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Satondella bicristata new species (Figure 12) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 137457: Fig. 12 C). 0.66 × 0.37 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.301393, 2: Fig. 12 A–B). Type locality. Seamount 130 km S of Esperance Rock, Kermadec Ridge, NE of New Zealand, 538 m, 32.472 ˚S, 179.265 ˚W, 15 Apr. 1997, FV Santa Maria, hardground, foraminiferal sand, sponges and bryozoans. Etymology. Bi-, Latin for two; -cristata, Latin for crest-bearing, referring to the two elevated ridges formed on shoulder and base by the axial lamellae. Description. Shell small (to 0.67 mm. Fig. 12), depressed trochiform, almost planispiral. Protoconch sunken in, 1 whorl, fine axials from highest point centrifugally to suture, no apertural varix, apertural margin sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 1.25–1.5 whorls; approximately 32–36 axials, near suture and peripherally as axial cords, in position of selenizone and on mid-base as raised lamellae; spiral cordlet in position of selenizone and on mid-base, crossing with tallest portion of axial lamellae; occasionally some additional spiral threads. Teleoconch II of 0.125 whorl, suture deeply impressed. Shoulder convex, same sculpture as on teleoconch I. Base with distinct constriction below foramen, sculpture as on teleoconch I. Umbilicus open, underside of protoconch visible, towards base bordered by strong bulge, no distinct wall. Aperture rounded D-shaped. Selenizone absent, foramen above periphery, anteriorly closed by raphe; keels strongly elevated, moderately strong. Animal unknown. Distribution. Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand. 538 m. Remarks. The generic placement is suggested by the high elevation of the keels of the foramen. Satondella minuta from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has less depressed shell, fewer axial lamellae, and a distinct selenizone. Satondella azonata from New Zealand has about half as many raised axial lamellae and lacks spirals on the base. Scissurella condita Laws, 1939 from the Miocene of New Zealand has a similar overall shell shape, but has a distinct selenizone and an open slit. All other Satondella species are markedly more elevated.

Larochea Finlay 1927 New Zealand, Recent. Type species. Larochea miranda Finlay, 1927 (M)., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Anatoma amydra new species (Figures 13���15) Type material. Holotype (MNHN 24957: Fig. 13). 2.21 �� 1.81 mm. Paratypes: New Caledonia, 22.883 ˚S, 167.283 ˚E, 570���610 m, (MNHN 24958, 18; NMNZ M.303303, 1: Fig. 14). Type locality. Northern New Caledonia, Grand Passage, 18 �� 49 'S, 163 �� 15 'E, 600-616 m, 5 Aug 1994, N. O. Alis (BATHUS 4 stn DW 914). Etymology. Amydros, Greek for indistinct, dim, obscure. Refers to the lack of prominent features. Description. Shell medium size (to 3.4 mm: Figs 13���14) trochiform turreted. Protoconch of 0.75 whorl, flocculent sculpture, apertural varix barely connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin shallow sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 0.66 whorl, 13���19 axial cords, spiral cord in position of selenizone. Teleoconch II of 2.75 whorls, suture little impressed, sutsel less than width of selenizone on early shell showing 1 or 2 spiral threads, 2���3 �� width of selenizone at apertural margin, showing approximately 6 spiral threads. Shoulder convex, many fine axial cords extending onto keels of selenizone, interstices as wide as cords at suture, twice as wide near selenizone; first spiral thread after 0.1���0.2 teleoconch II whorl, 4���10 after first whorl, 12���15 at apertural margin, evenly distributed over width of shoulder; spiral threads running over axial cords. Base barely constricted below selenizone, continuously sloping with umbilicus, dense axial cords extending onto keels of selenizone, interstices twice as wide as cords near selenizone, less than width of cords near umbilicus; approximately 25 spirals from immediately below selenizone into umbilicus, spiral threads from selenizone to mid-base, then turning into steps, increasing in strength twofold towards umbilicus. Umbilicus of moderate width, no funiculus. Aperture rounded, adumbilical portion flared, roof overhanging. Selenizone at periphery, keels moderately elevated, moderately strong; slit open, margins converging in fully-grown specimens. Operculum (Fig. 15 D) corneous, thin, multispiral, with central nucleus. Radula (Fig. 15 A���B). Rachidian trapezoid, central cusp slightly larger, 3���4 cusps on each side, arranged as fan. Lateral teeth 1���3 similar, apical cusp largest, 3 ��� 2 cusps on outer edge, 1 minute point at inner edge. Lateral tooth 4 reduced, hook-shaped, apical cusp largest, 1 minute point on each side. Lateral tooth 5 somewhat enlarged, apical cusp largest, 4 cusps along inner edge, 1 small point on outer edge. Inner marginal teeth with triangular tip, apical cusp largest, 1���2 cusps on inner margin, 3���5 along outer margin; outer marginal teeth spoon-shaped, with many fine bristles along edge. Radular interlock of central field moderate. Jaw (Fig. 15 C) teardrop shaped composed of many small rhomboid platelets. Distribution. Indo-Malayan Archipelago and Western Pacific, 250���1000 m. Specimen records. Philippines. 12.516 ˚N, 120.650 ˚E, 92���97 m (MNHN, 7); Cervera shoal, West Palmilacan Island, 9.488 ˚N, 123.858 ˚E, 95���128 m (PANGLAO 2004 T 36, MNHN, 22); Cervera shoal, 9.495 ˚N, 123.837 ˚E, 110���112 m (PANGLAO 2004 T 41, MNHN, 3); Cervera shoal, 9.501 ˚N, 123.840 ˚E, 100���138 m (MNHN, 1); Cervera, 9.501 ˚N, 123.840 ˚E, 100���138 m (PANGLAO 2004 T 39, MNHN, 1); Pamilacan Island, 9.501 ˚N, 123.918 ˚E, 60 m (MNHN, 1); Balicasag Island, 9.515 ˚N, 123.680 ˚E, 87���111 m (PANGLAO 2004 L 613 / 30 / 201164, MNHN, 2); Balicasag Island, 9.515 ˚N, 123.687 ˚E, 90���110 m (MNHN, 2); Balicasag Island, 9.515 ˚N, 123.687 ˚E, 90���110 m (PANGLAO 2004 L 46, MNHN, 1); Maribohoc Bay, Bohol Island, 9.600 ˚N, 123.750 ˚E, 90���200 m (PANGLAO 2004 P 1, MNHN, 3); off Momo Beach, Panglao Island, 9.608 ˚N, 123.755 ˚E, 90 m (MNHN, 3); Bigag/Tabalong, Panglao Island, 9.628 ˚N, 123.800 ˚E, 62 m (PANGLAO 2004 L 51���60, MNHN, 4); 15.943 ˚N, 121.837 ˚E, 473 m (AURORA 2007 CP 2749, MNHN, 1); off Aligbay Island, Bohol-Sulu sill, 8.770 ˚N, 123.268 ˚E, 624���647 m (PANGLAO 2005 CP 2384, MNHN, 1); Solomon Islands. 8.665 ˚S, 160.065 ˚E, 396���411 m (SALOMON 1 DW 1762, MNHN, 3); 9.795 ˚S, 160.842 ˚E, 53 m (MNHN, 1). New Caledonia. Grand Passage, 18.600 ˚S, 163.160 ˚E, 501 m (CONCALIS CP 3005, MNHN, 1); 18.650 ˚S, 163.183 ˚E, 550 m (MNHN, 2); 18.700 ˚S, 163.217 ˚E, 668 m (MNHN, 1); 18.816 ˚S, 163.250 ˚E, 600���616 m (MNHN, 1); 18.816 ˚S, 163.267 ˚E, 613���647 m (BATHUS 4 DW 918, MNHN, 2); 18.916 ˚S, 163.400 ˚E, 370���405 m (MNHN, 1); 18.916 ˚S, 163.400 ˚E, 344���360 m (MNHN, 15); 20.566 ˚S, 166.900 ˚E, 435 m (MNHN, 11); east coast, 20.583 ˚S, 165.117 ˚E, 380���400 m (MNHN, 1); east coast, 20.583 ˚N, 165.117 ˚E, 408���440 m (MNHN, 1); 20.583 ˚S, 166.883 ˚E, 735 m (MNHN, 1); 20.583 ˚S, 166.900 ˚E, 460 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Basin, 20.583 ˚S, 166.917 ˚E, 470���480 m (MNHN, 1); between Lifou and Uvea, 20.616 ˚N, 166.967 ˚E, 538 m (MNHN, 2); Loyalty Ridge, 20.633 ˚S, 167.117 ˚E, 490 m (MNHN, 1); Touho Sector, 20.733 ˚S, 165.233 ˚E, 49���59 m (MNHN, 1); Santal Bay, Lifou, 20.763 ˚S, 167.028 ˚E, 20 m (MNHN, 1); Santal Bay, Lifou, 20.763 ˚S, 167.028 ˚E, 27���31 m (MNHN, 5); Santal Bay, 20.773 ˚S, 167.033 ˚E, 20 m (MNHN, 11); Touho Sector, 20.775 ˚S, 165.263 ˚E, 45���56 m (MNHN, 1). Touho Sector, 20.781 ˚S, 165.230 ˚E, 0���1 m (MNHN, 1); Poindimie Sector, 20.816 ˚S, 165.317 ˚E, 105���110 m (MNHN, 1); Santal Bay, 20.821 ˚S, 167.173 ˚E, 25���30 m (MNHN, 4); Santal Bay, 20.873 ˚S, 167.133 ˚E, 40���60 m (MNHN, 2); Santal Bay, 20.875 ˚S, 167.135 ˚E, 5���20 m (MNHN, 7); Touho Sector, 20.878 ˚S, 165.325 ˚E, 5���25 m (MNHN, 1); Santal Bay, 20.891 ˚S, 167.045 ˚E, 12���32 m (MNHN, 10); Santal Bay, 20.920 ˚S, 167.012 ˚E, 5���30 m (MNHN, 2); east coast, 20.950 ˚S, 165.583 ˚E, 160���222 m (MNHN, 2); east coast, 20.966 ˚S, 165.600 ˚E, 302���335 m (MNHN, 5); 21.116 ˚S, 164.467 ˚E, 320���344 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Ridge, 21.150 ˚S, 167.917 ˚E, 310 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Basin, 21.533 ˚S, 166.483 ˚E, 310���315 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Basin, 21.533 ˚S, 166.483 ˚E, 310���315 m (MNHN, 6); 22.166 ˚S, 167.550 ˚E, 2100���2110 m (MNHN, 1); Abor�� Grand Reef, Noum��a Lagoon, 22.371 ˚S, 166.265 ˚E, 12���37 m (MNHN, 2); 22.583 ˚S, 166.450 ˚E, 465���525 m (BATHUS 2 DW 739, MNHN, 50); Loyalty Basin, 22.650 ˚S, 166.567 ˚E, 570 m (MNHN, 1); 22.750 ˚S, 167.200 ˚E, 380���410 m (MNHN, 1); 22.766 ˚S, 167.200 ˚E, 390���400 m (MNHN, 1); SW of ��le des Pins, 22.766 ˚S, 167.333 ˚E, 410 m (MNHN, 1); 22.783 ˚S, 167.233 ˚E, 440 m (MNHN, 20); 22.783 ˚S, 167.233 ˚E, 440 m (MNHN, 1); 22.783 ˚S, 167.233 ˚E, 440���450 m (MNHN, 30); 22.783 ˚S, 167.233 ˚E, 440 m (MNHN, 5); 22.800 ˚S, 167.267 ˚E, 444���445 m (BATHUS 2 DW 719, MNHN, 40); 22.866 ˚S, 167.200 ˚E, 400 m (MNHN, 1); 22.866 ˚S, 167.200 ˚E, 400 m (BATHUS 2 DW 729, MNHN, 1); 22.866 ˚S, 167.267 ˚E, 530���541 m (MNHN, 3); south-eastern Reef, ��le des Pins, 22.875 ˚S, 168.208 ˚E, 414���436 m (MNHN, 3); 22.883 ˚S, 167.283 ˚E, 570���610 m (MNHN, 19); 22.883 ˚S, 167.283 ˚E, 570���610 m (MNHN, 1); 22.900 ˚S, 167.283 ˚E, 525���547 m (BATHUS 2 DW 721, MNHN, 5); NORFOLK 1 DW 1733, 22.933 ˚S, 167.250 ˚E, 427���433 m (MNHN, 16); 22.983 ˚S, 167.317 ˚E, 525 m (MNHN, 1); ��le des Pins, SE South Reef, 22.991 ˚S, 168.367 ˚E, 491���558 m (MNHN, 3: complete). 23.000 ˚S, 167.250 ˚E, 360 m (MNHN, 1). Norfolk Ridge, 23.033 ˚S, 166.983 ˚E, 295���306 m (BATHUS 3 DW 836, MNHN, 2); 23.050 ˚S, 167.317 ˚E, 503 m (MNHN, 1); 23.050 ˚S, 167.317 ˚E, 503 m (MNHN, 10); 23.050 ˚S, 167.317 ˚E, 503 m (MNHN, 1); 23.083 ˚S, 167.750 ˚E, 680���700 m (MNHN, 1); 23.083 ˚S, 167.750 ˚E, 680���700 m (MNHN, 1); ��le des Pins, 23.150 ˚S, 167.450 ˚E, 1004���1009 m (NORFOLK 2 DW 2144, MNHN, 3); Norfolk Ridge, 23.283 ˚S, 168.233 ˚E, 405���456 m (NORFOLK 2 DW 2132, MNHN, 7); Norfolk Ridge, 23.300 ˚S, 168.017 ˚E, 540 m (NORFOLK 1 DW 1722, MNHN, 10); Aztec Bank, 23.300 ˚S, 168.083 ˚E, 305���310 m (MNHN, 30); Aztec Bank, 23.300 ˚S, 168.100 ˚E, 400���402 m (MNHN, 7); Norfolk Ridge, P Bank, 23.300 ˚S, 168.250 ˚E, 266���267 m (MNHN, 5); Aztec Bank, 23.308 ˚S, 168.083 ˚E, 305���367 m (MNHN, 1); 23.308 ˚S, 168.083 ˚E, 305���367 m (MNHN, 100); 23.308 ˚S, 168.083 ˚E, 320���367 m (SMIB 8 DW 182���184, MNHN, 7); Norfolk Ridge, 23.316 ˚S, 168.000 ˚E, 601���608 m (MNHN, 50); Norfolk Ridge, 23.333 ˚S, 168.017 ˚E, 361���365 m (MNHN, 40); Norfolk Ridge, 23.333 ˚S, 168.267 ˚E, 347���1063 m (NORFOLK 1 DW 1732, MNHN, 3); Norfolk Ridge, 23.350 ˚S, 168.033 ˚E, 386���390 m (MNHN, 20); Norfolk Ridge, 23.366 ˚S, 168.017 ˚E, 381���469 m (MNHN, 20); Norfolk Ridge, 23.366 ˚S, 168.017 ˚E, 381���469 m (BATHUS 3 DW 827, MNHN, 4); 23.416 ˚S, 167.883 ˚E, 965 m (MNHN, 1); 23.583 ˚S, 167.200 ˚E, 695���705 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Ridge, 23.583 ˚S, 169.617 ˚E, 655 m (MNHN, 1); Norfolk Ridge, Stylaster Bank, 23.616 ˚S, 167.700 ˚E, 447���450 m (MNHN, 1); Stylaster Bank, 23.633 ˚S, 167.650 ˚E, 571���610 m (NORFOLK 2 DW 2036, MNHN, 3); S of Stylaster Bank, 23.633 ˚S, 167.717 ˚E, 433���450 m (MNHN, 21); 23.633 ˚S, 167.717 ˚E, 430���452 m (MNHN, 20); 23.650 ˚S, 168.000 ˚E, 230���360 m (BERYX 11 CH 41, MNHN, 1); Norfolk Ridge, 23.683 ˚S, 168.000 ˚E, 237���550 m (BATHUS 3 CH 802, MNHN, 1); Norfolk Ridge, 23.683 ˚S, 168.017 ˚E, 278���310 m (MNHN, 8); Norfolk Ridge, 23.683 ˚S, 168.017 ˚E, 285 m (NORFOLK 2 DW 2040, MNHN, 27); Norfolk Ridge, Jumeau East, 23.750 ˚S, 168.267 ˚E, 400���420 m (MNHN, 4); Norfolk Ridge, 23.750 ˚S, 168.283 ˚E, 410���415 m (MNHN, 1); Norfolk Ridge, Banc Introuvable, 24.650 ˚S, 168.633 ˚E, 569���616 m (MNHN, 3); Norfolk Ridge, 24.666 ˚S, 168.150 ˚E, 943���1080 m (MNHN, 2); Loyalty Ridge, 24.716 ˚S, 170.117 ˚E, 750���760 m (MNHN, 1); 24.733 ˚S, 168.117 ˚E, 430���450 m (MNHN, 100), 24.733 ˚S, 168.167 ˚E, 320���350 m (BERYX 11 DW 11, MNHN, 12); Kaimon-Maru Bank, Norfolk Ridge, 24.750 ˚S, 168.150 ˚E, 231���233 m (NORFOLK 1 DW 1675, MNHN, 6); 24.800 ˚S, 168.150 ˚E, 250���270 m (BERYX 11 DW 18, MNHN, 3); Sponge Bank, B mound, 24.916 ˚S, 168.367 ˚E, 508���532 m (MNHN, 3); Norfolk Ridge, 24.933 ˚S, 168.367 ˚E, 518���586 m (NORFOLK 2 DW 2087, MNHN, 4). Coral Sea. South Lansdowne, 21.100 ˚S, 160.767 ˚E, 569���583 m (EBISCO DW 2629, MNHN, 1). Vanuatu. NW of Tutuba Island, 15.550 ˚S, 167.278 ˚E, 92 m (SANTO 2006 DS 105, MNHN, 2); E of Aor�� Island, 15.604 ˚S, 167.150 ˚E, 45���101 m (SANTO 2006 EP 10, MNHN, 1); NW coast of Malo Island, Palikulo Bay, 15.633 ˚S, 167.083 ˚E, 90���110 m (SANTO 2006 DB 77 EP 28, MNHN, 1). New Zealand. Three Kings Rise, 31.866 ˚S, 172.433 ˚E, 780���790 m (NMNZ M.173749, 9). Louisville Ridge. 41.450 ˚S, 164.133 ˚E, 950���1000 m (NMNZ M.119213, 4). Moluccas. Molucca Pass, off March Island, 0.616 ˚N, 127.250 ˚E, 796 m (USNM 312781, 1). Fiji. S of Viti Levu, 18.206 ˚S, 178.550 ˚E, 144���150 m (MNHN, 1); 19.016 ˚S, 178.433 ˚W, 395���540 m (BORDAU 1 DW 1486, MNHN, 1); 19.050 ˚S, 178.500 ˚W, 700���707 m (BORDAU 1 DW 1485, MNHN, 1). Wallis and Futuna. Wallis Island, 13.350 ˚S, 176.150 ˚W, 286 m (MNHN, 2); Wallis Island, 13.350 ˚S, 176.133 ˚W, 415���420 m (MNHN, 6). French Polynesia. Mount Ari���i Moana, Tarava Seamounts, 19.250 ˚S, 151.517 ˚W, 557���569 m (TARASOC DW 3318, MNHN, 1). Remarks. Juvenile specimens as usual have a more lenticular overall shell shape than adults. The details of the early teleoconch permit ready identification of the species: protoconch with flocculent sculpture, teleoconch I of 0.66 whorl, with spiral in position of selenizone, and first spiral threads appearing on outer half of shoulder. Anatoma australis (Hedley, 1903) from Australia has a longer teleoconch I (0.5 vs. 0.75 whorl), on teleoconch I has multiple spiral threads, and has more widely spaced spiral threads on the base (3 vs. 7 on sutsel of 1.5 �� width of selenizone). Anatoma equatoria (Hedley, 1899) from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has a sutsel about as wide as the selenizone at the onset of the selenizone, with axial and spiral sculpture about half as dense. Anatoma flexidentata Geiger & Sasaki, 2008, from the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific lacks the apertural varix on the protoconch, has a shorter teleoconch I (0.25 vs. 0.5 whorl), has more widely spaced axial cords particularly on the shoulder, with a sutsel that is at least 50 % narrower. Anatoma pseudoequatoria (Kay, 1979) from the Indo- Malayan Archipelago to Central Pacific has a shorter teleoconch 1 (0.25 vs. 0.5 whorl), has a sutsel that is at least 50 % narrower, and the intersection of the axials and spirals on the shoulder form distinct points. Anatoma japonica (A. Adams, 1862) from the Indian Ocean and the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has a very narrow umbilicus, has a narrower sutsel after one whorl ( 0.5 �� width of selenizone, and has axial cords that are about 50 % more widely spaced (interstices approximately as wide as or wider than cords vs. narrower than cords). Anatoma rainesi Geiger, 2003, from Indo-Central Pacific has a protoconch with distinct axial cords, has axial cords on teleoconch I that decrease in strength with growth, and the axial cords on the base are at least twice as widely spaced. Anatoma atlantica (Bandel, 1998) from the NW Atlantic has a much narrower sutsel (Anatoma proxima (Dall, 1927) from the Caribbean and the south-western Atlantic has an overall more globular shape, and has more widely spaced axial cords on the shoulder and base. Anatoma tobeyoides Geiger & Jansen, 2004, from south-eastern Australia has a protoconch with reticulate sculpture, has fine, obliquely radiating fine threads on teleoconch I, and has a narrower selenizone. Anatoma yaroni Herbert, 1986, from the Indian Ocean has a sutsel, Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 16-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Larocheopsis macrostoma new species (Figure 26) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 137435: Fig. 26). 1.22 �� 0.79 mm. Type locality. Seamount 130 km S of Esperance Rock, Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand, 32.472 ˚S, 179.265 ˚W, 538 m, 15 Apr. 1997, FV Santa Maria, hardground, foraminiferal sand, sponges and bryozoans. Etymology. Macro-, Latin prefix for large, -stoma, Latin suffix for mouth or aperture, referring to the comparatively large aperture of the species (OD). Description. Shell medium size (to 1.2 mm. Fig. 26), trochiform, depressed. Protoconch of 0.75 whorl, smooth, no apertural varix, apertural margin sinusoid. Teleoconch of 1.66 whorls, suture little impressed. Sculpture of first 1.5 whorls consisting of pits, shoulder of last portion with distinct commarginal axial cords, crossed by approximately 8 irregularly-spaced, indistinct spiral threads. Base from periphery to closed umbilicus with up to 16 low, spiral steps, starting after 0.66 teleoconch whorl. Umbilicus closed, covered by callus. Aperture elongate, Dshaped oval, roof overhanging. Animal unknown. Distribution. Seamount 130 km S of Esperance Rock, Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand, 538 m. Remarks. Larocheopsis amplexa Marshall, 1993, from New Zealand shares a similar protoconch, the pitted early teleoconch and the spiral steps on the base with Ls. macrostoma, but Ls. macrostoma has a much broader shell, and shows distinct axial sculpture on the shoulder near the apertural margin., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. (1993) The systematic position of Larochea Finlay, 1927, and introduction of a new genus and two new species (Gastropoda: Scissurellidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 59, 285 - 294."]}

