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Palm heart processing generates a large amount of residues like leaves, sheath and stems that have potential for ruminant feeding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in natura peach palm heart (Bactris gasipaes Khunt.) residues on performance, dry matter (DM) digestibility and intake of ruminants. External sheath was the most suitable residue for sheep, cattle and buffaloes feeding, although sheep presented rejection of 43.5 g kg-1. Thereby, assays of apparent and in vitro dry matter digestibility were done under four feeding treatments, which were the exclusive peach palm sheath, and that one mixed with residues of banana and rice, besides citrus pulp. The experiment was carried out under randomized complete design, with five replications. Greater DM intake (p < 0.05) were observed in animals fed with peach palm sheath mixed with rice (1.12 kg day-1) and mixed with citrus pulp (0.91 kg day-1), however there were no difference among treatments regarding the sheep final weight (p > 0.05). Cattle and buffaloes accept different types of peach palm residues, unlike sheep that present a low rejecting for them. Citrus pulp and rice residue raise the roughage quality. Peach palm residues can be an alternative roughage source to feed ruminants. Palm heart processing generates a large amount of residues like leaves, sheath and stems that have potential for ruminant feeding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in natura peach palm heart (Bactris gasipaes Khunt.) residues on performance, dry matter (DM) digestibility and intake of ruminants. External sheath was the most suitable residue for sheep, cattle and buffaloes feeding, although sheep presented rejection of 43.5 g kg-1. Thereby, assays of apparent and in vitro dry matter digestibility were done under four feeding treatments, which were the exclusive peach palm sheath, and that one mixed with residues of banana and rice, besides citrus pulp. The experiment was carried out under randomized complete design, with five replications. Greater DM intake (p < 0.05) were observed in animals fed with peach palm sheath mixed with rice (1.12 kg day-1) and mixed with citrus pulp (0.91 kg day-1), however there were no difference among treatments regarding the sheep final weight (p > 0.05). Cattle and buffaloes accept different types of peach palm residues, unlike sheep that present a low rejecting for them. Citrus pulp and rice residue raise the roughage quality. Peach palm residues can be an alternative roughage source to feed ruminants.

espanolAntecedentes: las limitaciones nutricionales del Cenchrus clandestinus (alta concentracion de proteina y baja densidad energetica) hacen necesario suplementar las vacas con fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) para mejorar su desempeno productivo. Sin embargo, esta suplementacion puede generar acidosis ruminal. Objetivo: evaluar el reemplazo parcial de maiz (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), yuca (Manihot esculenta, MES) o pulpa citrica (Citrus sp., C) sobre la produccion de leche y su calidad, el pH ruminal y la salud de vacas en pastoreo. Metodos: ocho vacas Holstein fueron evaluadas empleando un diseno en cuadrado latino de 4 x 4 durante los primeros 60 dias de lactancia. Los tratamientos (raciones isoenergeticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg MS) consistieron de una mezcla de forraje y cuatro concentrados con diferentes fuentes de NFC. Resultados: no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos en cuanto a consumo de materia seca, eficiencia alimenticia, pH ruminal, ni perfiles hematologico y metabolico. El pH ruminal fue mayor a 6,0; confirmando la ausencia de acidosis. La produccion de leche (corregida por energia), proteina, y solidos totales fue mayor para MES vs. C. Conclusiones: ninguna de las fuentes de NFC evaluadas comprometieron la salud ruminal o sistemica de las vacas, y MES mejoro la produccion de leche y su calidad. EnglishBackground: The nutritional limitations of Cenchrus clandestinus –i.e., high protein and low energy concentrations- make it necessary to supplement cows with non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources to improve productive performance. Nevertheless, such supplementation can lead to ruminal acidosis. Objective: To evaluate partial replacement of corn grain (Zea mays, ZM) with sorghum grain (Sorghum vulgare, SV), cassava root (Manihot esculenta, MES) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp., C) on milk yield and quality, ruminal pH and health of grazing cows. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were evaluated in a 4 x4 Latin square design during the first 60 days of lactation. Treatments (isoenergetic rations, 1.45 ± 0.003 Mcal NEL/kgDM) consisted of a mixture of grass and four concentrates with different NFC sources. Results: No differences in dry matter intake, feed efficiency, ruminal pH, hematological and metabolic profile were observed between treatments. Rumen pH was higher than 6.0, confirming the absence of ruminal acidosis. Milk yield (energy-corrected), protein, and total solids were higher for MES vs. C. Conclusions: None of the NFC sources tested compromised the ruminal or systemic health of the cows, while MES improved milk yield and quality. portuguesAntecedentes: as limitacoes nutricionais do Cenchrus clandestinus-alta concentracao de proteina e baixa densidade de energia- faz necessario suplementar as vacas com fontes de carboidratos nao-fibrosos (NFC) para melhorar o desempenho produtivo. No entanto, essa suplementacao pode gerar acidose ruminal. Objetivo: avaliar a substituicao parcial do milho (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), mandioca (Manihot esculenta, MES) ou polpa citrica (Citrus sp., C) na producao e qualidade do leite, pH ruminal e a saude de vacas em pastejo. Metodos: oito vacas Holandesas foram avaliadas empregando um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 durante os primeiros 60 dias de lactacao. Os tratamentos (racoes isoenergeticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg DM) consistiram de uma mistura de forragem e quatro concentrados com diferentes fontes de NFC. Resultados: nao foram observadas diferencas entre os tratamentos no consumo de materia seca, eficiencia alimentar, pH ruminal, perfil hematologico e metabolico. O pH ruminal foi superior a 6,0; confirmando a ausencia de acidose ruminal. A producao do leite (corrigida para energia), proteina e solidos totais foi maior para MES vs. C. Conclusoes: nenhuma das fontes de NFC avaliadas comprometeu a saude ruminal e sistemica das vacas, embora o MES melhorou a producao e qualidade do leite.

