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Bu çalışma Van ekolojik şartlarında 2018-19 ve 2019-20 kış yetiştirme döneminde iki yıl süre ile yürütülmüştür. Deneme Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü uygulama alanında nadas alanlarının azaltılmasında normal ve anıza ekim yöntemleri birbirleri ile kıyaslanarak verim ve verim öğelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma anıza ve normal ekim yöntemleri kullanılarak altı adet tritikale çeşidi (Özer, Alperbey, Melez, Mikham-2002, Tatlıcak-97 ve Karma-2000) Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonunda yıllar arası fark önemsiz olup, anıza ve normal ekimden elde edilen ortalama başaklanma gün sayısı sırasıyla, 203-204 gün ile 203-204 gün, bitki boyu 95.3-107.6 cm ile 99.0-112.3 cm, m2 başak sayısı 133.0-161.7 adet ile 135.7-175.0 adet, başakta tane sayı 37.4-42.7 adet/bitki ile 36.0-44.0 adet/bitki, başak uzunluğu 7.03-8.50 cm ile 7.40 -8.63 cm, erme süresi 45 - 46 gün ile 44-45 gün, hasat indeksi %30.8-39-4 ile % 30.5-39.3, bin tane ağırlığı 34.2-43.1 g ile 35.2-42.4 g, biyolojik verim 394.7-434.7 kg/da ile 417.3-444.0 kg, tane verimi 123.3- 171.0 kg/da ile 127.3-174.0 kg/da, ham protein oranı %11.3-12.3 ile % 11.9-12.3 arasında değişmiştir. Sonuç olarak Van ekolojik koşullarında nadas alanlarının azaltılmasında anıza ekim yönteminden ümitvar sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is number one cereal of the world and is grown on the largest area. Field experiment conducted at Crop Research Farm, Nawabganj of CSAUA&T in Kanpur. In this study the high heritability and high genetics advance for the twelve characters were observed in normal conditions. In different genotypes, high heritability (narrow sense) were recorded for days to maturity, one thousand grains weight, grain weight per spike, number of grains per spike, number of tillers per plant and while moderate heritability were found for plant height, harvest index, grain yield per plant, biological yield, spike length (cm) and days to 50% heading whereas number of spikelets per spike showed low heritability. The estimate of genetic advance in percentage over mean ranged from 5.56 (days to maturity) to 43.04 (number of productive tillers per plant) in Fl generation. The high value of genetic advance was recorded for number of tillers per plant. Moderate genetic advance were recorded for days to 50% heading, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), 1000 grain weight (g), grain weight per spike (g), biological yield per plant (g), grain yield per plant and harvest index. Low values of genetic advance were recorded for days to maturity, number of spikelets per spike and number of grain per spike in F1 generation.

Bu çalışma, iki ekmeklik buğday çeşidinde farklı dozlardaki hümik/fulvik asit uygulamalarının verim ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla 2013-2015 yılları arasında Yozgat-Sarıkaya’da yürütülmüştür. Deneme tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada çeşitlerin bitki boyu, başak uzunluğu, m2’de başak sayısı, tane verimi, hektolitre ağırlığı, bin tane ağırlığı, protein içeriği, Zeleny sedimentasyon değeri, yaş gluten içeriği, yağ oranı, nişasta içeriği, kül oranı, asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (ADF) ve nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF) değerleri incelenmiştir. Bitki boyu, m²’deki başak sayısı, tane verimi ve bin tane ağırlığı üzerine hümik/fulvik asit uygulamasının etkisi istatistiki olarak % 1 seviyesinde önemli olmuştur. İki yılın ortalamasına göre en yüksek tane verimi 392.2 kg da-1 ile dekara 300 ml hümik/fulvik asit uygulamasından elde edilmiştir.

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficients were studied in 104 genotypes of wheat genotypes for yield and yield contributing traits. Both GCV and PCV were found to be moderate for flag leaf area, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and ash content. The days to ear emergence, days to maturity, plant height, harvest index and 1000-grain weight low GCV and PCV values were observed. Number of productive tillers per plant and spike length recorded moderate value of PCV and low value of GCV. High estimate of heritability in narrow sense was recorded for number of productive tillers per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and grain yield per plant, while it was moderate for days to ear emergence, days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, spike length, grains per spike and low heritability were recorded for 1000-grain weight. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in per cent of mean was recorded for biological yield per plant and grain yield per plant. Grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive association with 1000-grain weight, harvest index, biological yield per plant, grains per spike, number of productive tillers per plant and days to maturity.