Satondella Bandel, 1998 Type species. Satondella minuta Bandel, 1998 (OD). Subtropical and tropical Atlantic, Indian Ocean through Central Pacific. Eocene, Recent. Remarks. The genus was recently revised by Luque et al. (2011)., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Luque, A. L., Geiger, D. L. & Rolan, E. (2011) A revision of the genus Satondella Bandel, 1998 (Gastropoda. Scissurellidae). Molluscan Research, 31, 1 - 14."]}

Anatoma megascutula new species (Figures 18���20) Type material. Holotype (MNHN 24954: Fig. 18). 5.03 �� 3.36 mm. Paratypes: Norfolk Ridge, 24.867 ˚S, 168.183 ˚E, 820���1220 m (MNHN 24959, 1: Fig. 19 A); Tongatapu, Tonga, 21.083 ˚S, 175.367 ˚W, 456���510 m (MNHN 24955, 1: Fig. 19 B); Fiji, 17.300 ˚S, 179.550 ˚W, 820���863 m (MNHN 24956, 1: Fig. 19 C). Type locality. E of Rapa, Austral Islands, French Polynesia, 27.618 ˚S, 144.257 ˚W, 800���850 m, 7 Nov. 2002, N. O. Alis (BENTHAUS stn CP 1891). Etymology. Mega-, Greek prefix for large; -scutula, Latin for saucer, shallow bowl, referring to the large size of this flat-shelled species. Noun in apposition. Description. Shell large (to 6.8 mm. Figs 18���19), trochiform depressed, discoidal. Protoconch of 0.75 whorl, flocculent sculpture, apertural varix not connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin shallow sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 0.75���0.875 whorl, approximately 20���30 axial cords, no spirals. Teleoconch II of 3.3 whorls, suture lightly impressed, no sutsel except for last quarter whorl with slight descent showing 1 spiral thread. Shoulder broadly convex, many barely perceptible, low axial cords becoming somewhat more noticeable with growth; first low spiral thread after 0.125���0.8 whorl, increasing in strength to become low to distinct spiral cords, approximately a dozen after first teleoconch I whorl, approximately 25 at apertural margin, forming indistinct thickenings at intersection with axials. Base without constriction below selenizone, continuously sloping with umbilicus; axial sculpture as on shoulder if usually somewhat stronger; approximately 22 spirals, distinct threads from selenizone onwards, changing at mid-base into steps. Umbilicus variable; open, bordered by carina, walls straight, smooth; additionally with distinct funiculus; closed by parietal callus [see Remarks]. Aperture oblong D-shaped. Selenizone at periphery, keels moderately strong, moderately elevated (usually low due to erosion); lunules distinct; slit open, margins converging. Radula (Fig. 20). Rachidian tooth trapezoid, apical cusp largest, 4���5 on each side in continuous arc. Lateral tooth 1 broadened, apical cusp slightly larger than 7���8 distal ones on cutting edge. Lateral teeth 3���4 similar, apical cusp largest, 3���5 along outer margin of cutting edge. Lateral tooth 4 reduced, apical cusp largest, three small ones on each side. Lateral tooth 5 enlarged by moderate broadening, apical cusp largest, about 12 small cusps along inner edge, approximately 8 not reaching apical cusp along outer edge. Inner marginal teeth with triangular tip, apical cusp largest, approximately 8 minor cusps on each side. Outer marginal teeth with indistinct separation of shaft and tip, tip with multiple fine bristles. Radular interlock of central field moderate. Operculum corneous, thin, round, multispiral, with central nucleus, covering approximately 70 % of aperture. Distribution. Western Pacific, 450���1650 m. Specimen records. Australia. N of Norfolk Island, Norfolk Ridge, 26.432 ˚S, 167.181 ˚E, 750���774 m (NMNZ M.301394, 7). Coral Sea. 21.317 ˚S, 157.967 ˚E, 970 m (MNHN, 1). New Caledonia. Grand Passage, 18.808 ˚S, 163.190 ˚E, 683 ��� 669 m (MNHN, 2). 18.900 ˚S, 163.317 ˚E, 525 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Basin, 20.983 ˚S, 166.983 ˚E, 1600���1640 m (MNHN, 3); 23.050 ˚S, 167.533 ˚E, 825���830 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Ridge, 24.767 ˚S, 170.117 ˚E, 850���855 m (MNHN, 1); Norfolk Ridge, 24.867 ˚S, 168.183 ˚E, 820���1220 m (MNHN, 1); Porthos Bank, Norfolk Ridge, 25.333 ˚S, 168.950 ˚E, 680���980 m (NORFOLK 2 DW 2068, MNHN, 1). New Zealand. Graveyard Seamount Complex, Chatham Rise, 42.766 ˚S, 179.989 ˚W, 757���875 m (NMNZ M.174849, 1). Fiji. 17.300 ˚S, 179.550 ˚W, 820���863 m (MNHN, 1). Tonga. 20.633 ˚S, 178.050 ˚W, 476���478 m (MNHN, 1). Tongatapu, 21.083 ˚S, 175.367 ˚W, 456���510 m (MNHN, 1). French Polynesia. E of Rapa, Austral Islands, 27.618 ˚S, 144.257 ˚W, 800���850 m (MNHN, 1). Remarks. Anatoma japonica (A. Adams, 1862) from the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific has a wider sutsel on whorl 2 (0.5���1 �� vs. 0�� width of selenizone), has stronger axial than spiral sculpture, and has a narrower selenizone. Anatoma maxima from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has coarser sculpture (14 vs. 25 spirals on shoulder at apertural margin; distinct vs. indistinct axials) in which axials and spirals form points at intersections, a less rapid expansion of the whorls (1.4 vs. 1.8), and a wider sutsel at the apertural margin showing 2���3 spiral threads. Anatoma rainesi from the Eastern and Western Pacific has a sutsel on the early whorls, has strong axial cords on teleoconch I, and the selenizone is closer to the periphery of the shell. Anatoma rapaensis Geiger, 2008 from French Polynesia shares the overall discoidal shape with no sutsel, but the protoconch lacks an apertural varix, the teleoconch I is shorter (0.2 vs.> 0.75 whorl, the axial sculpture is more pronounced forming sharp points at the intersection with the spirals. Anatoma regia (Mestayer, 1916) from New Zealand has a narrower but still noticeable sutsel on early whorls, has a narrower selenizone, and its axial sculpture is stronger than the spiral sculpture. Anatoma disciformis (Golikov & Sirenko, 1980) from the boreal north Pacific has an overall taller shell, a protoconch with strong flocculent sculpture, and much stronger axial cords. Anatoma tenuis (Jeffreys, 1877) from the temperate north Atlantic has a shorter teleoconch I (0.4 vs. 0.75 whorl), and has stronger axial than spiral sculpture. The number of axials on teleoconch I is difficult to count due to erosion of the early parts of the whorl. The condition of the umbilicus is quite variable in the limited number of specimens available. The more open condition is found in smaller specimens, while the callus closing the umbilicus is encountered in the largest specimens, which suggest an ontogenetic change. Other conchological characters all suggest that the specimens belong to a single species. The radula of A. megascutula shows an unusual arrangement in the central field. Lateral teeth 1���3 are not similar to one another, lateral tooth 1 is much broadened, and lateral tooth 4 is not as reduced as in most other species., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 24-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Sinezona mechanica new species (Figures 4–6) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 174828: Fig. 4). 1.28 × 0.88 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.045402, 2: Fig. 5 A–B). Additional paratypes: Saunders Canyon, off Otago Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand, 45.767 ˚S, 170.900 ˚E, 360 m (NMNZ M. 160300, 2: Fig. 5 C); Aerial Cove, Macquarie Island, 54.483 ˚S, 158.950 ˚E (AMS C.404496, 20). Type locality. Ocean Bay, Chatham Island, New Zealand, 43.833 ˚S, 176.783 ˚W, 12–15 m, 7 Dec. 2000, F.J. Brook, bryozoans, shell and sand from rock crevice. Etymology. Latin adjective referring to the sculpture of shell and protoconch suggestive of mechanical gears. Description. Shell small (to 0.89 mm. Figs 4–5), depressed trochiform globular. Protoconch of 1 whorl, many dense axial cords on centrifugal portion of whorls, thickened at top forming (near) continuous connecting spiral cord. Apertural varix terminal (Fig. 8 B), not connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 0.9–1 whorl, approximately 17–20 strong (occasionally barely perceptible) axial cords, no spirals. Teleoconch II of 0.6 whorl, suture little impressed. Shoulder slightly concave, same density and strength of axial cords as on teleoconch I, finest growth marks in interstices, no spirals. Base with weak constriction below selenizone, rounded, same density and strength of axial cords as on shoulder; approximately 4 weak, granular spiral cordlets in adumbilical 1 / 5 of base. Umbilicus of moderate width, at sharp angle to base, bordered by weak to moderate strength spiral cord, wall straight, smooth. Aperture rounded, roof overhanging. Selenizone above periphery; keels low, moderate strength; lunules distinct; slit open, margins somewhat converging. Radula (Fig. 6). Rachidian trapezoid, central cusp largest, three cusps on each side. Lateral teeth 1–3 similar, apical cusps largest, 4–6 on outer cutting edge. Lateral tooth 4 reduced, hook shaped, with 1 minute point on each side of tip. Lateral tooth 5 enlarged by broadening, apical cusp largest, 5–7 cusps along inner edge. Inner marginal teeth triangular, apical cusp largest, 1–2 along inner edge, 4–6 along outer edge of tip. Outer marginal teeth with spoon shaped tip bearing many fine bristles. Radular interlock of central field moderate. Distribution. Pleistocene to Recent of New Zealand, 12– 106 m. Specimen records. New Zealand. Ranfurly Bank, East Cape, 37.546 ˚S, 178.812 ˚E, 94 m (NMNZ M.303294, 1); Ranfurly Bank, 37.551 ˚S, 178.825 ˚E, 89–94 m (NMNZ M.303293, 15); Ranfurly Bank, 37.553 ˚S, 178.838 ˚E, 71–76 m (NMNZ M.303295, 50); Ranfurly Bank, 37.556 ˚S, 178.805 ˚E, 103–106 m (NMNZ M.303327, 5); Ocean Bay, Chatham Island, 43.833 ˚S, 176.783 ˚W, 12–15 m (NMNZ M.174828, 1); Saunders Canyon, off Otago Peninsula, 45.766 ˚S, 170.900 ˚E, 360 m (NMNZ M. 160300, 2); NE of Cape Saunders, off Otago Peninsula, 45.833 ˚S, 170.933 ˚E, 105 m (NMNZ M.045402, 2); off Taieri, S of Dunedin, 46.250 ˚S, 170.483 ˚E, 91 m (NMNZ M.066283, 2); off Poutama Island, South Cape, Stewart Island, 47.266 ˚S, 167.383 ˚E, 55 m (NMNZ M.303296, 60). Macquarie Island. Aerial Cove, 54.483 ˚S, 158.950 ˚E (AMS C.404496, 20). New Zealand, fossil. GS 4057, Kaikokopu Shellbed (Castlecliffian, oxygen isotope stage 19, middle Pleistocene), coast E of Omapu Stream mouth, between Castlecliff and Kai-Iwi beaches, Wanganui, 39.907 ˚S, 174.941 ˚E (GNS, 1). Remarks. Sinezona mechanica can be distinguished from New Zealand species as follows. Sinezona apudornata (Laws, 1935) from the Miocene has a similar overall shape of the shell and similar overall sculpture of the protoconch, but its spire is much more elevated and it has a greater number of teleoconch II whorls (0.6 vs. 1.1). Sinezona bandeli Marshall, 2002 has a more subquadrate shell, much stronger constriction of the base below the selenizone, and lacks the top spiral cord on the protoconch. Sinezona brevis has a shorter selenizone (0.1 vs. 0.4 whorl), a more distinct periumbilical cord, and fine spiral threads on the shoulder. Sinezona enigmatica has axial cords on teleoconch I not reaching the suture and lacks distinct axial cords on teleoconch II. Sinezona iota (Finlay, 1926) is much taller, has strong axial lamellae, and lacks spiral sculpture on the base. Sinezona laqueus (Finlay, 1926) has a subquadrate overall shell shape, strong prosocline axial folds, and strong lunules in the selenizone. Sinezona levigata has an umbilical callus, has an overall wider shell, and has spiral sculpture on the shoulder and the base. Sinezona pacifica (Oliver, 1915) has stronger spiral sculpture on shoulder and base, a narrower umbilicus, and lacks the top spiral cord on the protoconch. Sinezona pauperata Powell, 1933 lacks a selenizone, has a round foramen, and a very narrow umbilicus. Sinezona platyspira n. sp. has a flatter spire, the umbilicus is produced by the rounded portions of the previous whorls, and the protoconch lacks the top spiral as well as an apertural varix. The widely distributed subantarctic species Sin. subantarctica (Hedley, 1916) has a callus over the umbilicus, a very short (or absent) selenizone, and the protoconch lacks the top spiral cord and an apertural varix.

