia is also provided.

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) huapingensis Liu & Lin, sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on an adult male from Huaping National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China. A DNA barcode analysis, including the known partial COI sequences of species in the Cerobregma subgenus, was conducted. An updated key to adult males of the subgenus Cerobregma is provided.

Polypedilum (Tripodura) anningense sp. n. (Figure 1, GenBank accession Number MZ364752, BIN number AEE6529) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 237EF6BC-8AC6-4438-ACB8-2FA330ADD8BD Type material: Holotype: male (JNU170812017 = VT06), China, Yunnan Province, Anning city, Qinglongxia scenic area, 27.IV.2017, light trap, H. Tang. Paratypes: 2 males as the holotype. Etymology: Named after the type locality, Anning City. Diagnostic characters. Wing with one spot on cell r 4+5 distal to cross vein RM, the above opposite partial sections of R veins pigmented. AR small (0.53–0.54), broad anal point without lateral projections, superior volsella pediform. Male imago (n =3) Total length 2.17–2.18, 2.18 mm. Wing length 1.43–1.56, 1.50 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.39–1.52, 1.46. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.35–2.49, 2.42. Coloration. Head brown with yellow palpomeres. Thorax (Figure 1A) dark brown except pale yellow scutellum. Abdominal segments yellow to yellowish brown. Fore leg (Figure 1B): femur brown except apical 1/3 yellow, remaining segments yellowish brown. Mid and hind leg (Figure 1B): femur brown except apical 1/2 yellow, remaining segments yellowish brown. Wing (Figure 1C) yellow with brown spots, one spot on cell r 4+5 distal to cross vein RM, one spot on cell m 1+2, one spot near to fork of M 3+4 and Cu 1 crossing Cu 1, one spot on anal vein. Middle sections of R 1, R 2+3 and R 4+5 brown. Head. AR 0.53–0.54, 0.54. Ultimate flagellomere 265–281, 273 µm long. Temporal setae 8–10, 9 including 3–3 inner verticals, 4–5, 4 outer verticals and 3–4, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 13–16, 15 setae. Tentorium 76–95, 86 µm long; 10–15, 13 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 45–50, 48; 24–28, 26; 55–67, 61; 77–87, 82; 138–144, 141. Wing (Figure 1C). VR 1.04–1.27, 1.16. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 15–16, 15 setae; R 1 with 10–12, 11 setae; R 4+5 with 15–18, 16 setae. Squama with 5–6, 6 setae. Thorax (Figure 1A). Dorsocentrals 14–15, 15 including 1–2 humerals; acrostichals 11–12, 11; prealars 4–4, 4. Scutellum with 5–6, 5 setae. Legs (Figure 1B). Terminal scale (Figure 1D) of fore tibia 30–37, 34 µm long, triangular and apically pointed. Spur of mid tibia 43–56, 48 um long including 16–23, 18 µm long comb, un-spurred comb 10–16, 14 µm long, spur of hind tibia 45–56, 50 µm long including 16–25, 21 µm long comb, un-spurred comb 13–18, 15 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 30–37, 34 µm, of mid tibia 30–40, 34 µm, of hind tibia 41–50, 45 µm. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs (Table 1). Hypopygium (Figur 1F). Posterior margin of tergite IX subrectangular, with 7–9 median setae. Anal tergite bands developed and fused basal to median setae. Laterosternite IX with 2–3, 2 setae. Anal point broad, 17–31, 24 µm long, without lateral projections. Phallapodeme 34–49, 40 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 33–43, 35 µm long. Gonocoxite 79–99, 89 µm long. Superior volsella (Figure 1E) pediform, 35–45, 40 µm long, 13–20, 17 µm wide, with 3–5 strong setae, parallel-sided basal 1/2, slightly curved distal 1/2. Inferior volsella 60–103, 78 µm long, with 5–7, 6 oral setae and one apical seta. Gonostylus 107–127, 117 µm long, with 5–8 long setae along inner margin. HR 0.69–0.80, 0.75. HV 1.91–2.03, 197. Distribution: The species is only known from the type locality, Yunnan Province (Oriental China). Remarks: The new species belongs to the scalaenum or the unifascum group regarding the similar wing spots pattern, however, in the new species, anal point without obvious lateral projections and superior volsella pad-like, covered with microtrichiae and several strong setae. The new species is closely related to P. (T.) asoprimum Sasa & Suzuki from Japan but it is separated from the latter by following characters: superior volsella roughly quadrangular in asoprimum, slender and slightly curved in present new species; the spot on cell r 4+5 near to vein RM in asoprimum, distal to vein RM in present new species. The new species resembles P. (T.) japonicum (Tokunaga), the differences see the following key.

Polypedilum (Tripodura) anningense sp. n. (Figure 1, GenBank accession Number MZ364752, BIN number AEE6529) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 237EF6BC-8AC6-4438-ACB8-2FA330ADD8BD Type material: Holotype: male (JNU170812017 = VT06), China, Yunnan Province, Anning city, Qinglongxia scenic area, 27.IV.2017, light trap, H. Tang. Paratypes: 2 males as the holotype. Etymology: Named after the type locality, Anning City. Diagnostic characters. Wing with one spot on cell r 4+5 distal to cross vein RM, the above opposite partial sections of R veins pigmented. AR small (0.53���0.54), broad anal point without lateral projections, superior volsella pediform. Male imago (n =3) Total length 2.17���2.18, 2.18 mm. Wing length 1.43���1.56, 1.50 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.39���1.52, 1.46. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.35���2.49, 2.42. Coloration. Head brown with yellow palpomeres. Thorax (Figure 1A) dark brown except pale yellow scutellum. Abdominal segments yellow to yellowish brown. Fore leg (Figure 1B): femur brown except apical 1/3 yellow, remaining segments yellowish brown. Mid and hind leg (Figure 1B): femur brown except apical 1/2 yellow, remaining segments yellowish brown. Wing (Figure 1C) yellow with brown spots, one spot on cell r 4+5 distal to cross vein RM, one spot on cell m 1+2, one spot near to fork of M 3+4 and Cu 1 crossing Cu 1, one spot on anal vein. Middle sections of R 1, R 2+3 and R 4+5 brown. Head. AR 0.53���0.54, 0.54. Ultimate flagellomere 265���281, 273 ��m long. Temporal setae 8���10, 9 including 3���3 inner verticals, 4���5, 4 outer verticals and 3���4, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 13���16, 15 setae. Tentorium 76���95, 86 ��m long; 10���15, 13 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 45���50, 48; 24���28, 26; 55���67, 61; 77���87, 82; 138���144, 141. Wing (Figure 1C). VR 1.04���1.27, 1.16. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 15���16, 15 setae; R 1 with 10���12, 11 setae; R 4+5 with 15���18, 16 setae. Squama with 5���6, 6 setae. Thorax (Figure 1A). Dorsocentrals 14���15, 15 including 1���2 humerals; acrostichals 11���12, 11; prealars 4���4, 4. Scutellum with 5���6, 5 setae. Legs (Figure 1B). Terminal scale (Figure 1D) of fore tibia 30���37, 34 ��m long, triangular and apically pointed. Spur of mid tibia 43���56, 48 um long including 16���23, 18 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 10���16, 14 ��m long, spur of hind tibia 45���56, 50 ��m long including 16���25, 21 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 13���18, 15 ��m long. Width at apex of fore tibia 30���37, 34 ��m, of mid tibia 30���40, 34 ��m, of hind tibia 41���50, 45 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs (Table 1). Hypopygium (Figur 1F). Posterior margin of tergite IX subrectangular, with 7���9 median setae. Anal tergite bands developed and fused basal to median setae. Laterosternite IX with 2���3, 2 setae. Anal point broad, 17���31, 24 ��m long, without lateral projections. Phallapodeme 34���49, 40 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 33���43, 35 ��m long. Gonocoxite 79���99, 89 ��m long. Superior volsella (Figure 1E) pediform, 35���45, 40 ��m long, 13���20, 17 ��m wide, with 3���5 strong setae, parallel-sided basal 1/2, slightly curved distal 1/2. Inferior volsella 60���103, 78 ��m long, with 5���7, 6 oral setae and one apical seta. Gonostylus 107���127, 117 ��m long, with 5���8 long setae along inner margin. HR 0.69���0.80, 0.75. HV 1.91���2.03, 197. Distribution: The species is only known from the type locality, Yunnan Province (Oriental China). Remarks: The new species belongs to the scalaenum or the unifascum group regarding the similar wing spots pattern, however, in the new species, anal point without obvious lateral projections and superior volsella pad-like, covered with microtrichiae and several strong setae. The new species is closely related to P. (T.) asoprimum Sasa & Suzuki from Japan but it is separated from the latter by following characters: superior volsella roughly quadrangular in asoprimum, slender and slightly curved in present new species; the spot on cell r 4+5 near to vein RM in asoprimum, distal to vein RM in present new species. The new species resembles P. (T.) japonicum (Tokunaga), the differences see the following key., Published as part of Chen, Jinxian & Zhang, Ruilei, 2021, Two new species of subgenus Tripodura Towns (Diptera, Chironomidae, Polypedilum) from Oriental China, pp. 191-199 in Zootaxa 5072 (2) on pages 192-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5733786

Polypedilum (Tripodura) biloborum sp. n. (Figure 2, GenBank accession Number MZ364753, BIN number AEK0846) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A2A05049-27DC-4798-BA0F-9D3B18DE59B7 Material examined: Holotype: Male (JNU0609���02), China, Hainan Province, Baisha County, Nankai Township, Nandu River, 28.V.2020, light trap, H. Tang. Paratypes: 2 males as the holotype. Etymology: From Latin, bi, two, and lobus, lobe, are referring to middle part of anal point with 2 pairs triangle transport lobes. Diagnostic characters: Basal part of anal point with developed and pointed shoulders, middle part with 2 furrows, and distal part with a round transport lobe, wing with many spots. Male imago (n =3) Total length 2.76���2.82, 2.78 mm. Wing length 1.41���1.56, 1.51 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.77���1.96, 1.85. Wing length /length of profemur 1.87���2.12, 2.01. Coloration. Head brown with yellow palpomeres. Thorax (Figure 2A) dark brown except yellow scutellum. Abdominal segments brown. Fore leg (Figure 2B): femur brown except apical 1/3 yellow, tibia, 1 st and 2 nd tarsi yellow, remaining segments brown. Middle and hind legs (Figure 2B): femur brown except apical 1/3 yellow, tibia yellow, 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd tarsi brown except apical 1/6 yellow, remaining segments brown. Wing (Figure 2C) stramineous with brown spots, one spot on basal cell r 4+5 and one spot on distal cell r 4+5, one spot on basal cell m 1+2 and stretching to apical margin, one spot on basal cell m 3+4 and one on apical cell m 3+4, one spot on middle cell an and stretching to apical cell an, one spot on cell cu. Head. Antenna missing. Temporal setae 8���9, 9 including four inner verticals, 3���4, 4 outer verticals and 1���3, 2 postorbital. Clypeus with 13���15, 14 setae. Tentorium 125���126, 126 ��m long, 14���15, 15 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 28���40, 35; 25���45, 35; 61���98, 80; 96���109, 101; 173���195, 181. Wing (Figure 2C). VR 1.06���1.23, 1.16. R with 11���16, 14 setae, R 1 with 10���17, 14 setae, R 4+5 with 12���16, 14 setae. Squama with 6���8, 7 setae. Thorax (Figure 2A). Dorsocentrals 9���12, 10; acrostichals 10���16, 12; prealars 4���5, 5. Scutellum with 11���12, 12 setae. Legs (Figure 2B). Terminal scale (Figure 2D) of fore tibia 33���42, 38 ��m long, triangular and apically pointed. Spur of mid tibia 43���52, 47 um long including 19���22, 20 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 15���19, 17 ��m long; spur of hind tibia 45���48, 46 ��m long including 18���26, 22 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 15���21, 17 ��m long. Width at apex of front tibia 34���43, 40 ��m, of mid tibia 30���50, 42 ��m, of hind tibia 33���52, 44 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs (Table 2). Hypopygium (Figure 2F). Anal tergite bands weak. Anal tergite with 7���7, 7 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2���3, 3 setae. Posterior margin of tergite IX with developed lateral projections. Anal point 61���92, 78 ��m long, basal with developed and pointed shoulders, middle part with 2 triangle lobes, and distal part with a round transport lobe. Phallapodeme 65���92, 83 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 25���34, 30 ��m long. Gonocoxite 118���141, 127 ��m long. Superior volsella (Figure 2E) slender and apically bended inwards, 60���89, 75 ��m long, 11���17, 14 ��m wide, with 3 strong inner setae on inner posterior margin directed inwards and one outer lateral seta. Inferior volsella almost parallel-sided, 94���95, 95 ��m long with 8 oral setae and 1 apical seta. Gonostylus 158���171, 166 ��m long, with 5���6, 6 long setae along inner margin. HR 0.72���0.82, 0.76, HV 1.62���1.75, 1.67. Distribution: The species is only known from the type locality, Yunnan Province (Oriental China). Remarks: The new species probably belongs to the griseoguttatum group, but without centre patch in cell bm area. In Asia, it resembles Japanese species P. (T.) sagittiferum in wing markings pattern and sculptural pattern of anal point (Tokunaga, 1938). The new species distinguishes the latter by superior volsella and inferior volsella with fewer setae, strongly developed lateral projections to each side of the anal point. Also the new species is very close to P. (T.) jianfengense Song & Wang from China but easily differs from it by having more spots in wing., Published as part of Chen, Jinxian & Zhang, Ruilei, 2021, Two new species of subgenus Tripodura Towns (Diptera, Chironomidae, Polypedilum) from Oriental China, pp. 191-199 in Zootaxa 5072 (2) on pages 194-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5733786, {"references":["Tokunaga, M. (1938) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera). X. New or little-known midges, with descriptions of the metamorphoses of several species. The Philippine Journal of Science, 65, 313 - 383."]}