Two consecutive cycles of selection were imposed on five F2 populations of bread wheat. The first cycle was a divergent selection for spike length conducted in favorable environment (optimal sowing date) and the response was measured under favorable and heat stress conditions of a late sowing date. Positive responses to selection for longer spikes were obtained under favorable (13.43%) heat stress (8.66%) conditions, whereas the responses for shorter spikes were 2.24 and 5.02% in the two environments, respectively. The realized heritability of spike length was greater under favorable conditions (0.25-0.56) than under heat stress (0.18- 0.41). Concurrent positive responses to selection for longer spikes were obtained in grain yield per spike under favorable (25.35%) and heat stress (13.65%) environments. Selection for greater number of grains per spike imposed on F3 plants selected for spike length under heat stress resulted in significant responses (14.65%). Selection for greater number of grains per spike resulted in correlated responses in grain yield per spike (17.64%). The concurrent positive responses produced in spike length in F4 with selection for number of grains per spike (averaged 9.20%) was almost equal to that produced by the direct selection in F3 (8.66%), indicating that selection advance effected in F3 has been maintained in F4. High F4/F3 regression was obtained for spike length under heat stress (b = 0.85 ± 0.07), indicating high heritability. In conclusion, phenotypic selection for longer spikes under heat stress followed by a cycle of selection for number of grains per spike was capable of improving heat tolerance in wheat.

Objectives: To estimate the heritability in a broad sense and the genetic advance F2 generation of bread wheat. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The collected data were statistically analyzed for analysis of variance by Gomez and Gomez, heritability in a broad sense and the genetic advance was worked out after Falconer. Findings: The results showed that genotypes parents, percent x crosses were highly significant at 0.01 level for days to 75% heading, days to 90% maturity, plant height (cm), tiller plant1 , spike length (cm), spikelet spike-1, grain spike-1, grain yield plant-1 (g), Biological yield and harvest index (%) while seed index (1000 grain weight, g) showed non-significant for parents vs crosses. Mean performance of six commercial and F2 hybrids revealed that early heading (62.2) presented by Kiran-95 and his F2 hybrids (59.95%), days to 75% heading taken by Benazir x TD-1, minimum days (114.8) to 90% maturity shown by variety TJ-83, dwarf plant (59.82cm) shown by variety Hamal. The maximum tiller plant-1 (13.76) produced by cross Benazir x TD-1, longer spike length (9.95cm) shown by the variety Kiran-95, while the genotype TD-1 produced maximum number of spikelet spike-1 (20.76), maximum grain spike-1 (56.03) highest grain yield plant-1 (30.53 g) and highest biological yield was obtained from the cross TD-1 x Sindhu. Highest weight for 1000-grain was recorded for TD-1, (50.20). The highest biological yield was shown by Benazir (61.03g). Among the hybrids, higher grain yield plant-1 displayed by Sindhu x Kiran-95, within the F2 population maximum harvest index of 56.45% was observed in Sindhu x TJ-83. The cross Benazir x TD-1 showed higher heritability for tiller plant-1, spike length, spikelets spike-1 and harvest index. While Benazir x Sindhu exhibited higher heritability for grain spike-1, plant height. Variety TD-1, Kiran-95, and Sindhu may be selected in further breeding programs and crossed Benazir x TD-1 could be evaluated in the subsequent generation and selection could be made on spikelets spike-1 and harvest index. Application/Improvements: The variety TD-1 performs better in spikelets spike-1, grains spike-1, grain yield plant-1, seed index, while variety Kiran-95 had higher in spike length, and harvest index. Keywords: Bread Wheat, F2 Generation, Genetic Advance, Heritability

Under drought conditions, barley grain related traits are affected by water stress and reduced grain yield potential. Therefore, two experiments were carried out at the Kalar technical institute for two seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 testing five hybrid of tow-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under irrigated and unirrigated conditions. Genotypes were assessed for thousand grain weight, grain filling duration and grains number per particular of spike length. The average of both years , drought significantly reduced thousand grain weight by 7.63 g and shortened grain filling duration by 44.3 oCd, but not affected grains number may due to genetically controlling this trait. Genotypes 3//4 and 3//14 scored highest values of thousand grain weight and grain filling duration under both irrigated and drought conditions. However, genotype 3//1 was least affected by drought for both thousand grain weight and grain filling duration indicating higher resistance against water stress for this genotype. Regression analysis showed a positive relationship between thousand grain weight and grain filling duration under both irrigated (R2=0.85; P=0.03) and unirrigated (R2=0.80; P=0.04) conditions averaging over seasons showing the importance of post-anthesis period to increase the single grain weight. The correlation between thousand grain weight and grains number, however, was negative for the cross-year mean under drought conditions (R2=0.75; P=0.05) may due to the trade-off between these two traits.

Twenty genotypes triticale were evaluated in an alpha lattice design and RCBD for eight characters to a comparison of the relative efficiency (RE) of alpha-lattice design and RCBD. Two experiments were analyzed according to alpha lattice design and RCB design. Average estimated (RE) was 12.97, 5.93, 21.79, 35.50, 21.53, 23.96 and 26.69% for number of plants / m2, tillering fertility, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikelets / spike, 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield (g / m2), respectively, the high precision is obtained significantly to estimate treatment effects indicating that using an alpha lattice design in place of RCBD. Mean comparisons for both RCBD and alpha lattice design were performed and two designs confirmed to Dublet, Ulyana, 131/1656 and C259 genotypes were the highest yield (g / m2). Cluster analysis showed that genotypes were isolated into three principle groups and one of these contains one variety (Dublet). This variety was characterized by a high yield over two years. The results showed that alpha lattice more efficient and it can be used it instead of traditional RCB design in the agricultural field trials.