Anatoma megascutula new species (Figures 18–20) Type material. Holotype (MNHN 24954: Fig. 18). 5.03 × 3.36 mm. Paratypes: Norfolk Ridge, 24.867 ˚S, 168.183 ˚E, 820–1220 m (MNHN 24959, 1: Fig. 19 A); Tongatapu, Tonga, 21.083 ˚S, 175.367 ˚W, 456–510 m (MNHN 24955, 1: Fig. 19 B); Fiji, 17.300 ˚S, 179.550 ˚W, 820–863 m (MNHN 24956, 1: Fig. 19 C). Type locality. E of Rapa, Austral Islands, French Polynesia, 27.618 ˚S, 144.257 ˚W, 800–850 m, 7 Nov. 2002, N. O. Alis (BENTHAUS stn CP 1891). Etymology. Mega-, Greek prefix for large; -scutula, Latin for saucer, shallow bowl, referring to the large size of this flat-shelled species. Noun in apposition. Description. Shell large (to 6.8 mm. Figs 18–19), trochiform depressed, discoidal. Protoconch of 0.75 whorl, flocculent sculpture, apertural varix not connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin shallow sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 0.75–0.875 whorl, approximately 20–30 axial cords, no spirals. Teleoconch II of 3.3 whorls, suture lightly impressed, no sutsel except for last quarter whorl with slight descent showing 1 spiral thread. Shoulder broadly convex, many barely perceptible, low axial cords becoming somewhat more noticeable with growth; first low spiral thread after 0.125–0.8 whorl, increasing in strength to become low to distinct spiral cords, approximately a dozen after first teleoconch I whorl, approximately 25 at apertural margin, forming indistinct thickenings at intersection with axials. Base without constriction below selenizone, continuously sloping with umbilicus; axial sculpture as on shoulder if usually somewhat stronger; approximately 22 spirals, distinct threads from selenizone onwards, changing at mid-base into steps. Umbilicus variable; open, bordered by carina, walls straight, smooth; additionally with distinct funiculus; closed by parietal callus [see Remarks]. Aperture oblong D-shaped. Selenizone at periphery, keels moderately strong, moderately elevated (usually low due to erosion); lunules distinct; slit open, margins converging. Radula (Fig. 20). Rachidian tooth trapezoid, apical cusp largest, 4–5 on each side in continuous arc. Lateral tooth 1 broadened, apical cusp slightly larger than 7–8 distal ones on cutting edge. Lateral teeth 3–4 similar, apical cusp largest, 3–5 along outer margin of cutting edge. Lateral tooth 4 reduced, apical cusp largest, three small ones on each side. Lateral tooth 5 enlarged by moderate broadening, apical cusp largest, about 12 small cusps along inner edge, approximately 8 not reaching apical cusp along outer edge. Inner marginal teeth with triangular tip, apical cusp largest, approximately 8 minor cusps on each side. Outer marginal teeth with indistinct separation of shaft and tip, tip with multiple fine bristles. Radular interlock of central field moderate. Operculum corneous, thin, round, multispiral, with central nucleus, covering approximately 70 % of aperture. Distribution. Western Pacific, 450–1650 m. Specimen records. Australia. N of Norfolk Island, Norfolk Ridge, 26.432 ˚S, 167.181 ˚E, 750–774 m (NMNZ M.301394, 7). Coral Sea. 21.317 ˚S, 157.967 ˚E, 970 m (MNHN, 1). New Caledonia. Grand Passage, 18.808 ˚S, 163.190 ˚E, 683 – 669 m (MNHN, 2). 18.900 ˚S, 163.317 ˚E, 525 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Basin, 20.983 ˚S, 166.983 ˚E, 1600–1640 m (MNHN, 3); 23.050 ˚S, 167.533 ˚E, 825–830 m (MNHN, 1); Loyalty Ridge, 24.767 ˚S, 170.117 ˚E, 850–855 m (MNHN, 1); Norfolk Ridge, 24.867 ˚S, 168.183 ˚E, 820–1220 m (MNHN, 1); Porthos Bank, Norfolk Ridge, 25.333 ˚S, 168.950 ˚E, 680–980 m (NORFOLK 2 DW 2068, MNHN, 1). New Zealand. Graveyard Seamount Complex, Chatham Rise, 42.766 ˚S, 179.989 ˚W, 757–875 m (NMNZ M.174849, 1). Fiji. 17.300 ˚S, 179.550 ˚W, 820–863 m (MNHN, 1). Tonga. 20.633 ˚S, 178.050 ˚W, 476–478 m (MNHN, 1). Tongatapu, 21.083 ˚S, 175.367 ˚W, 456–510 m (MNHN, 1). French Polynesia. E of Rapa, Austral Islands, 27.618 ˚S, 144.257 ˚W, 800–850 m (MNHN, 1). Remarks. Anatoma japonica (A. Adams, 1862) from the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific has a wider sutsel on whorl 2 (0.5–1 × vs. 0× width of selenizone), has stronger axial than spiral sculpture, and has a narrower selenizone. Anatoma maxima from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has coarser sculpture (14 vs. 25 spirals on shoulder at apertural margin; distinct vs. indistinct axials) in which axials and spirals form points at intersections, a less rapid expansion of the whorls (1.4 vs. 1.8), and a wider sutsel at the apertural margin showing 2–3 spiral threads. Anatoma rainesi from the Eastern and Western Pacific has a sutsel on the early whorls, has strong axial cords on teleoconch I, and the selenizone is closer to the periphery of the shell. Anatoma rapaensis Geiger, 2008 from French Polynesia shares the overall discoidal shape with no sutsel, but the protoconch lacks an apertural varix, the teleoconch I is shorter (0.2 vs.> 0.75 whorl, the axial sculpture is more pronounced forming sharp points at the intersection with the spirals. Anatoma regia (Mestayer, 1916) from New Zealand has a narrower but still noticeable sutsel on early whorls, has a narrower selenizone, and its axial sculpture is stronger than the spiral sculpture. Anatoma disciformis (Golikov & Sirenko, 1980) from the boreal north Pacific has an overall taller shell, a protoconch with strong flocculent sculpture, and much stronger axial cords. Anatoma tenuis (Jeffreys, 1877) from the temperate north Atlantic has a shorter teleoconch I (0.4 vs. 0.75 whorl), and has stronger axial than spiral sculpture. The number of axials on teleoconch I is difficult to count due to erosion of the early parts of the whorl. The condition of the umbilicus is quite variable in the limited number of specimens available. The more open condition is found in smaller specimens, while the callus closing the umbilicus is encountered in the largest specimens, which suggest an ontogenetic change. Other conchological characters all suggest that the specimens belong to a single species. The radula of A. megascutula shows an unusual arrangement in the central field. Lateral teeth 1–3 are not similar to one another, lateral tooth 1 is much broadened, and lateral tooth 4 is not as reduced as in most other species.

Satondella bicristata new species (Figure 12) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 137457: Fig. 12 C). 0.66 �� 0.37 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.301393, 2: Fig. 12 A���B). Type locality. Seamount 130 km S of Esperance Rock, Kermadec Ridge, NE of New Zealand, 538 m, 32.472 ˚S, 179.265 ˚W, 15 Apr. 1997, FV Santa Maria, hardground, foraminiferal sand, sponges and bryozoans. Etymology. Bi-, Latin for two; -cristata, Latin for crest-bearing, referring to the two elevated ridges formed on shoulder and base by the axial lamellae. Description. Shell small (to 0.67 mm. Fig. 12), depressed trochiform, almost planispiral. Protoconch sunken in, 1 whorl, fine axials from highest point centrifugally to suture, no apertural varix, apertural margin sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 1.25���1.5 whorls; approximately 32���36 axials, near suture and peripherally as axial cords, in position of selenizone and on mid-base as raised lamellae; spiral cordlet in position of selenizone and on mid-base, crossing with tallest portion of axial lamellae; occasionally some additional spiral threads. Teleoconch II of 0.125 whorl, suture deeply impressed. Shoulder convex, same sculpture as on teleoconch I. Base with distinct constriction below foramen, sculpture as on teleoconch I. Umbilicus open, underside of protoconch visible, towards base bordered by strong bulge, no distinct wall. Aperture rounded D-shaped. Selenizone absent, foramen above periphery, anteriorly closed by raphe; keels strongly elevated, moderately strong. Animal unknown. Distribution. Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand. 538 m. Remarks. The generic placement is suggested by the high elevation of the keels of the foramen. Satondella minuta from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has less depressed shell, fewer axial lamellae, and a distinct selenizone. Satondella azonata from New Zealand has about half as many raised axial lamellae and lacks spirals on the base. Scissurella condita Laws, 1939 from the Miocene of New Zealand has a similar overall shell shape, but has a distinct selenizone and an open slit. All other Satondella species are markedly more elevated., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Sinezona wanganellica new species (Figures 8���9) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 303304: Fig. 8). 0.71 �� 0.41 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.178433, 7). Wanganella Bank summit, West Norfolk Ridge, 32.606 ��S, 167.584 ��E, 120���126 m (NMNZ M.171826, 14: Fig. 9 B���C). Wanganella Bank summit, 32.573 ��S, 167.517 ��E, 113 m (NMNZ M.174832, 14: Fig. 9 A). Type locality. Wanganella Bank summit, West Norfolk Ridge, NW of Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand, 32.543 ��S, 167.487 ��E, 133 m, rhodolith gravel and red algae. Etymology. Named for the type locality; adjective. Description. Shell small (to 0.7 mm. Figs 8���9), trochiform depressed. Protoconch of 1 whorl, 19���21 sharp axials from midline to outer suture, embryonic cap with some irregular flocculations, no apertural varix, apertural margin slightly convex. Teleoconch I of 0.875���0.9 whorl with 12���22 sharp to elevated axial cords with onset close to suture on early teleoconch I shifting to past position of selenizone with onset of selenizone; interstices with finest growth marks, no spiral sculpture. Teleoconch II of 0.66 whorl, suture impressed. Shoulder overall flat, concave towards selenizone; mainly finest growth marks, 0���12 axial cords in adsutural quarter, no spiral sculpture. Base with distinct constriction below selenizone, same density and strength of axial cords as on teleoconch I; some axial cords not reaching umbilicus. Umbilicus formed by rounded portion of previous whorls, underside of protoconch visible. Selenizone above periphery; keels moderately strong, quite elevated; lunules very strong; slit closed anteriorly to foramen. Aperture rounded D-shaped, roof overhanging. Animal unknown. Distribution. West Norfolk Ridge, 113��� 800 m. Specimen records. West Norfolk Ridge. 32.653 ˚S, 167.528 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174834, 1); 32.666 ˚S, 167.560 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174841, 5). ESE of Wanganella Bank, 34.284 ˚S, 168.430 ˚E, 785���800 m (NMNZ M.172128, 31). Remarks. Sinezona wanganellica can be distinguished from New Zealand species as follows. Sinezona bandeli Marshall, 2002 has an overall taller shell, has spiral threads on the shoulder and base of the teleoconch, and has a narrower umbilicus occluding the underside of the protoconch. Sinezona mechanica lacks a sunken in apex, has a more rounded whorl profile, and has at least 50 % more axial cords. Sinezona platyspira has a longer teleococh I (1.125 vs. 0.875 whorl) and has at least 50 % more axials on the protoconch. Scissurella regalis has a protoconch with at least 50 % more axials, which bear strong median thickenings, has a longer teleoconch (1.125 vs. 0.875 whorls), and retains an open slit., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. (2002) Some Recent scissurellids from the New Zealand region, and remarks on some scissurellid genus group names (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Molluscan Research, 22, 165 - 181."]}