Objective: Ensiling is a simple and effective method for long-term preservation; however, less information exists about the ensilability characteristics of garlic stalk (GS). Therefore, the objectives were to examine the ensiling feasibility of GS.Methods: The GS was ensiled alone or inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum KU5 in the presence or absence of 5% molasses and ensiled for 7, 14, and 28 d. As an alternative storage method, GS was co-ensiled with wet citrus pulp (CP) at different proportions (GS:CP: 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60). Analysis was made on physicochemical, fermentative, and nutritional parameters.Results: The GS was found to be a biomass which is difficult to ensile. A combination of microbial inoculant and molasses was successful in the improvement of the silage fermentation quality of GS. Co-ensiling of GS with wet CP at the mixing ratio of 50:50 provided the most desirable silage fermentation parameters, including the substantial lactic acid formation, low final pH, minor effluent loss, and the more favorable organoleptic properties.Conclusion: Co-ensiling GS with CP appears to be a simple and viable method of conservation, enabling the more efficient utilization of these by-product resources over a prolonged period.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751731122002166 Using agricultural by-products such as dehydrated orange pulp (DOP) in animal feeds is of interest to increase pig sector sustainability. With this aim, an assay was carried out to assess the effects of increasing inclusion levels of DOP in pig diets regarding animal performance, carcass quality, and environmental impact. Four experimental diets were designed, a control diet (T1) and three more diets with increasing levels of DOP with 80, 160, and 240 g/kg of DOP for diets T2, T3, and T4, respectively. One hundred and sixty growing pigs were used in the experiment. Growth performance (average daily gain, ADG; average daily feed intake, ADFI and feed conversion ratio, FCR) and in vivo backfat thickness (BF) and loin depth (LD) gain were recorded during the finishing phase (from 70 to 130 kg BW). Faecal samples were incubated for bacteria enumeration. At slaughter, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits were measured, and subcutaneous fat was sampled to analyse the fatty acid (FA) profile. Additionally, the slurry excreted by the animals was measured, characterised and subjected to a gaseous emission assay during its storage. The final BW and overall ADFI, ADG and FCR were similar among treatments. In vivo final LD and BF gain decreased (P 0.10) as the inclusion level of DOP increased. No differences were observed in carcass characteristics with the inclusion of DOP, except carcass weight that decreased linearly (P = 0.05) with DOP. Regarding the FA profile of the subcutaneous fat, the ratio of total monounsaturated to saturated FA increased with the inclusion level of DOP. Neither slurry excretion and characterisation nor bacterial counts from faeces showed any significant difference among treatments. The inclusion of DOP led to greater CH4 emissions in mg per L of slurry and hour, whereas these differences disappeared when expressed in mg per animal and day. In all, it has been demonstrated that the inclusion of DOP up to 240 mg/kg in pig diets had minor effects on growth performance, carcass quality traits or gaseous emissions from slurry, favouring the circular economy strategy and pig sector sustainability.

We evaluated the clinical aspects and feeding behavior of cattle with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) caused by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ten healthy Nelore heifers were subjected to an adjusted SARA induction protocol using citrus pulp (CP). Clinical examinations were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h intervals after induction, with ruminal fluid, blood, and feces sampling. The animals&rsquo, feeding behavior was evaluated on, before, and for 3 days after SARA by observing the animals every 5 min for 24 h. The dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The ruminal pH during SARA was always lower than baseline, with an acidotic duration of 547 &plusmn, 215 min, a minimum pH of 5.38 &plusmn, 0.16, and an average pH of 5.62 &plusmn, 0.1. SARA was mainly caused by SCFAs (maximum 118.4 &plusmn, 9.3 mmol/L), with the production of l-lactic acids (7.17 mmol/L) and d-lactic acids (0.56 mmol/L) 6 h after the experiment began. The DMI was reduced by 66% and 48% on days 1 and 2, respectively, and returned to normal levels on day 3. SARA caused a reduction in feed intake and rumination time, as well as an increase in the time spent in decubitus on days 1 and 2. These results were influenced by the ruminal pH, ruminal movement, and osmolarity. Furthermore, SARA caused different degrees of depression, which became more pronounced with higher ruminal lactic acid concentrations.

Simple Summary The use of crop, fruit, and vegetable processing co-products for animal feeding has been of increasing interest worldwide to minimize feed waste. Additionally, it has a positive impact from an environmental standpoint being a more efficient use of feed resources. However, the use of many co-products has limitations related to poor palatability for animals and the logistical aspects of product delivery. Citrus pulp is a by-product of the citrus industry presenting a nutritional composition that makes it attractive for use as an ingredient in animal feeding. Previous research has shown that it is feasible to utilize citrus pulp in beef cattle rations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of fresh citrus pulp in the diet of feedlot steers on animal performance and carcass and meat nutritional properties and quality. The findings of the study showed that fresh citrus pulp may be used as an energy source in rations for feedlot steers as it does not affect animal performance or carcass and meat quality, but, rather, has a positive effect on dry matter intake and a better feed to gain ratio. Abstract The use of fruit by-products such as citrus pulp represents a feeding ingredient that deserves to be evaluated as an energy source in animal rations. Thirty-six British breed steers were allotted to one of the three feeding treatments (12 steers/treatment): 0%, 15% and 30% of fresh citrus pulp inclusion in the ration in a randomized complete block design to evaluate animal performance and carcass and meat quality traits. In the present study, the inclusion of fresh citrus pulp up to 30% of the diet did not affect the animal average daily gain (p > 0.05) but steers that were fed the pulp consumed less feed (p < 0.05) and presented a lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) than their counterparts without citrus pulp in their diet. No effect of fresh citrus pulp was observed on carcass and meat quality (p > 0.05). A greater lipophilic antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) in meat was observed when fresh citrus pulp was offered at 15% of the diet. Fresh citrus pulp used up to 30% as a feed ingredient in feedlot rations does not negatively affect animal performance or meat quality but, rather, has a positive effect on dry matter intake and a better feed conversion ratio.

Simple Summary A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single cell protein (SCP) supplement as a protein source on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and in situ digestion kinetics in four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrates containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented citrus pulp were formulated and provided for 12 weeks. Chemical composition of fermented citrus pulp appeared as an excellent source of protein as no significant difference was observed on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients, SCP, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen. It is concluded that SCP could be used in the concentrate diet of ruminant up to 12%. Furthermore, the SCP has the potential of an alternative protein source in animal diet formulation. Abstract A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single cell protein (SCP) supplement as a protein source on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and in situ digestion kinetics in four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrates containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented citrus pulp were formulated. All animals were fed a ration with a concentrate/forage ratio of 50:50. Diets were provided ad libitum twice a day as a total mixed ration in a 4 × 4 Latin Square Design. Each experimental period lasted 3 weeks while the overall study 12 weeks. The first 2 weeks of each experimental period were used as adaptation period while the third week as collection period. Chemical composition of fermented citrus pulp appeared as an excellent source of protein. No significant difference was observed on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and SCP among all the treatments. Moreover, no significant effect was observed on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen at different times. Rate of disappearance and lag time of in situ dry matter digestion kinetics remained nonsignificant regardless of SCP percentage. Based on results of similar nutrients intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal parameters it is concluded that SCP could be used in the concentrate diet of ruminant up to 12%. Furthermore, the SCP has the potential of an alternative protein source in animal diet formulation.

This work studied the effects of the inclusion of Clostridium butyricum on feed, alone or with carob meal or citrus pulp, on the digestive and metabolic status of weaned piglets. A total of 30 male piglets (weaned at 21 days) is used. There are five dietary treatments: negative without ZnO at high doses (C−), a positive control supplemented with ZnO at 2500 ppm of Zn (C+), supplemented with Clostridium butyricum as a probiotic (PRO), and supplemented with probiotic and 5% carob meal (PROC) or 5% citrus pulp (PROP). During the experiment (27 days), the piglets were periodically weighed and sampled for a serum biochemical, fecal microbiological, intestine histological, and digestive status analysis. The body weight, apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), and fecal microbiology were not affected by the treatments (p ≥ 0.05). However, the apparent fecal digestibility of DM was lower for the C− treatment than for C+ (p &lt, 0.05), and the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in feces with C+ was lower than that for the PROC treatment (p &lt, 0.05). The treatments with the probiotic had a higher molar proportion of butyric acid in feces than C+, and it was found that C− reached an intermediate value (p &lt, 0.01). No general effects of diet were found on the histological measures performed on the jejunum and ileum, and in the serum biochemical analysis (p ≥ 0.05), only the concentration of interleukin-8 was lower for the PROC treatment compared to the C−, C+, and PRO treatments (p &lt, 0.05). In conclusion, the intestinal wellness of piglets could be improved with the supplementation of Clostridium butyricum by increasing butyric acid, and this effect was not altered with the inclusion of carob meal or citrus pulp. More studies under commercial conditions are needed, as the effects might be different in more challenging environmental circumstances.