In order to realize the heterosis, general and specific combining ability of wheat, 28 crosses were synthesised in a 8 × 8 by using half diallel mating system, without reciprocals. Analysis of heterosis over mid parents (MP) as well as better parents (BP) and combining ability were conducted for yield and its contributing traits. The experiment was conducted in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 seasons at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Egypt. Heterosis was estimated for grain yield per plant revealed maximum heterosis over the mid parents (68.58% and 81.47%) for the crosses P5 × P8 and P5 × P6, followed by harvest index (53.32%), No. of spikes per plant (33.38%), biological yield per plant (30.71%), spike length (17.29%), 1000 kernel weight (15.13%),grain weight per spike (14.38%) and plant height (5.96%) for the crosses P7 × P8, P5 × P8, P4 × P5, P4 × P8, P3 × P4, P1 × P3 and P7 × P8, respectively. The maximum heterobeltiosis was recorded for grain yield per plant (82.56% and 49.3%) for the crosses P5 × P8 and P5 × P6, followed by harvest index (40.12%), biological yield per plant (28.29%), No. of spikes per plant (16.9%), 1000 kernel weight (14.05%), grain weight per spike (12.9%), spike length (9.53%) and plant height (4.76%)%) for the crosses P5 × P8, P5 × P6, P2 × P5, P3 × P4, P1 × P3, P2 × P6, and P5 × P7, respectively. The results indicated significant differences among the parents for general combining ability and crosses for specific combining ability for all studied traits, which indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects for these traits. General combining abilities were higher than those of specific combining abilities, then the GCA/SCA ratios were more than unity indicating the prepondorance of additive gene effect which have considerable roles in the inheritance of these traits. In general, The genotypes of P5 ( Sonora 64 ) confirmed to be good general combiner for plant height, No. of spikes / plant, 1000 - kernel weight, grain weight / spike, biological yield / plant, harvest index, grain yield / plant , and P4 ( Sahel 1 ) for plant height, spike length, No. of spikes / plant, 1000 - kernel weight, harvest index, grain yield / plant. The crosses P6 × P7, P5 × P6, P7 × P8, P5 × P8, P2 × P6, P4 × P8, were the best specific combiners for grain yield / plant and most of yield components. Grain yield had strong positive correlation with harvest index (0.85), biological yield per plant (0.65) and 1000 - kernel weight (0.59).

The experiment consisted of 9 treatments viz. , T 0 (DBW-17), T 1 (Raj 3077), T 2 (HD 2967), T 3 (Lok-1), T 4 (Raj 1482), T 5 (Raj 4120), T 6 (K-65) T 7 (HD 2967), T 8 (PBW-343) laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The study showed that Lok-1 variety gave highest grain yield (2.76t ha -1 ), harvest index (31.15%), highest net income (Rs. 110,000.7 ha -1 ) and benefit: cost (3.74) then the rest of the varieties. The plant height was found to be the highest under the treatment T 3 (Lok-1) at 30, 60 and 90DAS the differences were statistically significant. Treatment T 1 (Raj 3077) recorded significantly higher number of effective tillers per meter square than all the other treatments, while the lowest number of effective tillers per meter squarewas recorded for the treatment T 3 (Lok-1). The spike length was recorded to be highest under the treatment T 3 (Lok-1) which was significantly higher than all these other treatments, while the lowest spike length was recorded under the treatment T 5 (Raj 4120). Number of grains spike -1 was recorded to be highest under the treatment T 6 (K-65), while the lowest grains spike -1 was recorded under the treatment T 0 (DBW-17). Treatment T 2 (HD2967) recorded significantly higher test weight than all the other treatments, while the lowest test weight was recorded under the treatment T 8 (PBW-343). The highest grain yield was recorded under the treatment T 3 (Lok-1), while the lowest grain yield was recorded in treatment T 0 (DBW-343) and the differences were statistically non-significant.