Anatoma tangaroa new species (Figures 21���22) Chresonymy. Anatoma sp. 6 Spencer et al. 2009: 201. Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 303297 Fig. 21). 1.79 �� 1.42 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M. 150335, 10: Fig. 22 A). Additional paratypes: Middlesex Bank, NW of Three King Islands, New Zealand, 34.033 ˚S, 171.733 ˚E, 246���291 m (NMNZ M.148568, 25: Fig. 22 C); 28 km S of Great Island, Three King Islands, 34.400 ˚S, 174.280 ˚E, 120 m (NMNZ M. 160285, 15: Fig. 22 B). Type locality. NW of Three Kings Islands, northern New Zealand, 34.033 ��S, 171.806 ��E, 188 m, 27 June 1978, RV Tangaroa, comminuted bryozoans and shell. Etymology. After RV Tangaroa, from which the type material was dredged. Noun in apposition. Description. Shell medium size (to 2.2 mm: Figs 21���22), trochiform rounded biconical. Protoconch of 0.75 whorl, coarse flocculent sculpture, no apertural varix. Teleoconch I of 0.3 whorl, 5���7 axial cords, spiral in position of selenizone forming thickenings at intersection with axial cords. Teleoconch II of 2.2 whorls, suture moderately impressed; sutsel at onset of selenizone 0.5 �� width of selenizone, at apertural margin 1���1.5 �� width of selenizone. Shoulder moderately convex, strong axial cords, approximately 40 on first whorl; first spiral line after 0.2���0.5 teleoconch II whorl, approximately 10���15 at apertural margin, forming small thickenings at intersection with axial cords. Base without constriction below selenizone, same density and strength of axial cords as on shoulder; approximately 20 spiral threads, regularly spaced. Umbilicus open, continuously sloping with base, no funiculus. Aperture rounded, roof overhanging. Selenizone at periphery, rather wide; keels of moderate strength, moderately elevated; lunules distinct; slit open, margins converging towards aperture. Animal unknown. Distribution. Northern New Zealand, 120��� 291 m. Specimen records. New Zealand. S of Great Island, Three King Islands, 34.235 ˚S, 172.150 ˚E, 192���202 m (NMNZ M. 160289, 10). Remarks. Anatoma amydra from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has weaker spiral threads on the base, has a protoconch with an apertural varix, and has a longer teleoconch I (> 0.5 vs. 0.3 whorl). Anatoma flexidentata from the Indian Ocean to the Western Pacific has a wider selenizone, a narrower sutsel on early whorls (Anatoma pseudoequatoria from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago and Central Pacific has a more subquadrate whorl profile, has no spiral cord in position of the selenizone on teleoconch I, and has a distinct funiculus. Anatoma japonica from the Indo-Pacific has a longer teleoconch (> 0.5 vs. 0.3 whorl), has a protoconch with an apertural varix, and the protoconch does not project at the apex. Anatoma maxima from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to the Western Pacific has a longer teleoconch I (0.75 vs. 0.3 whorl), and has no sutsel on early whorls. Anatoma rainesi from the Eastern and Western Pacific has a protoconch with a varix, and has a longer teleoconch I (0.6 vs. 0.3 whorl). Anatoma rapaensis from the Indo-Central Pacific has no sutsel, has a more impressed suture, and has spiral steps on shoulder and base., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Spencer, H. G., Marshall. B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, Volume 1 Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. D. P. Gordon (ed.): pp. 196 - 219. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch."]}

Scissurella regalis new species (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 173745: Fig. 1 A). Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.303322, 12: Fig. 1 B). 1.16 �� 0.76 mm. Type locality. Three Kings Rise, New Zealand, 31.866 ˚S, 172.433 ˚E, 780���790 m, RV Rapuhia, 5 Feb. 1988, comminuted bryozoans and shell. Etymology. Regalis, Latin for royal in reference to the type locality. Description. Shell small (to 1.16 mm: holotype. Fig. 1 A), trochiform, depressed. Protoconch of 1 whorl, fine axials with strong median thickenings, no apertural varix, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 1.125 whorls, 23���27 axial lamellae, no spiral sculpture. Teleoconch II of 0.66 whorl, suture strongly impressed. Shoulder with axial lamellae of increasing density (holotype), interstices with fine growth lines, no spiral sculpture. Base with slight constriction below selenizone, same strength and density of axial lamellae as on shoulder, indistinct spiral threads on last quarter whorl from below selenizone, growing fainter towards umbilicus. Umbilicus wide, rounded whorls, underside of protoconch visible. Selenizone above periphery, keels moderately strong, moderately elevated; slit open, margins parallel. Animal unknown. Distribution. Three King Rise, 780��� 790 m. Remarks. This species is only known from the type lots. Scissurella regalis is strikingly similar to Sinezona platyspira n. sp., but the slit has parallel rather than convergent margins and the axial lamellae extend almost to the selenizone rim on the last half whorl. The crowding of the axial lamellae towards the apertural margin in the holotype indicates that it is a fully-grown specimen and not a juvenile of a Sinezona species, in which the foramen has yet to close. A comparable Scissurella-Sinezona pair is Scissurella azorensis Nolt, 2008 and Sinezona semicostata Burnay & Rol��n, 1990, from the Macaronesian Islands. Small specimens of Sci. regalis and Sin. platyspira may be indistinguishable based on shell morphology. Scissurella prendrevillei Powell, 1933 (DLG [pers. obs.] suspects that Sci. marshalli Bandel, 1998 is a synonym) from New Zealand has a protoconch with fine axials but has less distinct median thickenings, has fewer axial lamellae on teleoconch I (17���20 vs. 23���27), and usually has broad but low spiral cords surrounding the umbilicus. Scissurella azorensis from the Azores and the Western Mediterranean and Sci. maraisorum Geiger, 2006 from eastern South Africa have broader and lower axial cords, which do not reach the suture, and have no spiral sculpture on shoulder or base. The Panamic Scissurella kaiserae Geiger, 2006 has a shorter teleoconch I ( 1 whorl), lacks spiral sculpture on the shoulder, and the axial cords are at most as tall as wide. Scissurella lobini (Burnay & Rol��n, 1990) from the northeastern Atlantic has a protoconch with more widely spaced axial cords devoid of a median thickening, lacks spiral sculpture on the teleoconch, and has at least 50 % fewer axial cords., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 2-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Geiger, D. L. (2006) Eight new species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from around the world, with discussion of two new senior synonyms. Zootaxa, 1128, 1 - 33."]}

Satondella azonata new species (Figures 10���11) Chresonymy. Scissurella ? sp.: Spencer et al., 2009: 202. Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 174835: Fig. 10). 0.63 �� 0.36 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.301398, 4: Fig. 11 A���B; NMNZ M.174825, 5: Fig. 11 C). Type locality. Wanganella Bank summit, West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand, 32.543 ˚S, 167.487 ˚E, 133 m, 29 Jan. 1981, RV Tangaroa, rhodolith gravel and red algae. Etymology. A-, Latin prefix for without, -zonata referring to the selenizone. It describes the lack of a selenizone in this species. Adjective. Description. Shell small (to 0.63 mm: Figs 10���11), trochiform depressed, apex sunken in. Protoconch of 1 whorl, fine irregular axial cords on outer portion, apical cap and inner portion of whorl smooth; no apertural varix, apertural margin sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 1.125 whorls; suture impressed; 12���16 axials, low cords at onset of teleoconch I gradually rising to strong lamellae, onset of lamellae shifting from suture to position of foramen on shoulder, from suture to mid base on underside; interstices with fine irregular growth lines. Teleoconch II of 0.125 whorl. Shoulder flat, sculpture consisting of only fine irregular growth lines. Base with 2���3 strong axial lamellae as on teleoconch I. Umbilicus wide, distinct funiculus, underside of protoconch visible. No selenizone; foramen oblong, raised to chimney. Aperture subquadrate, peristome thickened. Animal unknown. Distribution. West Norfolk Ridge and northern New Zealand, 33��� 805 m. Specimen records. Wanganella Bank,West Norfolk Ridge. 32.536 ˚S, 167.512 ˚E, 113 m (NMNZ M.257269, 1); summit, 32.543 ˚S, 167.487 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.301398, 4; NMNZ M.174835, 1); summit, 32.653 ˚S, 167.528 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174826, 1); summit, 32.666 ˚S, 167.560 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174825, 5). New Zealand. Three Kings Islands: Three Kings Trough, 34.000 ˚S, 171.917 ˚E, 805 m (NMNZ M. 160302, 1); N of Great Island, 34.016 ˚S, 172.117 ˚E, 622 m (NMNZ M.034601, 2); Middlesex Bank, 34.033 ˚S, 171.733 ˚E, 246���291 m (NMNZ M.148570, 1); reef between Great Island and Farmer Rocks, 34.150 ˚S, 172.167 ˚E, 33 m (NMNZ M. 160303, 1). Remarks. The thickening of the peristome resembles the condition seen in Liotiidae and is a clear sign of fully grown specimens. Accordingly, the absence of a selenizone is not an indication of juvenile specimens, but is a distinct, species-specific character. Satondella minuta from the Indo-Pacific has a smooth protoconch, has a selenizone, and has distinct spirals over the entire teleoconch. Satondella bicristata n. sp. from New Zealand has twice as many but lower axial cords/ lamellae and has distinct spirals particularly on the base. Satondella dantarti Luque, Geiger & Rol��n, 2011, has a selenizone, distinct spiral sculpture on the teleoconch as well as axial lamellae on the shoulder., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Spencer, H. G., Marshall. B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, Volume 1 Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. D. P. Gordon (ed.): pp. 196 - 219. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.","Luque, A. L., Geiger, D. L. & Rolan, E. (2011) A revision of the genus Satondella Bandel, 1998 (Gastropoda. Scissurellidae). Molluscan Research, 31, 1 - 14."]}

Anatoma Woodward, 1859 Type species. Scissurella crispata Fleming, 1828 (M). Arctic to Antarctic of all oceans, (Cretaceous?) Paleocene though Recent. Remarks. A neotype for the controversial type species was designated by H��isaeter & Geiger (2011), who also pointed out that the distinction of Anatoma and Thieleella Bandel, 1998 can no longer be supported. We follow them and use the single genus Anatoma., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Hoisaeter, T. & Geiger, D. L. (2011) Species of Anatoma (Gastropoda: Anatomidae) in Norwegian and adjacent waters, with the description of two new species. The Nautilus, 125, 89 - 112."]}

Larocheopsis Marshall, 1993 New Zealand, Recent. Type species. Larocheopsis amplexa Marshall, 1993 (OD)., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. (1993) The systematic position of Larochea Finlay, 1927, and introduction of a new genus and two new species (Gastropoda: Scissurellidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 59, 285 - 294."]}

Larochea spirata new species (Figures 23���25) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 172130: Fig. 23). 1.35 �� 1.54 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.172127, 36: Figs 24���25). Type locality. West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga, New Zealand, 34.285 ˚S, 168.430 ˚E, 785���800 m, 2 June 2003, RV Tangaroa, comminuted coral and bryozoans. Etymology. Spira, Latin for the spire, referring to the pronounced spire compared to other species in the genus. Description. Shell medium size (to 1.5 mm. Figs 23���25), trochiform, elevated, up to 20 % taller than wide (NMNZ M. 172127: tallest specimen not shown). Protoconch of 0.75 whorl, flocculent sculpture with 3 indistinct spiral cords, no apertural varix, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch of up to 1.8 whorls, suture moderately impressed. Early teleoconch with shoulder showing approximately 20���22 indistinct axial cords, becoming more distinct with growth; spirals about �� strength of axials, first spiral commencing after 0.33���0.5 whorl, approximately 25 at apertural margin; spirals running over axials forming minute elevated points. Axials becoming less distinct from suture towards base, sometimes vanishing entirely. Spirals transitioning at periphery from cords on shoulder to low steps on base of same density as on shoulder; axials barely perceptible on base. Anomphalous. Aperture oval, roof overhanging. Animal unknown. Distribution. West Norfolk Ridge, 785��� 800 m. Remarks. The elevated shell shape of large specimens immediately distinguishes this species from any other Larochea species. Additionally among New Zealand species, La. secunda Powell, 1937 lacks the spiral sculpture on the protoconch, while La. scitula Marshall, 1993, from Wanganella Bank, West Norfolk Ridge has much stronger, more elevated axial cords, and La. miranda Finlay, 1927 lacks distinct axial sculpture., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. (1993) The systematic position of Larochea Finlay, 1927, and introduction of a new genus and two new species (Gastropoda: Scissurellidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 59, 285 - 294."]}

Satondella azonata new species (Figures 10–11) Chresonymy. Scissurella ? sp.: Spencer et al., 2009: 202. Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 174835: Fig. 10). 0.63 × 0.36 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.301398, 4: Fig. 11 A–B; NMNZ M.174825, 5: Fig. 11 C). Type locality. Wanganella Bank summit, West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand, 32.543 ˚S, 167.487 ˚E, 133 m, 29 Jan. 1981, RV Tangaroa, rhodolith gravel and red algae. Etymology. A-, Latin prefix for without, -zonata referring to the selenizone. It describes the lack of a selenizone in this species. Adjective. Description. Shell small (to 0.63 mm: Figs 10–11), trochiform depressed, apex sunken in. Protoconch of 1 whorl, fine irregular axial cords on outer portion, apical cap and inner portion of whorl smooth; no apertural varix, apertural margin sinusoid. Teleoconch I of 1.125 whorls; suture impressed; 12–16 axials, low cords at onset of teleoconch I gradually rising to strong lamellae, onset of lamellae shifting from suture to position of foramen on shoulder, from suture to mid base on underside; interstices with fine irregular growth lines. Teleoconch II of 0.125 whorl. Shoulder flat, sculpture consisting of only fine irregular growth lines. Base with 2–3 strong axial lamellae as on teleoconch I. Umbilicus wide, distinct funiculus, underside of protoconch visible. No selenizone; foramen oblong, raised to chimney. Aperture subquadrate, peristome thickened. Animal unknown. Distribution. West Norfolk Ridge and northern New Zealand, 33– 805 m. Specimen records. Wanganella Bank,West Norfolk Ridge. 32.536 ˚S, 167.512 ˚E, 113 m (NMNZ M.257269, 1); summit, 32.543 ˚S, 167.487 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.301398, 4; NMNZ M.174835, 1); summit, 32.653 ˚S, 167.528 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174826, 1); summit, 32.666 ˚S, 167.560 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174825, 5). New Zealand. Three Kings Islands: Three Kings Trough, 34.000 ˚S, 171.917 ˚E, 805 m (NMNZ M. 160302, 1); N of Great Island, 34.016 ˚S, 172.117 ˚E, 622 m (NMNZ M.034601, 2); Middlesex Bank, 34.033 ˚S, 171.733 ˚E, 246–291 m (NMNZ M.148570, 1); reef between Great Island and Farmer Rocks, 34.150 ˚S, 172.167 ˚E, 33 m (NMNZ M. 160303, 1). Remarks. The thickening of the peristome resembles the condition seen in Liotiidae and is a clear sign of fully grown specimens. Accordingly, the absence of a selenizone is not an indication of juvenile specimens, but is a distinct, species-specific character. Satondella minuta from the Indo-Pacific has a smooth protoconch, has a selenizone, and has distinct spirals over the entire teleoconch. Satondella bicristata n. sp. from New Zealand has twice as many but lower axial cords/ lamellae and has distinct spirals particularly on the base. Satondella dantarti Luque, Geiger & Rolán, 2011, has a selenizone, distinct spiral sculpture on the teleoconch as well as axial lamellae on the shoulder.

