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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the physicochemical composition and sensory properties of Boursin cheese made from the milk of goats fed diets with increasing levels of cassava chips replacing corn. Eight lactating Alpine goats were distributed into two 4 × 4 Latin squares, where they were subjected to diets in which 0, 33, 66, and 100% of corn was replaced with cassava chips. The cheeses were prepared with individual milk of each goat for physicochemical, yield, and texture analyses. Sensory analysis consisted of flavor and texture appraisal by 50 untrained tasters, using the difference-from-control test and the acceptance test. The cheeses from the four treatments did not differ in their fat, protein, and total solid contents; acidity; moisture; ash; pH; yield; or the texture parameters of gumminess, cohesiveness, hardness, and chewiness. They also showed no difference in the sensory acceptance of flavor and texture, indicating that the panelists did not perceive the replacement of corn with cassava chips.

ABSTRACT Two investigations were developed. The first experiment was to determine the metabolizability of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal. 120 slow-growing, 21-day-old chickens were used. The experimental period was seven days, four for adaptation to diets and three for collection of excreta. The Moringa leaf presented values for apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude energy and neutral detergent fiber, as well as apparent metabolizable energy and corrected metabolizable energy for a nitrogen balance, of 49.77%, 44.48%, 46.26% and 53.02%, and 2,334 kcal/kg, 2,159 kcal/kg respectively. The second experiment was to evaluate the inclusion of Moringa leaf meal in the diets of two hundred and forty slow-growing chickens from one to 80 days of age on performance, carcass characteristics, biometrics of digestive organs and meat color. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments (0.75%; 1.50%; 2.25% and 3.00% inclusion of the Moringa leaf), six repetitions and ten chickens per experimental unit; the inclusion levels of the Moringa leaf did not influence (p> 0.05) feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight at 30, 60 and 80 days, carcass, noble cut yields and meat color. The inclusion of Moringa leaf meal can be used up to the 3% level in slow-growing chicken diets, without affecting the productive performance of these animals.

This study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating fish waste oil into laying hens' diets on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hisex White laying hens (25 weeks old) were employed in a completely randomized design, with treatments consisting of a control diet and an experimental diet (containing 3.5% fish oil), each with six replicates of six birds. The collected data underwent polynomial regression analysis at a 5% significance level. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, mineral matter, crude fiber, and non-nitrogenous extract between the reference diet and the experimental diet containing fish waste oil. However, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the digestibility of ethereal extract (fat). Despite this, values for apparent metabolizable energy and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance did not exhibit significant differences (p > 0.05) between the reference and experimental diets. In conclusion, the incorporation of 3.5% fish waste oil in laying hens' diets led to satisfactory nutrient digestibility and enhanced fat digestibility. Importantly, this inclusion did not adversely impact energy metabolism.

Food production in a sustainable way is based on the association between animals and vegetables to minimize costs, environmental impact, and the use of insums in the breeding process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of pumpkin seed flour (Cucurbita pepo L.) in the diet on the performance of early-stage pigs and the reduction of endoparasites in a commercial rearing system. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and six replicates, and the experimental unit consisted of two animals, totaling 36 animals. The treatments were the basal diet and two levels of inclusion of pumpkin seed: 5 and 10%. The animals were of the Agroceres line, with 42 days of age and an average weight of 12 kg. The animals and rations were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the 35-day experimental period to obtain the performance variables. A bromatological analysis was performed to evaluate the composition of pumpkin seed and for parasitic analysis, feces were collected individually from the animal. There was no significant effect for the Tukey test at the level of 5% probability, of the inclusion of pumpkin seed flour on in the parameters of weight gain and feed conversion. Was observed the reduction of helminth eggs present in feces using egg count and oocysts per gram of feces (OPG), performed at the beginning and end of the experiment. It is indicated the inclusion of 10% of pumpkin flour in the feeding of pigs in the initial phase by reducing contamination by verminosis and does not alter animal performance.

The present study aims to conduct a review on the potential use of insect meal as an alternative protein source in poultry feed, particularly to serve the rearing of free-range chickens. Insects are already part of the diet of birds in their natural habitat, and the availability of low-cost alternative foods with low environmental impact is essential for the development of the activity. The review comprehended studies that used meals consisting of silkworm (Bombyx mori) chrysalis, earthworm (Eisenia foetida), housefly (Musca domestica), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) to replace plant-based protein sources. In general, insect meals have a high content of crude protein and ether extract, as well as an essential amino acid profile suitable for poultry feeding. The addition of insect meal in poultry feed normally shows good results as to growth performance and egg production, without causing a negative effect on carcass characteristics, meat sensory quality and egg quality, presenting itself as an alternative protein source with good prospects for replacing plant-based sources in poultry feed.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in diets for laying hens on serum biochemistry profile. 192 Hisex White laying hens at 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Significant differences (P

The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients and digestible values of crude protein, ethereal extract, gross energy and dry matter of mulberry leaf meal (MLM) (Morus alba L.) as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed. A total of 135 Nile tilapia juveniles were used, and the indirect methodology (Cr2O3) was applied for digestibility determinations. Mulberry leave meal presented good apparent digestible coefficients of protein, ethereal extract and energy with respective values of 0.94, 0.58 and 0.39. The mulberry leave meal thus comprises adequate digestible protein and digestible energy values, similar or better than other leafy foods, presenting potential for inclusion in Nile tilapia diets.