This study was aimed to determine the effects of different doses of gamma radiation (200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy) on some agricultural properties of M2 generation of ‘Tarm-92’ barley variety. The research was conducted in 2016-2017 vegetation period under Isparta conditions. Total 10 plots were taken in the study as control (non-irradiated), 200, 200 A, 300, 300 A, 400, 400 A, 400 A (Ç.B.) 500 and 500 A gray doses. The plots were fertilized with 10 kg/da nitrogen and 6 kg/da phosphorus (P2O5). During the study the data on plant height, spike length, number of grain per spike and weight of grain per spike were collected. Results showed that average plant height was 72.10 cm in the control and ranged from 55.19 to 70.22 cm in M2 generation. Spike length ranged from 7.43 to 9.13 cm in M2 generation and was 8.71 cm in the control plants. The number of seed per spike was 23.49 in control, whereas it ranged from 20.36 to 23.42 in M2 generation. The seed weight per spike was 2.73 g in control and ranged from 1.25 to 2.46 g in M2 generation. While gamma radiation reduced plant height, number of seed per spike, weight of seed per spike it increased spike length compared to control plants in ‘Tarm-92’ barley variety. The results indicated that 300 and 400 Gy applications produced more variations in terms of examined agricultural characteristic., Bu çalışma, Tarm-92 iki sıralı arpa çeşidi tohumlarına uygulanan farklı dozlarda gama ışınının (200, 300, 400 ve 500 Gy) M2 bitkilerinde bazı tarımsal özellikler üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma Isparta koşullarında 2016-2017 vejetasyon döneminde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada kontrol (ışın uygulanmamış), 200, 200 A, 300, 300 A, 400, 400 A, 400 A (Ç.B.) 500 ve 500 A gray dozları olmak üzere toplam 10 parsel yer almıştır. Parsellere dekara 10 kg/da azot ve 6 kg/da fosfor (P2O5) hesabıyla gübre uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada gama ışınlarının bitki boyu, başak uzunluğu, başakta tane sayısı ve başakta tane ağırlığı üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; ortalama bitki boyu kontrolde 72.10 cm, M2 generasyonunda 55.19-70.22 cm; başak uzunluğu kontrolde 8.71 cm, M2 generasyonunda 7.43-9.13 cm; başakta tane sayısı kontrolde 23.49 adet, M2 generasyonunda 20.36-23.42 adet, başakta tane ağırlığı kontrolde 2.73 g iken M2 generasyonunda 1.25-2.46 g arasında değişim göstermiştir. İncelenen özelliklerden bitki boyu, başakta tane sayısı, başakta tane ağırlığında kontrol grubuna göre gama radyasyon uygulaması ile genel olarak azalma, başak uzunluğunda artış gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; 300 ve 400 Gy uygulamalarında incelenen özellikler yönünden daha fazla varyasyonun meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir.

The present research was conducted to evaluate the M2 wheat mutant population for yield and its contributing traits. The experiment was conducted at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tando Jam, during rabi season 2015-2016, in split plot design with three replications. Two wheat varieties (T. D-1 and ESW-9525) were treated with different levelsof gamma rays (150Gy, 200Gy, 250Gy, 300Gy and control) from NIMRA (Nuclear Institute of Medicine and Radiotherapy), Jamshoro. The mutated plants were evaluated along with parental lines (control) for yield and its contributing traits under field conditions. Genetic parameters viz., mean performance, were calculated such as days to 75 % heading, days to 75 % maturity, plant height (cm), spikelets spike-1 and spike length (cm). Mean square showed that there were significant differences between wheat varieties for days to 75% heading, days to 75% maturity, plant height (cm), spikelets spike-1 and spike length (cm) treatments of gamma radiation caused significant variation in all the traits studied. The interaction between treatments × varieties showed highly significant differences for the entire traits indicating that varieties responded differently for radiation treatments. Mean performance forspike length indicated that the longer spike (11.52 cm) was observed in T.D-1 at treatment four (T4=250 Gy) and treatment two (150 Gy) in ESW-9525 . Whereas, the shortest spike (10. 83 cm) wasobserved in the variety T.D-1 under control. The results regarding maximum mean performance ofspikelets spike-1 (24. 74) were recorded in ESW-9525 under treatment five at 300 Gy whereas the minimumvalue forspikelets spike-1 (18.76) were observed in T.D-1 under T1 (18.76) at 0 Gy and T4 at 250 Gy.

A field experiment was conducted using six genotypes of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) for response to different levels of nitrogen (N) use. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha -1 ) as main plots and six wheat genotypes (BL 3623, BL 3629, BL 3872, NL 1008, NL 1055 and Vijay, a check variety) as sub-plots. Grain yield and other yield components increased linearly in response to N concentrations in both seasons. Only two parameters: days to heading (DOH) and days to maturity (DTM) varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among wheat genotypes in both the years. None of the parameters showed interaction effects in both seasons. Vijay showed highest grain yield of 3.12 t ha -1 in 2013 with the application of 100 kg N ha -1 , and 3.23 t ha -1 in 2014 with 150 kg N ha -1 . Spike length, productive tillers m -2 , number of spikes m -2 and test weight were greater with higher N rates. The straw yield of wheat fertilized with 150 kg N ha -1 was the highest in Vijay (4.35 t ha -1 ) and BL 3872 (4.33 t ha -1 ), respectively. Vijay with 100 kg N ha -1 produced the highest number of productive tillers m -2 (276.33) in 2013 and 296.00 with the application of 150 kg N ha -1 in 2014.