Scissurella d���Orbigny, 1824 Type species. Scissurella laevigata (SD: Gray 1847) [possibly a synonym of Scissurella costata d���Orbigny, 1824: cf. Marshall 2002].Temperate and tropical waters of all oceans, Jurassic through Recent., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1847) A list of the genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 129 - 219.","Marshall, B. A. (2002) Some Recent scissurellids from the New Zealand region, and remarks on some scissurellid genus group names (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Molluscan Research, 22, 165 - 181."]}

Sinezona platyspira new species (Figure 7) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 301400: Fig. 7 A). 0.95 × 0.6 mm. Paratype from type locality (NMNZ M.301399, 1: Fig. 7 B). Type locality. West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga, New Zealand, 34.298 ˚S, 168.430 ˚E, 785–800 m, 2 June 2003, RV Tangaroa, comminuted coral and bryozoans. Etymology. Platy-, flat, -spira, spire: referring to the flat spire of the species. Adjective. Description. Shell small (to 0.95 mm. Fig. 7), trochiform depressed. Protoconch 1 whorl, strong axials, no apertural varix, apertural margin convex. Teleoconch I of 0.9–1.1 whorls, 12–26 axial lamellae, interstices with finest growth marks, no spirals. Teleoconch II of 0.6 whorl, suture deeply impressed. Shoulder flat; approximately 12–21 axial cords, often restricted to adsutural quarter, in some specimens almost absent; no spirals. Base with distinct constriction below selenizone; on teleoconch I, axial lamellae continuous into umbilicus; on teleoconch II, fewer axial lamellae (approximately 6) fading out towards umbilicus; no spirals. Umbilicus open, deep, cavity produced by rounded portion of previous whorls, underside of protoconch visible, bordered by strong spiral cord. Aperture tilted, D-shaped, roof overhanging. Selenizone above periphery, keels strong, quite elevated; lunules distinct, foramen closed with short anterior raphe. Animal unknown. Distribution. West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga, northern New Zealand, 785– 800 m. Specimen records. West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga, 34.285 ˚S, 168.430 ˚E, 785–800 m (NMNZ M.172128, 31). Remarks. Sinezona platyspira can be distinguished from New Zealand species as follows. Sinezona bandeli has a strong constriction on the base below the selenizone, has an umbilicus with straight walls, and the protoconch has an apertural varix. Sinezona brevis has an umbilicus with straight walls, a much shorter selenizone (0.1 vs. 0.4 whorl), and a more elevated spire. Sinezona iota has a much taller shell with protruding protoconch, the umbilicus has straight walls, and the protoconch has an apertural varix. Sinezona laqueus has a stronger constriction of the base below the selenizone, the umbilicus has straight walls, and has axial folds as opposed to lamellae. Sinezona levigata has a callus covering the umbilicus, lacks a constriction of the base below the umbilicus, and has no axial lamellae. Sinezona mechanica has an umbilicus with straight walls, about twice as many finer axial cords, and has axial cords over the entire width of the shoulder on teleoconch II. Sinezona pacifica has an umbilicus with straight walls, is overall taller, and has a protoconch with apertural varix. Sinezona pauperata lacks a selenizone, has a very narrow umbilicus, and lacks axial lamellae. The subantarctic Sin. subantarctica has a callus covering the umbilicus, a very short selenizone (Satondella minuta Bandel, 1998 from the Indo-Pacific has much more elevated keels bordering the foramen.

Sinezona Finlay, 1926 Type species. Schismope brevis Hedley, 1904 (OD). From temperate northern hemisphere to Antarctica, Eocene through Recent., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Sinezona wanganellica new species (Figures 8–9) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 303304: Fig. 8). 0.71 × 0.41 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.178433, 7). Wanganella Bank summit, West Norfolk Ridge, 32.606 °S, 167.584 °E, 120–126 m (NMNZ M.171826, 14: Fig. 9 B–C). Wanganella Bank summit, 32.573 °S, 167.517 °E, 113 m (NMNZ M.174832, 14: Fig. 9 A). Type locality. Wanganella Bank summit, West Norfolk Ridge, NW of Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand, 32.543 °S, 167.487 °E, 133 m, rhodolith gravel and red algae. Etymology. Named for the type locality; adjective. Description. Shell small (to 0.7 mm. Figs 8–9), trochiform depressed. Protoconch of 1 whorl, 19–21 sharp axials from midline to outer suture, embryonic cap with some irregular flocculations, no apertural varix, apertural margin slightly convex. Teleoconch I of 0.875–0.9 whorl with 12–22 sharp to elevated axial cords with onset close to suture on early teleoconch I shifting to past position of selenizone with onset of selenizone; interstices with finest growth marks, no spiral sculpture. Teleoconch II of 0.66 whorl, suture impressed. Shoulder overall flat, concave towards selenizone; mainly finest growth marks, 0–12 axial cords in adsutural quarter, no spiral sculpture. Base with distinct constriction below selenizone, same density and strength of axial cords as on teleoconch I; some axial cords not reaching umbilicus. Umbilicus formed by rounded portion of previous whorls, underside of protoconch visible. Selenizone above periphery; keels moderately strong, quite elevated; lunules very strong; slit closed anteriorly to foramen. Aperture rounded D-shaped, roof overhanging. Animal unknown. Distribution. West Norfolk Ridge, 113– 800 m. Specimen records. West Norfolk Ridge. 32.653 ˚S, 167.528 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174834, 1); 32.666 ˚S, 167.560 ˚E, 133 m (NMNZ M.174841, 5). ESE of Wanganella Bank, 34.284 ˚S, 168.430 ˚E, 785–800 m (NMNZ M.172128, 31). Remarks. Sinezona wanganellica can be distinguished from New Zealand species as follows. Sinezona bandeli Marshall, 2002 has an overall taller shell, has spiral threads on the shoulder and base of the teleoconch, and has a narrower umbilicus occluding the underside of the protoconch. Sinezona mechanica lacks a sunken in apex, has a more rounded whorl profile, and has at least 50 % more axial cords. Sinezona platyspira has a longer teleococh I (1.125 vs. 0.875 whorl) and has at least 50 % more axials on the protoconch. Scissurella regalis has a protoconch with at least 50 % more axials, which bear strong median thickenings, has a longer teleoconch (1.125 vs. 0.875 whorls), and retains an open slit.

Sinezona mechanica new species (Figures 4���6) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 174828: Fig. 4). 1.28 �� 0.88 mm. Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.045402, 2: Fig. 5 A���B). Additional paratypes: Saunders Canyon, off Otago Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand, 45.767 ˚S, 170.900 ˚E, 360 m (NMNZ M. 160300, 2: Fig. 5 C); Aerial Cove, Macquarie Island, 54.483 ˚S, 158.950 ˚E (AMS C.404496, 20). Type locality. Ocean Bay, Chatham Island, New Zealand, 43.833 ˚S, 176.783 ˚W, 12���15 m, 7 Dec. 2000, F.J. Brook, bryozoans, shell and sand from rock crevice. Etymology. Latin adjective referring to the sculpture of shell and protoconch suggestive of mechanical gears. Description. Shell small (to 0.89 mm. Figs 4���5), depressed trochiform globular. Protoconch of 1 whorl, many dense axial cords on centrifugal portion of whorls, thickened at top forming (near) continuous connecting spiral cord. Apertural varix terminal (Fig. 8 B), not connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 0.9���1 whorl, approximately 17���20 strong (occasionally barely perceptible) axial cords, no spirals. Teleoconch II of 0.6 whorl, suture little impressed. Shoulder slightly concave, same density and strength of axial cords as on teleoconch I, finest growth marks in interstices, no spirals. Base with weak constriction below selenizone, rounded, same density and strength of axial cords as on shoulder; approximately 4 weak, granular spiral cordlets in adumbilical 1 / 5 of base. Umbilicus of moderate width, at sharp angle to base, bordered by weak to moderate strength spiral cord, wall straight, smooth. Aperture rounded, roof overhanging. Selenizone above periphery; keels low, moderate strength; lunules distinct; slit open, margins somewhat converging. Radula (Fig. 6). Rachidian trapezoid, central cusp largest, three cusps on each side. Lateral teeth 1���3 similar, apical cusps largest, 4���6 on outer cutting edge. Lateral tooth 4 reduced, hook shaped, with 1 minute point on each side of tip. Lateral tooth 5 enlarged by broadening, apical cusp largest, 5���7 cusps along inner edge. Inner marginal teeth triangular, apical cusp largest, 1���2 along inner edge, 4���6 along outer edge of tip. Outer marginal teeth with spoon shaped tip bearing many fine bristles. Radular interlock of central field moderate. Distribution. Pleistocene to Recent of New Zealand, 12��� 106 m. Specimen records. New Zealand. Ranfurly Bank, East Cape, 37.546 ˚S, 178.812 ˚E, 94 m (NMNZ M.303294, 1); Ranfurly Bank, 37.551 ˚S, 178.825 ˚E, 89���94 m (NMNZ M.303293, 15); Ranfurly Bank, 37.553 ˚S, 178.838 ˚E, 71���76 m (NMNZ M.303295, 50); Ranfurly Bank, 37.556 ˚S, 178.805 ˚E, 103���106 m (NMNZ M.303327, 5); Ocean Bay, Chatham Island, 43.833 ˚S, 176.783 ˚W, 12���15 m (NMNZ M.174828, 1); Saunders Canyon, off Otago Peninsula, 45.766 ˚S, 170.900 ˚E, 360 m (NMNZ M. 160300, 2); NE of Cape Saunders, off Otago Peninsula, 45.833 ˚S, 170.933 ˚E, 105 m (NMNZ M.045402, 2); off Taieri, S of Dunedin, 46.250 ˚S, 170.483 ˚E, 91 m (NMNZ M.066283, 2); off Poutama Island, South Cape, Stewart Island, 47.266 ˚S, 167.383 ˚E, 55 m (NMNZ M.303296, 60). Macquarie Island. Aerial Cove, 54.483 ˚S, 158.950 ˚E (AMS C.404496, 20). New Zealand, fossil. GS 4057, Kaikokopu Shellbed (Castlecliffian, oxygen isotope stage 19, middle Pleistocene), coast E of Omapu Stream mouth, between Castlecliff and Kai-Iwi beaches, Wanganui, 39.907 ˚S, 174.941 ˚E (GNS, 1). Remarks. Sinezona mechanica can be distinguished from New Zealand species as follows. Sinezona apudornata (Laws, 1935) from the Miocene has a similar overall shape of the shell and similar overall sculpture of the protoconch, but its spire is much more elevated and it has a greater number of teleoconch II whorls (0.6 vs. 1.1). Sinezona bandeli Marshall, 2002 has a more subquadrate shell, much stronger constriction of the base below the selenizone, and lacks the top spiral cord on the protoconch. Sinezona brevis has a shorter selenizone (0.1 vs. 0.4 whorl), a more distinct periumbilical cord, and fine spiral threads on the shoulder. Sinezona enigmatica has axial cords on teleoconch I not reaching the suture and lacks distinct axial cords on teleoconch II. Sinezona iota (Finlay, 1926) is much taller, has strong axial lamellae, and lacks spiral sculpture on the base. Sinezona laqueus (Finlay, 1926) has a subquadrate overall shell shape, strong prosocline axial folds, and strong lunules in the selenizone. Sinezona levigata has an umbilical callus, has an overall wider shell, and has spiral sculpture on the shoulder and the base. Sinezona pacifica (Oliver, 1915) has stronger spiral sculpture on shoulder and base, a narrower umbilicus, and lacks the top spiral cord on the protoconch. Sinezona pauperata Powell, 1933 lacks a selenizone, has a round foramen, and a very narrow umbilicus. Sinezona platyspira n. sp. has a flatter spire, the umbilicus is produced by the rounded portions of the previous whorls, and the protoconch lacks the top spiral as well as an apertural varix. The widely distributed subantarctic species Sin. subantarctica (Hedley, 1916) has a callus over the umbilicus, a very short (or absent) selenizone, and the protoconch lacks the top spiral cord and an apertural varix., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. (2002) Some Recent scissurellids from the New Zealand region, and remarks on some scissurellid genus group names (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Molluscan Research, 22, 165 - 181."]}

Sinezona enigmatica new species (Figures 2–3) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 303302: Fig. 2). Paratypes from type locality (AMS C.461493, 13: Fig. 3). 1.24 × 0.86 mm. Type locality. McGregors Bay, Whangarei Harbour, northern New Zealand, 36.750 ˚S, 175.467 ˚E, low tide. Etymology. Enigma, Latin for something inexplicable, referring to the surprising finding of a new species in a well-collected area, adjective; see also Remarks. Description. Shell medium size (to 1.24 mm. Figs 2–3), trochiform depressed. Protoconch of 1 whorl, strong axial sculpture with median thickenings, apertural varix not connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 0.9–1.1 whorls, 12–13 strong axial cords, diminishing in strength with growth, hardly perceptible at onset of selenizone, weaker towards suture; interstices with fine irregular growth marks. Teleoconch with moderately impressed suture, 0.25–0.4 whorl. Shoulder slightly convex, weak irregular growth marks, faint spiral threads or low indistinct cords, irregularly spaced, approximately 8 at apertural margin. Base with weak constriction below selenizone, macroscopically smooth, fine indistinct spiral threads, most distinct at apertural margin; threads finest and densest below selenizone, fewer, more prominent cordlets near umbilicus. Umbilicus at angle to base, surrounded by weak cords; walls with finest growth increments, straight. Aperture ovoid, roof overhanging. Selenizone above periphery; keels low, moderately strong; lunules indistinct; foramen with raphe extending anteriorly. Animal unknown. Distribution. Northern New Zealand, intertidal. Remarks. Sinezona brevis (Hedley, 1904) from New Zealand has a proportionally taller shell, its protoconch lacks the strong medial thickenings and has a strong apertural varix, has axial cords also on teleoconch II, and has distinct spiral threads on shoulder and base. Sinezona levigata (Iredale, 1908) from New Zealand has weak or distinct sculpture of spiral and axial cords forming a reticulate pattern, an umbilical callus, and a very short or even no selenizone, at most as long as the foramen. Sinezona finlayi (Laws, 1948) from the Tertiary of New Zealand has stronger spiral sculpture particularly on the base and has axial cords on teleoconch II as well. Sinezona mechanica n. sp. from New Zealand has axial cords on teleoconch I reaching the suture and distinct axial cords on teleoconch II. The smooth surface of the last whorl and the relatively rapidly expanding whorls are shared with Incisura species, we also compare the new species to similar members of that genus. Incisura lyttletonensis (E.A. Smith, 1894) and I. rosea (Hedley, 1904) from the Recent fauna of New Zealand have an open slit. Incisura auriformis Geiger & Jansen, 2004, from Australia shares the closed foramen, but has more rapidly expanding whorls, and a very strong bulging cord surrounding the umbilicus. The finding of the single lot in shallow water from McGregors Bay, Whangarei Harbour raises some questions. This bay has been very thoroughly collected (notably by W.F. Ponder: material NMNZ), yet not a single additional specimen of this species has been obtained from there or anywhere else in the New Zealand region. Whangarei Harbour is an important port for international shipping to and from New Zealand. Various options to account for the specimens were explored. Specimens could have been mislabeled, which is more likely as no further information on collector or date of collection are available, but the adjacent catalog numbers contain typical New Zealand scissurellid taxa, suggesting a single collection event. The specimens could have been brought to New Zealand in commercial ship ballast. If the specimens are indeed adventive, the morphospecies still is new to science and unknown from elsewhere (> 10,000 lots and> 72,000 specimens examined in the context of a global monograph Geiger, unpubl. data). There are other examples of single lot, shallow water species from other wellcollected areas, such as the western Mediterranean (Geiger, unpubl. data). Reluctantly, we take the collection data at face value, and describe this new species with its associated type locality. Confirmation at the stated type locality, or discovery of its true native location will be desirable.