Key to known male imagines of the subgenus Tripodura from China 1. Superior volsella normal Polypedilum type, slender and with an apical projection.................................. 2 - Superior volsella broad, pad-like and without apical projection; or elongate and calvate............................. 3 2. Superior volsella slender and S-shaped................................................... procerum Zhang et al. - Superior volsella sickle-shaped.......................................................... falcatum Zhang et al. 3. Superior volsella elongate and calvate.................................................................... 4 - Superior volsella broad, pad-like and without apical projection................................................. 7 4. Superior volsella straight and finger-like, with 2 strong transverse setae and a group of slender setae on inner margin, with 1 long outer apical setae................................................................................. 5 - Superior volsella not as above........................................................................... 6 5. Lateral projection of anal point very long, strongly sclerotized and without macrotrichia; cell r 4+5 with 1 spot.................................................................................. nudiprostatum Zhang, Wang & Saether - Lateral projection of anal point very short and covered with macrotrichia; cell r 4+5 with two spots...................................................................................................... bispinum Zhang & Wang 6. Superior volsella turned inwards apically with 2 long sub-apical setae and 1 apical seta directed medially; anal point with 2 smaller lobe on the side......................................................... mengmanense Zhang & Wang - Superior volsella toe-like, with 3 apical setae; anal point lanceolate.......................... pollicium Zhang & Wang 7. Tergite IX without lateral projections or shoulders........................................................... 8 - Tergite IX with lateral projections or conspicuous shoulders.................................................. 16 8. Anal point elongation extremely reduced............................................ conghuaense Zhang & Wang - Anal point elongation normal............................................................................ 9 9. Anal point slender and nearly parallel-sided............................................................... 10 - Anal point broad or apically expanded.................................................................... 11 10. AR 0.80, terminal scale of front tibia oval and apically rounded, superior volsella with 3���5 long apical setae................................................................................................. masudai (Tokunaga) - AR 1.32���1.66, terminal scale of front tibia triangular and apically pointed, superior volsella with 2 long apical setae......................................................................................... udominutum Niitsuma 11. Wing without markings, anal lobe reduced.......................................... absensilobum Zhang & Wang - Wing with markings, anal lobe normal................................................................... 12 12. Superior volsella spatulated and inferior volsella with less than 5 setae....................... spathum Zhang & Wang - Superior volsella pad-like and inferior volsella with more than 5 setae.......................................... 13 13. Terminal scale of fore tibia pointed, distal margin of superior volsella with less than 5 setae, anal point broad, distal part of r4+5 clear.............................................................................................. 14 - Terminal scale of fore tibia rounded, distal margin of superior volsella with more than 19 setae, anal point spatula-shaped apically, distal part of r4+5 cloudy........................................................................ 15 14. Cell m 1+2 with 2 distinct markings, superior volsella sub-quadrate with a beak-like inner process, inferior volsella with 9���12 oral setae, AR 1.18���1.38................................................................. japonicum (Tokunaga) - Cell m1+2 with 1 marking, superior volsella sausage-shaped without inner process, inferior volsella with 5���7 oral setae, AR 0.53���0.54............................................................................. anningense sp. n. 15. Anal point with 6 setae at base, superior volsella goblet-shaped; gonostylus slender and apex narrowed... cypellum Qi et al. - Anal point with 2 rows of short setae on dorsal lamella, each row with 8���10 setae; superior volsella pediform; gonostylus moderately broad, apex not narrowed............................................... harteni Andersen & Mendes 16. Anal point slender and almost parallel-sided................................................ unifascia (Tokunaga) - Anal point broad or apically expanded.................................................................... 17 17. Lateral of anal point very long, superior volsella rectangular................................ enshiense Song & Wang - Lateral of anal point short, superior volsella not rectangular.................................................. 18 18. Superior volsella trapezium-shaped.................................................. trapezium Zhang & Wang - Superior volsella not trapezium-shaped.................................................................. 19 19. Anal point with a pair of small lobes to each side........................................................... 20 - Anal point without a pair of small lobes to each side........................................................ 23 20. Superior volsella broad, inferior volsella with more than 10 oral setae.......................................... 21 - Superior volsella much slender, inferior volsella with less than 10 oral setae..................................... 22 21. AR 1.80���1.95, superior volsella with 1 long outer apical seta........................... decematoguttatum (Tokunaga) - AR 0.61, superior volsella with 2 long outer apical setae................................ napahaiense Zhang & Wang 22. Cell r 4+5 with 1 spot, Cell m 1+2 with one spot confined to middle part, superior volsella not apically bended inwards...................................................................................... jianfengense Song & Wang - Cell r 4+5 with 2 spots, Cell m 1+2 with one spot stretching from middle part to apical margin, superior volsella apically bended inwards............................................................................... biloborum sp. n. 23. Wing with 1 spot in cell r4+5............................................................................ 24 - Wing with 2 spots in cell r 4+5........................................................................... 26 24. Fore tibial scale rounded apically........................................................ scalaenum (Schrank) - Fore tibial scale pointed apically........................................................................ 25 25. Gonostylus slender and parallel-sided basal 1/4, lateral projection of anal point slender, marking in cell m 1+2 long and opposite to marking in cell r 4+5............................................................. parallelum Zhang & Wang - Gonostylus not as above, lateral projection of anal point broad, marking in cell m1+2 long and distal to marking in cell r4+5.................................................................................... quadriguttatum Kieffer 26. Setae on vein R 4+5 less than 7 and situated distal 1/3 to apex........................... apiculusetosum Zhang & Wang - Setae on vein R4+5 more than 15 and situated from basal 1/4 to apex............................................ 27 27. AR more than 1.10, the superior volsella with 6���7 apical setae............................ cochlearum Zhang & Wang - AR less than 0.80, the superior volsella with 1���3 apical setae.................................................. 28 28. The gonostylus expanded in the middle and bent like a bow............................... arcuatum Zhang & Wang - The gonostylus not expanded in the middle............................................................... 29 29. The spots in cell m1+2 dark and cloudy on wing distal margin............................... bilamella Zhang & Wang - The spots in cell m 1+2 faint and clear on wing distal margin.................................. dengae Zhang & Wang, Published as part of Chen, Jinxian & Zhang, Ruilei, 2021, Two new species of subgenus Tripodura Towns (Diptera, Chironomidae, Polypedilum) from Oriental China, pp. 191-199 in Zootaxa 5072 (2) on pages 196-197, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5733786

P. (T.) anningense sp. n. and P. (T.) biloborum sp. n. are described and illustrated as male imagines from Oriental China. DNA barcodes of two new species are also presented. A key to known male imagines of the subgenus Tripodura from China is given.

POLYPEDILUM (COLLARTOMYIA) LONGILIGULATUM (YAMAMOTO ET AL.) COMB. NOV. Yaethauma longiligulatum Yamamoto et al., 2018: 45. Material examined: (CHINA, all collected by H.Q. Tang unless otherwise stated). Paratype ♂, Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, stream across unnamed cement road to field station of Nancha River, 19��07���N 109��12���E, 650 m a.s.l., 17.iv.2016, light trap; as previous except hand-net interception; 7 Pe, Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, 18��04���N, 108��53���E, 632 m a.s.l., 29���30.iv.2012; Pe, Lingshui County, Diaoluo National Nature Reserve, 18��47���N 109��55���E, 250 m a.s.l., 30���31.viii.2013; Pe, Guangdong Province, Yingde City, Xiucai Mt., xi.2018, C.B. Duan, ♂ Zhejiang Province, Xianju County, Danshui Country, Shimengyang village, Yong���an stream, 28��40���N 120��35���E, 145 m a.s.l., 10.xi.2019, light trap; Pe, as previous except hand-net. Male (N = 2) (Fig. 3A���C). Colour: Generally dark brown. Gonocoxite and apicolateral bulb-like extension brown or dark brown (Fig. 3B). Gonostylus pale yellow. Wing with brown cross-vei, legs banded as Fig. 3A, C. Wing length 1.8���2.2 mm: AR 0.61���0.71, last segment 400���460 ��m. 1.39���1.47. Gonocoxite with welldeveloped apicolateral bulb. Gonostylus slender, with stout apex. Inner margin of gonostylus and apex of inferior volsella with split setae. True median volsella absent. Other details, and female, see Yamamoto et al. (2018). Pupa (N = 10). Abdomen length 3.0���3.9, 3.5 mm, total length 4.3���5.4, 4.9 mm. Exuviae dark brown with distinct brown apophyses. Cephalothorax (Figs 3D���F, 4A). Cephalic tubercle and frontal seta (Fig. 4A) absent. Thorax smooth along the suture, with distinct anterior-directed tapering projection (Figs 3D, E, 4B), 85���140 ��m high, 80���120 ��m wide at base. Antepronotals present, two precorneals 50���70 ��m and 25���30 ��m long. Lengths of dorsocentrals 1���4 (��m, N = 1): 25, 20, 40, 20. Gap between Dc2 and Dc3 210���275 ��m. Tracheal bundle simple, slender; basal ring elliptical, with five to seven branches (Figs 3F, 4C). Prealar tubercle absent, wing sheath (Fig. 4B) without nose or pearl rows. Abdomen (Figs 3D, 4D). Tergal spinules uniform-sized, without distinct transverse bands, with more extensive and even tergal spinulation, almost covering complete TII��� VII, TVIII with two small median patches; conjunctives bare in all segments. Sternites with dense honeycomb reticulations in most segments except SI, cells of reticulation with small spinules; paired tubercles on posterior of segment VIII only in female. TII with a row of c.150���200 caudal hooklets, less-sclerotized, tightly packed, extending 45���57% of segment width. Pedes spur A (vortex) and B absent. Lateral setae on segment I���VIII 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, taeniate only on VIII (Fig. 4D). Comb VIII 150���210 ��m high and 70���90 ��m wide, with dominant larger inner tooth and 8���12 small teeth laterad (Fig. 4E). Anal lobe 500���550 ��m wide and 330��� 420 ��m high, with c.168���250 multiserial taeniae. Male genital sac overreaches lobe margin by 70���80 ��m. Distribution: China (Hainan, Guangdong, Zhejiang), Japan (Iriomote Is.) and Thailand (Chiang Mai). Remarks: Additional records extend the previous distribution of this species (under ��� Yaethauma ���) from the subtropics southwards to the true tropics, implying a wide geographic range. The newly described pupa here can be regarded as an atypical form in an expanded subgenus Collartomyia, since the characteristic cone-like cephalic tubercle and frontal seta are completely reduced and the lateral taeniate setae are restricted only to segment VIII. However, those features exist also in P. (Coll.) hirsutum (Amakye & Saether, 1992) comb. nov. (see below)., Published as part of Cheng, Hongqu Tang Qingqing, Han, Wu & Cranston, Peter S., 2022, Integrative taxonomy: molecular phylogenetics of Polypedilum (Cerobregma) and revisited morphology of Yaethauma and Collartomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) reveals synonymy and supports new classification, pp. 102-119 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 on page 111, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa187, http://zenodo.org/record/5798665, {"references":["Yamamoto M, Yamamoto N, Tang HQ. 2018. Two new chironomids bearing peculiar morphological features from Japan and China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Limnology 77: 40 - 49.","Amakye JS, Saether OA. 1992. The immatures and imagines of Afrotropical species Microtendipes lentiginosus Freeman and Collartomyia hirsuta Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 23: 429 - 442."]}

POLYPEDILUM (COLLARTOMYIA) LONGILIGULATUM (YAMAMOTO ET AL.) COMB. NOV. Yaethauma longiligulatum Yamamoto et al., 2018: 45. Material examined: (CHINA, all collected by H.Q. Tang unless otherwise stated). Paratype ♂, Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, stream across unnamed cement road to field station of Nancha River, 19°07’N 109°12’E, 650 m a.s.l., 17.iv.2016, light trap; as previous except hand-net interception; 7 Pe, Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, 18°04’N, 108°53’E, 632 m a.s.l., 29–30.iv.2012; Pe, Lingshui County, Diaoluo National Nature Reserve, 18°47’N 109°55’E, 250 m a.s.l., 30–31.viii.2013; Pe, Guangdong Province, Yingde City, Xiucai Mt., xi.2018, C.B. Duan, ♂ Zhejiang Province, Xianju County, Danshui Country, Shimengyang village, Yong’an stream, 28°40’N 120°35’E, 145 m a.s.l., 10.xi.2019, light trap; Pe, as previous except hand-net. Male (N = 2) (Fig. 3A–C). Colour: Generally dark brown. Gonocoxite and apicolateral bulb-like extension brown or dark brown (Fig. 3B). Gonostylus pale yellow. Wing with brown cross-vei, legs banded as Fig. 3A, C. Wing length 1.8–2.2 mm: AR 0.61–0.71, last segment 400–460 µm. 1.39–1.47. Gonocoxite with welldeveloped apicolateral bulb. Gonostylus slender, with stout apex. Inner margin of gonostylus and apex of inferior volsella with split setae. True median volsella absent. Other details, and female, see Yamamoto et al. (2018). Pupa (N = 10). Abdomen length 3.0–3.9, 3.5 mm, total length 4.3–5.4, 4.9 mm. Exuviae dark brown with distinct brown apophyses. Cephalothorax (Figs 3D–F, 4A). Cephalic tubercle and frontal seta (Fig. 4A) absent. Thorax smooth along the suture, with distinct anterior-directed tapering projection (Figs 3D, E, 4B), 85–140 µm high, 80–120 µm wide at base. Antepronotals present, two precorneals 50–70 µm and 25–30 µm long. Lengths of dorsocentrals 1–4 (µm, N = 1): 25, 20, 40, 20. Gap between Dc2 and Dc3 210–275 µm. Tracheal bundle simple, slender; basal ring elliptical, with five to seven branches (Figs 3F, 4C). Prealar tubercle absent, wing sheath (Fig. 4B) without nose or pearl rows. Abdomen (Figs 3D, 4D). Tergal spinules uniform-sized, without distinct transverse bands, with more extensive and even tergal spinulation, almost covering complete TII– VII, TVIII with two small median patches; conjunctives bare in all segments. Sternites with dense honeycomb reticulations in most segments except SI, cells of reticulation with small spinules; paired tubercles on posterior of segment VIII only in female. TII with a row of c.150–200 caudal hooklets, less-sclerotized, tightly packed, extending 45–57% of segment width. Pedes spur A (vortex) and B absent. Lateral setae on segment I–VIII 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, taeniate only on VIII (Fig. 4D). Comb VIII 150–210 µm high and 70–90 µm wide, with dominant larger inner tooth and 8–12 small teeth laterad (Fig. 4E). Anal lobe 500–550 µm wide and 330– 420 µm high, with c.168–250 multiserial taeniae. Male genital sac overreaches lobe margin by 70–80 µm. Distribution: China (Hainan, Guangdong, Zhejiang), Japan (Iriomote Is.) and Thailand (Chiang Mai). Remarks: Additional records extend the previous distribution of this species (under ‘ Yaethauma ’) from the subtropics southwards to the true tropics, implying a wide geographic range. The newly described pupa here can be regarded as an atypical form in an expanded subgenus Collartomyia, since the characteristic cone-like cephalic tubercle and frontal seta are completely reduced and the lateral taeniate setae are restricted only to segment VIII. However, those features exist also in P. (Coll.) hirsutum (Amakye & Saether, 1992) comb. nov. (see below).

Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004 Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004:7; Saether & Oyewo, 2008:3 Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, Saether et al., 2010:15 Material examined: Specimens used to extract genomic DNA, 1 larva, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Damshung County, Yangbajin Town, 4396m, 30.14709��, 90.54750��, 23.VII.2014, R. Zhang, hand net. 2 larvae and 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, the Second Bridge, 2967m, 29.62573��, 94.37047��, 8.VII.2014, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Bomi County, 2800m, 29.85555��, 95.77555��, 10.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Chushur, County, Chabala Village, 3603m, 29.38313��, 90.83390��. 1 female, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, Nyingchi Town, Nyang Qu, 2967m, 29.60527��, 94.40643��, 8.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. Additional Material examined: P. (Pro.) bullum Holotype: male (BDN. 13415) China, Sichuan Province, Xiangchen County, Shuoqu River, 2700m, 12.VI.1996; light trap, X. Wang. 10 males as holotype. 2 males, China, Sichuan Province, Yajiang County, Sandaoqiao, 2460m, 9. VI. 1996, light trap, X. Wang. 1 male: China, Sichuan Province, Batang County, Zhubalong Township, 2500m, light trap, R. Zhang. Diagnostic characters. The wing marking pattern and shape of superior volsella will separate the male imago from other P. (Probolum) species. Ventrolateral lobe strongly developed, densely setose with apical setae and partially covered by dorsomesal lobe and wing marking pattern can differ the female imago from other P. (Probolum) species. The larva is distinguished within Probolum by the combination of following characters: mentum with 16 teeth, teeth even in height and color, mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets and each part with 3 blunt teeth, labral SI broadly lanceolate with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2, labral SII palmate, with filamentous branches on apical margin. Male imago (n =10). Total length 3.15���4.05, 3.62 mm. Wing length 2.35���2.75, 2.59 mm. Total length/wing length1.28���1.63, 1.40. Wing length/length of profemur 2.51���2.72, 2.62. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs uniformly brown. Wing light brown with dark spots, one spot just distal of r-m cross vein, one spot on the middle of cell r 4+5, one stripe spot on anal vein, one weak cloudy spot distal to fork of M 3+4 and Cu 1, weak cloudy spot at distal apex of wing. Head. AR 1.12���1.25, 1.19. Temporal setae 12���16, 14; including 3���4, 3 inner verticals; 4���6, 5 outer verticals and 4���8, 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 14���27, 17 setae. Tentorium 143���170, 156 ��m long, 35���50, 43 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 33���55, 43; 33���53, 46; 145���177, 158, 123���172, 150; 200���294, 261. Wing (Fig. 1A). VR 1.08���1.18, 1.13. R with 21���27, 24 setae; R 1 with 14���23, 18; R 4+5 with 27���48, 37 setae. Squama with 14���21, 17 setae. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 13���27, 20; acrostichals 15���18, 16; prealars 4���8, 5. Scutellum with 17���29, 23 setae. Legs. Terminal scale (Fig. 1B) of front tibia pointed, 52���65, 57 ��m long. Spur on median tibia 42���50, 46 um long including 23���33, 28 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 20���28, 24 ��m long. Spur on posterior tibia 47���58, 52 ��m long including 25���33, 29 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 23���33, 27 ��m long. Width at apex of front tibia 53���63, 58 ��m, of middle tibia 58���65, 62 ��m, of hind tibia 55���78, 68 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs of male imago as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figs. 1 C���H). Anal tergite bands fused basal to median anal tergite setae (Fig. 1C). Anal tergite with 6���10, 8 median setae, laterosternite with 3���6, 5 setae. Anal point 80���98, 91 ��m long, slender and parallel-sided for entire length Phallapodeme 90���130, 120 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 50���83, 64 ��m long. Gonocoxite 175���205, 193 ��m long. Base of superior volsella with a prominent process bearing 1���3 inner setae in the inner margin, distal extension variably curved with 1���3 lateral setae (Figs. 1 D���H). Inferior volsella 90���130, 110 ��m long tapered apically, with 11���15 oral setae and an apical seta. Gonostylus 120���150, 134 ��m long, outer margin convex, widest in the middle. HR 1.33���1.60, 1.44. HV 2.32���2.93, 2.69. Female (n = 1). Total length 3.0 mm. Wing length 2.48 mm. Total length/wing length 1.21. Wing length/length of profemur 2.88. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs brown. Wing light brown with weak marking as male (Fig. 2A). Head. AR 0.42. Temporal setae 13, including 4 inner verticals; 4 outer verticals and 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 18 setae. Tentorium 130 ��m long, 24 ��m wide. Stipes 160 ��m long. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 40, 68, 130, 150, 260. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata in small pit, longest 15 ��m long. Thorax. Acrostichals 12, dorsocentrals 18, prealars 5. Suctellars 23, biserial. Wing. VR 1.17. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 22, R 1 with 19, R 4+5 with 46 setae. Squama with 14 setae. Legs. Terminal scale on fore tibia 53 ��m long. Spur of mid tibia 40 ��m long including 13 ��m long comb, unspurred comb 18 ��m long. Spur on hind tibia 45 ��m long including 15 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 23 ��m long. Width at apex of fore tibia 53 ��m, of mid tibia 58 ��m, of hind tibia 65 ��m. Length and proportions of leg segments as in Table 3. Genitalia (Figs. 2 B���C). Gonocoxapodeme curved, 145 ��m long. Gonocoxite IX with 5 setae. Tergite IX with 37 setae. Cercus 113 ��m long, 85 ��m wide. Seminal capsule ovoid and pellucid, 85 ��m long. Notum 168 ��m long. Dorsomesal lobe 83 ��m long from base of vagina to apex, 73 ��m wide near apex. Dorsomesal lobe strongly devel-oped, densely setose with apical setae curved mesad. Ventrolateral lobe 35 ��m long, 75 ��m wide, densely setose with apical setae directed more oralad than mesad. Ventrolateral lobe partially covered by dorsomesal lobe. Larva (n=3). Total length not measurable. Head capsule (Fig. 3A) 0.38���0.40 mm long, 0.35���0.36 mm wide. Postmentum 147���165 ��m long. Colouration. Head capsule brown with dark brown mental teeth and mandible teeth. Postoccipital margin black. Head. AR 1.05���1.12. Antenna as in figure 3B. Antennal segment lengths (in ��m): 50���55, 18���20, 10���12, 12���13, 5���5. Basal antennal segment 20���23 ��m wide, ring organ about 15���23 ��m from base, blade 33���35 ��m long, blade extending beyond base of fourth segment. Labral SI (Fig. 3C) broadly lanceolate, with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2. Labral SII palmate (Fig. 3D) with filamentous branches on apical margin. Pecten epipharyngis as in figure 3E, consisting of 3 platelets, each with 3 blunt teeth. Premandible (Fig. 3E) 65���73 ��m long, with 2 apical teeth and 1 inner tooth and brush present. Mandible (Fig. 3F) 115���125 ��m long, with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; molar area yellow brown; medial margin with 2 sharply pointed serrations; seta subdentalis 23���27 ��m long, beyond second inner tooth. Mentum (Fig. 3G) 105���115 ��m wide, with 16 blunt teeth, last lateral tooth very small; medial 6 teeth larger than remaining teeth, fifth lateral tooth lower than neighboring teeth. Ventromental plate 130���133 ��m wide, 53���58 ��m high, with about 35���40 striae, distance between ventromental plates 43���48 ��m, ven-tromentum wider than mentum, with the medially-directed pointed apex. Distance between setae submenti 98���105 ��m. Abdomen. Posterior parapods (Fig. 3H) 230���250 ��m long, 110���120 ��m wide, with 14���16 yellow apical claws. Procercus (Fig. 3I) weak and slender, with about 7���10 anal setae up to 430���460 ��m long. Supraanal setae 300���325 ��m long. Ratio of supra anal setae/anal setae 0.70���0.71. Anal tubules 120���130 ��m wide. Larval habitat and distribution: Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is found in Sichuan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region, China. So far, this species has been recorded above an elevation of 2,460 m. The larva lives in fast flowing, wide, shallow rivers with sand or mud in the bottom. Remarks: P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is clearly distinguished from P. (Pro.) marcondesi Pinho & Mendes, 2010 in morphological characteristics of the male, female and larva. Male imago of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang morphologically resembles P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen), Polypedilum (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz in having dark color body, weak or distinct wing marking, base of superior volsella with inner lobe/tubercle, slender anal point, short and strong gonostylus. The significant characters to differ them are the shape of inner lobe/tubercle of superior volsella and wing markings as listed in Table 4. Larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is very close to P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen). They share the following characters: mentum with 16 teeth; teeth even in height and color; mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner tooth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets, mid part with 3 teeth. Labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2 and labral SII is palmate in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang; correspondingly, labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/3 and labral SII is more slender in P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. There is no other significant feature to distinguish the larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang with P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. The larval differences between P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen) refer to Maschwitz & Cook (2000). In diagnosing Probolum, Andersen and Saether (2010) described the character of superior volsella with an inner lobe at base carrying 1���6 (10?) setae and a typical Uresipedilum -like apicomedian projection directed inwards. Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang had been firstly assigned in the subgenus Uresipedilum by having the superior volsella with an apicomedian projection in holotype. However, based on some new additional specimens, we found that the projection of superior volsella bends variably (Figs. 1 D���H) in P. (Pro.) bullum. Andersen & Saether (2010) regarded ���mentum with median teeth only slightly higher than first lateral pair��� as a significant diagnostic character in the subgenus Probolum. But mental teeth are in even height in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang. The diagnosis of Probolum giving by Andersen & Saether (2010) should be expanded. Andersen & Saether (2010) stated that the pupae of Probolum were not separable from those of Polypedilum s. str., Pentapedilum and Uresipedilum. As stated above, distinct diagnostic characters for all stages in the subgenus Probolum are unavailable at present. We concur with Yamamoto & Yamamoto (2015) that the subgenus Probolum should be restricted to the species with an inner lobe in the superior volsella until adequate pupal and larval information are available, then P. (s. str.) laetum Meigen, P. (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz should be included in subgenus Probolum, but the type material need to be checked in the future. FIGSURES 3A���G. P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang, larva. A, head capsule. B, antenna and mandible. C, SI seta. D, SII seta. E, premandible. F, mandible. G, mentum and ventromental plates. H, anal segments. I, procercus., Published as part of Lei, Qi, Chen, Jinxian, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Zhang, Ruilei, 2020, Description of larva and female of Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang with DNA barcodes, pp. 257-265 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on pages 258-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4301883, {"references":["Zhang, R. - L. & Wang, X. - H. (2004) Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Saether from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 565 (1), 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 565.1.1","Saether, O. A., Andersen, T., Pinho, L. C. & Mendes, H. F. (2010) The problems with Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description of Probolum subgen. n. Zootaxa, 2497 (1), 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2497.1.1","Maschwitz, D. E. & Cook, E. F. (2000) Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the subgenera P. (Polypedilum) and P. (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Saether. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, 12, 1 - 135.","Yamamoto, N. & Yamamoto, M. (2015) A revised subgeneric position for Polypedilum (Probolum) simantokeleum, with description of a new Uresipedilum species in Japan (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 3999 (3), 439 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3999.3.9"]}

Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004 Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004:7; Saether & Oyewo, 2008:3 Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, Saether et al., 2010:15 Material examined: Specimens used to extract genomic DNA, 1 larva, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Damshung County, Yangbajin Town, 4396m, 30.14709°, 90.54750°, 23.VII.2014, R. Zhang, hand net. 2 larvae and 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, the Second Bridge, 2967m, 29.62573°, 94.37047°, 8.VII.2014, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Bomi County, 2800m, 29.85555°, 95.77555°, 10.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Chushur, County, Chabala Village, 3603m, 29.38313°, 90.83390°. 1 female, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, Nyingchi Town, Nyang Qu, 2967m, 29.60527°, 94.40643°, 8.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. Additional Material examined: P. (Pro.) bullum Holotype: male (BDN. 13415) China, Sichuan Province, Xiangchen County, Shuoqu River, 2700m, 12.VI.1996; light trap, X. Wang. 10 males as holotype. 2 males, China, Sichuan Province, Yajiang County, Sandaoqiao, 2460m, 9. VI. 1996, light trap, X. Wang. 1 male: China, Sichuan Province, Batang County, Zhubalong Township, 2500m, light trap, R. Zhang. Diagnostic characters. The wing marking pattern and shape of superior volsella will separate the male imago from other P. (Probolum) species. Ventrolateral lobe strongly developed, densely setose with apical setae and partially covered by dorsomesal lobe and wing marking pattern can differ the female imago from other P. (Probolum) species. The larva is distinguished within Probolum by the combination of following characters: mentum with 16 teeth, teeth even in height and color, mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets and each part with 3 blunt teeth, labral SI broadly lanceolate with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2, labral SII palmate, with filamentous branches on apical margin. Male imago (n =10). Total length 3.15–4.05, 3.62 mm. Wing length 2.35–2.75, 2.59 mm. Total length/wing length1.28–1.63, 1.40. Wing length/length of profemur 2.51–2.72, 2.62. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs uniformly brown. Wing light brown with dark spots, one spot just distal of r-m cross vein, one spot on the middle of cell r 4+5, one stripe spot on anal vein, one weak cloudy spot distal to fork of M 3+4 and Cu 1, weak cloudy spot at distal apex of wing. Head. AR 1.12–1.25, 1.19. Temporal setae 12–16, 14; including 3–4, 3 inner verticals; 4–6, 5 outer verticals and 4–8, 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 14–27, 17 setae. Tentorium 143–170, 156 μm long, 35–50, 43 μm wide. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 33–55, 43; 33–53, 46; 145–177, 158, 123–172, 150; 200–294, 261. Wing (Fig. 1A). VR 1.08–1.18, 1.13. R with 21–27, 24 setae; R 1 with 14–23, 18; R 4+5 with 27–48, 37 setae. Squama with 14–21, 17 setae. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 13–27, 20; acrostichals 15–18, 16; prealars 4–8, 5. Scutellum with 17–29, 23 setae. Legs. Terminal scale (Fig. 1B) of front tibia pointed, 52–65, 57 µm long. Spur on median tibia 42–50, 46 um long including 23–33, 28 µm long comb, un-spurred comb 20–28, 24 µm long. Spur on posterior tibia 47–58, 52 μm long including 25–33, 29 μm long comb, un-spurred comb 23–33, 27 μm long. Width at apex of front tibia 53–63, 58 μm, of middle tibia 58–65, 62 μm, of hind tibia 55–78, 68 μm. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs of male imago as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figs. 1 C–H). Anal tergite bands fused basal to median anal tergite setae (Fig. 1C). Anal tergite with 6–10, 8 median setae, laterosternite with 3–6, 5 setae. Anal point 80–98, 91 μm long, slender and parallel-sided for entire length Phallapodeme 90–130, 120 μm long; transverse sternapodeme 50–83, 64 μm long. Gonocoxite 175–205, 193 μm long. Base of superior volsella with a prominent process bearing 1–3 inner setae in the inner margin, distal extension variably curved with 1–3 lateral setae (Figs. 1 D–H). Inferior volsella 90–130, 110 μm long tapered apically, with 11–15 oral setae and an apical seta. Gonostylus 120–150, 134 μm long, outer margin convex, widest in the middle. HR 1.33–1.60, 1.44. HV 2.32–2.93, 2.69. Female (n = 1). Total length 3.0 mm. Wing length 2.48 mm. Total length/wing length 1.21. Wing length/length of profemur 2.88. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs brown. Wing light brown with weak marking as male (Fig. 2A). Head. AR 0.42. Temporal setae 13, including 4 inner verticals; 4 outer verticals and 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 18 setae. Tentorium 130 μm long, 24 μm wide. Stipes 160 μm long. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 40, 68, 130, 150, 260. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata in small pit, longest 15 μm long. Thorax. Acrostichals 12, dorsocentrals 18, prealars 5. Suctellars 23, biserial. Wing. VR 1.17. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 22, R 1 with 19, R 4+5 with 46 setae. Squama with 14 setae. Legs. Terminal scale on fore tibia 53 μm long. Spur of mid tibia 40 μm long including 13 μm long comb, unspurred comb 18 μm long. Spur on hind tibia 45 μm long including 15 μm long comb, un-spurred comb 23 μm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 53 μm, of mid tibia 58 μm, of hind tibia 65 μm. Length and proportions of leg segments as in Table 3. Genitalia (Figs. 2 B–C). Gonocoxapodeme curved, 145 μm long. Gonocoxite IX with 5 setae. Tergite IX with 37 setae. Cercus 113 μm long, 85 μm wide. Seminal capsule ovoid and pellucid, 85 μm long. Notum 168 μm long. Dorsomesal lobe 83 μm long from base of vagina to apex, 73 μm wide near apex. Dorsomesal lobe strongly devel-oped, densely setose with apical setae curved mesad. Ventrolateral lobe 35 μm long, 75 μm wide, densely setose with apical setae directed more oralad than mesad. Ventrolateral lobe partially covered by dorsomesal lobe. Larva (n=3). Total length not measurable. Head capsule (Fig. 3A) 0.38–0.40 mm long, 0.35–0.36 mm wide. Postmentum 147–165 μm long. Colouration. Head capsule brown with dark brown mental teeth and mandible teeth. Postoccipital margin black. Head. AR 1.05–1.12. Antenna as in figure 3B. Antennal segment lengths (in μm): 50–55, 18–20, 10–12, 12–13, 5–5. Basal antennal segment 20–23 μm wide, ring organ about 15–23 μm from base, blade 33–35 μm long, blade extending beyond base of fourth segment. Labral SI (Fig. 3C) broadly lanceolate, with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2. Labral SII palmate (Fig. 3D) with filamentous branches on apical margin. Pecten epipharyngis as in figure 3E, consisting of 3 platelets, each with 3 blunt teeth. Premandible (Fig. 3E) 65–73 μm long, with 2 apical teeth and 1 inner tooth and brush present. Mandible (Fig. 3F) 115–125 μm long, with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; molar area yellow brown; medial margin with 2 sharply pointed serrations; seta subdentalis 23–27 μm long, beyond second inner tooth. Mentum (Fig. 3G) 105–115 μm wide, with 16 blunt teeth, last lateral tooth very small; medial 6 teeth larger than remaining teeth, fifth lateral tooth lower than neighboring teeth. Ventromental plate 130–133 μm wide, 53–58 μm high, with about 35–40 striae, distance between ventromental plates 43–48 μm, ven-tromentum wider than mentum, with the medially-directed pointed apex. Distance between setae submenti 98–105 μm. Abdomen. Posterior parapods (Fig. 3H) 230–250 μm long, 110–120 μm wide, with 14–16 yellow apical claws. Procercus (Fig. 3I) weak and slender, with about 7–10 anal setae up to 430–460 μm long. Supraanal setae 300–325 μm long. Ratio of supra anal setae/anal setae 0.70–0.71. Anal tubules 120–130 μm wide. Larval habitat and distribution: Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is found in Sichuan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region, China. So far, this species has been recorded above an elevation of 2,460 m. The larva lives in fast flowing, wide, shallow rivers with sand or mud in the bottom. Remarks: P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is clearly distinguished from P. (Pro.) marcondesi Pinho & Mendes, 2010 in morphological characteristics of the male, female and larva. Male imago of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang morphologically resembles P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen), Polypedilum (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz in having dark color body, weak or distinct wing marking, base of superior volsella with inner lobe/tubercle, slender anal point, short and strong gonostylus. The significant characters to differ them are the shape of inner lobe/tubercle of superior volsella and wing markings as listed in Table 4. Larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is very close to P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen). They share the following characters: mentum with 16 teeth; teeth even in height and color; mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner tooth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets, mid part with 3 teeth. Labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2 and labral SII is palmate in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang; correspondingly, labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/3 and labral SII is more slender in P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. There is no other significant feature to distinguish the larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang with P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. The larval differences between P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen) refer to Maschwitz & Cook (2000). In diagnosing Probolum, Andersen and Saether (2010) described the character of superior volsella with an inner lobe at base carrying 1–6 (10?) setae and a typical Uresipedilum -like apicomedian projection directed inwards. Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang had been firstly assigned in the subgenus Uresipedilum by having the superior volsella with an apicomedian projection in holotype. However, based on some new additional specimens, we found that the projection of superior volsella bends variably (Figs. 1 D–H) in P. (Pro.) bullum. Andersen & Saether (2010) regarded ‘mentum with median teeth only slightly higher than first lateral pair’ as a significant diagnostic character in the subgenus Probolum. But mental teeth are in even height in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang. The diagnosis of Probolum giving by Andersen & Saether (2010) should be expanded. Andersen & Saether (2010) stated that the pupae of Probolum were not separable from those of Polypedilum s. str., Pentapedilum and Uresipedilum. As stated above, distinct diagnostic characters for all stages in the subgenus Probolum are unavailable at present. We concur with Yamamoto & Yamamoto (2015) that the subgenus Probolum should be restricted to the species with an inner lobe in the superior volsella until adequate pupal and larval information are available, then P. (s. str.) laetum Meigen, P. (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz should be included in subgenus Probolum, but the type material need to be checked in the future. FIGSURES 3A–G. P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang, larva. A, head capsule. B, antenna and mandible. C, SI seta. D, SII seta. E, premandible. F, mandible. G, mentum and ventromental plates. H, anal segments. I, procercus.