An experiment was conducted to study genetic variability, heritability and genetic advancement for twenty four (24) wheat genotypes including eight (08) parents and sixteen (16) F3 progenies. Study indicated existence of significant amount of genetic variability, heritability and advancement for all the traits used in experiment. Among parental genotypes NR-397 produced longer plants (109.0 cm), Lalma, NR-397 and RIL-0815 gave more fertile tillers plant-1 (FTP-1) (10), Lalma produced lengthy spikes (13.3 cm), more grains spike-1 (GS-1) (74) and higher grain yield plant-1 (GYP-1) (27.2 g), Barsat gave more spikelets spike-1 (SS-1) (22.0) and higher biological yield plant-1 (BYP-1) (59 g). Similarly, among F3 populations Marvi x NIFA-Insaf produced longer plants (107.4 cm), NIFA-Insaf x NR-397, Marvi x NR-1107, Marvi x Barsat and NIFA-Insaf x Lalma gave more FTP-1 (10), Marvi x NRL-1107 produced lengthy spikes (13.5 cm), higher BYP-1 (60.9 g), and more GYP-1 (27.9 g), Lalma x NR-397 gave more SS-1 (22.5) and Barsat x NR-397 gave more GS-1 (79). Higher heritability accompanied higher genetic advancement for plant height (0.87, 15.59), FTP-1 (0.84, 4.22), spike length (0.61, 1.04), SS-1 (0.79, 18.22), GS-1 (0.93, 18.22), BYP-1 (0.95, 28.64) and GYP-1 (0.92, 13.48) respectively. It is concluded that F3 population Marvi x NRL-1107, Lalma x NR-397, Barsat x NR-397 and Marvi x NIFA-Insaf performed better and surpassed their parents all the studied traits. Moreover, NIFA-Insaf x Lalma, Marvi x NIFA-Insaf and Lalma x NR-397 and Marvi x NIFA-Insaf showed higher heritability and more genetic advancement. Keywords: Bread wheat; Heritability; Plant breeding; Variability; Wheat http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700169

The present study was carried out during the year 2013-14 on the screening of the selected linseed genotypes for yield performance in Sindh, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out at the experimental fields of Oilseeds Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam in a three replicated randomized complete block design. Twelve linseed genotypes (L-53, C-W-2, Shikarpur 2, P-16-4, L-8, 11-106, Hala 3, L-17, Santane, Summit, L-10 and check llsi 90) were screened for their agronomic performance and correlations amongst yield and its contributing traits were calculated. The analysis of variance suggested significant (P < 0.05) variation among linseed genotypes for all the traits studied in this experiment. Most of the genotypes attained flowering and maturity earlier than the check variety; while P-16-4 surpassed Ilsi-90 for primary branches; and most of the remaining genotypes were at par with the commercial check for primary branches. Genotype L-10 surpassed the commercial check for capsules plant-1 and L-8 was at par with the commercial check; while none of the genotypes could surpass commercial check variety for seed index, but 11-106, Hala-3 and Summit also showed promising performance regarding the seed index. All the genotypes tested in this experiment such as L-53, C-W-2, Shikarpur 2, P-16-4, L-8, 11-106, Hala 3, L-17, Santane, Summit, L-10 surpassed the commercial check variety Ilsi-90 for seed yield plot-1. The correlation coefficient for yield and its contributing traits of linseed genotypes showed a positive and significant (P < 0.05) association for primary branches plant-1 vs seed yield plant-1 (r = 0.3334*), days to maturity vs spike length (r = 0.5384**), days to 75% flowering vs days to 90% maturity (r = 0.4073**), days to 75% flowering vs seed index (r = 0.4291**), days to 90% maturity vs seed index (r = 0.3973**) and seed index v/s seed yield plot-1 (r = 0.5160**). Negative and significant (P < 0.05) association was observed for primary branches plant-1 vs days to maturity (r = -0.368*), capsules plant-1 vs days to maturity (r = -0.3567*), days to 90% maturity vs seed yield plant-1 (r = -0.4156**) and days to 90% maturity vs seed yield plot-1 (r = -0.3423*). The new genotypes possess the potential to become future varieties for general cultivation in Sindh province.

An experiment comprising of 24 wheat genotypes was undertaken during 2011-12, at New Developmental Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, to elucidate information on the nature and magnitude of genetic variability, index of transmissibility and assessing the level of genetic improvement of the quantitative characters. The experimental material comprising 19 F3 populations along with their 5 parents of bread wheat were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance exhibited highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among genotypes for all the traits studied. F3 population Ghaznavi-98 x Pirsabak-05 showed maximum mean value for 1000-grain weight (47.3 g) and biological yield (11474.9 kg ha-1), whereas, maximum values for grain yield (4027.3 kg ha-1), and harvest index (48.1%) were observed for Pirsabak-05 x AUP-4006. Moreover, maximum spike length (11 cm) was recorded for cross combination Pirsabak-05 x Pirsabak-04 and Janbaz x Pirsabak-05, respectively. In addition, Pirsabak-04 showed maximum value for number of grains spike-1 (55.0). Genetic variances were of greater magnitude than environmental variances for all the traits except for spike length and 1000-grain weight. Heritability estimates were of higher magnitude ranged from 0.64 to 0.92 for harvest index, biological yield, grain yield, and grains spike-1. Moderate to low heritability (0.40-0.46) was observed for 1000-grain weight, and spike length, respectively. Genetic gain was for spike length (0.48 cm), grains spike-1 (8.57), 1000-grain weight (2.93 g), grain yield (639.87 kg ha-1), biological yield (1790.03 kg ha-1), and harvest index (5.32 %). From high values of heritability and genetic advance, it could be concluded that selection for traits like grains spike-1 suggested good selection criteria and could be effective for future breeding programs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12630 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 106-115

