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In dit rapport worden de resultaten gepresenteerd van een deskstudie bestaande uit expertkennis en literatuurstudie met als doel om de risicofactoren voor dierenwelzijn- en diergezondheidsindicatoren bij vleeskuikens in kaart te brengen. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd door Wageningen Livestock Research binnen het kader van de Publiek Private Samenwerking (PPS) "Vital Chick Chain” (BO-63-001-032). Dit project is een samenwerking tussen het Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit en een consortium van verschillende partijen. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat de uitval (1e week en totaal) sterk beïnvloed wordt door het management en gezondheid van de vleeskuikenouderdieren. Daarnaast is het broedproces en het management op het vleeskuikenbedrijf belangrijk voor de uitval van de vleeskuikens. De primaire oorzaak van voetzoollaesies is de strooiselkwaliteit en alle factoren die daarmee samenhangen. Het optreden van borstspierafwijkingen bij vleeskuikens wordt vooral veroorzaakt door te hoge of onregelmatige groei (onder invloed van voeding) in combinatie met verhoogde activiteit en stress.

In many Natura 2000 area’s, the nitrogen deposition is higher than wished for. This led to a deadlock in economic development of,among others,livestock husbandry. For the three sector groups Traffic and Transportation, Industry and Energy, and Agriculture source measures were listedin 2017 to deal with the bottlenecks. For agriculture, the list with measures is updated in consultation with representatives of the agricultural sector, research and policy, developed and written in this present report. This study was performed by order of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food qualitybefore the Council of State made judgement regarding PAS. De stikstofdepositie in veel Natura2000-gebieden in Nederland is hoger dan gewenst. Dit heeft geleid tot een impasse in economische ontwikkeling van onder meer de veehouderij. Voor de drie sectorclusters Verkeer en Vervoer, Industrie en Energie en de Landbouw werden daarom in 2017 bronmaatregelen geïnventariseerdom knelpunten op te vangen. Voor de landbouw is de lijst met maatregelen geupdate in overleg met vertegenwoordigers van de sector, onderzoek en beleid, uitgewerkt en beschreven in onderhavig rapport. Deze studie is uitgevoerd in opdrachtvan het Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteiten tot stand gekomen vóór de uitspraak van de Raad van State aangaande PAS.

In many Natura 2000 area’s, the nitrogen deposition is higher than wished for. This led to a deadlock in economic development of, among others, livestock husbandry. The interdepartmental program ‘Programma Aanpak Stikstof’ (PAS), is meant to overcome the standstill of grants of permits to produce, while in term preservation goals of nature area’s can be achieved. For the three sector groups Traffic and Transportation, Industry and Energy, and Agriculture source measures are inventoried to deal with the bottlenecks. By order of the Ministry of Economic Affairs this report presents the inventory of measures for agriculture. De stikstofdepositie in veel Natura 2000-gebieden in Nederland is hoger dan gewenst. Dit heeft geleid tot een impasse in economische ontwikkeling van onder meer de veehouderij. Het interdepartementale Programma Aanpak Stikstof (PAS) heeft tot doel de vastgelopen vergunningverlening weer vlot te trekken en ervoor te zorgen dat op termijn de instandhoudingsdoelstellingen van de natuurgebieden kunnen worden gehaald. Voor de drie sectorclusters Verkeer en Vervoer, Industrie en Energie en de Landbouw worden daarom bronmaatregelen geïnventariseerd om knelpunten op te vangen. In opdracht van het Ministerie van Economische Zaken is dit de inventarisatie van maatregelen voor de landbouwsector.

Free range and organic systems expose the laying hen more to unexpected events and adverse climatic conditions than barn and cage systems. In France, The Netherlands and Switzerland the requirements for a hen suitable to produce in free range and organic systems were discussed with farmers. The farmers preferred for these systems a more ‘robust’ hen, more specifically defined as a heavier hen with good eating capacity. Benchmarking of flocks in a web-based management program in The Netherlands from layer flocks finished in 2008 – 2013 indicated that in earlier years indeed mortality among organic and to a lesser extent free range hens was higher than among barn or cage hens. Feed conversion (kg feed/kg eggs) is higher, but the gap is closing. Improvements in management of the hens during rearing and in the layer phase in free range and organic systems seem to be important. Breeding companies take behaviour and performance in non-cage systems into account in their selection programs. Heavier hens need a diet with a lower protein to energy ratio. From model calculations we concluded that in organic systems a heavier hen might be economically profitable, as total feed costs are lower for the heavier hen then for a hen with a lower body weight requiring a diet with a high protein content. For conventional free range hens this is not the case as then the protein content can be adapted by synthetic amino acids. Field studies and cooperation between farmers and breeding organisations will have to show if a strain of heavier hens will be successful in the rather small organic market.

International audience; 1. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of 100% organic feed for organic broilers by comparing it with 80% organic feed (situation at the time of the experiment; 2004) and 95% organic feed (alternative). 2. Diets were optimised for nutritional value, allowing a maximum 10% increase in feed price when using 100% organic feedstuffs. This could only be achieved at the expense of the methionine content. 3. The broilers were reared from zero to three weeks of age in a broiler house in three groups of 500 broilers each on either an 80-, a 95-, or a 100% organic starter diet. At three weeks of age, the broilers were transferred to 15 pens with an outdoor run. Each treatment group of 500 broilers was divided into five groups of 95 broilers and fed an 80-, a 95, or a 100% organic finisher diet. 4. Broilers that received 100% organic feed reached a lower body weight and grew slower than broilers that received 95% organic feed, caused mainly by a lower feed intake. 5. Broilers that received 95 or 100% organic feed had a higher incidence of breast blisters than broilers that received 80% organic feed. 6. The cost price for meat from broilers that received 80% organic feed was € 1.83 per kg live weight. The cost prices for broilers that received 95 and 100% organic feed were € 1.84 (+0.8%) and € 1.93 (+5.4%) per kg live weight respectively. 7. In conclusion, 95% organic feed led to a better performance than 100% organic feed in this study. Probably, the lower methionine content in the 100% organic feed negatively affected performance. The results for 95% organic feed were similar to 80% organic feed, except for a higher incidence of breast blisters.