This study aimed to evaluate açaí meal in diets for commercial laying hens on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hissex White laying hens (52-wks-old) were distributed in a completely randomized design, where treatments consisted of a control diet and an experimental diet (25% açaí meal) with six replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5%. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in digestibility of all evaluated nutrients. Hens fed diets with 25% açaí meal presented worse (p < 0.05) metabolization and use of energy content. It can be concluded that hens fed diets containing açaí meal presented better use of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and mineral matter. However, there was worse use of dry matter, fiber carbohydrates and ether extract. This result directly affected the energy metabolism of the birds. The inclusion of açaí meal reduced the energy use.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in laying hens diets on performance, egg quality, and sensory features of the eggs. 192 Hisex White laying hens with 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p0.05) in all variables analyzed. Differences were observed (p

ABSTRACT This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of a biological silage meal made of tambaqui waste on dietary nutrient apparent digestibility and energy metabolism of commercial layer diets. Seventy-two 61-week-old Hisex White hens were assigned according to a completely randomized experimental design in two treatments: control diet and diet with 5% tambaqui waste biological silage meal (TWBSM), with six replicates of six birds each. The ensiled biomass presented grey brown color, acid aroma, viscous texture, 5.27±0.016pH, 96.28% dry matter (DM), 33.29% crude protein (CP), 33.65% ether extract (EE), 14.37% ashes, 13.63% non-nitrogen extract (NNE), 65.16 g.kg-1 calcium (Ca), 22.90 g.kg-1 phosphorus (P), and 5,666.07 kcal.kg-1 gross energy (GE). Higher (p>0.05) coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, crude fiber, EE, and ash, and higher coefficient of GE metabolizability were obtained in the diet with 5% TWBSM. Due to its high CP content (33.29% on DM basis), TWBSM may be considered a protein feedstuff. Although no differences in CP digestibility (p>0.05) were detected, TWBSM presented high CP digestibility than the control diet due to proteins hydrolysis as a result of lactic fermentation by microorganisms during the ensilage process, yielding autolysed proteins of high biological value. Our results indicate that the biological silage meal produced from the residual biomass of tambaqui can be included up to 5% in commercial layer diets as it has good nutrient digestibility, and therefore, may potentially be used as a dietary energy and protein source.

ABSTRACT These experiments were performed to determine the chemical composition, coefficients of nutrient and energy metabolizability, amino acid composition, and cytotoxicity of different castor oil meals subjected to different detoxification processes and added to the diet of Japanese quails. In the trial, 180 46-d-old female Japanese quails were distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments and with replicates of six bird each. The treatments consisted of following detoxification methods of castor oil meal: Castor oil meal A (CMA) - recovery in alcohol at 80 °C for 20 minutes and drying at 80 °C; castor oil meal B (CMB) and C (CMC) - recovery in alcohol at 80 °C for 6 minutes, neutralization with 5% NaOH, and drying under direct sunlight sun for two days (CMB) or pelleted (CMC); castor oil meal D (CMD) - recovery in alcohol at 110 °C for 15 minutes and drying at 110 °C. Castor oil meal was added replacing 20% of the reference diet. There was slight chemical composition variation (1.21% in crude protein, 6% in dry matter, 2.2% in ether extract and 64 kcal/kg in gross energy) among the castor oil meals submitted to the different treatments. The castor oil meal submitted to treatment C showed the highest amino acid values. In the cytotoxicity test, treatment D presented lower ricin activity. Castor oil meals A, C, and D may be included in Japanese quail diets; however, castor oil meal D is recommended due to the simplicity its industrial process, its low toxicity, and metabolizability coefficients obtained.

This experiment was conducted to analyze the performance and carcass characteristics of European quail fed agroindustry residue of guava in substitution of corn. 140 birds were used, distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of a control diet and four diets with levels of guava waste inclusion (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) to a diet based on corn and soybean meal. There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) for the variables: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, feed efficiency, weight and carcass yield and prime cuts (breast, drumstick and thigh) wings, back , neck, head, feet and foodstuffs organs (heart, liver and gizzard). The guava waste can be used as alternative ingredient in the diets of European quail in the period of 16-38 days of age, up to the level of 10% inclusion without depressing the performance and yield of poultry carcasses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of acid silage meal made of pirarucu waste in diets for commercial laying hens on apparent digestibility and energy metabolism. Seventy-two Hisex White hens with 71 weeks of age were assigned to a completely randomized with two treatments (control diet and diet with 3% pirarucu waste acid silage) with six replicates of six birds each. The ensiled biomass was light brown in color, showing acidified aroma; creamy consistency; 4.38±0.11 pH; 84.16% dry matter; 40.06% crude protein; 26.82% ether extract; 9.31% mineral matter, 65.16 g kg-1 calcium and 22.90 g kg-1 phosphorus. Differences (p > 0.05) were detected in digestibility of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates (soluble carbohydrates), etherextract, mineral matter, metabolizable energy and metabolizable energy coefficient. Our results indicate that the acid silage mealmade of pirarucu waste can be included up to 3% in diets for laying hens, showing satisfactory nutrient digestibility and potential to be used as an energy source.