Sinezona platyspira new species (Figure 7) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 301400: Fig. 7 A). 0.95 �� 0.6 mm. Paratype from type locality (NMNZ M.301399, 1: Fig. 7 B). Type locality. West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga, New Zealand, 34.298 ˚S, 168.430 ˚E, 785���800 m, 2 June 2003, RV Tangaroa, comminuted coral and bryozoans. Etymology. Platy-, flat, -spira, spire: referring to the flat spire of the species. Adjective. Description. Shell small (to 0.95 mm. Fig. 7), trochiform depressed. Protoconch 1 whorl, strong axials, no apertural varix, apertural margin convex. Teleoconch I of 0.9���1.1 whorls, 12���26 axial lamellae, interstices with finest growth marks, no spirals. Teleoconch II of 0.6 whorl, suture deeply impressed. Shoulder flat; approximately 12���21 axial cords, often restricted to adsutural quarter, in some specimens almost absent; no spirals. Base with distinct constriction below selenizone; on teleoconch I, axial lamellae continuous into umbilicus; on teleoconch II, fewer axial lamellae (approximately 6) fading out towards umbilicus; no spirals. Umbilicus open, deep, cavity produced by rounded portion of previous whorls, underside of protoconch visible, bordered by strong spiral cord. Aperture tilted, D-shaped, roof overhanging. Selenizone above periphery, keels strong, quite elevated; lunules distinct, foramen closed with short anterior raphe. Animal unknown. Distribution. West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga, northern New Zealand, 785��� 800 m. Specimen records. West Norfolk Ridge, W of Cape Reinga, 34.285 ˚S, 168.430 ˚E, 785���800 m (NMNZ M.172128, 31). Remarks. Sinezona platyspira can be distinguished from New Zealand species as follows. Sinezona bandeli has a strong constriction on the base below the selenizone, has an umbilicus with straight walls, and the protoconch has an apertural varix. Sinezona brevis has an umbilicus with straight walls, a much shorter selenizone (0.1 vs. 0.4 whorl), and a more elevated spire. Sinezona iota has a much taller shell with protruding protoconch, the umbilicus has straight walls, and the protoconch has an apertural varix. Sinezona laqueus has a stronger constriction of the base below the selenizone, the umbilicus has straight walls, and has axial folds as opposed to lamellae. Sinezona levigata has a callus covering the umbilicus, lacks a constriction of the base below the umbilicus, and has no axial lamellae. Sinezona mechanica has an umbilicus with straight walls, about twice as many finer axial cords, and has axial cords over the entire width of the shoulder on teleoconch II. Sinezona pacifica has an umbilicus with straight walls, is overall taller, and has a protoconch with apertural varix. Sinezona pauperata lacks a selenizone, has a very narrow umbilicus, and lacks axial lamellae. The subantarctic Sin. subantarctica has a callus covering the umbilicus, a very short selenizone (Satondella minuta Bandel, 1998 from the Indo-Pacific has much more elevated keels bordering the foramen., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 9-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Anatoma kopua new species (Figures 16���17) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 174848: Fig. 16). 4.26 �� 4.53 mm. Paratypes: off Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 33.600 ˚S, 152.083 ˚E, 1143 ��� 1106 m (AMS C.453747, 5: Fig. 17 A); Lord Howe Rise, SE of Lord Howe Island, Tasman Sea, 34.272 ˚S, 163.102 ˚E, 1186 m (NMNZ M.174864, 1: Fig. 17 B); Challenger Plateau, New Zealand, 40.835 ˚S, 168.247 ˚E, 1005���1009 m (NMNZ M.174847, 1: Fig. 17 C). Type locality. Challenger Plateau, New Zealand, 40.713 ˚S, 167.933 ˚E, 1029 m, 18 Apr. 1980, RV Tangaroa, foraminiferal ooze. Etymology. Deep (New Zealand Maori). Adjective. Description. Shell large (4.27 �� 4.58 mm: Figs 16���17), trochiform biconical turreted. Protoconch large (275 ��m), 0.75 whorl, flocculent sculpture, no apertural varix, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 0.3���0.4 whorl, 12���15 axial cords, spiral cord in position of selenizone. Teleoconch II of 4 whorls, suture moderately impressed, sutsel less than width of selenizone on early whorls, about twice as wide as selenizone at apertural margin of large specimen. Shoulder moderately convex, regular axial cords, approximately 40 on first whorl, interstices about 4 times as wide as cords; after 1���2 teleoconch II whorls, about 2���5 at apertural margin, irregularly spaced. Base with constriction below selenizone, same strength and density of axial cords, spiral threads regularly spaced, stronger than those on shoulder, approximately 20, noticeable absence of spirals from a gap immediately below selenizone. Umbilicus open, narrow, obscured by reflexed adumbilical portion of peristome. Selenizone slightly above periphery, rather wide, lunules rather strong, keels moderately strong, rather elevated (Fig. 17 A). Animal unknown. Figure 16. Anatoma kopua new species. Holotype. Challenger Plateau, New Zealand, 1029 m (NMNZ M. 174848). Scale bar shell = 1 mm. Scale bar protoconch = 100 ��m. Distribution. New South Wales, Australia and New Zealand, approximately 1000 m. Remarks. Anatoma equatoria from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago has a more turreted shell shape, has spiral threads on the base immediately below the selenizone, and has a more inflated base. Anatoma flexidentata Geiger & Sasaki, 2008 from the Indo-West Pacific has a shorter teleoconch I (0.3 vs. 0.5 whorl), has a more globular whorl profile, and has spiral threads on the base immediately below the selenizone. Anatoma maxima (Schepmann, 1908) from the Indo-Malayan Archipelago and Western Pacific has the selenizone closer to the periphery, has an overall more discoidal shell shape, and has at least four times as many spiral threads on the shoulder. Anatoma aedonia (Watson, 1886) from the Caribbean and off Brazil has a more turreted overall shell shape, a wider sutsel on early whorls (2 �� vs. 1 �� widths of selenizone), has a longer teleoconch I (0.75���1 vs. 0.5 whorl), and has a narrower selenizone. Anatoma amoena (Thiele, 1912) from Antarctica has a protoconch with reticulate sculpture, a longer teleoconch I (1 vs. 0.5 whorl), and has spiral threads immediately below the selenizone on the base., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Sinezona enigmatica new species (Figures 2���3) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 303302: Fig. 2). Paratypes from type locality (AMS C.461493, 13: Fig. 3). 1.24 �� 0.86 mm. Type locality. McGregors Bay, Whangarei Harbour, northern New Zealand, 36.750 ˚S, 175.467 ˚E, low tide. Etymology. Enigma, Latin for something inexplicable, referring to the surprising finding of a new species in a well-collected area, adjective; see also Remarks. Description. Shell medium size (to 1.24 mm. Figs 2���3), trochiform depressed. Protoconch of 1 whorl, strong axial sculpture with median thickenings, apertural varix not connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 0.9���1.1 whorls, 12���13 strong axial cords, diminishing in strength with growth, hardly perceptible at onset of selenizone, weaker towards suture; interstices with fine irregular growth marks. Teleoconch with moderately impressed suture, 0.25���0.4 whorl. Shoulder slightly convex, weak irregular growth marks, faint spiral threads or low indistinct cords, irregularly spaced, approximately 8 at apertural margin. Base with weak constriction below selenizone, macroscopically smooth, fine indistinct spiral threads, most distinct at apertural margin; threads finest and densest below selenizone, fewer, more prominent cordlets near umbilicus. Umbilicus at angle to base, surrounded by weak cords; walls with finest growth increments, straight. Aperture ovoid, roof overhanging. Selenizone above periphery; keels low, moderately strong; lunules indistinct; foramen with raphe extending anteriorly. Animal unknown. Distribution. Northern New Zealand, intertidal. Remarks. Sinezona brevis (Hedley, 1904) from New Zealand has a proportionally taller shell, its protoconch lacks the strong medial thickenings and has a strong apertural varix, has axial cords also on teleoconch II, and has distinct spiral threads on shoulder and base. Sinezona levigata (Iredale, 1908) from New Zealand has weak or distinct sculpture of spiral and axial cords forming a reticulate pattern, an umbilical callus, and a very short or even no selenizone, at most as long as the foramen. Sinezona finlayi (Laws, 1948) from the Tertiary of New Zealand has stronger spiral sculpture particularly on the base and has axial cords on teleoconch II as well. Sinezona mechanica n. sp. from New Zealand has axial cords on teleoconch I reaching the suture and distinct axial cords on teleoconch II. The smooth surface of the last whorl and the relatively rapidly expanding whorls are shared with Incisura species, we also compare the new species to similar members of that genus. Incisura lyttletonensis (E.A. Smith, 1894) and I. rosea (Hedley, 1904) from the Recent fauna of New Zealand have an open slit. Incisura auriformis Geiger & Jansen, 2004, from Australia shares the closed foramen, but has more rapidly expanding whorls, and a very strong bulging cord surrounding the umbilicus. The finding of the single lot in shallow water from McGregors Bay, Whangarei Harbour raises some questions. This bay has been very thoroughly collected (notably by W.F. Ponder: material NMNZ), yet not a single additional specimen of this species has been obtained from there or anywhere else in the New Zealand region. Whangarei Harbour is an important port for international shipping to and from New Zealand. Various options to account for the specimens were explored. Specimens could have been mislabeled, which is more likely as no further information on collector or date of collection are available, but the adjacent catalog numbers contain typical New Zealand scissurellid taxa, suggesting a single collection event. The specimens could have been brought to New Zealand in commercial ship ballast. If the specimens are indeed adventive, the morphospecies still is new to science and unknown from elsewhere (> 10,000 lots and> 72,000 specimens examined in the context of a global monograph Geiger, unpubl. data). There are other examples of single lot, shallow water species from other wellcollected areas, such as the western Mediterranean (Geiger, unpubl. data). Reluctantly, we take the collection data at face value, and describe this new species with its associated type locality. Confirmation at the stated type locality, or discovery of its true native location will be desirable., Published as part of Geiger, Daniel L. & Marshall, Bruce A., 2012, New species of Scissurellidae, Anatomidae, and Larocheidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from New Zealand and beyond, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3344 on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281437

Scissurella regalis new species (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype (NMNZ M. 173745: Fig. 1 A). Paratypes from type locality (NMNZ M.303322, 12: Fig. 1 B). 1.16 × 0.76 mm. Type locality. Three Kings Rise, New Zealand, 31.866 ˚S, 172.433 ˚E, 780–790 m, RV Rapuhia, 5 Feb. 1988, comminuted bryozoans and shell. Etymology. Regalis, Latin for royal in reference to the type locality. Description. Shell small (to 1.16 mm: holotype. Fig. 1 A), trochiform, depressed. Protoconch of 1 whorl, fine axials with strong median thickenings, no apertural varix, apertural margin straight. Teleoconch I of 1.125 whorls, 23–27 axial lamellae, no spiral sculpture. Teleoconch II of 0.66 whorl, suture strongly impressed. Shoulder with axial lamellae of increasing density (holotype), interstices with fine growth lines, no spiral sculpture. Base with slight constriction below selenizone, same strength and density of axial lamellae as on shoulder, indistinct spiral threads on last quarter whorl from below selenizone, growing fainter towards umbilicus. Umbilicus wide, rounded whorls, underside of protoconch visible. Selenizone above periphery, keels moderately strong, moderately elevated; slit open, margins parallel. Animal unknown. Distribution. Three King Rise, 780– 790 m. Remarks. This species is only known from the type lots. Scissurella regalis is strikingly similar to Sinezona platyspira n. sp., but the slit has parallel rather than convergent margins and the axial lamellae extend almost to the selenizone rim on the last half whorl. The crowding of the axial lamellae towards the apertural margin in the holotype indicates that it is a fully-grown specimen and not a juvenile of a Sinezona species, in which the foramen has yet to close. A comparable Scissurella-Sinezona pair is Scissurella azorensis Nolt, 2008 and Sinezona semicostata Burnay & Rolán, 1990, from the Macaronesian Islands. Small specimens of Sci. regalis and Sin. platyspira may be indistinguishable based on shell morphology. Scissurella prendrevillei Powell, 1933 (DLG [pers. obs.] suspects that Sci. marshalli Bandel, 1998 is a synonym) from New Zealand has a protoconch with fine axials but has less distinct median thickenings, has fewer axial lamellae on teleoconch I (17–20 vs. 23–27), and usually has broad but low spiral cords surrounding the umbilicus. Scissurella azorensis from the Azores and the Western Mediterranean and Sci. maraisorum Geiger, 2006 from eastern South Africa have broader and lower axial cords, which do not reach the suture, and have no spiral sculpture on shoulder or base. The Panamic Scissurella kaiserae Geiger, 2006 has a shorter teleoconch I ( 1 whorl), lacks spiral sculpture on the shoulder, and the axial cords are at most as tall as wide. Scissurella lobini (Burnay & Rolán, 1990) from the northeastern Atlantic has a protoconch with more widely spaced axial cords devoid of a median thickening, lacks spiral sculpture on the teleoconch, and has at least 50 % fewer axial cords.