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus Qi & Song sp. n. (Figures 2���4; BDN & BOLD: song177; GenBank accession: MG950003) Type material. Holotype: male (Sample & BOLD ID: song177), China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi City, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Jiutun village, 25.141��N, 108.057��E, 277 m a.s.l., 16.IV.2015, light trap, C. Song. Paratypes: 1♂, same data as for holotype. Etymology. From the Latin, ��� para��� means similarity, referring to its resemblance to P. (C.) cyclus Zhang & Wang 2005. Diagnosis. The male adult can be separated from other related members of the subgenus by the following combination of morphological characters: tibia and femur dark brown except for the yellow knees; segment VII distinctly triangular and tapered at base; tergite IX sub-trapezoidal; anal tergite bands ending postero-medially into a sub-oval setose area; anal point parallel-sided, with pointed apex; postero-lateral bulb-like of gonocoxite welldeveloped; superior volsella C-like to sickle-like shaped, apex pointed; inferior volsella not divided apically, dorsal setae orally directed; gonostylus swollen medially, shortly branched setae on distal inner margin absent., Published as part of Qi, Xin, Song, Chao, Ge, Kaixuan & Wang, Xinhua, 2020, Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus sp. n., a new species from Oriental China (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 189-195 in Zootaxa 4881 (1) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4881.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/4425673, {"references":["Zhang, R. L. & Wang, X. H. (2005) Polypedilum (Cerobregma) Saether & Sundal from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27 (1), 47 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420400019262"]}

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus Qi & Song sp. n. (Figures 2–4; BDN & BOLD: song177; GenBank accession: MG950003) Type material. Holotype: male (Sample & BOLD ID: song177), China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi City, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Jiutun village, 25.141°N, 108.057°E, 277 m a.s.l., 16.IV.2015, light trap, C. Song. Paratypes: 1♂, same data as for holotype. Etymology. From the Latin, ‘ para’ means similarity, referring to its resemblance to P. (C.) cyclus Zhang & Wang 2005. Diagnosis. The male adult can be separated from other related members of the subgenus by the following combination of morphological characters: tibia and femur dark brown except for the yellow knees; segment VII distinctly triangular and tapered at base; tergite IX sub-trapezoidal; anal tergite bands ending postero-medially into a sub-oval setose area; anal point parallel-sided, with pointed apex; postero-lateral bulb-like of gonocoxite welldeveloped; superior volsella C-like to sickle-like shaped, apex pointed; inferior volsella not divided apically, dorsal setae orally directed; gonostylus swollen medially, shortly branched setae on distal inner margin absent.

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus sp. n. Qi & Song is described based on male imagines collected by light trap in Oriental China. The description is supported by both morphological and DNA barcode evidences. The new species is distinguished from its related congeners in having some atypical morphological characters: tibia and femur dark brown, knees yellow; abdominal segment VII distinctly triangular and tapered towards base; tergite IX broadly sub-trapezoidal, tapering posteriorly, anal tergite bands ending with a characteristic sub-oval area; superior volsella sickle-like shaped with pointed apex; inferior volsella with orally directed dorsal setae; distal inner margin of gonostylus without shortly branched setae.

Polypedilum (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 Polypedilum (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016: 13. Materials examined: Holotype male labelled ��� ZRL01096 CHINA, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, Cong-hua District, River Liuxi, 26.x.2014, light trap, Chao Song���; 1 male with pupal exuvia [reared], labelled ���India, West Bengal, Bankura, Susunia Hills (23.67, 87.02), 28.iv.2018, Coll. D. Mondal���; 5 males labelled ��� India, Jharkhand, Dumka, Massanjore, (24.10, 87.29), 12.vii.2003, Coll. S. Nath���. Pupa (n=1) Total length of pupal exuviae 2.00. Antennal sheath 2.50 long. Wing sheath 5.00 long. Pupal exuviae pale yellow, hookrow and caudolateral spine dark brown. Cephalothorax (Figure 6B). Frontal warts absent; cephalic tubercle cone shaped, 0.08 long, 0.06 broad at base, frontal setae absent. Basal ring (Figure 6C) elliptical, 39 long and 21���24, 22 wide. Abdomen (Figure 6D). T I bare. T II with uniform shagreen distribution and posterolateral, pedes spurii B. T III moderately dense spinules anteriorly and dense row of spinules posteriorly. T IV���V with patches of spinules at middle. Hookrow with ca. 47 hooklets arranged in a single row covering nearly 85.7% of segment width. T VI with 3 bands of anterior, middle and posterior spinules; T VIII bare; T V���VI with 3 L-setae; T VII���VIII with 4 LS setae; LS setae on T V���VI arranged in a similar pattern: 2 anterior LS in a group and 1 posterolateral LS seta; 3 LS setae at 160, 580 and 833 of T V; 3 at 250, 430 and 630 of T VI; 4 at 130, 330, 600 and 730 of T VII; 4 at 80, 540, 750, and 940 of T VIII. Sternite IV with posterolateral pedes spurii A. Anal lobe (Figure 6E). 150 long, 100 wide with 31 taeniae on each side. Caudolateral spur (Figure 6F) with 3 smaller teeth of 11, 6, and 6 in length on T VIII with a strong spine of 46 long and 13.6 wide. Remarks. The lengths of antenna, wing (0.6), gonocoxite (37) and gonostylus of the Indian specimens of the species are shorter compared to the described Chinese counterparts. The number of squamal setae is greater in the Indian specimens (7���9). The anal point illustration of the species by Zhang et al. (2016) is much longer than those in the holotype specimens. Upon examining the slides we found that the anal point is shorter and more blunt (Figure 6A). Ecology. The species herein is recorded in the Oriental China and eastern India. The pupa was collected from a spring in the Susunia Hills studded with vegetation of broad and deciduous leaves (Reddy et al. 2015) and the soft water having a pH around 7.8 in Chhotanagpur Plateau region of West Bengal, India. The vegetation is broad-leaved and deciduous (Reddy et al. 2015). The species has been found across the eastern fringes of Chhotanagpur Plateau. The pupa was also isolated from the rheobiontic zone of a fast flowing spring with decaying leaf of Shorea robusta Gaertn submerged in water., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Zhang, R. L., Song, C., Qi, X. & Wang, X. (2016) Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist. Zootaxa, 4136 (1), 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4136.1.1","Reddy, C. S., Jha, C. S., Diwakar, P. G. & Dadhwal, V. K. (2015) Nationwide classification of forest types of India using remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 187, 777. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10661 - 015 - 4990 - 8"]}

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981: 133. Material examined. Paratypes 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Das-gupta, India, West Bengal, Lebong (27.05, 88.27), ix.1978, Coll. P. K. Chaudhuri’; 2 males with larvae and pupae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, India, West Bengal, Darjeeling (27.05, 88.25), 23.v.1996, Coll. N. Hazra’; 2 males with larvae and pupae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, India, Sikkim, Jorethang (27.09, 88.36), 31.iii.1996, Coll. N. Hazra’; 2 males with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ India, Sikkim, Gurudongmar Lake (28.00, 88.59), 04.iv.2015, Coll. K. Sanyal’; 3 males labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Matha (23.11, 86.06), 03. VII.2019, Coll. T. Mukherjee’. Remarks. Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 belongs to nubeculosum group due to the presence of horn–like superior volsella with a lateral seta which was overlooked by Chaudhuri et al. (1981). However, Hazra et al. (2003) mentioned the presence of one outer lateral seta on the superior volsella but no illustrative reference was given. The authors had mistakenly captioned the figures 4 and 5 as Polypedilum (Polypedilum) unispinum nom. nov. in the paper of Hazra et al. (2003) instead of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps. We observed that the specimens bear an outer seta on the anterior 1/3 of the superior volsella projection and 2–3 basal setae (Figure 8). The outer seta is positioned 0.36–0.4, 0.38 from the apex. Ecology. During this study the immature stages of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps were collected from Himalayan montane streams and Lake Gurudongmar of Sikkim, a part of the eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot in India. Adult Polypedilum (P.) nudiceps was previously recorded from the eastern Himalayan foothills (Siliguri) to Ghum (2257m), Jorebunglow (2250m), Darjeeling (2010m), Lebong (1820m) and Kurseong (1481m) (Chaudhuri et al. 1981). Hazra et al. (2003) reared the species after collecting the larvae from different springs and small streams of Jorethang (548m) and Tadong (1524m) of Sikkim, and Lebong and Happy Valley of Darjeeling, West Bengal. It has also been collected from the high altitude streams and Gurudongmar Lake (5226m) where alpine conditions exist. This information is in contrary to Vårdal et al. (2002) as they reported the larvae of Polypedilum occur in all lentic and lotic waters, except at high altitude and latitude. This suggests that the species seems to be eurythermic. Its distribution ranges from foot hill to high altitude> 4000m. The larvae of P. (P.) nudiceps have preference for shallow, slow flowing and standing water of soft organically enriched matters, aquatic plants, leaf axils, soft woods (epixylous), etc., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Chaudhuri, P. K., Guha, D. K. & Das Gupta, K. (1981) Taxonomic studies of Chironomidae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from India. The genus Polypedilum Kieffer. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 124 (4), 111 - 147.","Hazra, N., Mazumdar, A. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (2003) Life stages of four species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with a new species of the genus from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas of India. Belgian Journal of Entomology, 5 (1 - 2), 125 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2015.1101723","Vardal, H., Bjorlo, A. & Saether, O. A. (2002) Afrotropical Polypedilum Kieffer subgenus Tripodura Townes with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zoologica Scripta, 31, 331 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2002.00096. x"]}

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983 GenBank accession no. MN637874 Polypedilum (Polypedilum) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983: 14. Material examined. Holotype: Digital archive, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan; 3 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (P.) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Takdah (27.03, 88.36), 05.vi.2019, Coll. D. Mondal’. Retrieval and examination of illustrations of three types including holotype from the digital archive of National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. Remarks (Figure 9). Examination of three Indian specimens along with the holotype retrieved from the digital archive of National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan and aligning the COX1 sequence in NCBI, it may be said that the present species fully conforms with those studied in this investigation with the following combination of characters: AR 0.65–0.68, DC 12–14, Sct 8–10, biserial, superior volsella 0.078 –0.081 mm long with middle outer lateral seta and two basal setae, and inferior volsella 0.093 –0.095 mm long with 8 apical setae. The sequence has showed ~1% divergence with MG949983.1 (Figure 9B)., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Sasa, M. (1983) Studies on chironomid midges of the Tama River. Part 5. An observation on the distribution of Chironominae along the main stream in June, with description of 15 new species. Research Report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies, 43, 1 - 67."]}

Imagines and pupae of new species Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) retusum are described from India. Three species, P. (Polypedilum) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983, P. (Pentapedilum) anale (Freeman, 1954), and P. (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 with pupa are recorded firstly in the subcontinent. Hypopygia of P. (P.) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Das Gupta, 1981, P. (T.) conghuaense, P. (T.) lineatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Das Gupta, 1981 and P. (P.) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Das Gupta, 1981 are redescribed. Polypedilum (P.) exterflexum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, 2015, P. clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, 2015 and P. aduncum Konar and Hazra, 2017 are proposed here to transfer to the genus Stictochironomus Kieffer, 1919. Polypedilum (P.) insolitum Chaudhuri, Guha and Das Gupta, 1981 is here stated as junior synonym of Zavreliella marmorata (Wulp, 1859). In addition, some biogeographic and taxonomic remarks including DNA barcoding for selected species are given. Cladistic analysis of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer is made to hypothesise their possible relationship. A new dichotomous key of the Oriental species of Polypedilum is presented here.

Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, sp. n. GenBank accession number: MT012493 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 12D2FB13-557F-471D-B862-C3B3FD40EA64 Material examined. Holotype male with pupal exuvia [reared] labelled ��� Polypedilum (Pe.) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Paschim Bardhaman, Asansol (23.67, 87.02), 16.xi.2002, Coll. S. Nath���; paratypes 2 males data as holotype; 1 male with damaged pupal exuvia [reared] data as holotype; 3 males labelled ��� Polypedilum (Pe.) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan University Campus (23.25 N, 87.84 E), 28.x.2019, Coll. T. Mukherjee���. Diagnostic characters. Male. Squamal setae 16���18; gonostylus blunt, apex little notched ending with 2 setae; superior volsella with gradually tapered apex bearing 3 basal and 1 large lateral setae near the base; inferior volsella slightly bifid; Pupa. Wing sheath with single row of pearls; cephalic tubercle cone shaped with a subapical seta; hook row occupying nearly 4/5th of segment width; presence of caudolateral spine; LS setae arranged on segments V���VIII: 4:4:4:5. Etymology. The name ��� retusum ��� from the Latin word ��� retusis ���, refers to slightly indented apex of both the inferior volsella and gonostylus of hypopygium; to be treated as adjective. Male (n=7) Total length 4.59���4.62, 4.6. Wing length 1.99���2.25, 2.12. Total length / wing length 2.05���2.3, 2.17. Colouration. Thorax pale yellow with uniform colouration.Abdomen pale yellow with a dark brown pigmented non-uniform band at anterior 2/3 rd of abdominal tergite. Femur, tibia and tarsomere uniformly coloured, last two tarsomeres dark. Head. Head width 600���670. Temporal setae 10���11 (IV 3, OV 4���5, Po 3). Clypeal setae 26���32. Frontal tubercle 120���180, 150 long. Eyes bare with dorsomedial extension of 150���220, 180. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres, ultimate flagellomere 780���810, 790; AR 1.85���1.92, 1.89. Length of Palpomeres (I���V): 30, 60, 150���160, 160���210, 510���600; fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.3���1.1, 1.2. CA 0.56���0.54, 0.55; CP 1.18���1.17, 1.17. Thorax. Acrostichals 8���12, 10; dorsocentrals 26���35, 30; prealars 6���7; scutellars 14���16, 15. Wings (Figures 1 A���B). Wing with dense macrotrichia. Brachiolars 6; R with 30���36, 33 setae, R 1 34���39, 37, R 4+5 55���64, 59 and Cu 64���66, 65, M 70 setae. Sc with setae. Squama with 16���18, 17 setae. Wing length 1.99���2.25, 2.12. Costal length 1.95���2.1, 2.02. CR 0.97���0.93, 0.95. VR 1.16���1.2, 1.18. Haltere bare with a dark spot at its apex. Legs. Fore tibial scale blunt, 20 in length, width at apex of fore, mid and hind tibia: 60, 60 and 70 respectively. Hind tibial spur 40 and mid tibial comb 30 long. Hypopygium (Figures 1 C���D). T IX with 12���20, 16 setae. Anal tergite band separate, V shaped structure. Anal point 80���170, 120 long, 10���50, 30 broad at apex, little wide at base, medially constricted, parallel-sided with 2���3 lateral setae. Gonocoxite 60 long with 14���19, 16 setae. Gonostylus 110���160, 140 long with little notched blunt apex bearing 2 apical setae. Superior volsella gradually curved, 57���63, 60 long, 10 wide at base with pointed apex bearing 2���3 basal and 1 lateral setae at a distance of 18���21, 19 from base (SVR 0.68���0.69, 0.685). Inferior volsella partly bifid, 110���180, 146 long and 18���24, 21 wide at apex, with 12���15, 14 incurved setae and 3���4 setae at apex. HR 0.37���0.53, 0.45. Pupa (n=2) Total length of exuviae 2.79���2.92, 2.85. Antenna 8.70���9.00, 8.80 long. Wing sheath 9.60���9.75, 9.75 in length. Colour. Pupal exuviae pale yellow, hookrow and caudolateral spine dark brown. Cephalothorax (Figure 2A). Frontal warts absent; cephalic tubercle cone shaped, 18���21, 19 long, 36���45, 40 broad at base; frontal seta 30���33, 31.5 long, sub apical in position. Basal ring (Figure 2B) elliptical, 39 long, 21���24, 22 wide. Wing sheath with 25���29, 27 pearls in a single row (Figures 2 C���D). Abdomen (Figure 2E). T I bare. T II with anterior band of shagreen with posterolateral pedes spurii B. T III with dense row of anterior and sparse row of posterior spinules; T IV���V with patches of spinules at middle. Hookrow (Figure 2F) with ca. 68 hooklets in single row covering nearly 78���80% width of segment. Sternite IV with pedes spurii A present posterolaterally. T VI with dense spinules posteriorly and sparse at middle; T VII with weak band of spinules anteriorly. T VIII with 2 longitudinal bands of spinules. T II���IV with 3 hair���like L setae. T V���VII with 4, VIII with 5 LS setae. T V���VI with LS setae arranged in a similar pattern: 2 LS setae anterolaterally as a group and 2 LS posterolaterally also as a group; 4 LS setae at a distance of 0.11���0.14, 0.25���0.27, 0.6���0.8 and 0.89���0.93 of T V; 4 LS setae at 0.26���0.29, 0.31���0.33, 0.76���0.8 and 0.90���0.92 of T VI; 4 LS setae at 0.18���0.20, 0.27���0.29, 0.57���0.61 and 0.85���0.88 of T VII; 5 LS setae: 2 anterolaterally, 2 just anterior to caudolateral spine and 1 posterior to T VIII located at 0.19���0.2, 0.35���0.37, 0.59���0.62, 0.72���0.75 and 0.84���0.87. Anal lobe (Figures 2 G���H) 200���240, 220 long, 230 wide with 54���56, 55 taeniae on each side. T VIII with a 30 long and 15 wide strong spine, posterolaterally (Figure 2I) lacking caudolateral spur. Remarks. The new species differs from all known Indian species of the subgenus Pentapedilum due to the presence of a slightly notched inferior volsella. The Indian species P. robusticeps Guha & Chaudhuri, 1985 of the subgenus appears similar in having a broad anal point (28) and number of scutellars (16���18) to P. retusum sp. n. but differs in AR and shape of the inferior volsella. The new species disagrees with P. (Pe). macrotrichium Guha & Chaudhuri, 1981 in the number of brachiolars, squamal setae and well developed anal lobe. The present species shows closeness with P. (Pe). nodosum (Johannsen, 1932 ) in maxillary palp and genitalia but both AR and HR are quite different. The barcode sequence showed ~5.6% divergence with P. (Pe.) nodosum (Figure 3). The new species shows affinities with P. (Pe). wittei (Freeman, 1955) in wing, squama and superior volsella while disposition of basal and outer seta of superior volsella, number of squamal setae and HR value are significantly different. A comparison between the allied Japanese species and the new species is given in table 2. Ecology. The immature stages of the proposed new species were collected from pit lakes near Damodar River, Asansol. The larvae also inhabit in water bodies having anthropogenic activities. The pupae were taken out of ponds of Raniganj coal-belts which are a part of Lower Gondwana���s Panchet formation (298���251 mya) (Gree 1940). The Raniganj coal fields are very old having deposits from the Carboniferous era. The area is part of degenerated eastern fringes of Chhotanagpur Plateau (Bandopadhyay et al. 2014). The vegetation of the surrounding area is mainly mixed grassland (Reddy et al. 2015). Adult males were also collected from the University campus using LED light trap installed in an adjacent pond. The species is endemic to India till date., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on pages 36-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Guha, D. K. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (1985) Pentapedilum robusticeps (Diptera: Chironomidae) - a new species from India. Bulletin of Zoological Survey of India, 7 (2 - 3), 195 - 197.","Chaudhuri, P. K., Guha, D. K. & Das Gupta, K. (1981) Taxonomic studies of Chironomidae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from India. The genus Polypedilum Kieffer. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 124 (4), 111 - 147.","Johannsen, O. A. (1932) Chironominae of the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 11, 503 - 552.","Freeman, P. (1955) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part I. Bulletin of the British Natural History Museum, Entomology, 4, 1 - 67.","Gree, E. R. (1940) The Geology of Indian Coal. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 6 (3), 313 - 318.","Reddy, C. S., Jha, C. S., Diwakar, P. G. & Dadhwal, V. K. (2015) Nationwide classification of forest types of India using remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 187, 777. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10661 - 015 - 4990 - 8"]}

Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) anale (Freeman, 1954) Pentapedilum anale Freeman, 1954: 22; Freeman, 1955: 376; 1958: 303. Materials examined. 2 males labelled ‘ P o lypedilum (Pe.) anale (Freeman, 1954), India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Happy Valley (27.05, 88.25), 05.xi.1995, Coll. N. Hazra’ as P. (Pe.) convexum; 1 male with pupal exuviae, labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Pe.) anale (Freeman, 1954), India, West Bengal, Lebong (27.06, 88.27), 28.iii.1996, N. Hazra as P. (Pe.) convexum; 2 males labelled ‘ India, Sikkim, Tadong (27.31, 88.60), 14.x.1984, Coll. N. Hazra’. Diagnostic characters: Anal point broad with V–shaped median furrow; sharply pointed projection of superior volsella bearing 2 inner and 1 outer setae. Male (n=5) (Revised after Freeman, 1958) Head. Temporal setae 8–9 (IV 2–3, OV 4–5, Po 1–2). AR 1.23. Thorax. Acrostichals 10–11, dorsocentrals 12–13; scutellars 8–9. Wing (Figure 4A). Wing with dense macrotrichia; R 1 13–16, R 4+5 38–40 and M with 7–8 setae. VR 1.17–1.20. Hypopygium (Figure 4B). T IX with 13–14 setae. Anal point 0.057 long. Gonocoxite 138 long; gonostylus 119 long. Superior volsella 35 long; HR 1.15. Remarks. The species is firstly recorded in the Oriental region. Examination of specimens of this investigation reveals that the pupae of P. (Pe.) convexum as described by Hazra et al. (2003) are of P. (Pe.) anale. The specimens were misidentified as P. (Pe.) convexum. Since no description of adult male have been made by Hazra et al. (2003), after careful examination of reared specimens we have included few additional information after comparison with the description of Freeman (1958) and Oyewo & Saether (1998). However, during rearing larval exuviae got missed and description of larvae could not be made. Ecology. Larvae were procured from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, a part of Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot. They are indifferent and epibenthic preferring shallow, slow flowing streams and stagnant water having soft organically enriched matters and often fixed on polythene packets and waste clothes submerged in stream used for domestic purpose., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Freeman, P. (1954) Chironomidae (Diptera) from Western Cape Province. - IV. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society London, Series B, 23, 172 - 180.","Freeman, P. (1955) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part I. Bulletin of the British Natural History Museum, Entomology, 4, 1 - 67.","Freeman, P. (1958) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part IV. Bulletin of the British Natural History Museum, Entomology, 6, 263 - 363.","Hazra, N., Mazumdar, A. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (2003) Life stages of four species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with a new species of the genus from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas of India. Belgian Journal of Entomology, 5 (1 - 2), 125 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2015.1101723","Oyewo, E. A. & Saether, O. A. (1998) Revision of Afrotropical Polypedilum Kieffer subgenus Uresipedilum Sasa et Kikuchi, 1995 (Diptera: Chironomidae), with a review of the subgenus. Annales of Limnology, 34, 315 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1998028"]}