Current experiment evaluated the effects of inclusion of leucaena leaf hay (LLH) on the performance and nutrient digestibility of diets for laying hens during the growth phase (14-18 weeks). Ninety pullets (Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire) were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (0%, 5% and 10% inclusion of LLH) and five replicates, with six birds. Feed intake (g bird-1 day-1), weight gain (g bird-1 day-1), feed conversion (kg kg-1), metabolizable energy intake (kcal bird-1 day-1), intake of crude protein (g bird-1 day-1), coefficients of dry matter (CDDM) and gross energy (CDCE), nitrogen digestibility (CDN), apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) were evaluated. The inclusion of LLH did not statistically influence CDN, AME and AMEn of diet. However, this inclusion significantly affected CDDM and CDCE, resulting in lower CDDM and CDCE with inclusion of 10%. Whereas the use of nutrients by chicks fed on diets with the inclusion of LLH allowed the same amount of metabolizable energy, inclusion of up to 10% of LLH diet during the growth phase (14-19 weeks) of laying hens (Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire) may be recommended.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the increasing levels (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6%) of black pepper in diets for laying hens on performance, egg quality and blood biochemical parameters. Hissex White hens (n=168) at 30 weeks of age were used. The experimental method was completely randomized with seven treatments with four replicates of six birds each. Estimates of black pepper levels were determined by polynomial regression. The performance showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). The eggshell percentage was significantly influenced (p < 0.05), in which the level of 0.30% inclusion impaired eggshell quality. Triglycerides level increased significantly (p < 0.05), according to increasing levels of black pepper in the diet. It can be concluded that black pepper can be used in diets for laying hens as phytogenic additive without harming the performance. However, this inclusion causes a reduction in eggshell percentage and an increase in the level of triglycerides in the bloodstream.

This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of concentrate supplementation, formulated with different ingredients (Mesquite pod meal, sorghum meal or wheat meal and mineral supplementation) on performance, intake and digestibility of nutrients in Santa Inês lambs grazing on urochloa grass during the dry season. Twenty-four uncastrated weaned Santa Inês sheep, with average body weight (BW) 20±2 kg with an average of 120 days of age were used in the assay. The experiment lasted 75 days. The animals grazing deferred Urochloa grass (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack) Daudy) were distributed into four treatments consisting of mineral supplementation provided ad libitum and concentrated supplements containing mesquite pod meal, sorghum meal or wheat meal, supplied 10 g /kg BW on dry matter basis. The intakes of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were affected by the intake of concentrate supplement, regardless of the ingredients used in the supplements, compared with the mineral supplementation treatment, since the consumption of forage was reduced in 30% with mesquite pod meal supplement, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was not affected in relation to treatments. The digestibility of DM and CP were higher for treatments with supplements, and NDF digestibility did not differ between treatments. A significant difference was observed in the values of average daily gain for the treatments with concentrate supplementation compared with the one of mineral supplementation. The supplementation with concentrate in grazing enables improvement of performance, intake and digestibility of nutrients regardless of the ingredient used in the supplement.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) of the following agro-industrial byproducts: cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta), mesquite bean (Prosopis juliflora), cotton (Gossypium species), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), soursop (Annona squamata) and African oil palm cake (Elaeis guineensis) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish from two weight classes (200±11 and 300±32 g) were stocked in tanks and fed a reference diet plus 30% of one tested byproduct with the addition of 0.1% chromic oxide. The fish were routinely moved to digestibility aquariums for feces collection, in a completely randomized design (n=3). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values between the two weight classes were similar, but differed between the byproducts for DM, CP and GE. The highest ADC DM, ADC CP and ADC GE for 200-g and 300-g tilapias were, respectively, 0.58 and 0.53; 0.77 and 0.78; 0.66 and 0.62 for the soursop bran and 0.52 and 0.51; 0.77 and 0.80; 0.66 and 0.60 for the palm cake, respectively. The cotton and cocoa bran had the worst results of ADC of DM in two weight ranges (means of 0.34 and 0.37 g/100 g, respectively) while the mesquite bean had the lowest ADC of CP and GE, with means of 0.28 and 0.14 g/100 g for 200-g and 300-g tilapias, respectively. The byproducts analyzed may be used in formulating diets for Nile tilapia adults, observing their contributions to the digestibility of nutrients and energy for the species.

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes formas de processamento da casca de mandioca na alimentação sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça, a morfologia ruminal e a viabilidade técnico-econômica da criação de ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos machos da raça Santa Inês, desmamados, com peso inicial de 19,02±0,21 kg e 90 dias de vida. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por dieta. Durante o período experimental de 84 dias, incluindo 14 dias de adaptação, os animais foram mantidos em sistema de semiconfinamento em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens. Foram avaliadas quatro formas de processamento da casca de mandioca: desidratada triturada em peneira de 12 ou de 5 mm; úmida triturada e ensilada; e úmida triturada e hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal virgem (óxido de cálcio - CaO). O peso médio ao abate foi 30,72±1,46 kg. Não houve influência do tipo de processamento da casca sobre as características de desempenho analisadas, as características quantitativas de carcaça e a morfologia ruminal, sendo influenciado somente o rendimento de paleta. A casca de mandioca hidrolisada foi a que promoveu melhor eficiência econômica. Os tipos de processamento da casca de mandioca não alteram o desempenho, as características de carcaça, os rendimentos de corte e a morfologia ruminal dos ovinos Santa Inês.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of different forms of processing of cassava peel in sheep feeding on performance traits, carcass, morphology and rumen and economic technical feasibility. Twenty non-castrated male Santa Ines lambs of 19.02±0.21 kg of initial body weight and 90 days of age at the beginning of the study were used in this trial. The design was completely randomized design with five replications per treatment. During the experimental period of 84 days, including 14 days of adaptation, animals were kept in semi-confinement on Brachiaria decumbens. Four forms of cassava peel processing were evaluated: dried cassava peel ground through 12-mm sieve; dried cassava peel ground through 5-mm sieve; ground and ensiled cassava peel, and wet, ground hydrolyzed with 0.5% lime (calcium oxide - CaO). The average weight at slaughter was 30.72±1.46 kg. There was no influence of the type of processing on the performance variables analyzed, quantitative carcass characteristics or ruminal morphology; only the values of width and leg yield palette were influenced. Hydrolyzed cassava peel showed the best economic efficiency between treatments. The different methods of processing cassava peel do not affect performance, carcass characteristics, yield cuts or rumen morphology of Santa Ines sheep.

The chemical composition and energy value of guava and tomato wastes for broilers at different ages were determined in this research. The metabolism assays were carried out by using the methodology of total excreta collection to calculate the chemical composition of wastes collected in different months. A total of 270 COBB broiler chicks was used: 150 in the period from 1 to 8 days of age (phase 1) and 120 chicks were used in the period from 10 to 17 days of age (phase 2). The trials were analyzed as completely randomized design with three treatments with five replications of 10 and 8 birds at the respective ages. The treatments consisted of different diets: one reference diet, one with 30% tomato meal and another with 20% guava meal, both partially replacing the reference diet. The values of the chemical composition of guava and tomato wastes varied according to the collection season. The chemical composition indicated that the wastes can be used in poultry feed, but with high crude fiber contents. The values of apparent metabolizable energy and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and of gross energy metabolizability coefficient of guava waste was not affected by the birds age, different from the result observed for tomato waste, whose digestibility coefficients and apparent metabolizable energy values varied among growing phases. The apparent metabolizable energy values (AME) for broilers form 1 to 8 and from 10 to 17 days of age were 1,331 and 1,358 kcal/kg for guava waste and from 2,351 to 2,465 kcal/kg for tomato waste.Objetivou-se determinar a composição química e os valores nergéticos dos resíduos de goiaba e de tomate para frangos de corte em diferentes idades. Os resíduos foram coletados em meses distintos e, posteriormente, determinada a composição química por meio de ensaios de metabolismo utilizando a metodologia da coleta total de excretas. Utilizaram-se 270 pintos de corte da linhagem COBB, sendo 150 no período de 1 a 8 dias e 120 no período de 10 a 17 dias de idade. Nos ensaios utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e três tratamentos com cinco repetições de 10 e 8 aves nas respectivas idades. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas: uma dieta referência, uma com 30% de farelo de tomate e outra com 20% de farelo de goiaba, ambas substituindo parte da ração referência. Os valores de composição química dos resíduos da goiaba e do tomate variaram quanto à época de coleta. Os resíduos apresentaram composição satisfatória para alimentação de aves, porém com altos teores de fibra bruta. Os valores de energia metabolizável o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta do resíduo da goiaba não sofreram influência da idade das aves. Para o resíduo de tomate os valores de energia metabolizável aparente e coeficiente de metabolização variaram entre as idades. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para pintos de corte de 1 a 8 e de 10 a 17 dias de idade foram de 1.331 e 1.358 kcal/kg para o resíduo de goiaba e de 2.351 e 2.465 kcal/kg para o resíduo de tomate.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de subprodutos de frutas in natura (abacaxi, goiaba, mamão, manga e maracujá) e do nível (10 e 30%) utilizado na dieta de bovinos em substituição parcial à silagem de milho sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes, a produção de proteína microbiana (Pmic) e o balanço de nitrogênio e sobre a predição das frações digestíveis e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) desses subprodutos. Todos os animais receberam silagem de milho e mistura ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) para que as rações se mantivessem isonitrogenadas. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) (kg/dia), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e NDT, além da digestibilidade de PB, extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) foram afetados pela origem do subproduto. Houve efeito para o nível de inclusão dos subprodutos na digestibilidade da PB e EE. Os subprodutos de mamão, manga e abacaxi apresentaram valor energético 23,1; 18,0 e 7,1%, respectivamente, superior ao da silagem de milho. A fonte do subproduto influenciou as excreções urinárias de derivados de purinas totais e purinas absorvidas e a produção de proteína microbiana, além da ingestão (g/dia), a excreção dos compostos nitrogenados nas fezes e na urina (g/dia) e o balanço de nitrogênio (g/dia). O nível de inclusão dos subprodutos na dieta afetou as excreções urinárias de derivados de purinas totais e purinas absorvidas e a produção de proteína microbiana. Os subprodutos de abacaxi, mamão e manga têm valor energético superior ao da silagem de milho e podem substituir parcialmente concentrados energéticos em dietas para ruminantes. O subproduto de maracujá tem potencial para substituir parcialmente volumosos em dietas para ruminantes. O subproduto de goiaba apresenta limitações para uso em dietas para ruminantes.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of by-product of fresh fruit (pineapple, guava, papaya, mango and passion fruit) used in the diet for bovines partly replacing corn silage on intake and total nutrient digestibility, on the production of microbial protein and the nitrogen balance and on prediction of digestible fractions and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of these by-products. All animals received corn silage and the urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1) mixture so diets would remain isonitrogenous. The intakes of dry matter (DM) (kg/day), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN, and the digestibility of CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and ether extract (EE) were affected by the source of the by-product. There was an effect for the level of inclusion of products in the digestibility of CP and EE. The by-products of papaya, mango and pineapple showed energy values of 23.1, 18.0 and 7.1% respectively, higher than corn silage. The source of the by-product influenced urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and production of microbial protein, in addition to the intake (g/day), the excretion in feces and urine (g/day) of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen balance (g/day). The level of inclusion of the by-product in the diet affect the urinary excretion of derived from total purine, purine absorbed and microbial protein production. The by-products of pineapple, papaya and mango have energy value higher than corn silage and they can partly replace energy concentrates in diets for ruminants. The by-product of passion fruit has the potential to partly replace roughage in the diets of ruminants. The by-product of guava has use limitations in diets of ruminants.

Para avaliação do desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de resíduos da indústria de filetagem de tilápias (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8%), foram utilizados 480 pintos de 1 dia, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco dietas experimentais, seis repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso, o peso final, o consumo médio de ração, a conversão alimentar e a mortalidade de 1 a 21 dias e de 1 a 42 dias de idade e, ao final do período experimental, foram mensurados os parâmetros sanguíneos (cálcio, fósforo e triglicerídeos). Para avaliação econômica, foram calculados os custos das dietas experimentais, o índice de eficiência econômica e o índice de custo. Observou-se diferença dos níveis de inclusão da farinha de tilápia sobre os parâmetros de consumo médio de ração, peso final e ganho médio de peso aos 21 dias de idade. No período total (1 a 42 dias), a inclusão de farinha de tilápia em níveis de até 8% na dieta não afetou o desempenho das aves. Apesar do aumento linear dos valores de triglicerídeos, esse nível de inclusão e farinha de tilápia reduz os valores de fósforo e cálcio sanguíneo e proporciona melhor desempenho econômico.For performance evaluation of broiler chickens fed different levels of meal of tilapia industrial filleting waste (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%), 480 chicks at 1 day of age were used in a completely randomized design with five experimental diets, six replicates and 16 birds per experimental unit. Weight gain, final weight, average feed intake, feed conversion and mortality from 1 to 21 days of age and from 1 to 42 days of age were evaluated and in the end of experimental period, blood parameters (calcium, phosphorus and triglycerides) were measured. For economical evaluation, experimental diet costs, economical efficiency index and cost index were evaluated. It was observed difference on levels of inclusion of tilapia meal on average feed intake, final weight and weight gain at 21 days of age. For the total period (from 1 to 42 days of age), the inclusion of tilapia meal at levels up to 8% of the diet did not affect performance of the birds. Despite of the linear increase in triglycerides values, this level of inclusion and tilapia meal reduce values of blood phosphorus and calcium and it provides better economical performance.

Avaliou-se a inclusão de milheto em rações com 30% de proteína digestível e 3.000 kcal de energia digestível/kg para alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco rações (0,00; 7,00; 14,00; 21,00 e 28,00% de inclusão de milheto), cada uma com cinco repetições. Utilizaram-se 200 alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo, linhagem tailandesa, revertidos sexualmente, com peso médio de 0,92 g e 35 dias de idade, distribuídos em 25 tanques de 150 L. Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar aparente, a taxa de sobrevivência, o índice hepato-somático, o rendimento de carcaça e a porcentagem de gordura na carcaça. Os desempenho dos alevinos não diferiu entre as rações, o que indica que os níveis de energia não influenciaram as características de desempenho. O milheto pode ser utilizado na alimentação de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo em substituição total à energia e proteína do milho, pois não prejudica o desempenho nem a qualidade da carcaça dos animais.It was evaluated the inclusion of millet perls in rations with 30% of digestible protein and 3,000 kcal/kg of digestible energy for Nile tilapia fingerlings. The experiment was carried out in complete randomized design with five rations (0.00; 7.00; 14.00; 21.00 and 28.00% millet perls inclusion), each one with five replicates. It was used 200 sexual reverted Thai lineage Nile tilapia fingerlings, at 0.92g of initial weight and 35 days of age, distributed in 25 tanks (150 L). Weight gain, apparent feed conversion, survival rate, hepatic-somatic rate, carcass yield and carcass fat percentage were evaluated. The performance of the fingerlings did not differ among rations, indicating that levels of energy did not influence the characteristics of performance. Millet pearls can be used in feeds for Nile tilapia fingerlings totally replacing energy and protein of corn without effect on performance and carcass quality of the animals.

Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida por retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn) e do coeficiente de metabolização aparente da energia bruta (CMAEB%) do milho, sorgo, farelo de soja, farelo de glúten de milho e óleo de soja refinado. Foram utilizadas 240 codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica), fêmeas com idade inicial de 60 dias, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao caso, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições e oito codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rações experimentais e uma ração referência. Cada ração experimental foi constituída, na base da matéria natural, por 70% da ração referência e 30% do ingrediente a ser testado, com exceção da ração para determinação da EMAn do óleo de soja, com 10% de inclusão e 90% da ração referência. O experimento foi realizado em gaiolas distribuídas em baterias metálicas. Os valores de EMA, EMAn (em kcal/kg de matéria natural) e do CMAEB (%) do milho moído, sorgo, farelo de soja, farelo de glúten de milho e óleo de soja refinado foram, respectivamente: 3.572 e 3.612kcal/kg e 92,6%; 3.108 e 3.149kcal/kg e 80,9%; 2.633 e 2.676kcal/kg e 65,3%; 4.043 e 4.096kcal/kg e 75,0%; 9.335 e 9.379kcal/kg e 98,8%. Os valores de EMA descritos para outras espécies de aves são discrepantes dos obtidos no presente estudo, não sendo recomendado seu uso em formulação de rações para codornas japonesas em postura.The values of the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn), and the apparent metabolization coefficient of crude energy (AMCCE) were determined in corn, sorghum, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and refined soybean oil. Two-hundred and forty six-day-old female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were used in a completely randomized design, with five replicates and eight quails per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of six experimental diets and one reference diet. Each experimental diet was constituted, as fed basis, for 70% of the reference ration and 30% of food that would be tested, except the ration that contained refined soybean oil that was tested, as fed basis, with 10% of addition and 90% of the reference ration. The biological assay was carried out in wired floor cages distributed in iron batteries. The respective values of AME, AMEn (kcal/kg of natural matter basis), and AMCCE (%) of ground corn, sorghum, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and refined soybean oil were respectively: 3,572, 3,612kcal/kg, and 92.6%; 3,108, 3,149kcal/kg, and 80.9%; 2,633, 2,676kcal/kg, and 65.3%; 4,043, 4,096kcal/kg, and 75.0%; and 9,335, 9,379kcal/kg, and 98.8%. The values of AME described for other birds species were different from those obtained in this study and are not recommended to be used in ration composition for Japanese quails.

Este trabalho avaliou a utilização do farelo de coco (FC) na alimentação de coelhos destinados ao abate. No ensaio de desempenho utilizaram-se 60 coelhos com 43 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com cinco tratamentos, sendo 12 repetições por tratamento e duração de 42 dias, com inclusão de FC nos níveis de 0; 6,25; 12,5; 18,75 e 25%. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade das dietas usou-se o DIC com cinco tratamentos e três repetições, tendo a duração de cinco dias. Observou-se, entre os tratamentos estudados, excluindo-se o nível zero, que não houve efeito significativo (p > 0,05), sobre as características de ganho de peso e ganho de peso diário. Houve efeito quadrático (p < 0,05), entre as dietas estudadas, excluindo-se o nível zero, no consumo diário de ração (CDR) e conversão alimentar. O CDR diferenciou do controle (dieta sem FC) nos níveis de 18,75 e 25%. O FC mostrou elevados valores para coeficiente de digestibilidade da energia bruta, proteína bruta e extrato etério, podendo ser indicado na dieta até o nível de 25% com relação à conversão alimentar e às dietas com níveis crescentes de FC tem aporte de ED melhorado, entretanto apresentam redução no CDPB.This work evaluated the use of coconut bran (CB) in the feeding of slaughter rabbits. For the performance trial, 60 rabbits with 43 days of age were used, distributed in a CRD with 5 treatments, with 12 replications per treatment, lasting 42 days, with the inclusion of CB in the levels of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25%. To test the digestibility of the diets used o CRD with five treatments and three replications during five days. In the performance test, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) for the characteristics of weight gain, daily weight gain among the treatments, excluding the zero level. There was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05), among the treatments, excluding the zero level, for daily average intake and feed conversion. The average feed intake was different from the control (diets without CB) in the levels of 18.75 and 25%. The CB showed high values for digestibility coefficients (DC) of gross energy, crude protein and ether extract, an can be indicated in the diet until the 25% level in relation to food conversion and diets with increasing levels of CB. It has the benefit of improved DE; however, it presents reduction in the CDCP.

Um experimento foi conduzido para determinação dos valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e da composição química dos fenos de feijão-bravo (FFB), jureminha (FJ) e maniçoba (FM) para uso na alimentação de aves. Duzentos e oitenta pintos com 17 dias de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 + 1 (três tipos de feno x dois níveis de substituição da dieta-referência + dieta-referência), com quatro repetições de dez aves. Os níveis de EMA e EMAn dos fenos de jureminha, feijão-bravo e maniçoba foram 3.205 e 2.911, 2.990 e 2.648, 2.728 e 2.419, determinados com 15% de substituição da dieta-referência pelo alimento e 2.678 e 2.371, 2.875 e 2.523, 2.277 e 1.956 com substituição de 30%, respectivamente, e evidenciaram influência do nível de substituição da dieta-referência sobre os valores de EMA e EMAn das dietas. Os valores de EMA e EMAn, para aves, dos fenos de jureminha e feijão-bravo são superiores aos do feno de maniçoba.An experiment was carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and chemical composition of bravo bean hay (HBB), jureminha hay (HJ) and maniçoba hay (HM) for use in birds feeding. Two hundred and eighty, 17 days old broiler chicks were distributed according to a completely randomized design, into seven treatments organized in a factorial arrangement 3 x 2 + 1 (three hay types x two levels of substitution of the reference diet + reference diet), with four repetitions of 10 birds each. The contents of AME and AMEn of jureminha, bravo bean and maniçoba hays were 3.205 and 2.911, 2.990 and 2.648, 2.728 and 2.419, respectively, when the ingredients test substituted 15% of the reference diet, and 2.678 and 2.371, 2.875 and 2.523, 2.277 and 1.956, respectively, when the ingredients test substituted 30% of the reference diet. Therefore, the level of substitution of the reference diet by the ingredient test affects AME and AMEn. Jureminha and bravo bean hays presented higher AME and AMEn values than maniçoba hay for bird feeding.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada visando avaliar a qualidade do volumoso produzido com a técnica de hidroponia. Como substratos, utilizaram-se casca de arroz e capim-elefante picado cultivado sobre lona plástica, com densidade de 2,5 kg de grãos/m². Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete repetições, representadas por canteiros de 0,5 x 0,5 m de área útil. A fertiirrigação foi usada do 3º ao 14º dia após a semeadura, quando foi realizada a colheita para determinação da produtividade da forragem natural/m², da porcentagem de MS total e dos teores de PB, FDN, FDA e cinzas. Essas características foram determinadas em amostras da forragem completa, do substrato + raízes e em amostras apenas das plantas. O uso de casca de arroz como substrato resultou em maior produção de MS, FDN, FDA e cinzas. O capim-elefante destacou-se pelo maior teor de PB, mesmo que com baixo teor de MS. A PB apresentou relação inversa com MS, FDN, FDA e cinzas.This research was carried out to evaluate the quality of the roughage produced by hydroponics. Rice hulls and chopped elephantgrass were used as substrates for corn cultivation, put on plastic canvas. Corn seeding density was 2.5 kg of seed/m². A randomized experimental design was used, with seven replications. Plot utile area measured 0.5 m x 0.5 m. Fertiirrigation was used from the 3rd to the 14th day after seeding. Harvest occurred at the 14th day and fresh forage productivity was determined. Three types of samples were taken: complete forage (shoot + root + substratum), substratum + roots, and shoot only. The following response variables were determined: DM concentration, CP, NDF, ADF, and ash. The rice hulls substratum resulted in higher DM production, NDF, ADF and ash concentration, while the chopped elephantgrass promoted greater CP concentration, although with low DM concentration. The CP presented inverse relationship with DM concentration and its components: NDF, ADF and ash.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte, alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de resíduo do processamento de camarões (FC). Foram utilizados 240 pintos de um dia de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo 5 tratamentos (níveis de inclusão de FC: 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12% em rações a base de milho e farelo de soja) com 4 repetições e 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de inclusão da FC proporcionaramefeito quadrático apenas para o ganho de peso, demonstrando que os melhores níveis de inclusão na dieta foram de 5,46% e 5,87%, nos períodos de 1 a 21 e 22 a 42 dias de idade, respectivamente, melhorando, inclusive, a pigmentação na carcaça das aves.This experiment was to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens feed with different levels of shrimp meal (SM) in their diet. In this experiment 240 broiler chickens were distributed at a complete randomized design in five treatments and four replications of 12 broiler chickens per experimental unit. The levels of SM were 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12% added to zea mays and soybean-meal ration based. These rations were fed to 1-day-old broiler chicks for 6 weeks (3 weeks of starter rations and 3 weeks of finished ration). Only the weight gain presented significant difference with effects on shrimp meal levels in the ration. The shrimp waste meal (Litopenaeus vannamei) resultedin a quadratic effect (P

A digestibilidade aparente e os consumos de matéria seca (MS), de matéria orgânica (MO), de proteína bruta (PB), de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) foram avaliados para se determinar o efeito da substituição do milho por farelo de palma forrageira (0, 33, 66 e 100%), em dietas de ovinos em crescimento. Objetivou-se, também, a comparação da estimativa de digestibilidade aparente por intermédio dos métodos de coleta total de fezes e de indicadores internos (fibra em detergente ácido [FDAi] e fibra em detergente neutro [FDNi] indigestíveis). Foi empregado delineamento experimental em quadrado latino, constituído de quatro animais, quatro períodos e quatro níveis de substituição do milho por farelo de palma forrageira. Não houve efeito da substituição sobre os consumos de MS, MO, PB e FDN. O consumo de NDT diminuiu linearmente com a inclusão de farelo de palma nas dietas. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS e MO diminuíram linearmente, enquanto os de PB e FDN não foram influenciados pela substituição. Não houve diferença entre a coleta total de fezes e o indicador interno FDNi na estimativa da digestibilidade dos nutrientes.The apparent digestibility and the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were estimated to evaluate the effects of replacement by corn by forage cactus meal (0, 33, 66 and 100%) in growing lambs diets. It was also aimed to compare the internal markers, indigestible neutral detergent (NFDi) and acid detergent fiber (ADFi) with total feces collection to estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients. A 4 x 4 latin square experimental design with four lambs, four periods and four levels of replacement of corn by forage cactus meal, was used. The replacement of corn by forage cactus meal did not affect the intakes of DM, OM, CP and NDF. TDN intake decreased linearly. The apparent digestibility of DM and OM decreased linearly, but no effect was observed for CP and NDF digestibilities. There was no difference between NDFi and total feces collection in the estimate of nutrients digestibility.

Avaliou-se química e biologicamente o resíduo de polpa de frutas desidratadas destinadas à indústria de alimentos enriquecidos. No estudo de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 12 leitões castrados, híbridos comerciais, com peso inicial de 12,2 ± 1,6 kg, distribuídos individualmente em gaiolas. Os tratamentos foram dieta basal e dieta-teste, com substituição de 30% da matéria seca na dieta basal. Os resultados da composição química foram: matéria seca, 89,54%; amido, 71,1%; glicose, 5,4%; frutose, 2,2%; proteína bruta, 5,33%; energia bruta, 3771 kcal/kg; matéria seca digestível, 96,01%; energia digestível, 3448 kcal/kg; energia metabolizável, 3389 kcal/kg. O estudo de metabolismo e a análise bromatológica indicaram o resíduo de polpas como alternativa a ser avaliada em dietas de leitões. No ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizados 90 leitões com peso inicial de 6,60 ± 0,76 kg, distribuídos em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis de inclusão do resíduo de polpa (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) em substituição ao milho da dieta-controle. As fases estudadas foram inicial-1(14 dias), inicial-2 (21 dias) e período total. Não houve diferenças entre os níveis de inclusão estudados sobre as variáveis de desempenho. Em dieta farelada, o resíduo de polpa de frutas desidratadas pode substituir totalmente o milho.It was evaluated chemically and biologically the powdered fruits pulp residue, used in human food industry. In the digestibility study it was used 12 commercial hybrids barrows piglets, with initial weight 12,2 ± 1,6 kg, allotted in individual cages. The treatments were a basal and a test diet. In the test diet the fruits pulp residue replaced 30% of the basal dry matter. The following values were obtained: dry matter 89,54%, starch 71,1%, glucose 5,4%, fructose 2,2%, crude protein 5,33%, gross energy 3771 kcal/kg, apparent digestible dry matter 96,01%, digestible energy 3448 kcal/kg, metabolizable energy 3389 kcal/kg. By bromatologic results and metabolism study, the powdered fruits pulp residue was characterized as an alternative to be evaluated in piglet diets. In the performance assay 90 piglets with initial weight of 6,60 ± 0,76 kg were allotted in a randomized block design, with six replications and three animals per experimental unit. The treatments were levels of powdered fruits pulp residue (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) replacing the corn of the control diet. The studied phases were initial-1 (14 days), initial-2 (21 days) and total period. On the performance there was no difference between the studied inclusion levels. For meal diets, the fruits pulp residue can replace the corn.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização de cinco níveis de açúcar de cana (0; 4; 8; 16 e 32%) em substituição ao milho na alimentação de frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias. Trezentos e vinte pintos, metade de cada sexo, foram distribuídos casualmente em 20 boxes, com total de 16 aves/boxe. As aves receberam água e ração à vontade durante toda a fase de criação, sendo as rações isoprotéicas e isocalóricas. Aos 42 dias de idade, as aves foram pesadas e quatro aves de cada unidade experimental, dois machos e duas fêmeas, foram submetidas a um jejum de 12 horas para posterior abate e evisceração, quando foram avaliados peso e rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres. Observou-se redução linear no ganho de peso e piora para conversão alimentar com o aumento dos níveis de açúcar, demonstrando menor eficiência de utilização do alimento. Com relação aos cortes, não houve efeito significativo para as fêmeas. Nos machos foi observado efeito quadrático para peso de carcaça, sendo o melhor nível estimado em 8,42%, alcançando o máximo de 1965,1 g. A análise econômica não demonstrou vantagens na utilização do açúcar.The experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of five levels of sugar (0; 4; 8; 16 and 32%) in substitution to the corn in the feed of broilers from 1 to 21 days. Three hundred and twenty day old chicks, half male, half female, were randomly assigned to 20 box, with a total of 16 chicks/box. Water and ration were "ad libitum" fed during all experimental period. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogen and isocaloric. The birds were weighed at 42 days of age and four birds of each experimental unit, two males and two females, were fasted for 12 hours. After this period, the birds were slaughtered and eviscerated and carcass weight and yield as well as cuts yield were collected. Linear reduction was observed for weight gain and the worst for alimentary conversion, as the sugar levels increased, showing smaller efficiency of feeding use. Females showed no significant effects for cuts. Males showed quadratic effect for carcass weight, with the level of 8.42%, reaching the maximum of 1965.1g. For the economic analysis, no advantage by using sugar cane based diets was observed.

This study evaluated the digestibility of cottonseed meal with or without addition of enzymes (phytase and protease) for growing pigs. It was used 18 barrows, housed in metabolism cages, distributed in a completely randomized design, standardizing body weight (bw) with average of 25.8 ± 3.6 kg, with three treatments and six repetitions. The treatments consisted of a reference diet based on corn and soybean meal, the second treatment with replacement of 30% of the reference diet by cottonseed meal without enzymes, and the third with 30% of the reference diet replaced by cottonseed meal with added enzymes. Was determined the digestible protein, digestible energy, digestibility of dry matter, energy and protein. It was also registered the balance of nitrogen and phosphorus. The use of cottonseed meal with the addition of enzymes in diets for growing pigs has no effect on the digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and crude protein, but improved the absorption of phosphorus, consequently reducing its excretion in the feces. There was no improvement in nitrogen balance in the diets containing cottonseed meal with enzymes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of pirarucu by-product acid silage meal in diets for laying hens on performance and egg quality. One hundred sixty eight Hissex White laying hens 73-wk-old were distributed in completely randomized design with seven treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%) and four replicates of six birds each. The experiment lasted 84 days divided into four periods of 21 days. Estimates of pirarucu by-product meal levels were determined by polynomial regression. Differences (p