In Ethiopia, barley is also one of the oldest cultivated crops and currently it is the fifth most important cereal crop next to maize, tef, sorghum, and wheat and the study was conducted at Debark, Dabat and Wogera in 2014/15 main season with the objectives of identify high yielder food barley varieties using seven improved food barley varieties including local check in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. At Debark, the analysis of variance revealed highly significant difference (p≤0.01) among treatment means for days to heading, plant height and thousand seed weight. Significant difference at (p≤0.05) also observed among treatments for Maturity days, spike length, biomass and grain yield. The mean grain yield ranged from 3403kg/ha-5143kg/ha. Highest mean grain yield was recorded from variety HB-1307 (5143kg/ha), EH1493 (4636kg/ha) CROSS41/98 (4184kg/ha) and lowest mean grain yield was recorded from variety AGEGNEHU (3403kg/ha). At Dabat, the analysis of variance showed that significant difference (p≤0.05) for days to maturity, seeds per spike and thousand seed weight. The rest parameters exhibited non-significant difference among varieties. At Wogera, the analysis of variance showed highly significant difference at (p≤0.01) among tested varieties for days to maturity, spike length, seeds per spike, thousand seed weight and grain yield. Longest maturity days were recorded from variety CROSS-41/98 (124 days), while shortest maturity days were recorded from variety AGEGNEHU (112 days). The mean grain yield ranged from 2015kg/ha-5008kg/ha. At Wogera highest mean grain yield was recorded from variety HB-1307 (5008kg/ha) followed by CROSS41/98 (4416kg/ha). Over locations combined analysis of variances showed highly significant difference at (p≤0.01) among varieties for all yield and yield components except days to heading. The interaction of location by variety indicated that significant effect on biomass and grain yield. The rest yield components not affected by the interaction of genotype by location. Over location grain yield results ranged from 3641-4680 kg/ha. Lowest and highest grain yield were recorded on Local check (3641kg/ha) and HB-1307 (4680kg/ha), respectively. Therefore, HB-1307 and CROSS 41/98 recommended for seed production at highland areas of north Gondar and similar agro ecologies.

The present study was carried out during the four successive seasons of 2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Egypt. Bread wheat populations (Triticum aestivum L.) in F3, F4, F5 and F6 generations of the (Sids 12 x HAAMA-14) and (Giza 168 x TRI 2592) crosses were used in this investigation. One hundred 3 families of each population, which underwent pedigree selection in the 3 basic material for the derived F6 families used in this study. The aim was to compare the effectiveness of late pedigree selection vs. early pedigree selection in developing high yielding genotypes of bread wheat. Forty families were selected in F4 using grain yield, 100-kernel weight and days to heading as selection criteria. Twenty families were selected in F5 using the same criteria. However, ten families were selected as promising in F6 using late and early selection for grain yield. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences between F3 families and satisfactory genotypic coefficients of variation, indicating the presence of sufficient variability for direct and indirect selection. After three cycles of selection in the F3 families, the genotypic coefficients of variability rapidly decreased for all studied traits. Estimates of broad sense heritability were relatively high and ranged from 76.73% for no. of spikes/plant to 99.94% for no. of kernels/spike in population 1 and from 72.34% for no. of spikes/plant to 98.61% for no. of kernels/spike in population 2. The expected genetic advance as percent of F3 ranged from 19.70% for days to heading to 94.94% for number of spikes/plant in population 1 and ranged from 23.21% for plant height to 79.24% for spike length in population 2. The late pedigree selection increased grain yield after one cycle of selection in the population compared to the best parent and the bulk population by 12.39 and 25.44% in population1 and by 9.26 and 23.74% in population 2. Grain yield increased after three cycles of early selection of both populations compared to the best parent and the bulk population by (20.66 and 34.67%); (17.08and 32.59%), respectively. 100-kernel weight increased by (11.32 and 24.25%); (7.98 and 22.28%), respectively, in both populations compared to the best parent and the bulk population. The best two families No. 42 and 56 were isolated from population1 increased more than the best parent by 28.58 and 31.52% using selections criteria for grain yield, respectively. In population 2 the best two families No. 52 and 56 increased more than the best parent by 24.74 and 27.60% using selections criteria for grain yield, respectively. After three cycles of selection of wheat realized gains indicated that heading date was reduced by -9.84 and -10.86% compared to the best parent of both populations. The high grain yield families using different criterion obtained from this study could be used in developing new wheat lines and effective for breeding methodology in developing high yielding.

The experiment was conducted to study the influence of different graded levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on Cymbidium hybrid ‘Mint Ice Glacier’ during the year 2008 to 2012. Application of Ca and Mg alone or in combination significantly influenced the different growth parameters like plant height, vegetative shoot clump-1 and number of leaves clump-1 as well as flowering parameters like spike length, rachis length, number of floret spike-1 and number of spikes clump-1. The different growth parameters recorded significant value at higher doses of Ca (300 and 500 mg kg-1). However, there was no significant difference in growth character between Mg at 100 and 300 mg kg-1. The highest plant height, vegetative shoot clump-1 and number of leaves clump-1 were 75.1, 12.6 and 45.3 cm, respectively in the treatment Ca500Mg300. Application of Ca at lower doses (100 and 300 mg kg-1) had significant influence on flowering parameter compared to Ca at 500 mg kg-1. The number of standard spikes (70 to 100 cm) gradually increased with increasing doses of Ca (0 to 500 mg kg-1) and Mg (0 to 300 mg kg-1). However, the number of intermediate spikes (60 to 70 cm) increased with increasing doses of Ca and decreased with increasing doses of Mg. The highest spike length, rachis length, number of floret spike-1 and number of spikes clump-1 were 90.5, 62.1, 18.5 and 7.9 cm, respectively in the treatment Ca500Mg300. The nutrient content of growing media as well as in Cymbidium leaf gradually increased with increasing doses of Ca and Mg. The correlations studies indicated that all the growth and flowering parameter were better correlated with Mg than Ca. Key words: Cymbidium, calcium, flowering, growth, magnesium.