Key to the male species of Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913 of the Oriental Region (Japan: Oriental and Palaearctic Japan; China: Oriental and Palaearctic China) 1. Wing membrane without dense macrotrichia............................................................. 2 - Wing membrane with dense macrotrichia...................................... Pentapedilum Kieffer, 1913 ... 7 2(1). Superior volsella with or without small projection......................................................... 3 - Superior volsella with long projection.................................................................. 4 3(2). Superior volsella without projection; usually anal point trifid........................ Tripodura Townes, 1945 ... 25 - Superior volsella with small projection; anal point simple............. Uresipedilum Oyewo and Saether, 1998 ... 113 4(2). Superior volsella without basal lobe.................................................................... 5 - Superior volsella with basal lobe...................................................................... 6 5(4). Gonostylus with simple setae at its inner margin................................. Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913 ... 71 - Gonostylus with split setae at its inner margin........................ Cerobregma Saether and Sundal, 1998 ... 131 6(4). Superior volsella with microtrichia.............. Atopipedilum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2015 ... 136 - Superior volsella without microtrichia (Oriental China)............... P. (Probolum) bullum Zhang and Wang, 2004 7(1). Eyes with dorsomedial extension...................................................................... 8 - Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 13 8(7). Frontal tubercle present............................................................................. 9 - Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................. 10 9(8). Scutellars less than 10; abdomen uniform (Oriental Japan).............................................................................................. P. (Pe.) acristylum Yamamoto, Hirowatari and Yamamoto, 2012 - Scutellars more than 10; abdomen banded........................ P. (Pe.) robusticeps Guha and Chaudhuri, 1985 10(8). Wing vein R 2+3 separated from R 1.................................................................... 11 - Wing vein R 2+3 adjacent to R 1....................................................................... 12 11(10). AR greater than 1 (Oriental China, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bosnia & Harzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kaliningrad, Latvia, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Madeira, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia, Canada, U.S.A.).............................................................................. P. (Pe.) sordens (Wulp, 1874) - AR lesser than 1 (India)............................................................ P. (Pe.) retusum sp. n. 12(10). Antepronotals present; superior volsella with outer seta (Oriental China).................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) paraconvexum Zhang and Wang, 2005 - Antepronotals absent; superior volsella without outer seta (India)............... P. (Pe.) kuluensis Kulshrestha, 1979 13(7). Fore tibial scale pointed............................................................................ 14 - Fore tibial scale rounded............................................................................ 22 14(13). LR 1 less than 2.0.................................................................................. 15 - LR 1 more than 2.0................................................................................. 19 15(14). Outer seta on superior volsella absent (Japan).................. P. (Pe.) furudosecundum (Sasa and Arakawa, 1994) - Outer setae on superior volsella present................................................................ 16 16(15). AR more than 1.0; TIX with less than 20 median setae.................................................... 17 - AR less than 1.0; TIX with more than 20 median setae (Oriental China).... P. (Pe.) fanjingense Zhang and Wang, 2005 17(16). Abdomen banded................................................................................. 18 - Abdomen uniform (Bhutan, Oriental China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Palau, and Micronesia).......................................................................................... P. (Pe.) convexum (Johannsen, 1932) 18(17). Anal point without transverse band (Oriental China).......................... P. (Pe.) tigrinum (Hashimoto, 1983) - Anal point with transverse band (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, India, Lesotho, Madagascar, Na-mibia, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe)................................... P. (Pe.) anale (Freeman, 1954) 19(14). Abdominal segments banded........................................................................ 20 - Abdominal segments uniform........................................................................ 21 20(19). Squamal setae more than 20; superior volsella with 4 setae at its inner basal margin (Oriental Japan)............................................................................ P. (Pe.) daitojekeum (Sasa and Suzuki, 2002) - Squamal setae less than 20; superior volsella with more than 4 setae at its inner basal margin (Oriental China and Palaearctic Japan).............................................................. P. (Pe.) kamosecundum (Sasa, 1989) 21(19). Anal point slender; inferior volsella broadened (Oriental Japan)......... P. (Pe.) daitokeleum (Sasa and Suzuki, 2002) - Anal point broad; inferior volsella parallel-sided (Australia, Caroline Is., Indonesia, Oriental Japan, Palau and Mariana Is.)................................................................................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) nodosum (Johannsen, 1932) 22(13). Wing vein R2+3 adjacent to R1 (Oriental China)............................ P. (Pe.) tenuis Zhang and Wang, 2005 - Wing vein R2+3 separated from R1.................................................................... 23 23(22). Fore tibial spur present (Oriental China, Japan, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and U.S.A.).............................. P. (Pe.) tritum (Walker, 1856) - Fore tibial spur absent.............................................................................. 24 24(23). Anal tergite band strong (Oriental Japan, India, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Greenland, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and U.S.A.).................................. P. (P e.) uncinatum (Goetghebuer, 1921) - Anal tergite band weak (Sri Lanka)............................ P. (Pe.) tissamaharense Oyewo and Saether, 2008 25(3). Superior volsella with secondary apical projection....................................................... 26 - Superior volsella without secondary apical projection..................................................... 28 26(25). R4+5> 40 setae; anal tergite band absent; superior volsella sickle-shaped (Oriental China)............................................................................... P. (T.) falcatum Zhang, Song, Wang and Wang, 2015 - R 4+5 P. (T.) nudiprostatum Zhang and Wang, 2007 - Superior volsella more than 4 basal setae; anal point with median furrow (Oriental China).............................................................................. P. (T.) procerum Zhang, Song, Wang and Wang, 2015 28(25). AR less than 1.0.................................................................................. 29 - AR more than 1.0................................................................................. 52 29(28). Inferior volsella broadened.......................................................................... 30 - Inferior volsella parallel-sided....................................................................... 33 30(29). R 4+5 more than 40 setae (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) mengmanense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 - R4+5 less than 40 setae.............................................................................. 31 31(30). Anal point reduced without median furrow (Oriental China, and India)............................................................................................. P. (T.) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 - Anal point not reduced with median furrow............................................................. 32 32(31). Superior volsella not broad at base (Oriental China).............. P. (T.) pollicium Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 - Superior volsella broad at base (Oriental China)................. P. (T.) trapezium Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 33(29). Leg with dark brown bands......................................................................... 34 - Leg uniform..................................................................................... 37 34(33). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China).................... P. (T.) parallelum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 - Thorax light..................................................................................... 35 35(34). Scutellars arranged in rows (Oriental China)...................... P. (T.) cypellum Qi, Shi, Zhang and Wang, 2014 - Scutellars irregular................................................................................ 36 36(35). Superior volsella with more than 4 basal setae at its inner margin (Oriental China, and UAE).................................................................................... P. (T.) harteni Andersen and Mendes, 2010 - Superior volsella with less than 4 basal setae at its inner margin (Indonesia)................................................................................................ P. (T.) tobaundecima Kikuchi and Sasa, 1990 37(33). Abdominal segment with bands (India, and China)........... P. (T.) lineatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 - Abdominal segment uniform........................................................................ 38 38(37). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1................................................................................. 39 - R 2+3 relatively separated from R 1...................................................................... 40 39(38). Superior volsella not digitiform (India, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, South Africa, and Zimbabwe)................................................................................... P. (T.) pruina Freeman, 1954 - Superior volsella not digitiform.......................................... P. (T.) unifascium (Tokunaga, 1938) 40(38). Eyes with dorsomedial extension; anal point broad (India)... P. (T.) albipalpum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 - Eyes without dorsomedial extension; anal point slender................................................... 41 41 (40). Anal point without lateral lobe....................................................................... 42 - Anal point with lateral lobe......................................................................... 44 42(41). Anal tergite band strong (Oriental China).................. P. (T.) absensilobum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 - Anal tergite band weak............................................................................. 43 43(42). Anal point without median furrow (Oriental China).......................... P. (T.) udominutum Niitsuma, 1992 - Anal point with median furrow (Oriental China)............ P. (T.) apiculusetosum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 44(41). Setae at its inner margin of gonostylus short............................................................ 45 - Setae at its inner margin of gonostylus extremely long.................................................... 47 45(44). Gonostylus with more than 4 setae at its inner margin..................................................... 46 - Gonostylus with less than 4 setae at its inner margin (Oriental China)................................................................................................. P. (T.) bispinum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 46(45). Strenapodeme square shaped (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) arcuatum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 - Sternapodeme rounded (Oriental China)....... P. (T.) jianfengense Yan, Song, Liu, Zhao, Hou, Cao and Wang, 2017 47(44). Superior volsella bare.............................................................................. 48 - Superior volsella setose (Oriental Japan)........... P. (T.) nudigracile Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2016 48(47). Superior volsella with more than 4 setae at its base....................................................... 49 - Superior volsella with less than 4 setae at its base (Oriental China)..................................................................................... P. (T.) enshiense Yan, Song, Liu, Zhao, Hou, Cao and Wang, 2017 49(48). Anal point spatulate............................................................................... 50 - Anal point not spatulate............................................................................ 51 50(49). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China).................. P. (T.) napahaiense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 - Thorax pale having no patches (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) dengae Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 51(49). Inferior volsella with more than 6 apical setae (Oriental Japan)......... P. (T.) miyakoense Hasegawa and Sasa, 1987 - Inferior volsella with less than 6 apical setae (Oriental China)...... P. (T.) bilamella Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 52(28). Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 53 - Eyes with dorsomedial extension..................................................................... 61 53(52). Squama with more than 20 setae (Japan)............................. P. (T.) tananense Sasa and Hasegawa, 1988 - Squama with less than 20 setae...................................................................... 54 54(53). Frontal tubercle present (India)........................ P. (T.) tripunctum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 - Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................. 55 55(54). Anal tergite band weak (Oriental China and Palaearctic Japan)................... P. (T.) masudai (Tokunaga, 1938) - Anal tergite band strong............................................................................ 56 56(55). Anal point broad (Oriental China)..................................... P. (T.) spathum Zhang and Wang, 2007 - Anal point slender................................................................................. 57 57(56). Superior volsella with broad base..................................................................... 58 - Superior volsella without broad base.................................................................. 59 58(57). Scutellars arranged in a row; inferior volsella bilobed (China, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, United Kingdom, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Russia, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Spain, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, The Netherlands, Democratic Republic of Korea, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia, Canada, and U.S.A.).................................................................................... P. (T.) scalaneum (Schrank, 1803) - Scutellars not arranged in a row; inferior volsella simple (India, Pakistan, South Africa, Cameroon, and Democratic Republic of Congo)........................................................... P. (T.) annulatipes (Kieffer, 1910) 59(57). Superior volsella with bare base (Indonesia and Thailand)....................... P. (T.) vectum (Johannsen, 1932) - Superior volsella setose at base...................................................................... 60 60(59). Anal point spatulate; inferior volsella parallel-sided (Indonesia)........... P. (T.) decematoguttatum (Tokunaga, 1938) - Anal point not spatulate; inferior volsella sub-apically broadened (Oriental Japan).............................................................................................. P. (T.) tokaraijeum Sasa and Suzuki, 1995 61(52). Thorax with few dark patches (Indonesia)................................... P. (T.) centralis (Johannsen, 1932), Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on pages 52-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. (1913) Nouveaux Chironomides (Tendipedides) d'Allemagne. Bulletin de la Societe d'histoire naturelle de Metz, 28, 7 - 35.","Townes, H. K. (1945) The Nearctic species of Tendipedini [Diptera, Tendipedide (= Chironomidae)]. The American Midland Naturalist, 34, 1 - 206.","Oyewo, E. A. & Saether, O. A. (1998) Revision of Afrotropical Polypedilum Kieffer subgenus Uresipedilum Sasa et Kikuchi, 1995 (Diptera: Chironomidae), with a review of the subgenus. Annales of Limnology, 34, 315 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1998028","Saether, O. A. & Sundal, A. (1998) Cerobregma, a new subgenus of Polypedilum Kieffer with a tentative phylogeny of subgenera and species group within Polypedilum (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 71 (3), 315 - 382.","Zhang, R. & Wang, X. (2004) Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Saether from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 565 (1), 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 565.1.1","Yamamoto, N., Yamamoto, M. & Hirowatari, T. (2012) Three new species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Yaeyama Islands, Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 18 (1), 75 - 83.","Guha, D. K. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (1985) Pentapedilum robusticeps (Diptera: Chironomidae) - a new species from India. Bulletin of Zoological Survey of India, 7 (2 - 3), 195 - 197.","Kulshrestha, A. K. (1979) First record of the genus Pentapedilum Kieffer from India. Oriental Insects, 13 (4), 303 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1979.10433622","Sasa, M. & Arakawa, R. (1994) Studies on the chironomid midges collected in Toyama and other areas of Japan, 1994. Part 3. Seasonal changes of chironomid species emerging from Lake Furudo. Research Report from Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1994, 88 - 109.","Johannsen, O. A. (1932) Chironominae of the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 11, 503 - 552.","Freeman, P. (1954) Chironomidae (Diptera) from Western Cape Province. - IV. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society London, Series B, 23, 172 - 180.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (2002) Studies on the species of family Chironomidae (Diptera) collected on Minamidaito Island, Okinawa, South Japan. Part 1. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 43 (3 / 4), 61 - 92.","Sasa, M. (1989) Chironomid midges of some rivers in western Japan. Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1989, pp. 45 - 110.","Walker, F. (1856) Insecta Britannica. Diptera. Vol. III. Lovell & Reeve, London, xxiv + 352 pp., pls. 21 - 30.","Goetghebuer, M. (1921) Chironomides de Belgique et specialement de la zone des Flandres. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8, 1 - 211.","Saether, O. A. & Oyewo, E. A. (2008) Keys, phylogenies and biogeography of Polypedilum subgenus Uresipedilum Oyewo et Saether (Diptera, Chironomidae). Z ootaxa, 1806, 1 - 34.","Zhang, R. L., Song, C., Wang, L. Q. & Wang, X. (2015) Two new species of the acifer species group of Polypedilum subgenus Tripodura Townes from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 3918 (4), 571 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3918.4.6","Zhang, R. L. & Wang, X. (2007) Two new species of Polypedilum (Tripodura) Townes from Oriental China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 32 (4), 787 - 791.","Zhang, R. L., Song, C., Qi, X. & Wang, X. (2016) Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist. Zootaxa, 4136 (1), 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4136.1.1","Qi, X., Shi, S. D., Zhang, R. L. & Wang, X. H. (2014) Polypedilum (Tripodura) cypellum sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Xishan Island, Zhejiang Province. Entomotaxonomia, 36 (2), 119 - 122.","Andersen, T. & Mendes, H. F. (2010) Order Diptera, family Chironomidae (with the exception of the tribe Tanytarsini). Arthropod Fauna of the UAE, 3, 564 - 598.","Kikuchi, M. & Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 41 (4), 291 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 41.291","Tokunaga, M. (1938) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera), X. New or little-known midges, with descriptions of the metamorphoses of several species. Philippines Journal of Science, 65, 318 - 383.","Niitsuma, H. (1992) The Polypedilum convictum species group (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 60, 693 - 706.","Yan, C., Song, C., Liu, T., Zhao, G., Hou, Z., Cao, W. & Wang, X. (2017) Two new and one newly recorded species of Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 with DNA barcodes from Oriental China (Chironomidae: Diptera). Zootaxa, 4238 (1), 109 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4238.1.8","Yamamoto, N., Yamamoto, M. & Hirowatari, T. (2016) Erection of a new subgenus in the genus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 22 (2), 195 - 197.","Hasegawa, H. & Sasa, M. (1987) Taxonomical notes on the chironomid midges of the tribe Chironomini collected from the Ryuku Islands, Japan, with description of their immature stages. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 38 (4), 275 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 38.275","Sasa, M. & Hasegawa, H. (1988) Additional records of the chironomid midges from the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan (Diptera, Chironomidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 39 (3), 229 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 39.229","Schrank, R. P. von (1803) Fauna Boica. Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baireneinheimischen und zahmen Thiere. Band 3. P. Krull, Landshut, 272 pp.","Kieffer, J. J. (1910) Etude sur les Chironomides de Indes orientales, avec discription de quelques nouvelles especes dʾ Egypte. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2, 181 - 242.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1995) The chironomid species collected on the Tokara Island, Kagoshima (Diptera). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 46 (3), 255 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 46.255","Kieffer, J. J. (1925) Chironomides dʾEgypte (Diptera). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypte, 8, 244 - 313.","Kieffer, J. J. (1921) Nouveaux representations de genre Polypedilum (Chironomides). Annals Society of Scientific Bruxelles, 41, 97 - 101.","Sasa, M. (1979) A morphological study of the adults and immature stages of 20 Japanese species of the family Chironomidae (Diptera). Research Report from National Institute for Environmental Studies, 7, 1 - 148.","Tokunaga, M. (1964) Diptera, Chironomidae. Insects of Micronesia, Bernice Publication of Bishop Museum, 12 (5), 485 - 628.","Niitsuma, H. (1996) Two new species of Polypedilum (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Fontal Streams in Japan. Species Diversity, 1, 99 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 1.99","Chattopadhyay, S., Dutta, T. K. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (1988) Morphology and biology of Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse) from India (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Bengal Natural History Society, 7 (2), 29 - 41.","Cranston, P., Martin, J. & Spies, M. (2016) Cryptic species in the nuisance midge Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse) (Diptera: Chironomidae) and the status of Tripedilum Kieffer. Zootaxa, 4079 (4), 429 - 447. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4079.4.3","Skuse, F. A. A. (1889) Diptera of Australia, part IV. The Chironomidae. Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2 (4), 215 - 311.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. 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Zootaxa, 4571 (2), 255 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4571.2.5","Zhang, R. & Wang, X. (2008) Three new species of Polypedilum s. str. Kieffer from China, with L-shaped superior volsella (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 1702 (1), 61 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1702.1.5"]}

