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The present study was conducted to investigate the responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against denatonium benzoate (DB) and genistein (GEN) in several organs of the Chinese Fast Yellow Chicken. A total of 300 one-day-old chicks that weighed an average of 32 g were randomly allocated into five groups with five replicates for 56 consecutive days. The dietary treatments consisted of basal diet, denatonium benzoate (5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg), and genistein 25 mg/kg. The results of qRT-PCR indicated significantly (p &lt, 0.05) high-level expressions in the heart, spleen, and lungs in the starter and grower stages except for in bursa Fabricius. The responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against DB 100 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg were highly dose-dependent in the heart, spleen, lungs, and kidneys in the starter and grower stages, but dose-independent in the bursa Fabricius in the finisher stage. The ggTas2Rs were highly expressed in lungs and the spleen, but lower in the bursa Fabricius among the organs. However, the organ growth performance significantly (p &lt, 0.05) increased in the groups administered DB 5 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg, meanwhile, the DB 20 mg/kg and DB 100 mg/kg treatments significantly reduced the growth of all the organs, respectively. These findings indicate that responsiveness expressions are dose-dependent, and bitterness sensitivity consequently decreases in aged chickens. Therefore, these findings may improve the production of new feedstuffs for chickens according to their growing stages.

WOS: 000406295200024 This study aims to examine the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) practices on some physiological and behavioral parameters of broiler chicks. A total of 280 one-day old Ross 308 mixed-sex broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 44.5 +/- 0.37 g were used in a 42-d trial. Broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 20 pens composed of 14 birds in 1x1.4m sized floor area. Each of the EE treatment consisted of 5 replicate pens (70 chickens per treatment). The treatments were 1) control; 2) perch for EE; 3) ball for EE; 4) mirror for EE; and 5) dust for EE. Final body weights, tonic immobility test results, and rectal temperatures were recorded. Spleen, liver, and bursa fabricius weights were measured. The blood biochemistry of birds was analyzed at the end of the experiment. Besides, gait score test was applied on the 42(nd) day of experiment. Body weight gain, lymphoid organ weights and rectal temperature values of broilers were not affected by EE treatments on the 21(st) and 42(nd) days of the study. At the end of the study, WBC values, tonic immobility values and gait scores of the control groups were found higher than those of the EE groups. HCT and PLT values of the ball groups were found lower than the other groups, concluding that EE improved the welfare of birds. Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Ahi Evran University in Turkey [PYO-ZRT.4003/2.13.007] This work, a part of MSc study of Mehmet Yildirim, was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Ahi Evran University in Turkey with PYO-ZRT.4003/2.13.007 project number.

Resume Influence de L'«Imarun» sur le thymus et la bourse de Fabricius chez des poules On a examine l'influence d'un traitement a l' «Imuran» sur les organes lymphatiques centraux (thymus et bourse de Fabricius) chez des poules et sur la reponse immunitaire contre un antigene E. coli. Les resultats ont montre de nets changements dans le metabolisme des proteines (proteines totales, taux en ARN et en ADN) qui sont plus etendus dans la bourse de Fabricius que dans le thymus. L' «Imuran» active les glandes surrenales, ce qui se manifest par une chute du taux de l'acide ascorbique. Un traitement de longue duree avec cette preparation presente un effet immuno-suppresseur qui determine une reponse imlunitaire de defense diminued vis-a-vis d'un antigene E. coli. Summary The effect of Imuran on the Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius in Chickens The effect of Imuran treatment on the central lymphatic organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) in chickens as well as on the immune response to E. coli antigen were studied. Data show important changes in the protein metabolism (total protein, RNA and DNA content) which are more pronounced in the bursa of Fabricius than in the thymus. The drug induced in activation of the adrenals suggested by a decrease of their ascorbic acid content. A prolonged treatment with the drug had also an immunosuppressive effect expressed by the lowering of the immuno-biological capacity of chicken tested against E. coli antigen. Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen von Imuran auf den Thymus und die Vursa Fabricus von Huhnern Untersucht wurde der Einflus einer Imuran-Behandlung auf die zentrajen lymphatischen Organe (Thymus und Bursa Fabricius) bei Huhnern und die Immunantwort gegen E. coli Antigen. Es traten Veranderungen im Protein Metabolismus (Gesamtprotein, RNS und DNS Gehalt) auf, die in der Bursa deutlicher ausgepragt sind als im Thymus. Imuran aktiviert die Nebennieren, was sich durch einen Abfall des Ascorbin Saure Gehaltes feststellen lies. Eine Langzeit-Behandlung mit diesem Praparat fuhrte zu einem Immun-suppressiven Effekt, der sich in einer verminderten immunologischen Abwehrkapazitat gegenuber E. coli Antigen aus-druckt. Resumen Los efectos de Imuran sobre el timo y la bolsa de Fabricio en las gallinas Se examino el influjo de un tratamiento con Imuran sobre los organos linfaticos centrales (timo y bolsa de Fabricio) en gallinas y la respuesta inmunologica frente a antigeno de E. coli. Aparecieron modificaciones en el metabolismo proteico (proteina total, contenido en ARN y ADN), las cuales eran mas manifiestas en la bolsa que en el timo. Imuran activa las anterrenales, lo cual se pudo establecer mediante un descenso del contenido en acido ascorbico. Un tratamiento a plazo largo con esta especialidad conducia a un efecto inmunosupresivo, que se expresa en una capacidad reducida de defensa inmunologica frente al antigeno de E. coli.

The objective of the research was to determine the influences of heat stress and temperature-exposed time on liver malonaldehyde (MDA), relative weight of bursa fabricius and heterophil/lymfocite ratio of broilers. The research used 140 male broilers of 2 weeks of age. The treatments consisted of two factors. The first factor was five treatments: S1A (28.551.53 oC) with ad libitum of feeding, S1BT1 (S1 with pair feeding as S2A), S1BT2 (S1 with pair feeding as S3A), S2A (31.071.29 oC) with ad libitum of feeding and S3A (33.501.17 oC) with ad libitum of feeding. The second factor was five of temperature-exposed times (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days after treatments). Variables measured were liver MDA, relative weight of bursa fabricius and ratio of heterophil/lymphocite (H/L). The experiment used a completely randomized design in split plot (5x5), with 4 replications. The result indicated that liver MDA, relative weight of bursa fabricius and H/L ratio of S2 and S3 were higher than those of S1A, S1BT1 and S1BT2. H/L ratio of 4, 8, 16, and 32 days of temperature-exposed times were higher than that of 0 day. It was concluded that heat stress increased the liver MDA and H/L ratio, but decreased the relative weight of bursa fabricius. The temperature-exposed time increased the H/L ratio, but it did not affect the liver MDA and relative weight of bursa fabricius of broilers.

SummaryThis experiment was designed to serve as a careful test of the hypothesis that the bursa of Fabricius produces a hormone responsible for the development of immunocompetence. Cell- and bacterium-free extracts of the bursa or pancreas were administered subcutaneously for 23 days to neonatally bursectomized cockerels. Immune responses were tested at 30 and 77 days of age. The bursal extracts produced no significant repair of the immuno-deficient state. The responses to BSA and B. abortus antigens did not differ in bursectomized birds receiving bursal or pancreas extract. However, all bursectomized birds showed significantly lower primary and secondary responses than did sham operated birds. No significant differences were measured in the number of splenic bursal dependent centers between bursectomized birds receiving bursal extract and their controls. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that prior evidence for a humoral function of the bursa should be challenged.

IT HAS frequently been noted that the thymus of rapidly growing chickens is large, whereas that of slowly growing chickens is relatively very small. Ackert (1924) found that the thymus glands of chickens parasitized with Ascaridia perspicillum were smaller than those of non-parasitized chickens. However, Riddle and Krizenecky (1931) reported that the removal of both the thymus and the bursa Fabricius from 17 common pigeons did not affect development or function of the reproductive organs. They suggested that other organs, particularly lymph nodes, might have thymic functions. Plagge (1941) has concluded that the thymus glands of male and female albino rats are definitely sensitive to varying concentrations of sex hormones as indicated by gross changes in the thymus at puberty and by both gross and histological changes following castration or injections of sex hormones. Thymectomy does not affect the reproduction system of either sex. As the physiological relationship between the . . .

Glick (1955) observed that the weight of the bursa Fabricius at two weeks of age in White Leghorns (0.44 gm.) was larger (p In baby chicks of a randombred broiler-type strain, 72 to 92 percent of the variance in weight of the bursa of Fabricius at a constant body weight was attributable to genetic effects (Jaap, 1958). Since Chang, Rheins and Winter (1957) had demonstrated the importance of the bursa in antibody production, it appeared desirable to explore whether breed differences in bursa size existed at hatching. MATERIALS AND . . .

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of a panel discussion on immunology. Notable discussions centered on the matter of B-cell differentiation, grafting of the thymus to reconstitute T-cell deficiency, the development of complement, selected deficiencies of complement in man and alternate pathways of the C system. A primary question about humoral immunity has centered about the origin of B cells in man. Dr. Robert Good discussed this problem and described such existence in relation to the Bursa Fabricius of chicken. Although extensive work has investigated possibilities to define gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue that might be exercising the same function as the bursa, no definitive evidence has been forthcoming. There are areas that seem to be good expanders of the B cells system but not necessarily differentiation sites. Dr. Good reported work by the Toivanens carried out in his laboratories in which chickens were made agammaglobulinemic by removing their bursa 4 days before hatchinu and were fully reconstituted with bursal cells so that they were forming all the immunoglobulins — the interesting point being that when the bursa began to involute, the whole stem population shifted to the marrow.

NEONATAL thymectomy has a pronounced inhibiting or stimulating effect on the growth of tumours induced by various oncogenic viruses1–12. Our task was to investigate the role of thymus in the induction of Rous virus tumours. The interest of such experiments is that there are two organs in the chickens (thymus and bursa Fabricius), one of which has the functions of a mammalian thymus.