Bathymodiolus (s. l.) heretaunga Saether, Little, Campbell, Marshall, Collins and Alfaro sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 10, 16) ?Mytilid closely resembling Idasola Beu & Maxwell, 1990. Bathymodiolus aduloides.��� Collins, 1999: 33, pls. 1���4, Table 1 not Hashimoto & Okutani, 1994.? Bathymodiolus n. sp. A Collins, 1999. Group 1 (G 1) Collins, 1999. Group 2 (G 2) Collins, 1999. Modiolus areolatus.��� Collins, 1999: Table 1 not Gould, 1850. Xenostrobus cf. altijugatus Collins, 1999 not Marwick, 1931. Modiolus areolatus.��� Campbell et al. 2008: 92, Table 1 not Gould, 1850. Xenostrobus cf. altijugatus Campbell et al. 2008 not Marwick, 1931. Smaller, stouter, flared variety that resembles... Bathymodiolus aduloides Campbell et al., 2008. Holotype. Specimen TM 8719, (Figs. 5 A. 6, B. 1���4), adult, UOA, borrowed from GNS. Type locality. Puketawa (Y 16 /f0580), Hawke���s Bay, North Island, New Zealand;?late Early Miocene��� Middle Miocene (Clifdenian���Lillburnian) hydrocarbon seep carbonate. Paratypes. 17 moderately to well preserved small to large specimens. Two medium sized, L 4171, L 4178, from Karikarihuata (Y 16 /f 1049, Y 16 /f 1043); one medium sized, TM 8717, one large, TM 8724 (Fig. 5 A. 8), from Puketawa (Y 16 /f0580); three small, L 4099 (Fig. 5 A. 1), L 4100 (Fig. 5 A. 2), L 4201 (Fig. 5 A. 3), four medium sized, L 4071, L 4084, L 4166 (Fig. 5 A. 5), L 4198, one large, TM 8727, from Rocky Knob (Y 16 /f0641, Y 16 /f 1036, Y 16 /f 1038, Y 16 /f 1039, Y 16 /f 1040, Y 16 /f 1041, Y 16 /f 1043); one small, TM 8733, one large, TM 8734 (Fig. 5 A. 7), from Tauwhareparae (Y 16 /f0539); one small, L 4066, two medium sized, L 4068, L 4088, from Totaranui (Y 16 /f 1056). All specimens at UOA, five borrowed from GNS. See Table 4 for dimensions. Other material. 199 poorly to well preserved small to large specimens: 19 from Bexhaven (Y 16 /f0566, Y 16 /f 1032, Y 16 /f 1048); nine from Karikarihuata (Y 16 /f0575, Y 16 /f 1046, Y 16 /f 1049, Y 16 /f 1051, Y 16 / f 1052, Y 16 /f 1053); two from Moonlight North (Y 16 /f 1033, Y 16 /f 1054); 10 from Puketawa (Y 16 /f0580); 88 from Rocky Knob (Y 16 /f0641, Y 16 /f0642, Y 16 /f 1028, Y 16 /f 1029, Y 16 /f 1030, Y 16 /f 1034, Y 16 /f 1036, Y 16 / f 1037, Y 16 /f 1038, Y 16 /f 1039, Y 16 /f 1040, Y 16 /f 1041, Y 16 /f 1042, Y 16 /f 1043, Y 16 /f 1044); nine from Tauwhareparae (Y 16 /f0539, Y 16 /f 1055); 40 from Totaranui (Y 16 /f0575, Y 16 /f 1056); 16 from Ugly Hill (U 23 /f0266); four from Wanstead (U 23 /f 7464); two from Waipiro (Z 16 /f0075, Z 16 /f 7491). See Appendix I for dimensions and specimen data. Approximately 97 others from all localities, too poorly preserved for verifiable identification and use in descriptions. All specimens at UOA, 53 borrowed from GNS. Etymology. The Māori name for Hawke���s Bay, a region of New Zealand throughout which localities bearing fossils of this species are found; used as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Shell rather small for group (L up to 95.4 mm), highly variable in shape; umbones situated at 5���14 % shell length; umbonal region rather pronounced, angulated; anterior margin broadly rounded in some immature specimens; ventral margin slightly concave in some adult specimens, convex in immature specimens. Description. Shell rather small for group (L up to 95.4 mm, H up to 35.0 mm, I up to 27.9 mm), elliptical in immature specimens, modioliform in adult specimens (some specimens cuneiform), essentially equivalve, rather thin (usually not preserved or expressed only in flaky patches), highly variable in shape but generally becoming slightly more elongate with growth, adult (L ��� 38 mm) H/L = 0.37���0.57 (mean = 0.48), smaller specimens with H/L = 0.41���0.57 (mean = 0.50), of which small specimens (L Remarks. The new species is identified as a bathymodioline owing to its occurrence at hydrocarbon seep sites and the modioliform shell shape and size. It is assigned to the B. childressi clade mainly because of the scar of the posterior byssal retractors, which form a continuous scar united with the posterior adductor, reflecting the multibundle posterior byssal retractor complex diagnostic of modern species of this clade. This key feature distinguishes it from members of the B. aduloides and B. thermophilus clades, which have well separated anterior and posterior portions of the posterior byssal retractor. The new species can also be assigned to the B. childressi group (within the B. childressi clade) with some confidence. Each of the diagnostic characters of this group are satisfied in that the shell is small (range is small to rather large), the umbones are subterminal to almost terminal, and the anterior byssal retractor scar is located in the posterior part of the umbonal cavity. The only criterion that is not met precisely is the anterior margin, which is always narrowly rounded in the definition of the B. childressi group, but is broadly rounded in some immature specimens of B. heretaunga, although narrowly rounded in most specimens. There also are key features that exclude B. heretaunga from the other groups of the clade. The shells are too small and stout for the B. (s. l.) edisonensis, B. (s. l.) tangaroa and Gigantidas groups, and the position of the anterior byssal retractor scar is different from each. The new species cannot be placed in the B. (s. l.) japonicus group, which consists solely of B. japonicus Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994, because this species has the anterior byssal retractor scar located in the anterior portion of the umbonal cavity, and its anterior margin is not narrowly rounded in adult specimens. The subterminal umbonal placement of B. heretaunga eliminates inclusion within the B. (s. l.) hirtus group, which contains species with umbones that protrude beyond the anterior margin of the shell. The new species is introduced as the smallest member of the B. childressi group, the largest specimen of B. heretaunga being 15 % smaller than the next smallest described species, B. (s. l.) mauritanicus Cosel, 2002. Bathymodiolus heretaunga has a quite distinct H/L ratio throughout ontogeny compared to any other member of the group, or for that matter the clade. Within the B. childressi group, the H/L ratio of the new species is closest to B. childressi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998 but it is more variable, becoming more elongate when fully grown, and B. mauritanicus and B. (s. l.) platifrons Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 are yet stouter and less variable than B. heretaunga. Bathymodiolus heretaunga has a rather thin shell like B. childressi, but in B. mauritanicus and B. platifrons the shell is thick and solid. Immature specimens of the new species never develop concavity in the ventral margin unlike B. childressi, and ventral concavity is less marked in adult specimens than in B. mauritanicus. The umbones are situated more terminally in the other three species of the group than in the new species, which results in a more protrusive anterior portion of the shell in B. heretaunga. The umbones also are far more prominent and angulated in B. heretaunga than in any other species of the group. The ligament extends over a greater portion of the dorsal margin in B. heretaunga than in B. childressi, and ends in a moderate taper like B. childressi but unlike B. mauritanicus and B. platifrons, in which it ends abruptly. The subligamental ridge runs beneath the ligament for a similar length to B. mauritanicus, but is only visible from the ventral perspective, whereas it is visible from both ventral and lateral views in B. mauritanicus. The subligamental ridge also is only visible from the ventral view in B. platifrons, however it is typically more distinct in this species. The muscle scars of the new species are similar in size and location to the other species of the group, although they are always indistinct in B. childressi, but may be well impressed in B. heretaunga (Fig. 6 D���F). The new species is most similar to the fossil Japanese species B. akanudaensis, with which it shares a similar lateral profile, but B. akanudaensis shows a lesser tendency towards elongation with growth, is generally more strongly inflated than B. heretaunga, and has slightly more terminal umbones. B. akanudaensis also is apparently less variable, and confirmed specimens of the Japanese fossil species have not been observed to reach as large a size as B. heretaunga. Furthermore, features of the internal shell of B. akanudaensis are unknown, and the muscle scars were a key factor in deciding the placement of B. heretaunga, therefore comparison on this important basis is impossible. Although the majority of B. heretaunga specimens are small, occasionally anomalously large specimens have been collected, especially from Tauwhareparae and Totaranui (Table 4). These larger specimens are herein assigned to the same variable new species as the smaller ones on the basis of population-level variation, but it may be that larger specimens from these sites represent a different species. Speciation cannot be confirmed because details of features necessary for species-level identification are unavailable from the collected specimens. This size distribution pattern is also seen in collections of B. akanudaensis and unconfirmed larger mussel specimens from the same deposits in Central Japan, with the bulk of specimens of confirmed B. akanudaensis being relatively small but the larger mussel specimens sometimes reaching over 100 mm in length and being rather more elongate. Work on the taxonomic relationship among these differently sized specimens is ongoing (T. Nobuhara, pers. comm. 2009). Other intra-site variations also are recognized among the specimens of B. heretaunga of this study, again herein regarded as population-level differences in lieu of further specimen collection and establishment of important species-level identifying features. Some of the larger specimens from Bexhaven have more markedly concave ventral margins, and appear to develop one or two moderately strong ridges that run from the umbonal region posteriorly, but this is only observed in three specimens. Some specimens from the type locality Puketawa appear to have the umbones situated less anteriorly, with a more bean-shaped form. They more strongly resemble the shell shape of species of Adipicola Dautzenberg, 1927, but there is not enough diagnostic detail in the specimens available for confirmation of this placement. Morphometric data of Puketawa specimens also reveal them to be the least divergent from the ���typical��� size and shape of B. heretaunga of any site population. Finally, specimens from Ugly Hill, the best-sampled of the southern hydrocarbon seep sites, generally appear to have a more cuneiform overall shape, formed by a more pronounced and narrowly rounded posterodorsal corner, although two Ugly Hill specimens provide muscle scar features that are consistent with others from the northern sites (Fig. 6 H), and are more confidently regarded as conspecific. Each of the sites that yielded specimens with suspected population variations also contained specimens that were morphologically close to others sites, suggesting an intra- and inter-site spectrum of shape and size that does not lend itself to separating species easily, especially because of the prevalently poor to moderate preservational condition of the specimens. Principal component analysis of shell height, length, and umbonal placement in those specimens that were preserved well enough for quantitative analysis also did not yield any obvious inter-site patterns (data not shown). The ranges and means of shell height/length ratios of specimens were compared between sites and shown to have considerable overlap, even where the sample data set was quite small and with more potential for anomaly (Fig. 7). The unsuccessful statistical and morphometric attempts to isolate clear variations in shell shape and size between and within sites support the decision to erect a single, variable species until such time as further evidence may prove otherwise., Published as part of Saether, Kristian P., Little, Crispin T. S., Campbell, Kathleen A., Marshall, Bruce A., Collins, Mike & Alfaro, Andrea C., 2010, New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 2577 on pages 14-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197498, {"references":["Beu, A. G. & Maxwell, P. A. (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 58, 1 - 518.","Collins, M. (1999) A biometric and taxonomic study of Miocene-age, hydrocarbon-seep mussels from the East Coast of the North Island, New Zealand. MSc thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, 67 pp.","Hashimoto, J. & Okutani, T. (1994) Four new mytilid mussels associated with deepsea (sic) chemosynthetic communities around Japan. Venus, 53, 61 - 83.","Gould, A. A. (1850) Shells from the United States Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 343 - 348.","Marwick, J. (1931) The Tertiary Mollusca of the Gisborne district. New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin, 13, 1 - 177.","Campbell, K. A., Francis, D. A., Collins, M., Gregory, M. R., Greinert, J. & Aharon, P. (2008) Hydrocarbon seepcarbonates of a Miocene forearc (East Coast Basin), North Island, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology, 204, 83 - 105.","Cosel, R. von (2002) A new species of bathymodioline mussel (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from Mauritania (West Africa), with comments on the genus Bathymodiolus Kenk & Wilson, 1985. Zoosystema, 24, 259 - 271.","Gustafson, R. G., Turner, R. D., Lutz, R. A. & Vrijenhoek, R. C. (1998) A new genus and five new species of mussels (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from deep-sea sulfide / hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Malacologia, 40, 63 - 112.","Dautzenberg, P. (1927) Mollusques provenant des campagnes scientifiques du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco dans l'Ocean Altantique et dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par Albert Ier, 72, 1 - 400."]}

Bathymodiolus (s. l.) heretaunga Saether, Little, Campbell, Marshall, Collins and Alfaro sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 10, 16) ?Mytilid closely resembling Idasola Beu & Maxwell, 1990. Bathymodiolus aduloides.— Collins, 1999: 33, pls. 1–4, Table 1 not Hashimoto & Okutani, 1994.? Bathymodiolus n. sp. A Collins, 1999. Group 1 (G 1) Collins, 1999. Group 2 (G 2) Collins, 1999. Modiolus areolatus.— Collins, 1999: Table 1 not Gould, 1850. Xenostrobus cf. altijugatus Collins, 1999 not Marwick, 1931. Modiolus areolatus.— Campbell et al. 2008: 92, Table 1 not Gould, 1850. Xenostrobus cf. altijugatus Campbell et al. 2008 not Marwick, 1931. Smaller, stouter, flared variety that resembles... Bathymodiolus aduloides Campbell et al., 2008. Holotype. Specimen TM 8719, (Figs. 5 A. 6, B. 1–4), adult, UOA, borrowed from GNS. Type locality. Puketawa (Y 16 /f0580), Hawke’s Bay, North Island, New Zealand;?late Early Miocene– Middle Miocene (Clifdenian–Lillburnian) hydrocarbon seep carbonate. Paratypes. 17 moderately to well preserved small to large specimens. Two medium sized, L 4171, L 4178, from Karikarihuata (Y 16 /f 1049, Y 16 /f 1043); one medium sized, TM 8717, one large, TM 8724 (Fig. 5 A. 8), from Puketawa (Y 16 /f0580); three small, L 4099 (Fig. 5 A. 1), L 4100 (Fig. 5 A. 2), L 4201 (Fig. 5 A. 3), four medium sized, L 4071, L 4084, L 4166 (Fig. 5 A. 5), L 4198, one large, TM 8727, from Rocky Knob (Y 16 /f0641, Y 16 /f 1036, Y 16 /f 1038, Y 16 /f 1039, Y 16 /f 1040, Y 16 /f 1041, Y 16 /f 1043); one small, TM 8733, one large, TM 8734 (Fig. 5 A. 7), from Tauwhareparae (Y 16 /f0539); one small, L 4066, two medium sized, L 4068, L 4088, from Totaranui (Y 16 /f 1056). All specimens at UOA, five borrowed from GNS. See Table 4 for dimensions. Other material. 199 poorly to well preserved small to large specimens: 19 from Bexhaven (Y 16 /f0566, Y 16 /f 1032, Y 16 /f 1048); nine from Karikarihuata (Y 16 /f0575, Y 16 /f 1046, Y 16 /f 1049, Y 16 /f 1051, Y 16 / f 1052, Y 16 /f 1053); two from Moonlight North (Y 16 /f 1033, Y 16 /f 1054); 10 from Puketawa (Y 16 /f0580); 88 from Rocky Knob (Y 16 /f0641, Y 16 /f0642, Y 16 /f 1028, Y 16 /f 1029, Y 16 /f 1030, Y 16 /f 1034, Y 16 /f 1036, Y 16 / f 1037, Y 16 /f 1038, Y 16 /f 1039, Y 16 /f 1040, Y 16 /f 1041, Y 16 /f 1042, Y 16 /f 1043, Y 16 /f 1044); nine from Tauwhareparae (Y 16 /f0539, Y 16 /f 1055); 40 from Totaranui (Y 16 /f0575, Y 16 /f 1056); 16 from Ugly Hill (U 23 /f0266); four from Wanstead (U 23 /f 7464); two from Waipiro (Z 16 /f0075, Z 16 /f 7491). See Appendix I for dimensions and specimen data. Approximately 97 others from all localities, too poorly preserved for verifiable identification and use in descriptions. All specimens at UOA, 53 borrowed from GNS. Etymology. The Māori name for Hawke’s Bay, a region of New Zealand throughout which localities bearing fossils of this species are found; used as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Shell rather small for group (L up to 95.4 mm), highly variable in shape; umbones situated at 5–14 % shell length; umbonal region rather pronounced, angulated; anterior margin broadly rounded in some immature specimens; ventral margin slightly concave in some adult specimens, convex in immature specimens. Description. Shell rather small for group (L up to 95.4 mm, H up to 35.0 mm, I up to 27.9 mm), elliptical in immature specimens, modioliform in adult specimens (some specimens cuneiform), essentially equivalve, rather thin (usually not preserved or expressed only in flaky patches), highly variable in shape but generally becoming slightly more elongate with growth, adult (L ≥ 38 mm) H/L = 0.37–0.57 (mean = 0.48), smaller specimens with H/L = 0.41–0.57 (mean = 0.50), of which small specimens (L Remarks. The new species is identified as a bathymodioline owing to its occurrence at hydrocarbon seep sites and the modioliform shell shape and size. It is assigned to the B. childressi clade mainly because of the scar of the posterior byssal retractors, which form a continuous scar united with the posterior adductor, reflecting the multibundle posterior byssal retractor complex diagnostic of modern species of this clade. This key feature distinguishes it from members of the B. aduloides and B. thermophilus clades, which have well separated anterior and posterior portions of the posterior byssal retractor. The new species can also be assigned to the B. childressi group (within the B. childressi clade) with some confidence. Each of the diagnostic characters of this group are satisfied in that the shell is small (range is small to rather large), the umbones are subterminal to almost terminal, and the anterior byssal retractor scar is located in the posterior part of the umbonal cavity. The only criterion that is not met precisely is the anterior margin, which is always narrowly rounded in the definition of the B. childressi group, but is broadly rounded in some immature specimens of B. heretaunga, although narrowly rounded in most specimens. There also are key features that exclude B. heretaunga from the other groups of the clade. The shells are too small and stout for the B. (s. l.) edisonensis, B. (s. l.) tangaroa and Gigantidas groups, and the position of the anterior byssal retractor scar is different from each. The new species cannot be placed in the B. (s. l.) japonicus group, which consists solely of B. japonicus Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994, because this species has the anterior byssal retractor scar located in the anterior portion of the umbonal cavity, and its anterior margin is not narrowly rounded in adult specimens. The subterminal umbonal placement of B. heretaunga eliminates inclusion within the B. (s. l.) hirtus group, which contains species with umbones that protrude beyond the anterior margin of the shell. The new species is introduced as the smallest member of the B. childressi group, the largest specimen of B. heretaunga being 15 % smaller than the next smallest described species, B. (s. l.) mauritanicus Cosel, 2002. Bathymodiolus heretaunga has a quite distinct H/L ratio throughout ontogeny compared to any other member of the group, or for that matter the clade. Within the B. childressi group, the H/L ratio of the new species is closest to B. childressi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998 but it is more variable, becoming more elongate when fully grown, and B. mauritanicus and B. (s. l.) platifrons Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 are yet stouter and less variable than B. heretaunga. Bathymodiolus heretaunga has a rather thin shell like B. childressi, but in B. mauritanicus and B. platifrons the shell is thick and solid. Immature specimens of the new species never develop concavity in the ventral margin unlike B. childressi, and ventral concavity is less marked in adult specimens than in B. mauritanicus. The umbones are situated more terminally in the other three species of the group than in the new species, which results in a more protrusive anterior portion of the shell in B. heretaunga. The umbones also are far more prominent and angulated in B. heretaunga than in any other species of the group. The ligament extends over a greater portion of the dorsal margin in B. heretaunga than in B. childressi, and ends in a moderate taper like B. childressi but unlike B. mauritanicus and B. platifrons, in which it ends abruptly. The subligamental ridge runs beneath the ligament for a similar length to B. mauritanicus, but is only visible from the ventral perspective, whereas it is visible from both ventral and lateral views in B. mauritanicus. The subligamental ridge also is only visible from the ventral view in B. platifrons, however it is typically more distinct in this species. The muscle scars of the new species are similar in size and location to the other species of the group, although they are always indistinct in B. childressi, but may be well impressed in B. heretaunga (Fig. 6 D–F). The new species is most similar to the fossil Japanese species B. akanudaensis, with which it shares a similar lateral profile, but B. akanudaensis shows a lesser tendency towards elongation with growth, is generally more strongly inflated than B. heretaunga, and has slightly more terminal umbones. B. akanudaensis also is apparently less variable, and confirmed specimens of the Japanese fossil species have not been observed to reach as large a size as B. heretaunga. Furthermore, features of the internal shell of B. akanudaensis are unknown, and the muscle scars were a key factor in deciding the placement of B. heretaunga, therefore comparison on this important basis is impossible. Although the majority of B. heretaunga specimens are small, occasionally anomalously large specimens have been collected, especially from Tauwhareparae and Totaranui (Table 4). These larger specimens are herein assigned to the same variable new species as the smaller ones on the basis of population-level variation, but it may be that larger specimens from these sites represent a different species. Speciation cannot be confirmed because details of features necessary for species-level identification are unavailable from the collected specimens. This size distribution pattern is also seen in collections of B. akanudaensis and unconfirmed larger mussel specimens from the same deposits in Central Japan, with the bulk of specimens of confirmed B. akanudaensis being relatively small but the larger mussel specimens sometimes reaching over 100 mm in length and being rather more elongate. Work on the taxonomic relationship among these differently sized specimens is ongoing (T. Nobuhara, pers. comm. 2009). Other intra-site variations also are recognized among the specimens of B. heretaunga of this study, again herein regarded as population-level differences in lieu of further specimen collection and establishment of important species-level identifying features. Some of the larger specimens from Bexhaven have more markedly concave ventral margins, and appear to develop one or two moderately strong ridges that run from the umbonal region posteriorly, but this is only observed in three specimens. Some specimens from the type locality Puketawa appear to have the umbones situated less anteriorly, with a more bean-shaped form. They more strongly resemble the shell shape of species of Adipicola Dautzenberg, 1927, but there is not enough diagnostic detail in the specimens available for confirmation of this placement. Morphometric data of Puketawa specimens also reveal them to be the least divergent from the “typical” size and shape of B. heretaunga of any site population. Finally, specimens from Ugly Hill, the best-sampled of the southern hydrocarbon seep sites, generally appear to have a more cuneiform overall shape, formed by a more pronounced and narrowly rounded posterodorsal corner, although two Ugly Hill specimens provide muscle scar features that are consistent with others from the northern sites (Fig. 6 H), and are more confidently regarded as conspecific. Each of the sites that yielded specimens with suspected population variations also contained specimens that were morphologically close to others sites, suggesting an intra- and inter-site spectrum of shape and size that does not lend itself to separating species easily, especially because of the prevalently poor to moderate preservational condition of the specimens. Principal component analysis of shell height, length, and umbonal placement in those specimens that were preserved well enough for quantitative analysis also did not yield any obvious inter-site patterns (data not shown). The ranges and means of shell height/length ratios of specimens were compared between sites and shown to have considerable overlap, even where the sample data set was quite small and with more potential for anomaly (Fig. 7). The unsuccessful statistical and morphometric attempts to isolate clear variations in shell shape and size between and within sites support the decision to erect a single, variable species until such time as further evidence may prove otherwise.