Mode of inheritance and genetic variance components for spike length, grain number per spike and grain weight per spike were evaluated in four parental genotypes and their F1 and F2 hybrids obtained through incomplete diallel crossing. Multi-rowed barley genotypes HVW-247 and Partizan and two-rowed barley genotypes KG-15 and NS-293 were selected for the crossing based on the trait concept with the parents being divergent for spike length, grain number per spike and grain weight per spike. The average values for spike length in F1 and F2 generations were intermediate or close to those of the parent having longer spikes, with the mode of inheritance being partial dominance, dominance or overdominance, depending on the crossing combination. The six-rowed x six-rowed and two-rowed x two-rowed crossing combinations showed dominance of increased grain number per spike and increased grain weight per spike in the inheritance of grain number per spike and grain weight per spike, respectively, whereas the six-rowed x two-rowed cross was predominated by partial dominance. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 031092: A study of the genetic basis of yield and quality improvements in cereals under different agro-environmental conditions]

Two-year trials have been conducted in Technological Research Center in Zajecar. Research objects were six malting barley genotypes. The experimental crop was top dressed with the following amounts of nitrogen: 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1. The control variant was not top dressed. The obtained results showed that the genotypes reacted significantly to the increased amounts of nitrogen by changing their production characteristics and seed quality. In addition, the genotypes demonstrated certain varietal differences. A new genotype, Premijum, was highest yielding and it had the lowest total proteins in the grain. The genotype NS-525 had the highest 1000-grain weight (46.8 g). The effect of nitrogen on the studied characteristics depended on N quantity applied. Increasing amounts of nitrogen decrease positive effects on spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and yield. However, the protein content in grain kept increasing to the highest nitrogen dose, which lowered the quality of malting barley. The highest yield was obtained by applying 80 and 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, depending on the year of study. Dvogodišnja istraživanja izvedena su na poljima Centar za poljoprivredna i tehnološka istraživanja u Zaječaru. Predmet istraživanja bila su šest genotipova pivarskog ječma. Za prihranjivanje useva korišćene su sledeće količine azota 40, 60, 80 i 100 kg ha-1. Kontrola je bila varijanta bez prihranjivanja. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da genotipovi značajno reaguju na povećane količine azota promenom proizvodnih osobina i kvaliteta semena. Pri tome su ispoljene određene sortne razlike. Novi genotip Premijum bio je najrodniji i sa najmanje ukupnih proteina u zrnu. Najveću masu 1000 zrna (46,8 g) imao je genotip NS-525. Efekti azota na ispitivane osobine zavise od upotrebljene količine. Sa rastućim količinama opada pozitivan efekat na dužinu klasa, broj zrna u klasu, masu 1000 zrna i prinos. Međutim sadržaj proteina u zrnu je rastao do najveće doze azota, čime se pogoršava kvalitet pivarskog ječma. U zavisnosti od godine ispitivanja, najveći prinos zrna dobijen je ishranom biljaka sa 80 odnosno 100 kg ha-1 azota.

A field experiment was conducted during 2004-05 on wheat and rice to study the response of Zinc application in wheat-rice system. Two levels of zinc 5 and 10 kg ha(-1) with control were studied with the basal dose of N, P2O5, K2O as 120-90-60 kg ha(-1) in the form of urea, TSP, SOP and zinc sulphate during both the crops. Wheat variety Naseer 2000 and rice variety IRRI 6, both were planted in R.C.B design with three replications. Zn application, significantly affected wheat grain yield, ranged from 2.7 to 3.5 t ha(-1), giving highest increase of 31.6% over control from 5 kg Zn ha(-1). The number of tillers, spike m(-2), spike length, plant height and 1000 grain weight of wheat were also significantly affected over control with the same treatment. Paddy yield was also significantly affected by Zn levels ranged from 3.9 to 5.9 t ha(-1). The highest yield was obtained from 10 kg Zn ha(-1) each applied to both crops. Similarly Zn application also affected significantly to the yield parameters of rice like the number of spike m(-2), number of spike/plant, spike length, plant height and 1000 grain weight over control from the above said treatment of 10 kg Zn ha(-1). The concentration of zinc in soil and leaves was significantly affected by the application of zinc in wheat and rice, ranged from 0.47-1.37, 22.6-367.37 mg kg(-1) in wheat and 0.45-1.18; 29.32-40.67 mg kg(-1) in rice, respectively (soil and leaves). The highest concentration in soil and leaves was recorded by the cumulative application of 10 kg Zn ha(-1) while lowest from control. The direct application of 5 and 10 kg Zn ha(-1) gave an increase of 39 and 45% while residual effect 30.0 and 43.0%, cumulative effect of 38 and 50% over control, respectively. The residual application of 10 kg Zn ha(-1) can be recommended for economical production in wheat rice system.