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 Polypedilum (Polypedilum) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981: 117. Materials examined. Paratypes: 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (P.) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha & Das Gupta, Bhutan, Thimpu (27.47, 89.46), 23.x.1978, Coll. B.C. Nandi; 1 male labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Bolpur (23.67, 87.61), 18.viii.1977, Coll. A. Chatterjee’; 1 male labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Burdwan, Burdwan Town (23.23, 87.86), 03.iii.1979, Coll. S.K. Nandi’; 2 males labelled India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Pukuria (26.49, 89.53), 11.vi.1984, Coll. T. Dutta; 1 male labelled ‘ India, Bankura, Susunia Hills (23.67, 87.02), Coll. T. Mukherjee, 26.v.2018. Remarks. The species can be recognised by its characteristic axe shaped inferior volsella (Figure 5A). Upon examination of the paratype specimens we found that the species have an outer lateral seta (Figure 5B) at 0.5–0.62 from the apex which was overlooked by Chaudhuri et al. (1981). Ecology. The species having a wide temperature tolerance (eurythermic) is recorded from Thimpu, Bhutan (27.47. 89.46), a part of Himalaya Biodiversity hotspot, where summer temperature is 21°C and Sususnia Hills of Bankura during the course of this study where mercury reaches beyond 40°C during the summer., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Chaudhuri, P. K., Guha, D. K. & Das Gupta, K. (1981) Taxonomic studies of Chironomidae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from India. The genus Polypedilum Kieffer. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 124 (4), 111 - 147."]}

Polypedilum (Tripodura) lineatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 GenBank accession number: MN637873 Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, 2015: 13; Hazra, Niitsuma and Chaudhuri, 2016: 94. Syn. n. Materials examined: 1 male labelled ‘ Holotype Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma (BUENTD 275), India, Assam, Guwahati (26.14, 91.73), 20.xii.2012, Coll. K. Sanyal’; 1 male labelled ‘ Paratype, Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, India, Sikkim, Dentam (27.25, 88.13), 12.iv.2015, Coll. K. Sanyal’; 1 male labelled ‘ Holotype Polypedilum lineatum Guha and Chaudhuri, India, West Bengal, Burdwan, Raniganj (23.62, 87.11), 28.x.1977, Coll. D.K. Guha’; 1 male labelled ‘ Polypedilum lineatum India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Falakata (26.51, 89.20), 26.v.2019, Coll. K. Sow’. Male (n=4) Hypopygium (Figure 7A). Anal point 40–50 long, narrowly deflexed. Gonocoxite 40–80 long; gonostylus 120130 long; superior volsella 27 long, rectangular; inferior volsella 65–68 long with 2 long and 8 incurved setae. Remarks. The type specimen of Polypedilum (T.) rectangulum is found to have identical pattern of wing spots and hypopygium with P. (T.) lineatum but superior volsella is little different in shape. So, P. (T.) rectangulum is a junior synonym of P. (T.) lineatum. The COX1 sequence of P. (T.) lineatum had ~3% divergence (Figure 7B) with the sequences in the data bases from Guanxi, China which is within the barcode gap for the species belonging to subgenus Tripodura (Song et al. 2016). Comparing the sequence of COX1 and uploaded image in BOLD data system, the species may appear to be distributed also in the Oriental China. Distribution and ecology. India: West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam; China: Guanxi. The specimens from India were collected from places near rivers. The distribution indicates that the species have probably dispersed through eastern syntaxial bend of the Himalayas (Assam Gateway)., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Hazra, N., Sanyal, K. & Brahma, S. (2015) New records of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from India. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 51 (5 - 6), 392 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2016.1149439","Hazra, N., Niitsuma, H. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (2016) Checklist of Chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Oriental Region. Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, India, pp. 1 - 206.","Song, C., Wang, Q., Zhang, R. L., Sun, B. & Wang, X. (2016) Exploring the utility of DNA barcoding in species delimitation of Polypedilum (Tripodura) non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 4079 (5), 534 - 550. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4079.5.2"]}

Polypedilum sordens - type (Fig. 90) Apex of mentum with teeth subequal in size, first laterals only slightly shorter than median teeth and second lateral teeth. Mandible with 3 inner teeth, dorsal tooth absent., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on page 254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828

Polypedilum nubeculosum - type (Fig. 89) Median teeth and first lateral tooth of various size, mandible with 2 inner teeth and 1 dorsal tooth., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on page 254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828

Polypedilum Kieffer (Figs 89, 90) Head capsule small to large, generally yellow, submentum may be darkly pigmented at different extent, usually just above the occipital margin. Occipital margin usually dark brown to black, sometimes pale. Antenna 5-segmented, one or more segments can be reduced in some species. Premandible with 2 apical teeth and broad basal tooth. Mandible usually with 1 dark dorsal tooth (absent in some species), and 2 (seldom 3) inner teeth. Mentum rather variable in shape, either ��� Polypedilum -like��� with tall 2 median teeth, first of 6���7 lateral teeth small, second lateral as tall as median teeth, followed by remainder of short laterals; or all mental teeth subequal, decreasing in size gradually. Ventromental plates variable in size and widely separated medially, striae continuous. Remarks: Larvae of Polypedilum are very heterogeneous. Combination of 5-segmented antenna, 2 inner mandibular teeth and dark dorsal tooth together with the typical ��� Polypedilum -like��� pattern of mentum (see above) may be sufficient to recognize Polypedilum. Species without ��� Polypedilum -like��� menta will be distinguished from other genera by 16 subequal mental teeth. There is only one evidence of the occurrence of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804) in the Tatra Mts. lakes (see Bitu����k 2004). Small number of subfossils were found in the acid lakes of the forest zone. Two morphotypes were identified following Brooks et al. (2007). Polypedilum nubeculosum - type (Fig. 89) Median teeth and first lateral tooth of various size, mandible with 2 inner teeth and 1 dorsal tooth. Polypedilum sordens - type (Fig. 90) Apex of mentum with teeth subequal in size, first laterals only slightly shorter than median teeth and second lateral teeth. Mandible with 3 inner teeth, dorsal tooth absent. Polypedilum nubeculosum - type (Fig. 89) Median teeth and first lateral tooth of various size, mandible with 2 inner teeth and 1 dorsal tooth. Polypedilum sordens - type (Fig. 90) Apex of mentum with teeth subequal in size, first laterals only slightly shorter than median teeth and second lateral teeth. Mandible with 3 inner teeth, dorsal tooth absent., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on pages 253-254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828, {"references":["Bitusik, P. (2004) Chironomids (Diptera. Chironomidae) of the mountain lakes in the Tatra Mts. (Slovakia). A review. Dipterologica bohemoslovaca 12, Acta Facultatis Ecologiae, Zvolen, 12 (1), 25 - 53.","Brooks, S. J., Langdon, P. G. & Heiri, O. (2007) The Identification and Use of Palaearctic Chironomidae Larvae in Palaeoecology. QRA Technical Guide No. 10. QRA, London, 276 pp."]}

Polypedilum (Asheum) beckae (Sublette, 1964) (Figure 3) Material analyzed. Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, N18��29���41.5������ W69��56���59.6������, 14.vii.2015, FL Silva, (MZSP). Diagnostic characters. Polypedilum (Asheum) beckae can be separated from other Polypedilum species by combination of: Adult male: tergite VII not strongly tapered anteriorly, balloon shaped gonocoxite, short gonostylus and boot shaped superior volsella. Pupa: Pedes spuri A and B absent, large dark spines on conjunctive IV/ V and L setae on abdominal segment IV strongly narrowed basally. Larva: Teeth of mentum of even height, very broad ventromental plates, strongly curved lateroposteriorly (identical to P. curticaudatum). Distribution. The species is recorded from southeastern USA���North and South Carolina (Epler, 2001), Georgia, Alabama (Hudson et al., 1990), Florida (Jacobsen, 2008) and Louisiana (Sublette, 1964). It is now first recorded from Dominican Republic (Fig. 5). As larvae, P. (A.) beckae and P. (A.) curticaudatum are identical, Brazilian larval records of P. (A.) beckae (e.g. Roque et al, 2004, Silva & Farrell, 2017) should be regarded as doubtful., Published as part of Pinho, Luiz Carlos & Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, 2020, Description of two new species of Polypedilum (Asheum) and immature stages of Polypedilum (A.) curticaudatum (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 4759 (2) on page 188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3737393, {"references":["Sublette, J. E. (1964) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Louisiana I. Systematics and immature stages of some lentic chironomids of west-central Louisiana. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 109 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7051","Epler, J. H. (2001) Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including Florida. Special Publication SJ 2001 - SP 13, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina and St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida, 526 pp.","Hudson, P. L., Lenat, D. R., Caldwell, B. A. & Smith, D. (1990) Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat. US Fish & Wildlife Publications. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, 173 pp.","Jacobsen, R. E. (2008) A Key to the Pupal Exuviae of the Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Everglades National Park, Florida. Scientific Investigations Report 2008 - 5082, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 119 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / sir 20085082","Roque, F. O., Correia, L. C. S., Trivinho-Strixino, S. & Strixino, G. (2004) A Review of Chironomidae studies in lentic systems in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Biota Neotropica, 4, 2. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032004000200007","Silva, F. L. & Farrell, B. D. (2017) Non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) research in South America: subsidizing biogeographic hypotheses, Annales de Limnologie-International Journal of Limnology, 53, 111 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2016039"]}

Polypedilum (Asheum) sofiae sp. n. (Figure 1) Type examined. Holotype male, slide-mounted: BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Estrada p/ Rancho Helena���C��rrego Voadeira, S14��41.577 W52��27.203, 13.x.2007, armadilha luminosa, Pinho LC, Mateus S, Torati L & Silva FR (UFSC). Paratype: BRAZIL, Rond��nia, Cacaul��ndia, S��tio do Cabe��a, S10��17���56.5��� W63��14���12.0���, SISBIOTA���CNPq/FAPESP, Malaise 25 15.x���04.xi.2011, Lamas, Nihei & eq. col. (MZSP). Etymology. The specific epithet honors our friend Sofia Wiedenbrug. Diagnostic characters. The male of Polypedilum (Asheum) sofiae sp. n. differs from other Polypedilum (Asheum) species by having few (12���14) orally directed setae on inferior volsella, narrower gonocoxite, longer gonostylus and the non-pediform, with convex outer apical margin, superior volsella. Description. Adult male (n = 1���2). Total length 2.93���3.17 mm. Wing length 1.59���1.78 mm. Total length / wing length 1.78���1.83. Wing length / length of profemur 2.10���2.11. Coloration. Head light brown, palp brown. Thorax light brown with brown pigmentation at posterior area of scutum, postpronotum, postnotum, epimeron II and halter. Legs uniformly light brown. Abdominal tergite I brown, tergites II���VIII light brown with wide (about 0.6 of tergite length) transverse bands. Wings unmarked. Head. Eyes bare, frontal tubercles absent. AR 1.87 (1); ultimate flagellomere 732 (1) ��m long. Temporal setae 17 (1). Clypeus with 23���25 setae. Tentorium 98���113 ��m long, 29���49 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 39���44, 34���39, 123���137, 113���118, 206 (1). Third palpal segment 3 sensilla clavata, longest 15���17 ��m. Wing. VR 1.22���1.27. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 11���25 setae; R 1 with 13���17, R 4+5 with 24���36 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 8���11 setae. Anal lobe weak. Thorax. Scutum with low tubercle. Dorsocentrals 13���20; acrostichals 10���12; prealars 5. Scutellum with 12���16 setae, uniserial. Legs. Scale of foretibia 29���34 ��m long, rounded and without spur. Spur of midtibia 54���59 ��m long, including 49���54 ��m long comb. Spur of hind tibia 64���83 ��m long, including 49���64 ��m long comb. Width at apex of foretibia 44���49 ��m, of midtibia 49���54 ��m, of hind tibia 49���59 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figure 1A, B). Tergite IX with 7���10 median setae. Anal tergite band well developed. Laterosternite with 3���4 setae. Anal point 35���42 ��m long, slender. Phallapodeme 92���102 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 20���30 ��m long. Gonocoxite 169���199 ��m long. Superior volsella pediform with apical outer margin convex, 77���80 ��m long, basal 2/3 covered with microtrichia and with 4 inner setae. Inferior volsella slender 97���100 ��m long, with 1 strong apical seta projecting caudad, and 12���14 orally directed setae. Gonostylus 92���115 ��m long. HR 1.74���1.83; HV 2.76���3.18. Female, pupa and larva. Unknown. Distribution. The new species is known from two localities in Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado in the states of Rond��nia and Mato Grosso (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Pinho, Luiz Carlos & Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, 2020, Description of two new species of Polypedilum (Asheum) and immature stages of Polypedilum (A.) curticaudatum (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 4759 (2) on pages 181-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3737393

Polypedilum (Asheum) mayrahu sp. n. (Figure 2) Type examined. Holotype male, slide-mounted: BRAZIL, Bahia, Mara��, Praia de Saqua��ra, 13��59���16��� S 38��57���03��� W, 28.ix.2019, CDC trap, AP Amaral col. (MZSP). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Mayrah��, the original name of the type locality in the native language. The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition Diagnostic characters. The male of Polypedilum (Asheum) mayrahu sp. n. differs from other species of Polypedilum (Asheum) by having a narrower gonocoxite, longer gonostylus and a very long and sigmoidal apical projection of superior volsella. Description. Adult male (n = 1). Total length 3.12 mm. Wing length 1.66 mm. Total length / wing length 1.88. Wing length / length of profemur 1.87. Coloration. Head light brown, palp brown. Thorax light brown with brown pigmentation at posterior area of scutum, postpronotum, postnotum, epimeron II and halter. Legs uniformly light brown. Abdominal tergite I brown, tergites II���VIII light brown with wide (about 0.6 of tergite length) transverse bands. Wings unmarked. Head. Eyes bare, frontal tubercles absent. AR 1.97; ultimate flagellomere 739 ��m long. Temporal setae 15. Clypeus with 17 setae. Tentorium 132 ��m long, 27 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 37, 45, 117, 117, 164. Third palpal segment 3 sensilla clavata, longest 12 ��m. Wing. VR 1.18. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 22 setae; R 1 with 15, R 4+5 with 28 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 11 setae. Anal lobe weak. Thorax. Scutum with low tubercle. Dorsocentrals 10; acrostichals 15; prealars 3. Scutellum with 13 setae, uniserial. Legs. Scale of foretibia 39 ��m long, rounded and without spur. Spur of midtibia 64 ��m long, including 49 ��m long comb. Spur of hind tibia 69 ��m long, including 64 ��m long comb. Width at apex of foretibia 44 ��m, of midtibia 49 ��m, of hind tibia 54 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs as in Table 3. Hypopygium (Figure 2A, B). Tergite IX with 6 median setae. Anal tergite band well developed. Laterosternite with 7 setae. Anal point 27 ��m long, slender. Phallapodeme 92 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 20 ��m long. Gonocoxite 169 ��m long. Superior volsella 87 ��m long, with 45 ��m long sigmoidal apical projection, basal half covered with microtrichia and with 4 inner setae. Inferior volsella slender 90 ��m long, with 1 strong apical seta projecting caudad, and 18 orally directed setae. Gonostylus 100 ��m long. HR 1.69; HV 3.12. Female, pupa and larva. Unknown. Distribution. The new species is known from its the type locality, Mara��, Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Pinho, Luiz Carlos & Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, 2020, Description of two new species of Polypedilum (Asheum) and immature stages of Polypedilum (A.) curticaudatum (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 4759 (2) on pages 182-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3737393