Species Gigantidas coseli Saether, Little, Campbell, Marshall, Collins and Alfaro sp. nov. (Figs. 4 B, C, 8 ���10, 17) ?Mytilid closely resembling Idasola Beu & Maxwell, 1990.? Bathymodiolus n. sp. B Collins, 1999. Group 3 (G 3) Collins, 1999. Large, curved, elongate fossil form similar to Gigantidas Campbell et al., 2008. Bathymodioline bivalves Saether et al., 2010. Holotype. Specimen L 4203 (Figs. 8 A. 6, B. 1���4), adult, UOA. Type locality. Moonlight North (Y 16 /f 1054), Hawke���s Bay, North Island, New Zealand; Waiauan (Late Middle Miocene���Earliest Late Miocene) hydrocarbon seep carbonate. Paratypes. Eight moderately to well preserved small to large specimens. One small, TM 8750 (Fig. 8 A. 2), one medium sized, TM 8749 (Figs. 9 C, D), from Bexhaven (Y 16 /f0566); three large, L 4560, L 4210, L 4213, from Moonlight North (Y 16 /f 1033, Y 16 /f 1054); one small, L 4204 (Fig. 8 A. 1), one medium sized, L 4209 (Fig. 9 E), from Rocky Knob; one medium sized, L 4215 (Fig. 8 A. 4), from Tauwhareparae. All specimens at UOA, two borrowed from GNS. See Table 6 for dimensions. Other material. 22 poorly to moderately preserved small to large specimens: one from Bexhaven (Y 16 / f 1032); 14 from Moonlight North (Y 16 /f 1033, Y 16 /f 1054); one (tentatively assigned) from Puketawa (Y 16 / f0580), four from Rocky Knob (Y 16 /f 1036, Y 16 /f 1043, Y 16 /f 1047), two from Turihaua (Y 18 /f0372). All specimens at UOA, three borrowed from GNS. See Appendix I for dimensions and specimen data. Etymology. Named for Dr. Rudo von Cosel, a leading researcher in vent and seep mussel taxonomy. Diagnosis. Shell small for genus (L up to 99.0 mm); umbones subterminal, anterior, at 6���18 % along shell length; anterior portion rather protrusive anteriorly; ligament ending in gentle taper in adult; subligamental ridge visible from lateral and ventral perspectives; posterior adductor scar moderate in size. Description. Shell small for genus (L up to 99.0 mm, H up to 34.0 mm*, I up to 27.0 mm), aduliform, rather thin (usually not preserved or expressed only in flaky patches), slender, becoming more elongate with growth, juvenile (L Remarks. Gigantidas is a recently erected genus with only two species (both modern) so far described. Although the group is largely based upon anatomical features, several shell characteristics can be used to justify inclusion of the new species there, including shell elongation and overall shape, umbonal placement, position of the posterior adductor muscle scar, fusion of the posterior adductor muscle scar with the posterior scar of the posterior byssal retractor, and the widely separated anterior part of the posterior byssal retractor scar. Of the two modern species, G. c o s e l i resembles G. gladius in lateral view and G. horikoshii in dorsal view. Gigantidas coseli is less elongate than G. gladius and more elongate than G. horikoshii, and the largest specimens of G. c o s e l i are significantly smaller than both. The umbones are somewhat more anteriorly placed than in G. gladius and G. horikoshii. The posterior angulation runs at a steeper angle over the shell than G. gladius and G. horikoshii, its termination occurring in a more anteroventral shell location. The anterior angulation is less pronounced than G. gladius, the dorsal profile with a weaker secondary anterior bulge similar to that of G. horikoshii. The anterior part of the shell is less protrusive anteriorly than in G. gladius and G. horikoshii because of the more anteriorly situated umbones, and the anterior margin is less narrowly rounded than in both G. gladius and G. horikoshii. The ligament ends in a gentle taper posteriorly in adult G. coseli, unlike G. g l a d i u s in which the termination is abrupt or has a short taper, and G. h o r i k o s h i i in which it is abrupt, although it is weakly tapered in smaller specimens of G. horikoshii. The subligamental ridge of G. coseli is strong like in G. g l a d i u s and G. horikoshii, but oriented more divergently from the dorsal margin, allowing it to be seen from the lateral perspective, unlike in G. gladius and G. horikoshii, in which it is only visible from the ventral perspective. The posterior adductor scar is smaller relative to the shell compared with that of G. gladius and G. horikoshii. Morphometric analysis supports a closer relation of the new species to G. gladius than G. horikoshii, with the ontogenetic height vs. length curve of the smaller G. c o s e l i appearing to align with that of the larger G. gladius (Fig. 11). The growth curve of G. horikoshii (Fig. 11) is quite distinct from those of the other two species, clearly diverging from that of G. c o s e l i already at the stage of quartergrown specimens (L = 40���50 mm), and showing consistently less tendency toward elongation with growth through to the fully grown stage. Gigantidas coseli represents the first record of a formally described and named species in this genus from a hydrocarbon seep environment, with all reports of modern named species having so far been from hydrothermal vent sites in the Pacific Ocean. However, up to three undescribed species have been reported from seep environments off Japan and New Zealand (Fujita et al. 2009; Baco et al. 2010; Table 2), and there are several other species within the B. childressi clade that are known only from hydrocarbon seep sites, including those from geographically close regions in the SW Pacific, and two species in the clade (B. japonicus and B. platifrons) are recorded from both hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent environments (Table 1)., Published as part of Saether, Kristian P., Little, Crispin T. S., Campbell, Kathleen A., Marshall, Bruce A., Collins, Mike & Alfaro, Andrea C., 2010, New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 2577 on pages 21-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197498, {"references":["Beu, A. G. & Maxwell, P. A. (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 58, 1 - 518.","Collins, M. (1999) A biometric and taxonomic study of Miocene-age, hydrocarbon-seep mussels from the East Coast of the North Island, New Zealand. MSc thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, 67 pp.","Campbell, K. A., Francis, D. A., Collins, M., Gregory, M. R., Greinert, J. & Aharon, P. (2008) Hydrocarbon seepcarbonates of a Miocene forearc (East Coast Basin), North Island, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology, 204, 83 - 105.","Saether, K. P., Little, C. T. S. & Campbell, K. A. (2010) A new fossil provannid gastropod from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, East Coast Basin, North Island, New Zealand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 55, doi: 10.4202 / app. 2009.1112.","Fujita, Y., Matsumoto, H., Fujiwara, Y., Hashimoto, J., Galkin, S. V., Ueshima, R. & Miyazaki, J. - I. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels to their mytilid relatives from sunken whale carcasses and wood. Venus, 67, 123 - 134.","Baco, A., Rowden, A. A., Levin, L. A., Smith, C. R. & Bowden, D. (2010) Initial characterization of cold seep faunal communities on the New Zealand margin. Marine Geology, 272, 251 - 259."]}

Subfamily Bathymodiolinae Kenk and Wilson, 1985 Discussion. Vent and seep mussels of the genera Bathymodiolus, Gigantidas and Tamu traditionally have been referred to a subfamily Bathymodiolinae Kenk and Wilson, 1985 (e.g. Cosel and Janssen 2008), although as indicated by Samadi et al. (2007), on molecular evidence the group is ���robustly rooted within a monophyletic group that includes the species Modiolus modiolus...���, i.e. subfamily Modiolinae Keen, 1958. Thus, Bathymodiolinae would appear to be a grade of Modiolinae comprising several clades, each probably independently derived from small wood-associated ancestors (Distel 2000; Fujita et al. 2009). Re-evaluation of the higher classification of mytilids is not our intention, and we consider it appropriate and convenient to refer to these mussels as bathymodiolines., Published as part of Saether, Kristian P., Little, Crispin T. S., Campbell, Kathleen A., Marshall, Bruce A., Collins, Mike & Alfaro, Andrea C., 2010, New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 2577 on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197498, {"references":["Kenk, V. C. & Wilson, B. R. (1985) A new mussel (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents in the Galapagos Rift zone. Malacologia, 26, 253 - 271.","Cosel, R. von & Janssen, R. (2008) Bathymodioline mussels of the Bathymodiolus (s. l.) childressi clade from methane seeps near Edison Seamount, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 137, 195 - 224.","Samadi, S., Quemere, E., Lorion, J., Tillier, A., Cosel, R. von, Lopez, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Boisselier-Dubayle, M. - C. (2007) Molecular phylogeny in mytilids supports the wooden steps to deep-sea vents hypothesis. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 330, 446 - 456.","Keen, A. M. (1958) Marine shells of tropical West America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 624 pp.","Distel, D., Baco, A. R., Chuang, E., Morrill, W., Cavanaugh, C. & Smith, C. R. (2000) Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature, 403, 725 - 726.","Fujita, Y., Matsumoto, H., Fujiwara, Y., Hashimoto, J., Galkin, S. V., Ueshima, R. & Miyazaki, J. - I. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels to their mytilid relatives from sunken whale carcasses and wood. Venus, 67, 123 - 134."]}

Genus Bathymodiolus Kenk and Wilson, 1985 Bathymodiolus Kenk and Wilson, 1985: 255. Type species (by original designation): Bathymodiolus thermophilus Kenk and Wilson, 1985. Discussion. The genus Bathymodiolus currently contains 22 described species, with one subspecies. As species were steadily added to the genus since its inception, and following the tentative placement of Bathymodiolus (s. l.) childressi by Gustafson et al. (1998), Cosel (2002) instigated an overhaul of the taxonomic status of the genus, dividing it into several groups based upon a number of shell and anatomical features. These features included the form of the posterior retractor, umbonal placement, and placement of the anterior retractor scar relative to the umbonal cavity. This study has since been bolstered by molecular analyses of the genus (Miyazaki et al. 2004; Jones and Vrijenhoek 2006; Jones et al. 2006; Iwasaki et al. 2006; Samadi et al. 2007; G��nio et al. 2008; Won et al. 2008; Fujita et al. 2009), confirming its paraphyletic status. Three clades are currently recognized within the genus Bathymodiolus, two within Bathymodiolus (s. l.) (the B. aduloides and B. childressi clades), and the B. thermophilus clade, or Bathymodiolus (s. s.) (Cosel and Janssen 2008). The clades are themselves split into smaller groups based upon differences among the above-mentioned features plus consideration of shell size, shape, and form of the anterior margin (Cosel and Janssen 2008). Several species currently referred to Bathymodiolus (s. l.) will probably eventually be referred to new genera (see also discussion of the genus Gigantidas below)., Published as part of Saether, Kristian P., Little, Crispin T. S., Campbell, Kathleen A., Marshall, Bruce A., Collins, Mike & Alfaro, Andrea C., 2010, New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 2577 on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197498, {"references":["Kenk, V. C. & Wilson, B. R. (1985) A new mussel (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents in the Galapagos Rift zone. Malacologia, 26, 253 - 271.","Gustafson, R. G., Turner, R. D., Lutz, R. A. & Vrijenhoek, R. C. (1998) A new genus and five new species of mussels (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from deep-sea sulfide / hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Malacologia, 40, 63 - 112.","Cosel, R. von (2002) A new species of bathymodioline mussel (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from Mauritania (West Africa), with comments on the genus Bathymodiolus Kenk & Wilson, 1985. Zoosystema, 24, 259 - 271.","Miyazaki, J. - I., Shintaku, M., Kyuno, A., Fujiwara, Y., Hashimoto, J. & Iwasaki, H. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Marine Biology, 144, 527 - 535.","Iwasaki, H., Kyuno, A., Shintaku, M., Fujita, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Fujikura, K., Hashimoto, J., Oliveira Martins, L. de, Gebruk, A. & Miyazaki, J. - I. (2006) Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea mussels inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Marine Biology, 149, 1111 - 1122.","Samadi, S., Quemere, E., Lorion, J., Tillier, A., Cosel, R. von, Lopez, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Boisselier-Dubayle, M. - C. (2007) Molecular phylogeny in mytilids supports the wooden steps to deep-sea vents hypothesis. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 330, 446 - 456.","Genio, L., Johnson, S. B., Vrijenhoek, R. C., Cunha, M. R., Tyler, P. A., Kiel, S. & Little, C. T. S. (2008) New record of \" Bathymodiolus \" mauritanicus Cosel 2002 from the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic) mud volcanoes. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27, 53 - 61.","Won, Y. - J., Jones, W. J. & Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2008) Absence of cospeciation between deep-sea mytilids and their thiotrophic endosymbionts. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27, 129 - 138.","Fujita, Y., Matsumoto, H., Fujiwara, Y., Hashimoto, J., Galkin, S. V., Ueshima, R. & Miyazaki, J. - I. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels to their mytilid relatives from sunken whale carcasses and wood. Venus, 67, 123 - 134.","Cosel, R. von & Janssen, R. (2008) Bathymodioline mussels of the Bathymodiolus (s. l.) childressi clade from methane seeps near Edison Seamount, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 137, 195 - 224."]}

Subfamily Bathymodiolinae Kenk and Wilson, 1985 Discussion. Vent and seep mussels of the genera Bathymodiolus, Gigantidas and Tamu traditionally have been referred to a subfamily Bathymodiolinae Kenk and Wilson, 1985 (e.g. Cosel and Janssen 2008), although as indicated by Samadi et al. (2007), on molecular evidence the group is “robustly rooted within a monophyletic group that includes the species Modiolus modiolus...”, i.e. subfamily Modiolinae Keen, 1958. Thus, Bathymodiolinae would appear to be a grade of Modiolinae comprising several clades, each probably independently derived from small wood-associated ancestors (Distel 2000; Fujita et al. 2009). Re-evaluation of the higher classification of mytilids is not our intention, and we consider it appropriate and convenient to refer to these mussels as bathymodiolines.