In this study, the combined ability effects and heterosis were determined for number of days to anthesis (AT), plant height (PH), fertile tillers plant(-1) (FT), spike length (SL), spikelets spike-1 (SS) and grains spike(-1) (GS), 1000-kernel weight (TW), and grain yield plant(-1) (GY) of 4 triticale genotypes [Karma (G1), Presto (G2), Aysehanim (G3), and Mehmetbey (G4)] and their 6 F-1 offspring. The mean squares of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were statistically significant for all traits. According to the GCA/SCA, additive gene effects were found for all traits. According to the desired values for traits on the basis of GCA and SCA, parents G1 were good general combiners for 3 traits, G3 for 6, and G4 for 6. Crosses G1 x G2 were good specific combiners for 3 traits, G1 x G3 for 3, G1 x G4 for 3, G2 x G3 for 5, G2 x G4 for 6, and G3 x G4 for 4. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were -16.78% and -25.71% for AT, -1.66% and -11.02% for PH, 34.25% and 9.87% for FT, 14.62% and 11.44% for SL, 8.09% and 3.87% for SS, 4.57% and 0.91% for GS, 9.67% and 6.13% for TW, and 30.36% and 9.11% for GY, respectively. The results revealed that G2 x G3 and G2 x G4 combinations could be recommended for improved yield of triticale. Agricultural Research Station of the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Zone in Kahramanmaras, TurkeyGida Tarim Ve Hayvancilik Bakanligi This study was supported financially in the national wheat breeding program by the Agricultural Research Station of the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Zone in Kahramanmaras, Turkey. We are grateful to the institute and its staff for the support provided to us during the study. WOS:000345676800013 2-s2.0-84908215455

The number of grains per spikelet and the number of spikelets per spike are important factors that influence grain yield in wheat. Three wheat genotypes in four foreign groups (OA, OC, OH and OJ) differing in spike type and Japanese cultivars (cvs) were grown under various combinations of seeding densities and fertilization levels. In all groups, the spikelet number per spike and the spike length at maturity were highest at low seeding densities and high levels of fertilization. The OA group (Nepal) and Haruyutaka (Japanese cv) gave a weak response in spikelet number per spike, while the OJ group (Xinjiang Uygur, China) gave a weak response in spike length. The OC group (except for T6), the OH group (Tibet) and Japanese cvs (except for Haruyutaka) responded to treatments in both spikelet number per spike and spike length. The T6 genotype in the OC group (Nepal) gave a weak response in both spikelet number per spike and spike length. Although the OA group had the longest spikes and the OJ group had the shortest spikes, there was no difference in the duration of spike elongation between the OA group and the OJ group. Spike length appeared to be determined mainly by the rate of spike elongation and was not restricted by the dry weight of the spike during the growth phase of the spike.

A series of field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of different seed rates (100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1) on yield contributing traits of promising wheat varieties viz. Sarsabz, Kiran-95 and TD-1. The maximum germination, spike length and grains spike-1 was observed under seed rate of 125 kg ha-1. The maximum plant population was recorded under seed rate of 150 kg ha-1 in Kiran-95 and highest grain weight spike-1 was noted under seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 in TD-1 variety. While maximum plant height was observed in Sarsabz under seed rate of 125 kg ha-1. The maximum 1000 grain weight was observed under seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 in TD-1; however, highest grain yield was recorded in Kiran-95. The studies about the biological yield revealed that Sarsabz indicated maximum biological yield under seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 and harvest index in TD-1 under seed rate of 150 kg ha-1. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the Kiran-95 at the seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 performed best, followed by TD-1 and Sarsabz which also produced more yield at seed rate of 125 kg ha-1.

SummaryGrain yield, plant height, spike length, grain weight per spike, 100-kernel weight, protein quantity and quality of Mexipak wheat grown with four rates of applied nitrogen (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg N/ha) and five rates of applied zinc (0, 1·25, 2·5, 5·0 and 7·5 kg Zn/ha) were measured. All these attributes were affected significantly by nitrogen fertilization in a linear manner. Differences among rates of applied zinc were significant for grain weight per spike, 100-kernel weight, grain yield and protein quantity and quality.

The triple test cross analysis of Jinks and Perkins (1970) was used to study different components of genetic variation in four barley F2 populations, C 164x IB 226, C 164xJyoti, IB 226xP 113 and DL 3xP 113, for final plant height, spike length, 100-kernel weight, grain yield per plant and harvest index. The overall epistasis (i type) was, in general, a minor component but the j & 1 type epistasis was an important element for all five characters in cross 3 (IB 226xP 113). Both the additive (D) and dominance (H) components were highly significant for all the five characters in all four crosses. The dominance was directional in all cases except for 100-grain weight in crosses 1 (C 164xIB 226), 2 (C 164xJyoti) and 4(DL 3xP 113).