Key to male adults of species of Polypedilum (Asheum) 1. Gonocoxite and gonostylus stout (Fig. 3A)................................................................. 2 - Gonocoxite and gonostylus relatively slender (Figs 1A and 2A)................................................. 3 2. Superior volsella distinctly boot shaped. Caribbean and U.S.A.................. Polypedilum (Asheum) beckae (Sublette) - Superior volsella variable, with slightly to strongly concave apical outer margin, and hooked apical projection. South America.............................................................. Polypedilum (Asheum) curticaudatum Rempel 3. Superior volsella gently tapering to a non-sigmoidal and short apical projection (Fig. 1B). Brazil (Rond��nia and Mato Grosso)..................................................................... Polypedilum (Asheum) sofiae sp. n. - Superior volsella abruptly tapering to a sigmoidal and long apical projection (Fig. 2B). Brazil (Bahia)........................................................................................ Polypedilum (Asheum) mayrahu sp. n., Published as part of Pinho, Luiz Carlos & Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, 2020, Description of two new species of Polypedilum (Asheum) and immature stages of Polypedilum (A.) curticaudatum (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 4759 (2) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3737393

Polypedilum (Asheum) curticaudatum Rempel, 1939 (Figures 3 and 4) Material analyzed. BRAZIL: 1 male, Bahia, Andara��, 09.xi.2003, light, F Bravo (UFSC); 1 male, Bahia, Feira de Santana, Campus UEFS, 20.v.2002, light, F Bravo (UFSC); 1 male with pupal exuvia, S��o Paulo, Fazzari Reservoir, S21��58���17.9������ W47��53���14.9������, 23.iii.2014, S Trivinho-Strixino, (MZSP); 1 male with larval and pupal exuviae, Santa Catarina, Florian��polis, Lagoa do Peri, S27��44���49.5������ W48��32���02.3������, 09.xii.2010, LC Pinho (UFSC); 1 male, Santa Catarina, Joa��aba, Campus II Unoesc, 27.x���4.xii.2012, malaise, LC Pinho & GA M��ller (UFSC); 8 males, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumb��, BEP���Mata Ciliar (Rio Miranda) S19��34���30.06��� W57��00���52.4���, SISBIOTA��� CNPq/FAPESP, Malaise 03, 03���18.x.2011, Lamas, Nihei & eq. col. (MZSP). Diagnostic characters. Polypedilum (Asheum) curticaudatum can be separated from other Polypedilum species by combination of: Adult male: tergite VII not strongly tapered anteriorly, balloon shaped gonocoxite, short gonostylus and shape of superior volsella (see remarks). Pupa: Pedes spuri A and B absent, large dark spines on conjunctive IV/ V and wide L setae on abdominal segment IV. Larva: Teeth of mentum of even height, very broad ventromental plates, strongly curved latero-posteriorly (identical to P. (A.) beckae). Redescription. Adult male (n = 5, unless otherwise stated). Total length 3.41���3.90, 3.66 mm. Wing length 1.61���1.90, 1.78 mm. Total length / wing length 1.92���2.13, 2.04. Wing length / length of profemur 2.01���2.19, 2.11. Coloration. Head light brown, palp brown. Thorax light brown with brown pigmentation at posterior area of scutum, postpronotum, postnotum, epimeron II and halter. Legs uniformly light brown. Abdominal tergite I brown, tergites II���VIII light brown with wide (about 0.6 of tergite length) transverse bands. Wings unmarked. Head. Eyes bare, frontal tubercles absent. AR 2.18���2.30, 2.25; ultimate flagellomere 788���887, 827 ��m long. Temporal setae 13���15, 14. Clypeus with 23���32, 28 setae. Tentorium 129���137, 134 ��m long, 32���52,45 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 35���47, 40, 40���55, 47, 122���142, 129, 122���129, 124, 173���237, 207. Third palpal segment with 4���6 sensilla clavata, longest 12���17, 15 ��m. Wing. VR 1.17���1.20, 1.19. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 23���27, 25 setae; R 1 with 16���20, 18, R 4+5 with 26���34, 31 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 10���18, 14 setae. Anal lobe weak. Thorax. Scutum with low tubercle. Dorsocentrals 13���20, 19; acrostichals 18���26, 21; prealars 5���7, 6. Scutellum with 20���27, 23 setae, biserial. Legs. Scale of foretibia 29���44, 34 ��m long, rounded and without spur. Spur of midtibia 59���74, 69 ��m long, including 39���69, 59 ��m long comb. Spur of hind tibia 69���93, 78 ��m long, including 74���83, 78 ��m long comb. Width at apex of foretibia 49���59, 54 ��m, of midtibia 54���59, 56 ��m, of hind tibia 59���65, 62 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs as in Table 4. Hypopygium (Figure 3). Tergite IX with 10���19, 12 median setae. Anal tergite band well developed. Laterosternite with 5���6, 5 setae. Anal point 37���42, 40 ��m long, slender. Phallapodeme 105���134, 115 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 17���32, 25 ��m long. Gonocoxite 194���214, 207 ��m long. Superior volsella pediform with apical outer margin concave, 72���90, 80 ��m long, basal 2/3 covered with microtrichia and with 4���5, 4 inner setae. Inferior vol- sella slender 87���110, 102 ��m long, with 1 strong apical seta projecting caudad, and 17���26 orally directed setae. Gonostylus 92���115, 100 ��m long. HR 1.70���2.30, 2.09; HV 3.39���3.70, 3.62. Pupa. (exuviae, n = 2). Total length 3.91���3.98 mm. Coloration. Exuviae pale with margins of wing sheath, leg sheath and thorax anteriorly brown. Cephalothorax. Frontal apotome (Fig. 4E) slightly rounded, 137���157 ��m long; 191���196 ��m wide. Frontal setae 34���49 ��m long. Distance between Dc1 and Dc2 5���7 ��m; between Dc2 and Dc3 232���239 ��m; between Dc3 and Dc4 5���7 ��m (Fig. 4F). Thoracic horn with multiple branches. Abdomen (Fig. 4G). Tergites I with or without weak shagreen; tergites II���VI with anterior band of stronger shagreen and long median field of finer shagreen; tergites VII with fine anterior band of shagreen only. Tergite VIII with two lateral anterior patches of spinules. Conjunctive IV/V with large continuous band of dark strong spines. Sternites bare. Tergite II with 42���45 hooklets. Pedes spurii A and Pedes spurii B absent. Anal comb with strong apical tooth and 5���6 smaller accessory teeth. Genital sac overreaching anal lobe by 125 ��m. Abdominal setation. Segment I without L setae; segments II���VI with 3 non���taeniate apically rounded, L setae; segment VII with 3 non���taeniate apically rounded and 1 posterior LS seta; VIII with 4 taeniate L setae. Fringe of anal lobe with 68���80 taeniae in single row. Larva. (n = 1). Total length not measurable. Head capsule 398 ��m long. Postmentum 172 ��m long. Coloration. Head capsule light brown, teeth of mentum and mandible black. Head. Head capsule slightly rounded. Antenna as in Figure 4C. Length of antennal segments (in ��m): 47, 20, 10, 10, 5. Blade 37 ��m long. AR 1.17. Lauterborn organs 2 ��m long. Pecten epipharyngis (Fig. 4B) consisting of 3 platelets, median with 3 teeth; lateral each with 4 teeth. Mandible (Fig. 4D) 129 ��m long with apical tooth and 3 inner teeth. Seta subdentalis 5 ��m long; seta interna with about 25 branches. Mola with weak spines. Mentum (Fig. 4A) 110 ��m wide, with 8 pairs of mental teeth. Ventromental plate 127 ��m wide, with anteriorly produced median ends and without posterior projection, distance between plates 17 ��m. Abdomen. Missing. Remarks. Adult males of Polypedilum (Asheum) curticaudatum and P. (A.) beckae differ from P. (A.) sofiae sp. n. by the stout gonocoxite and gonostylus and superior volsella with variably concave outer apical margin. However, P. (A.) curticaudatum and P. (A.) beckae are morphologically very similar and P. (A.) beckae can be identified by the boot shaped superior volsella with at most slightly concave outer apical margin (���boot sole���). Also, P. (A.) curticaudatum has wide L setae on pupal abdominal segments I���IV, as in Polypedilum (A.) sp. Amazon (Pinder & Reiss, 1986) (all strongly narrowed basally in P. beckae), and sometimes has shagreen on abdominal tergite I (in P. beckae it is absent). Larvae of P. (A.) curticaudatum and P. (A.) beckae are identical. Distribution. The species is known from Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Caatinga biomes. The previous record was only from its type locality in the state of Para��ba (Rempel, 1939) and now it is recorded from the states of Bahia, S��o Paulo, Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso do Sul (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Pinho, Luiz Carlos & Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, 2020, Description of two new species of Polypedilum (Asheum) and immature stages of Polypedilum (A.) curticaudatum (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 179-190 in Zootaxa 4759 (2) on pages 184-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3737393, {"references":["Rempel, J. G. (1939) Neue Chironomiden aus Nordostbrasilien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127, 209 - 216.","Sublette, J. E. (1964) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Louisiana I. Systematics and immature stages of some lentic chironomids of west-central Louisiana. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 109 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7051","Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. & Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 34, 353 - 502.","Pinder, L. C. V. & Reiss, F. (1986) 10. The pupae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 28, 299 - 456."]}

Two new species of Polypedilum (Asheum) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) are described and figured as adult males, P. (A.) sofiae sp. n. collected in the states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia and P. (A.) mayrahu sp. n. collected in the state of Bahia, Brazil. In addition, the adult male of Polypedilum (Asheum) curticaudatum (Rempel) is redescribed based on material from some localities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Pantanal, and its larva and pupa are described for the first time.

Studies on aquatic Diptera in the Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) conducted in the last 50 years have produced 157 species and 7 taxa of aquatic Diptera placed in 13 families. Samples were collected at 25 sampling sites representing the four main types of karst aquatic habitats: spring, stream, tufa barriers and lakes. All records of all the aquatic families of Diptera in Plitvice Lakes NP are summarized, including previously unpublished data. Twelve species new for Plitvice Lakes NP are recorded for the first time, belonging to the families: Chironomidae – Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921), Nilothauma brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921), Potthastia longimanus Kieffer, 1922, Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804), Tanytarsus brundini Lindeberg, 1963; Dixidae – Dixella autumnalis (Meigen, 1838); Scathophagidae – Acanthocnema latipennis Becker, 1894 and Stratiomyidae – Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822, Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862, Oxycera turcica Ustuner & Hasbenli, 2004, Nemotelus pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758), Oplodontha viridula (Fabricius, 1775). The most species-rich family was the Chironomidae with 62 species (and an additional seven taxa), followed by the Empididae with 22 species and Limoniidae with 19 species. The highest number of species was recorded in springs. The relatively low number of species in certain families and the complete absence of some aquatic families shows that further research into the aquatic Diptera in Plitvice Lakes NP is needed.

The marine Chironomidae Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaka, 1988, previously known from the adults only, is associated with its immature stages for the first time based on reared specimens from Oriental China. The larva resembles those of Sergentia Kieffer and Endochironomus Kieffer in the ventromental plate with an anteromedial projection and the 5-segmented antenna with opposite Lauterborn organs. The pupal thoracic horn has 12 branches at maximum and netted tergite spinulation which appears to be similar to those of Polypedilum Kieffer, Endotribelos Grodhaus, Phaenopsectra Kieffer and Sergentia. The phylogenetic relationship was furtherly explored through molecular analysis based on concatenation of five gene makers (18S, 28S, CAD1, CAD4 and COI-3P) using both mixed-model Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. The result shows Ainuyusurika is nested with an assemblage of Endochironomus, Phaenopsectra and Endotribelos. We concluded that Ainuyusurika is a good independent genus showing affinity with Endochironomus-Phaenopsectra related genera.

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) parthenogeneticum Donato & Paggi, 2008 (Fig. 1) Polypedilum parthenogeneticum Donato and Paggi 2008: 52. Polypedilum (Polypedilum) parthenogeneticum, new combination. Material examined. ARGENTINA: 1 male with pupal exuviae, Corrientes, Riachuelo, 27.5452754 ° S, 58.7159499 ° W, 31.xii.2018, pipette phytotelmata in Eryngium L. (Apiaceae), L. Baccaro (ILPLA). Male description Total length 2.03 mm; wing length 1.5 mm. Total length/wing length 1.35. Wing length/length of profemur 1.97. Head. AR 1.24. Ultimate flagellomere 128 long. Temporal setae 13. Clypeus with 22 setae. Tentorium 117 long; 27 wide. Length of palp segments: 29; 31; 68; 87; 126. Third palpomere with 3 lanceolate sensilla clavata in small pit; longest 19 long. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 11, with 3 on humeral area; acrostichals 7; prealars 3; antepronotals 1. Scutellum with 8 setae. Wing (Fig. 1A). VR 1.15. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 18; R 1 with 9; R 4+5 with 21; remaining veins bare. Squama with 3 setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 1. Legs. Scale of fore tibia: 45. Spur of middle tibia: 16 and 56; of hind tibia: 26 and 70. Width at apex of fore tibia 50; of middle tibia 49; of hind tibia 54. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 1. Hypopygium (Fig. 1B, C). Tergite IX with 14 medial setae. Phalapodeme length: 76. Transverse sternapodeme length: 49. Superior volsella 74 long, lateral seta lacking, basal portion of superior volsella with microtrichia and 4 inner setae. Inferior volsella slender 120 long, with 11 setae arranged in two rows. Gonocoxite length: 128. Gonostyle length: 159. HR= 0.81. HV= 1.28. Remarks The larva and pupa of this specimen fits in the original description, except that the branches of the thoracic horn present fine spinules in its tegument. This feature was corroborated also in the females previously described, and therefore the emendation of the pupal diagnosis of P. parthenogeneticum is established., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Baccaro, Lara & Siri, Augusto, 2019, Male description of the phytotelma-dwelling species Polypedilum parthenogeneticum (Chironomidae: Chironominae), pp. 68-72 in CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research 32 (32) on page 69, DOI: 10.5324/cjcr.v0i32.3301, http://zenodo.org/record/7995417

The male of the phytotelma-dwelling species Polypedilum parthenogeneticum is described from Eryngium L. (Apiaceae) (Corrientes province, Argentina) and is included within the subgenus Polypedilum. The pupal diagnosis is emended, its geographic distribution is updated, and their taxonomic relationships with other Neotropical species of Polypedilum are discussed., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet"