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Background The interaction between nutrition and immunity plays a vital role in nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism during poultry production. Recent studies showed that the gut microbiota contributes to the development of intestinal mucosal immunity. However, the mechanisms by which gut microbes regulate this process remain unclear. Methods We compared the intestinal mucosal immunity and gut microbiota of Arbor Acre broilers (AA (lower mucosal immunity) and Chinese native Wuliang Mountain Black-bone chickens (WLMB) (higher mucosal immunity) using 16S rDNA sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody repertoire sequencing. We then combined 16S rDNA sequencing with transcriptomics to identify the key microbes and found that they were positively correlated with IgA production. Next, we transplanted candidate microbes into 1-day-old broiler to explore their role in intestinal mucosal immunity. Finally, we verified the function of candidate microbial metabolites in regulating the immune function of macrophages and the intestinal-epithelial cells (IECs) using in vitro experiments. Results WLMB performs stronger mucosal immunity than AA, including higher IgA levels, more diverse IgA antibody repertoire, and higher bacterial affinity. Bacteroides was identified as the key microbes related to the intestinal IgA response. Bacteroides transplantation could increase IgA concentration in the duodenal contents by enhancing the expression of IgA, polymeric immunoglobin receptor (PIgR), B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the duodenum. Additionally, Bacteroides-derived isovaleric acid promoted M2 macrophage polarization of macrophage via mTOR/PPAR-γ/STAT3 signaling pathways and regulated the immunologic function of IECs to produce cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, BAFF, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), thus promoting IgA production in B cells by facilitating AID expression. Conclusion Our study revealed that Bacteroides modulate the intestinal IgA response and maintain gut health in broilers. Bacteroides may be a promising alternative as an immunomodulatory microbial agent for developing next-generation probiotics for broiler production.

Hemorrhagic septicemia is a fatal disease of cattle and buffalo all over the world, including Pakistan, and it causes heavy economic losses every year. The poor farmers cannot bear this loss in the form of less milk production and heavy expenditures on the animal treatment. An enriched alum-precipitated vaccine with reduced dose was prepared and standardized, and safety testing of the enriched vaccine was performed in Swiss albino mice as well as in natural hosts. In this experiment, a total of 36 cattle both male and female, of different age groups ranging from 4 months to 4 years, were used. All these animals belonged to all major cattle breeds of Pakistan, including Sahiwal, Red Sindhi (crossbred and purebred), Dhani (crossbred and purebred), Lohani (crossbred and purebred), and Cholistani, and exotic breeds, including Holstein, Friesian and Jersey. These animals were examined for current immune titer prior to vaccination. Animals were vaccinated subcutaneously with 2 mL and 4 mL dose of the new vaccine and were observed for any untoward reaction for 48 h. All the animals were kept under close observation for the next 30 days, and all were found safe. The experiment was designed to reduce the dose of the vaccine to 2 mL by using BHI as a growth medium, as well as to increase the number of doses prepared in the same infrastructure, hence reducing the cost of vaccine production. The study proved that a vaccine with increased biomass in reduced dose is safe in local as well as in exotic breeds of cattle.

Hemorrhagic septicemia is a fatal disease of cattle and buffalo all over the world including Pakistan and it causes heavy economic losses every year. The poor farmers cannot bear this loss in the form of less milk production and heavy expenditures on the animal treatment. An enriched alum-precipitated vaccine with reduced dose was prepared and standardized and safety testing of enriched vaccine was performed in Swiss albino mice as well as in natural host. In this experiment, a total of 36 cattle both male and female of different age groups ranging from 4 months to 4 years were used. All these animals belong to all major cattle breeds of Pakistan including Sahiwal, Red Sindhi (crossbred and purebred), Dhani (crossbred and purebred), Lohani (crossbred and purebred), and Cholistani, and exotic breeds including Holstein Friesian and Jersey. These animals were examined for current immune titer prior to vaccination. Animals were vaccinated subcutaneously with 2 mL and 4 mL dose of new vaccine and were observed for any untoward reaction for 48 h. All the animals were kept under close observation for the next 30 days and all were found safe. The experiment was designed to reduce the dose of the vaccine to 2 mL by using BHI as a growth medium, as well as to increase the number of doses prepared in the same infrastructure, hence reducing the cost of vaccine production. The study proved that vaccine with increased biomass in reduced dose is safe in local as well as in exotic breeds of cattle.