The use of agroindustrial by-products, such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and dried citrus pulp (DCP), has been widely investigated in dairy cows, but information on their effects in dairy goats is limited. The influence of feeding olive cake (a by-product of olive oil production) to dairy goats has been assessed in some studies, but exhausted olive cake (EOC) has been much less investigated. Twelve Murciano-Granadina goats were used in a crossover design trial with 2 periods to assess the effects of including agroindustrial by-products on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, methane production, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and milk yield and composition. In each period, 6 goats received daily a control diet comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of high-cereal concentrate, and another 6 goats received a diet (BYP) comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of a concentrate including corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC in proportions of 180, 180, and 80 g/kg of concentrate (as-fed basis), respectively. Diet had no effect on total dry matter intake, but intake of alfalfa hay, CP, and fat was greater for the BYP group than for the control group. There were no differences between diets in nutrient apparent digestibility, with the exception of fat, which was greater for the BYP diet compared with the control diet. Although fecal N tended to be greater for the BYP diet, there were no differences in N utilization. Compared with the control diet, milk yield tended to be greater and daily production of milk CP, fat, whey protein, and TS as well as milk gross energy were greater for the BYP diet. The concentration of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 fatty acids (FA) was or tended to be lower and the concentration of polyunsaturated FA was greater in the milk of BYP-fed goats compared with goats fed the control diet. Diet had no effect on ruminal parameters (pH, volatile FA, and NH-N concentrations) and methane emissions, but urinary excretion of total purine derivatives tended to be lower in BYP-fed goats than in those fed the control diet. A mixture of corn DDGS (180 g), DCP (180 g), and EOC (80 g) could replace 44% of cereal grains and protein feeds in the concentrate for dairy goats without compromising nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, or milk yield and led to a more unsaturated FA profile in milk., Funding provided by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI; Madrid, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (Project AGL2016-75322-C1-1-R) and by the Excellence Programme of the Junta de Andalucia (Sevilla, Spain; project P12-AGR-587) is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are given to SACYR Industrial S. A. (Madrid, Spain) for providing for free the exhausted olive cake used in this study.

Citrus pulp is a major by-product of the citrus processing industry. A total of 192 post-weaning, 35-day-old Hyla rabbits were randomly divided into four groups. Each group contained four replicates and each replicate comprised 12 rabbits. The four groups were given 0 (control group), 7%, 14% and 21% citrus pulp in the feed. Results indicated no significant difference in the performance of rabbits (P >.118). Rabbits fed with increasing citrus pulp demonstrated an increase in hot carcass weight (linear, P =.041) and liver weight (linear, P =.015). An upward trend (linear, P =.087) was found in thymus with increasing citrus pulp. The experimental groups all displayed an increase of at least 8.28%, 11.7% and 5.07% in serum albumin (ALB), ALB:GLO ratio and calcium (Ca) levels, respectively, compared with the control group (P .05). In summary, inclusion of increased citrus pulp did not impair growth performance, could improve immunization, serum Ca and hepatic antioxidant status of growing rabbits.

Citrus pulp is a highly abundant by-product of the citrus industry. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing extruded maize (EM, 20% of total diet) by dried citrus pulp (DCP, 20%) in a mixed diet on rumen fermentation and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters. The two diets contained 50% alfalfa hay and 50% concentrate, and the same protein level. Four Rusitec fermenters were used in a cross-over design with two 13-d incubation runs. After 7-d of diet adaptation, diet disappearance, fermentation parameters, microbial growth, and microbial populations were assessed. Fermenters receiving the DCP showed greater pH values and fiber disappearance (p &lt, 0.001) and lower methane production (p = 0.03) than those fed EM. Replacing EM by DCP caused an increase in the proportions of propionate and butyrate (p &lt, 0.001) and a decrease in acetate (p = 0.04). Microbial growth, bacterial diversity, and the quantity of bacteria and protozoa DNA were not affected by the diet, but the relative abundances of fungi and archaea were greater (p &lt, 0.03) in solid and liquid phases of DCP fermenters, respectively. Results indicate that DCP can substitute EM, promoting a more efficient ruminal fermentation.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre., This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2014-56653). Authors are grateful to FEDNA for the grant obtained by Mr. Farias.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of three energy sources on the intake, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients in cattle diet. Materials and methods. Six ruminally cannulated cows (730 ± 70 kg) were distributed into three treatments in a replicated 3x3 Latin square experimental design, where: (I) Control: Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); (II) Soybean: High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% soybean and (III) Citrus pulp: Low ether extract diet (3.00% EE) and high pectin involvement with inclusion of 15% citrus pulp. To determine the digestibility of DM and its fractions, chromic oxide was used as a marker. Nutrient excretion was calculated from the digestibility coefficient of each fraction. Results. The soybean treatment reduced (p0.05) of the energy source on the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The TDN value was higher for the soybean treatment. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM was lower (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary whole dried citrus pulp (DCP) on the antioxidant status of lamb tissues. In total, 17 lambs were divided into two groups and fed for 56 days: a barley-based concentrate diet (CON - eight animals), or a concentrate-based diet including 35% DCP to partially replace barley (CIT - nine animals). The CIT diet contained a double concentration of phenolic compounds than the CON diet (7.9 v. 4.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively), but had no effect (P>0.05) on the overall antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic fraction of blood plasma, liver and muscle. The CIT diet contained clearly more α-tocopherol than the CON diet (45.7 v. 10.3 mg/kg DM), which could explain the higher concentration of α-tocopherol in liver, plasma and muscle (P

Resumo Conduziu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por polpa cítrica sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Utilizaram-se nove vacas (três canuladas no rúmen) da raça Holandesa, pluríparas, com 80 ± 24 dias de lactação e produção média diária de 20 ± 0,58 kg de leite. Os animais foram confinados em tie stall, com cocho e bebedouro individuais. Utilizou-se um quadrado latino 3 x 3. Os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 21 dias, sendo 14 de adaptação e sete de coleta. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 100% milho grão (MG), 50% milho grão e 50% polpa cítrica (MP) e 100% polpa cítrica (PC). Não houve diferenças significativas na ingestão dos nutrientes (MS, MO, FDN, FDA, PB, amido) entre dietas. O tratamento com polpa cítrica produziu maior proporção de acetato em relação aos demais, bem como maior relação acetato/propionato. As médias de pH situaram-se entre 5,86 e 7,35. As médias de N-NH3 apresentaram maiores diferenças nos tempos 2 e 3 horas pós-alimentação. Não houve diferenças entre as dietas para produção total de leite corrigido para 4% de gordura, proteína, lactose, extrato seco total (EST) e nitrogênio uréico do leite (NUL). Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of replacing corn grain by citrus pulp on dairy cows performance. Nine Holstein cows (three cannulated in the rumen), at 80 ± 24 milking days, and daily medium production of 20 ± 0.58 kg/day were used. Animals were maintained in tie stall with individual feeder and drinker. Experimental design was a 3 x 3 Latin square. Experiment lasted 21 days, being 14 days of adaptation and seven of collection. Treatments were 100% corn grain (CG); 50% corn grain and 50% citric pulp (CG-P) or 100% citrus pulp (P). There were no differences in nutrients (DM, OM, NDF, ADF, CP, starch) ingestion among diets. The treatment with citrus pulp produced larger proportion of acetate in relation to the others, as well as larger acetate/propionate ratio. The pH averages ranged between 5.86 and 7.35. The averages of N-NH3 presented larger differences in the times 2 and 3 hours after feeding. There were no differences among the diets for total 4%-fat corrected milk production, protein, lactose, total dry extract (TDE) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN).

Dietary yeast supplementation may improve the digestive efficiency of ruminants, but responses depend on the yeast strain and the diet composition. Corn silage and citrus pulp are usual carbohydrate sources for dairy cows in southeast Brazil. This study evaluated the supplementation of dairy cows fedding on corn silage-citrus pulp-based diets with Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 (Lallemand SAS, Toulouse, France). Twenty multiparous, midlactation Holstein cows were assigned to two treatments in crossover design. Treatments were: live yeast on oyster meal capable of supplying a daily minimum of 1 × 10(10) CFU per cow or oyster meal top-dressed at 10 g to the morning meal. Diet contained (% of dry matter): 16.8% crude protein, 30.9% neutral detergent fiber, 43.9% corn silage, 2% tifton hay, 14.4% steam flaked corn, 16.9% citrus pulp and 21.7% soybean meal. Yeast supplementation increased daily yields of milk (29.4 vs. 28.5 kg, p = 0.11), protein (0.939 vs. 0.908 kg, p = 0.05), and lactose (1.294 vs. 1.241 kg, p = 0.06), but did not affect milk fat contents (p = 0.59). Daily dry matter intake was 21.4 with yeast and 20.7 kg for the control (p = 0.11). Total tract apparent digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber was 48.1% with yeast and 43.2% for the control (p = 0.08). There was a trend for increased intake of digestible organic matter with yeast supplementation (p = 0.07). The positive milk protein yield response to yeast supplementation may have resulted from the increased fiber digestibility, but the response mechanism could not be elucidated. A suplementação com levedura pode melhorar a eficiência digestiva de ruminantes. Entretanto, a resposta depende da cepa de levedura e da composição da dieta. Silagem de milho e polpa cítrica são fontes frequentes de carboidratos para vacas leiteiras no Sudeste do Brasil. Avaliou-se a suplementação de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta baseada em silagem de milho e polpa cítrica com Saccharomyces cerevisiae cepa CNCM I1077 (Lallemand SAS, Toulouse, França). Vinte vacas Holandesas multíparas em meio de lactação foram alocadas a uma seqüência de dois tratamentos em delineamento de reversão simples. Os tratamentos foram: 10 g de levedura viva em farinha de ostra para fornecer um mínimo diário de 1 × 10(10) ufc por vaca ou farinha de ostra fornecidos sobre a refeição matinal. A dieta continha (% da matéria seca): 16,8% de proteína bruta, 30,9% de fibra em detergente neutro, 43,9% de silagem de milho, 2% de feno de tifton, 14,4% de milho floculado, 16,9% de polpa cítrica e 21,7% de farelo de soja. A suplementação com levedura aumentou as produções diárias de leite (29,4 vs. 28,5 kg, p = 0,11), proteína (0,939 vs. 0,908 kg, p = 0,05) e lactose (1,264 vs. 1,241 kg, p = 0,06), e não teve efeito sobre a gordura do leite (p = 0,53). O consumo diário de matéria seca foi 21,4 kg com levedura e 20,7 no controle (p = 0,11). A digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro no trato digestivo total foi 48,1% com levedura e 43,2% para o controle (p = 0,08). Houve tendência de aumento no consumo de matéria orgânica digestível com a suplementação de levedura (p = 0,07). A resposta positiva em secreção de proteína do leite à suplementação com levedura parece ter sido resultado do aumento na digestibilidade da fibra, mas o mecanismo para a resposta não pôde ser elucidado.

The effects were assessed of two energy sources in concentrate (ground grain corn vs. citrus pulp) and two nitrogen sources (soybean meal vs. urea) on rumen metabolism in four buffaloes and four zebu cattle (Nellore) with rumen cannula and fed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with feeds containing 60% sugar cane. Energy supplements had no effect on the rumen ammonia concentration in cattle, but ground grain corn promoted higher ammonia level than citrus pulp in buffalo. Urea produced higher ammonia level than soybean meal in both animal species. On average, the buffaloes maintained a lower rumen ammonia concentration (11.7 mg/dL) than the cattle (14.5 mg/dL). Buffaloes had lower production of acetic acid than cattle (58.7 vs. 61.6 mol/100 mol) and higher of propionic acid (27.4 vs. 23.6 mol/100 mol). There was no difference in the butyric acid production between the buffaloes (13.6 mol/100 mol) and cattle (14.8 mol/100 mol) and neither in the total volatile fatty acids concentration (82.5 vs. 83.6 mM, respectively). The energy or nitrogen sources had no effect on rumen protozoa count in either animal species. The zebu cattle had higher rumen protozoa population (8.8 × 10(5)/mL) than the buffaloes (6.1 × 10(5)/mL). The rumen protozoa population differed between the animal species, except for Dasytricha and Charonina. The buffaloes had a lower Entodinium population than the cattle (61.0 vs 84.9%, respectively) and a greater percentage of species belonging to the Diplodiniinae subfamily than the cattle (28.6 vs. 1.4%, respectively). In cattle, ground corn is a better energy source than citrus pulp for use by Entodinium and Diplodiniinae. In the buffaloes, the Entodinium are favored by urea and Diplodiniinae species by soybean meal. Foram avaliados os efeitos de duas fontes de energia no concentrado (grãos de milho moídos vs polpa cítrica) e duas fontes nitrogenadas (farelo de soja vs ureia) sobre o metabolismo ruminal em quatro bubalinos e quatro bovinos zebuínos (Nelore). Os animais possuíam cânulas no rúmen e foram alimentados em delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4, com rações contendo 60% de cana-de-açúcar. Não houve efeitos dos suplementos energéticos na concentração de amônia ruminal em bovinos, no entanto, nos bubalinos, o milho em grão promoveu maior concentração de amônia em comparação à polpa cítrica. Em ambas as espécies animais, a ureia promoveu nível mais elevado de amônia em comparação ao farelo de soja. Em média, os bubalinos mantiveram menor concentração de amônia ruminal (11,7 mg/dL) que os bovinos (14,5 mg/dL). Os búfalos apresentaram menor produção de ácido acético em comparação aos bovinos (58,7 vs 61,6 mol/100 mol) e maior produção de ácido propiônico (27,4 vs 23,6 mol/100 mol). Não houve diferença na produção de ácido butírico entre búfalos (13,6 mol/100 mol) e bovinos (14,8 mol/100 mol) nem na concentração total de ácidos graxos voláteis (82,5 vs 83,6 mM, respectivamente). As fontes de energia e nitrogênio não produziram efeitos em ambas as espécies animais na contagem de protozoários no rúmen. Os zebuínos apresentaram maior população de protozoários no rúmen (8,8 × 10(5)/mL) em comparação aos búfalos (6,1 × 10(5)/mL). Com exceção de Dasytricha e Charonina, a composição da população de protozoários diferiu entre as espécies animais, uma vez que nos búfalos a população de Entodinium (61,0 vs 84,9%, respectivamente) foi menor e a porcentagem de espécies da subfamília Diplodiniinae, maior que nos bovinos (28,6 vs 1,4%, respectivamente). Em bovinos, o milho moído é uma fonte de energia melhor que a polpa cítrica para utilização pela população de Entodinium e Diplodiniinae. Em búfalos, a população de Entodinium é favorecida pela oferta de ureia, enquanto espécies de Diplodiniinae são favorecidas pelo farelo de soja.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:02:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) S1516-35982006000700024.pdf.txt: 39853 bytes, checksum: 28fa8fc8573b6eeaa884850a585e63c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) S1516-35982006000700024.pdf.txt: 39853 bytes, checksum: 28fa8fc8573b6eeaa884850a585e63c8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982006000700024.pdf: 49650 bytes, checksum: 9139b100fa4860de9fd9d24c22997a83 (MD5) S1516-35982006000700024.pdf.txt: 39853 bytes, checksum: 28fa8fc8573b6eeaa884850a585e63c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso e as características da carcaça de bovinos Nelore alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso e concentrado contendo farelo de gérmen de milho, casca do grão de soja ou polpa de citrus em substituição parcial (50%) ao milho. Quarenta bovinos Nelore (peso médio inicial de 340 kg e idade inicial de 32 meses) foram alimentados com quatro dietas fornecidas na proporção volumoso:concentrado 39:61. As fontes substitutivas do milho não afetaram o peso final (470,8; 478,6; 476,4 e 475,3 kg) e o ganho médio diário (1,1; 1,1; 1,1 e 1,2 kg/animal/dia). Não houve efeito sobre o rendimento de carcaça (55,3; 55,3; 54,0 e 54,8%), a área de Longissimus (24,2; 23,0; 25,0 e 23,2 cm²/100 kg de carcaça) e a espessura de gordura (4,4; 5,6; 4,7 e 4,4 mm). O menor custo por arroba foi observado no tratamento com polpa de citrus (R$ 44,20), seguido do farelo de gérmen de milho (R$ 48,80) e da casca de soja (R$ 50,80), porém, quando utilizado somente o milho, o custo da arroba foi de R$ 51,80. O milho moído pode ser parcialmente substituído pelo farelo de gérmen de milho, pela casca de soja ou pela polpa de citrus em dietas para bovinos em confinamento alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso, pois a substituição não alterou o ganho de peso e as características de carcaça. The objective of this trial was to evaluate weight gain and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore fed diets containing sugarcane bagasse and one of the following concentrate sources: corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus pulp that partially (50% DM) replaced ground corn in the diet. The four experimental diets were formulated to yield a forage:concentrate ratio of 39:61. Forty Nellore animals averaging 340 kg of body weight and 32 months of age at the beginning of the trial were used. No significant differences on final weight (470.8, 478.6, 476.4, and 475.3 kg), weight gain (1.1, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.2 kg.animal-1.day-1), carcass yield (55.3, 55.3, 54.0 and 54.8%), Longissimus area (24.2, 23.0, 25.0, and 23.2 cm².100 kg-1 of carcass), and backfat thickness (4.4, 5.6, 4.7, and 4.4 mm) were observed among the four concentrate sources. The lowest cost per arroba was observed when ground corn was partially replaced by citrus pulp (R$ 44.20) followed by corn germ meal (R$ 48.80) and soybean hulls (R$ 50.80); the diet containing only ground corn as the energy source had the greatest cost per arroba produced (R$ 51.80). It can be concluded that ground corn can be partially replaced by corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus pulp in diets for feedlot Nellore also receiving hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse with no detrimental effects in weight gain and carcass traits. Unesp FCAV Departamento de Zootecnia Unesp FCAV Unesp FCAV Departamento de Zootecnia Unesp FCAV

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:10:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) S1516-35982004000100030.pdf.txt: 36897 bytes, checksum: 64f0a5b7f96310567990450659346c83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) S1516-35982004000100030.pdf.txt: 36897 bytes, checksum: 64f0a5b7f96310567990450659346c83 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000100030.pdf: 155736 bytes, checksum: e885f7d59192e0f28ba196500bd57afa (MD5) S1516-35982004000100030.pdf.txt: 36897 bytes, checksum: 64f0a5b7f96310567990450659346c83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-01 Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade e a degradabilidade de dois tipos de polpa cítrica peletizada: normal (PCPN) e queimada (PCPQ), bem como o potencial de produção de nitrogênio amoniacal com dois níveis de inclusão na ração (40 e 60%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois tipos de polpa e dois níveis de inclusão) e testemunha. A inclusão de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) nas dietas, normal ou queimada, aumentou os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, quando comparados com a ração testemunha, exceto para a proteína bruta (PB). Com relação aos coeficientes de digestibilidade para os dois tipos de PCP, verificou-se maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes da PCPN em relação à PCPQ, principalmente em relação a PB, FDN e FDA, pressupondo que a utilização da PCPQ pode comprometer a qualidade da ração, ocasionando perdas na produtividade dos animais. A PCPN apresentou maiores taxas de degradação da MS e FDN, quando comparada à PCPQ. Verificou-se que o potencial de degradação foi alcançado com 48 horas de incubação para MS e FDN, para todos os tratamentos. Para produção de N-NH3 não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Contudo, a PCPQ pode ser utilizada na alimentação de bovinos, sendo sua utilização pautada na relação custo benefício. The objective of this research was to evaluate the digestibility and the in situ degradation of two types of citrus pulp in pellets: regular (CPPR) and burned (CPPB), as well the potential of production of N-NH3 in the rumen, with two levels in the diet (40 and 60%). A randomized blocks design, in a 2 x 2 (two kinds of pulp and two inclusions levels) factorial and control, was used. The inclusion of citrus pulp in the diets, regular or burned, increased the coefficients of digestibility of the nutrients when compared with the control ration, except for the crude protein. A higher coefficient of digestibility of the nutrients of the regular citrus pulp was observed, when compared to the burned citrus pulp, especially in relation to crude protein, NDF and ADF. The use of burned citrus pulp can result in lower animal performance. CPPR showed higher degradation rate to DM and NDF, when compared to CPPB. DM and NDF potential degradation was obtained with 48h of incubation for all treatments. No difference was oberved among treatments, concerning the N-NH3 production. However, CPPB could be fed to bovines and its utilization should be based on the cost benefits relation. UNESP FCAV UnB FAV USP FZEA UNESP FCAV

Em geral, gramíneas forrageiras colhidas em estádio de desenvolvimento mais jovem apresentam baixos teores de MS, o que, associado aos baixos teores de carboidratos solúveis, pode prejudicar o processo de fermentação, comprometendo a qualidade final da silagem. Dessa forma, deve-se adotar procedimentos que modifiquem esse quadro, como a utilização de aditivos. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a fermentação das silagens do capim-tanzânia com aditivos em relação aos teores de nitrogênio amoniacal e pH, e entre esses aditivos, determinar qual deles e em que dose conferem as melhores qualidades à silagem produzida. O experimento foi conduzido nas dependências do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFLA, utilizando o capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) estabelecido em um Latossolo Roxo Argiloso e colhido com 60-65 dias de crescimento. A forragem foi ensilada em silos experimentais de PVC, adaptados com válvula tipo Bunsen, com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg cada um. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três aditivos (polpa cítrica, farelo de trigo e fubá de milho), em quatro doses (3, 6, 9 e 12%) mais uma testemunha, sem aditivos, e 8 tempos de abertura dos silos (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, constituindo um esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional [(3 x 4) + 1] x 8 com 3 repetições. As adições de polpa cítrica, farelo de trigo ou fubá de milho melhoram as características fermentativas das silagens de capim-tanzânia. As silagens sem aditivos também apresentaram valores de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal característicos de uma silagem de qualidade satisfatória; no entanto, os aditivos devem ser utilizados com o intuito de prevenir perdas. In general, forage grasses harvested at younger development stage present low contents of DM that associated to the low content of soluble carbohydrates, can harm the fermentation harming the final quality of the silage. Thus, it is indispensable to adopt procedures which modify this picture such as the use of additives. This work aimed to evaluate the fermentation of Tanzania grass silages with additives in relation to the ammonia-N content and pH, and among these additives, to determine which of them and what dose confers the best qualities to the produced silage. The experiment was carried out in the Animal Science Department of UFLA by utilizing tanzaniagrass (Panicum maxium Jacq. cv. Tanzania I) established in a Clayey Dusky red Latosol and harvested at 60-65 days of growth. The forage was ensiled in experimental PVC silos, adapted with valves type Bunsen with capacity of about 3 kg each. The treatments consisted of three additives (citrus pulp, wheat meal and corn meal) in four doses (3, 6, 9 and 12%) plus one without additives and 8 times of silo opening (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days). The experimental design utilized was randomized blocks, constituing a factorial scheme with additional treatment [(3x4) + 1] x 8 with 3 replicates. The addition of citrus pulp, wheat meal and corn meal improves the fermentative characteristics of the tanzaniagrass silage. The silages without additives present values of pH and ammonia-N characteristics of a satisfactory quality silage but the use of additives is recommended to prevent losses.

Determinaram-se os consumos de nutrientes e a digestibilidade aparente, in vivo e in vitro, em dez cadelas submetidas a uma dieta controle (R0) acrescida de 10 (R10) e 20% (R20) de uma mistura contendo polpa de citros (PC) e folhas de feno de alfafa. A digestibilidade foi estimada pela coleta total de fezes e pelo uso das cinzas insolúveis em ácido. Quando expressos em % do peso vivo, os consumos de água, de matéria seca (MS), de matéria orgânica (MO) e de proteína bruta (PB) diminuiram à medida que os níveis de fibra aumentaram. Entretanto, a digestibilidade da MS, da PB, da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e do extrato etéreo (EE) aumentou com o acréscimo do consumo das fontes fibrosas. A digestibilidade estimada pelos dois métodos resultou em valores cuja diferença não ultrapassou 5 unidades. Houve diferenças nos valores de digestibilidade in vitro quanto à origem do inóculo fecal e os maiores valores foram para as amostras dos ingredientes fibrosos incubados com inóculo oriundo dos animais que estavam ingerindo as dietas contendo as fontes de fibra. A polpa de citros resultou na maior digestibilidade in vitro, enquanto que a ração controle, na menor. The determination of nutrient intake and the apparent in vivo and in vitro digestibilities in bitches fed a control ration (R0) or the same control ration containing 10% (R10) or 20% (R20) of a mixture composed of citrus pulp (PC) and alfalfa hay leaft, were the objective of this study. The digestibility was estimated by total feaces collection and by the use of the ash insoluble in acid. When expressed in % of liveweight, the intake of water, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were reduced as the fiber levels increased. However, DM, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract (EE) digestibilities increased as the fiber levels increased in the diets. The digestibility values estimated by these two methods were different, but not greater than 5 units. The source of fecal inocula resulted in different values for in vitro digestibility, and the inocula of the animals consuming the fiber sources gave the highest results. The citrus pulp was the component which presented the greatest in vitro digestibility whereas the control diet gave the lowest values for in vitro digestibility.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with citrus pulp, fish by-product, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation biomass on the growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs. A total of 180 weaned piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). There were six replicate pens in each treatment with 10 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 2.5, and 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass. The isocaloric and isoproteineous experimental diets were fed in mash form in two phases (d 0 ~ 14, phase I and d 15 ~ 28, phase II). Dietary treatments had significant linear effects on gain to feed ratio (G:F) in all periods, whereas significant linear effects on ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and ash were only observed in phase I. Piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da polpa de citros e do milho sobre as condições ruminais, estes alimentos substituíram parte da silagem de milho em rações para vacas leiteiras em lactação. Foram utilizadas 4 vacas holandesas providas de cânula ruminal, 5 períodos e 5 dietas experimentais em um delineamento estatístico em Quadrado Latino Incompleto. Amostras de fluido ruminal foram coletadas 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 24 horas após a alimentação para determinação de ácidos graxos voláteis. A produção de ácido acético foi maior (p0,05). Nestas condições experimentais os resultados sugerem que a polpa de citros pode ser utilizada em substituição ao volumoso causando alterações desejáveis nas condições ruminais. Os efeitos do milho sobre o padrão de fermentação ruminal são característicos de um alimento concentrado. A associação do milho com a polpa de citros é uma alternativa para minimizar estes efeitos. The present work was conducted to evaluate the effects of citrus pulp and corn in when partially replacing corn silage in lactating dairy cattle rations. Four Holstein volatile fatty acids production, cows with ruminal cannula were used for five periods and five experimental rations in an Incomplete Latin Square experimental design. Ruminal fluid samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours after feeding, to determine volatile fatty acids. The production of acetic acid was higher (p0,05). Under these experimental conditions, the results suggested that citrus pulp could replace the roughage resulting in desirable changes in the ruminal conditions. The effects of corn in ruminal fermentation pattern were typical of a concentrated feed. The association of corn with citrus pulp is an alternative option to minimize effects.

Six goats randomly divided into three groups were used in a 4 X 3 Youden Square design, using four distinct diets [control (C), citric pulp (CP), wheat meal (WM) and rice meal (RM)] in order to evaluate which diet will predispose the formation of uroliths. Serum calcium and phosphorous were determined, as well as urinary pH, density, calcium and phosphorous. The goats fed RM had the highest serum and urinary phosphorous values (5.34±1.71 and 156.9±85.5 mmol/L, respectively), while the animals that received CP had the lowest values for blood and urine phosphorous (2.29±0.36 and 2.02±1.24 mmol/L, respectively). The results of urine pH showed that CP diet caused alkaline urine (8.44±0.33), with higher values than WM and RM (6.27±0.29 and 6.37±0.54, respectively). The urine from one animal that received WM diet and from another that received RM diet presented triple phosphate crystals, while the urine from the goats receiving CP did not present any of these crystals. A determinant factor for crystal formation is the high phosphorous concentration in the urine. Acidic urine pH does not prevent the formation of crystals if urinary phosphorous concentrations are high. KEYWORDS: citrus pulp; goats; rice meal; urinary calculi; wheat meal.

Foram utilizadas 12 vacas lactantes Holandês-Gir com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de dietas formuladas com diferentes fontes de carboidratos no concentrado, associadas ou não à suplementação com óleo de soja, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção de leite e a composição do leite. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrados à base de milho ou farelo de trigo (FT) ou polpa cítrica (PC), associados ou não a óleo de soja (0 e 2,25%). Não houve interação significativa entre a presença de óleo e a fonte de carboidratos em qualquer variável avaliada. O consumo de MS (18,4 kg/dia) e a produção de leite (23,5 kg/dia) não diferiram entre MI, FT ou PC, mas a dieta com FT proporcionou maior consumo de FDN e menor digestibilidade aparente total da MO e dos CHOT e reduziu o teor de lactose no leite. A síntese microbiana não foi influenciada pela fonte de carboidrato ou pelo óleo, sendo, em média, de 239,4 g N/dia. Os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo óleo apresentaram menor consumo de matéria seca (19,0 vs 17,8 kg/dia) e menores teores de lactose (4,49 vs 4,33%) e gordura (3,34 vs 3,13%) no leite, mas não diferiram quanto à produção de leite, ao teor de proteína, à digestibilidade dos nutrientes e à síntese microbiana. A presença de óleo promoveu maior eficiência alimentar (1,35 vs 1,23) e aumentou a relação proteína:gordura do leite (0,94 vs 1,00). Do ponto de vista econômico, PC e FT podem substituir totalmente o milho no concentrado em dietas para vacas com produção de até 24 kg/dia. O óleo na dieta diminui o consumo e mantém o nível de produção, aumentando a eficiência alimentar e alterando a composição do leite. Twelve Holstein-Zebu lactating dairy cows were used to study the effects of different carbohydrate sources and soybean oil on dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition. The following carbohydrate sources were used: corn (CO), wheat bran (WB) or citric pulp (CP) with 0 or 2.25% of soybean oil. No significant interactions between soybean oil and carbohydrate sources were observed in this trial. Both dry matter intake (18.4 kg/day) and milk yield (23.5 kg/day) did not differ among carbohydrate sources but cows fed WB had higher NDF intake and lower apparent total tract digestibilities of OM, total carbohydrates, and milk lactose content. Neither carbohydrate sources nor soybean oil changed significantly the ruminal microbial protein synthesis that averaged 239.4 g N/day. Cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil showed lower dry matter intake (19.0 vs. 17.8 kg/day) and contents of milk lactose (4.49 vs. 4.33%) and milk fat (3.34 vs. 3.13%) compared to those with no soybean oil in the diet. Oil diets showed no differences on milk production, milk protein content, digestibility of nutrients, and microbial protein synthesis. In addition, supplementation with soybean oil improved feed efficiency (1.35 vs. 1.23) and the milk protein:milk fat ratio (0.94 vs. 1.00). It can be concluded that for cows yielding up to 24 kg of milk per day WB and CP can economically replace CO in the concentrate. Inclusion of soybean oil in the diet changed milk composition and decreased dry matter intake but maintain milk yield, which improved feed efficiency.

Replacement of corn by citrus pulp or coffee hulls explores the potential of dairy cows to digest fiber-rich feedstuffs. However, for the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, replacing citrus pulp by coffee hulls may reduce milk production costs, since citrus pulp needs to be imported from another state, while coffee hulls are highly available at essentially no cost. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of crossbred cows fed concentrates containing 25% coffee hulls (Coffee) or 25% citrus pulp (Pulp) as a replacement for ground corn grain (Corn; 47.4% in the concentrate). Forty-two cows were blocked based on milk yield and allocated to one of the three treatments for 56 days, following a 14-day standardization period. Concentrates were fed twice a day during the milking routine, 1 kg to each 2.5 kg of the average milk yield for the block, determined at the end of the standardization period. The daily 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield was 7.5 kg for Corn, 7.9 kg for Pulp and 6.2 kg for Coffee (P < 0.01). Cows consuming coffee hulls had greater body weight loss (P = 0.03). Feed orts during milking amounted to 30% of the concentrate offered in Coffee, greater than the other treatments throughout the experimental period (P < 0.01). The mean daily intake of coffee hulls was 575 grams. The frequency of cows reluctant to enter the milking parlor yoke was 10% for Coffee and 1% for the other two treatments (P < 0.01). There was no detectable effect of coffee hulls on cow temperament and frequency of defecation during milking, as well as on somatic cell count (P > 0.26). The Pulp concentrate provided the highest financial efficiency, while Coffee was the least efficient (P < 0.01). These data suggest that the potential of use of coffee hulls is low when added at rates equal to or greater than 25% of the concentrate offered during the milking routine. A substituição de milho por polpa de citros ou casca de café explora o potencial da vaca leiteira de digerir alimentos ricos em fibra. Entretanto, para o Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, a substituição de polpa cítrica por casca de café pode reduzir o custo de produção do leite, pois a polpa requer importação de outro estado, enquanto a casca de café existe em alta disponibilidade e a preço praticamente nulo. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o desempenho de vacas mestiças alimentadas com concentrados contendo 25% de casca de café (Café) ou 25% de polpa de citros (Polpa) em substituição ao milho em grão moído (Milho; 47,4% do concentrado). Quarenta e duas vacas foram divididas em 14 blocos por produção de leite e alocadas a um dos três tratamentos por 56 dias, após um período de padronização de 14 dias. Os concentrados foram fornecidos duas vezes ao dia no momento das ordenhas, 1 kg para cada 2,5 kg da produção média de leite do bloco mensurada no final do período de padronização. A produção diária de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura foi 7,5 kg no Milho, 7,9 kg no Polpa e 6,2 kg no Café (P < 0.01). As vacas consumindo casca de café tiveram maior perda de peso vivo (P = 0.03). A sobra de cocho no momento da ordenha foi 30% da quantidade oferecida no Café, mais alta que nos outros tratamentos ao longo de todo o período experimental (P < 0.01). O consumo diário médio de casca de café foi 575 gramas. A freqüência de vacas relutando em entrar no canzil no momento da ordenha foi 10% no Café e 1% nos outros dois tratamentos (P < 0.01). Não foi detectado efeito da casca de café sobre o temperamento e a freqüência de defecação no momento da ordenha e sobre a contagem de células somáticas (P > 0.26). O concentrado Polpa foi o de maior eficiência financeira e o Café o menos eficiente (P < 0.01). Estes dados sugerem que é baixo o potencial de utilização da casca de café em inclusões iguais ou superiores a 25% do concentrado oferecido no momento da ordenha.

Este trabalho foi conduzido para se avaliar o efeito de níveis de suplementação energética no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de 64 bezerras de corte Charolês e suas cruzas com Nelore, mantidas em pastagem cultivada de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) mais azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Os tratamentos consistiram em suplementação equivalente a 0; 0,7 e 1,4 % do peso vivo (PV)/dia de farelo de arroz integral associado à polpa cítrica na proporção de 1:1. O método de pastejo foi contínuo, com lotação variável, visando manter massa de forragem de 1500 kg/ha de matéria seca (MS). Foram avaliados o ganho médio diário, carga animal, ganho de peso por área, condição corporal, área pélvica, peso à puberdade, idade à puberdade, altura da garupa e consumo estimado de MS. A suplementação proporcionou maior ganho médio diário, carga animal e ganho de peso vivo/ha. Bezerras alimentadas exclusivamente em pastagens tiveram menor condição corporal e apresentaram menor porcentagem de cio do que bezerras suplementadas. A percentagem de fêmeas que mostraram cio até os 16 meses de idade foi de 9,1; 68,7 e 70,6%, respectivamente. Os níveis de suplementação não interferiram em área pélvica, peso à puberdade, idade à puberdade e altura de garupa. O consumo estimado de MS foi menor no nível 1,4% do PV/dia. This work was carried outo to evaluate the effect of levels of energetic supplementation in productive and reproductive performance of sixty-four Charolais heifers and their crosses with Nellore, mantained in cultivated pasture of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) plus Italian ryegrass (Lulium mulktiflorum Lam.). The treatments considered supplementation of 0; 0.7 and 1.4% of the live weight (LW)/day of rice bran associated with citric pulp, in the proportion of 1:1. A continuous grazing system with variable stocking rate was used, to maintain 1500 kg/ha of DM in herbage mass in all treatments. The following parameters were evaluated: average daily gain, stocking rate, live weight gain, body condition, pelvic area, weight at puberty and age at puberty, hip height and estimated intake of DM. The supplementation increased average daily gain, stocking rate and live weight gain. Heifers kept only on pasture had lower body conditions and showed lower heat percentage than heifers supplemented with 0.7 and 1.4% of LW/day with no differences (P>0.05) between the 0.7 and 1.4% levels. The percentage of heifers showing heat until 16 months of age was 9.1; 68.7 and 70.6%, respectively. The supplementations levels did not affect pelvic area, age at puberty and hip height. The estimated intake of DM was lower for the level of 1.4 % LW/day.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) S1516-35982001000600027.pdf.txt: 26158 bytes, checksum: 5293878bdcf6d74db0df7ca566da9624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) S1516-35982001000600027.pdf.txt: 26158 bytes, checksum: 5293878bdcf6d74db0df7ca566da9624 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) S1516-35982001000600027.pdf.txt: 26158 bytes, checksum: 5293878bdcf6d74db0df7ca566da9624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-10-01 O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar os valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e os de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) obtidos com o equipamento ANKOM e pelo método convencional (Van Soest). No primeiro ensaio foram analisados cinco materiais diferentes (cana-de-açúcar, capim-braquiária, silagem de milho, polpa cítrica e fezes bovina) e testados quatro tipos de saquinhos para filtragem de amostra. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em um fatorial 5x4 (cinco materiais diferentes e quatro tipos de saquinhos de filtragem), com três repetições. As médias obtidas foram comparadas àquelas obtidas com método convencional. No segundo ensaio procurou-se avaliar o efeito da quantidade de amostra por saquinho (0,5; 0,8 e 1,0 g) sobre os teores de FDN e FDA em três tipos de alimentos, utilizando o ANKOM. Neste ensaio, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três alimentos x três quantidades), com três repetições. Os tipos de saquinhos de filtragem utilizados não influenciaram os teores de FDN nos diferentes alimentos, com exceção das fezes, cujos saquinhos de náilon resultaram em concentrações de FDN inferiores. Não houve diferença entre os valores de FDN e FDA, obtidos pelo equipamento ANKOM ou pelo convencional, para os alimentos estudados, com exceção da polpa cítrica, cujo valor médio de FDA pelo ANKOM foi inferior àquele obtido pelo método convencional. A quantidade não exerceu efeito sobre a concentração de FDN dos alimentos analisados no equipamento ANKOM. The ANKOM filter bag system was compared with the conventional filtration system (Van Soest) to determine acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in different materials. In the first experiment five feeds (sugar cane, Marandu grass - Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, corn silage, citrus pulp and cattle feces) and four types of filter bags were compared. A completely randomized block design in a factorial scheme (5x4), with three replications, was used. The means obtained by the ANKOM system were compared with those obtained by the conventional filtration procedure. The sample amount effect (0.5; 0.8; 1.0 g) in each filter bag on ADF and NDF contents was studied in the second experiment, using three feeds and the ANKOM system. In this experiment, a completely randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme (three feeds x three amount feed) and three replications, was used. The types of filter bag did not affect the NDF content of the different feeds, except for feces, which bags showed smaller NDF contents. There were no statistical differences among NDF or ADF values determined either by the ANKOM or by the conventional filtration procedures for most of the feeds used, except citrus pulp, which had lower ANKOM- ADF values than the conventional procedure. The sample amount did not affect the NDF of the feed determined by the ANKOM System. UNESP UNESP

Trinta e dois tourinhos da raça Santa Gertrudis com peso inicial de 230 kg e idade média de 9 meses foram utilizados em um experimento de abate comparativo com delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com dois níveis de concentrado na dieta, 20 ou 80%, e dois ingredientes energéticos no concentrado, milho ou polpa de citros peletizada. Quatro animais foram abatidos após o período de adaptação para determinação da composição corporal inicial do lote e os que receberam dietas com 80 e 20% de concentrado foram abatidos após 123 e 172 dias de confinamento, respectivamente. O tratamento com 80% de concentrado à base de milho resultou em ganhos de peso vazio de 1,038 kg/dia, 40% maior que os demais. A substituição do milho pela polpa de citros decresceu o ganho a níveis abaixo dos tratamentos com 20% de concentrado, nos quais não foi observada diferença entre as fontes de energia. A composição química corporal, estimada por intermédio da composição do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas com equações obtidas em outro grupo de animais Santa Gertrudis, não revelou diferenças entre os tratamentos. Thirty two Santa Gertrudis young bulls with an initial weight of 230 kg and 9 months of age were used in a comparative slaughter experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two concentrate levels, 80 and 20%, and two energetic ingredients in the concentrate, corn grain or pelletized citrus pulp. Four animals were slaughtered after the adaptation period for the determination of the initial body composition of lot and those that received diets with 80 and 20% of concentrate were slaughtered after 123 or 172 days, respectively. The treatment with 80% of corn grain based concentrate resulted in empty body weight gain of 1.038 kg/day, 40% greater than the others. The substitution of corn grain by citrus pulp decreased the body weight gain below those of the treatments with 20% concentrate, in which no difference due to energy source was observed. The chemical body composition, estimated by means of the 9-10-11th rib cut composition with equations obtained from another group of Santa Gertrudis animals, did not show differences among treatments.