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The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding multistrain probiotic on breast muscle characteristics of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infected broilers. Three hundred and thirty six Lohmann MB-202 day-old-chicks were divided to four treatment groups, including CNTRL (chicks receiving basal diet and not infected), APEC (chicks receiving basal diet and infected with APEC), APEC-AGP (chicks taking in basal diet containing 0.04% zinc bacitracin and infected with APEC) and APEC-PROB (chicks taking in basal diet containing 0.5% probiotic Bacillus and infected with APEC). At day 35, birds were randomly taken and slaughtered, and from which the breast muscles were collected for the determination of breast meat characteristics. The breast meat of CNTRL had lower (P < 0.05) pH values than APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB birds. The breast muscles from CNTRL exhibited higher (P < 0.05) water holding capacity (WHC) and water content than that from infected groups. Crude fat was higher (P < 0.05) in APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB than that of CNTRL and APEC meats. Crude ash was higher (P < 0.05) in APEC-PROB meat than that in other meats. The L* (lightness) values were higher (P < 0.05) in meats from APEC and APEC-AGP than in CNTRL and APEC-PROB meats. The a* (redness) values were higher (P < 0.05) in meat of CNTRL than in APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB. The samples from APEC-AGP had the highest (P < 0.05) values of b* (yellowness). Palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids were higher (P < 0.05) in meat from CNTRL and APEC compared to that from APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB. Oleic acid was higher (P < 0.05) in CNTRL than in APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB meats. CNTRL meat had higher (P < 0.05) antioxidant activity than APEC and APEC-AGP meats. The 21, 42.7, 40, 51 and 53 kDa bands were intense in all meat samples from APEC group, but less intense in some samples from CNTRL, APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB groups. In conclusion, APEC infection posed a negative effect on broiler meat characteristics. Probiotic seemed to counteract infection and thereby alleviate the detrimental effect of APEC infection on meat traits.

This study investigated the responses of low-weight day-old chicks to zinc bacitracin and Bacillus mixture on growth performance, hematology, intestinal selected microbiota populations, and carcass characteristics. A total of 192 unsexed Lohman MB-202 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatment groups of 48 chicks each (6 replicates of 8 chicks) and fed for 35 days. The four treatments were CONT (basal diet without supplementation), AGP (basal diet with 0.04% zinc bacitracin), PROB (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Bacillus mixture), and PROB+AGP (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Bacillus mixture and 0.04% zinc bacitracin). There were no significant differences in final body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. The relative weight of thymus was higher (P= 0.01) in AGP than that in PROB and PROB+AGP birds. Birds in PROB+AGP had lower (P= 0.04) values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme compared to those in CONT and AGP groups, but the difference was not significant when compared with birds in PROB group. Serum creatinine was lower (P< 0.01) in PROB+AGP than in CONT and AGP birds. Birds in AGP group tended (P = 0.09) to have higher globulin concentration in the serum compared to other birds. There was also a tendency (P = 0.07) for PROB+AGP birds to have higher albumin to globulin ratio compared with other birds. There was more lactic acid bacteria in ileal digesta (P = 0.05) in PROB+AGP than in AGP birds, but the difference was not significant when compared to CONT and PROB birds. Birds in AGP group had higher (P = 0.05) relative breast weight compared to other birds. In conclusion, Bacillus mixture did not affect performance and hematological parameters, but increased the intestinal population of lactic acid bacteria in broiler chicks.

Although it has widely been applied in human applications for therapeutic purposes, the use of fermented herbal products to improve growth performance in broiler chickens is still disputable. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of fermented versus unfermented herbal products in improving the growth performance, breast meat quality, and small intestinal morphology of broiler chickens and to determine the optimal conditions according to meta-analysis and response surface methodology. The database was developed based on 23 articles comprising 123 data points collected in 2023. The metadata was analysed using OpenMEE and R, with the inclusion of fermented herbal products as fixed factors and individual studies as random factors. The optimal dosage was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A significant difference (p

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of enzyme and probiotic on the growth performance of broiler chickens. A collection of publications covering the years from 2009 to 2021 was compiled using several keywords, such as enzyme, growth performance, and probiotic. A total of 136 comparisons from 19 in vivo investigations were used to create the final dataset. The data were analyzed using the OpenMEE software, considering the feed additives (enzymes and probiotics) as fixed effects and individual studies as random effects. The result showed an insignificant difference (P0.05) between enzymes and probiotics in terms of improving the body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers. In conclusion, both probiotics and enzymes improved broiler performances, such as body weight gain, feed intake and FCR. According to the meta-analysis, the ability of enzymes and probiotics to affect broiler performances was equal.

Background and Aim: The ban on antibiotic growth promoters adversely affects the physiological condition and health of poultry. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of encapsulated Acalypha australis L. leaf extract, chitosan, or a combination of both on the physiological and intestinal conditions of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups: Basal feed without additives (CNTL), basal feed with 0.01% encapsulated A. australis leaf extract (EALE), 0.01% chitosan (CHIT), and 0.01% EALE and 0.01% chitosan (EACH). Sample collection and data measurement were conducted on day 36. Results: There was a tendency (p = 0.08) for EACH bird to have a higher body weight than the other groups. Feed consumption was higher (p < 0.05) in EACH than in EALE and CHIT. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p < 0.05) in EALE, CHIT, and EACH than in CNTL. Erythrocyte numbers were lower (p < 0.05) in EALE than in CNTL and EACH. Hematocrit was lower (p < 0.05) in EALE and CHIT groups than in the other two groups. There was a tendency (p = 0.09) for heterophils to be higher in EACH than in CNTL. Thrombocyte counts were lower (p < 0.05) in EACH group than in the other groups. Serum globulin levels were higher (p < 0.05) in EACH than in CNTL and CHIT. The albumin-to-globulin ratio was higher (p < 0.05) in CNTL than in EALE and EACH. Coliform bacteria tended to be lower (p = 0.05) in the cecum of EACH broilers than that of other broilers. Similarly, the ratio of Lactic acid bacteria to coliforms tended to be higher (p = 0.08) in the cecum of EACH group than that in the other groups. Treatments did not influence the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A combination of EALE and chitosan as feed additives enhanced the final body weight and feed efficiency (FCR) of broilers. These additives also increased the levels of heterophils, serum globulin, the ratio of LAB to coliforms, and reduced thrombocytes, albumin-to-globulin ratio, and cecal coliform bacteria. Hence, EALE and chitosan blend improved the growth performance, immune status, and intestinal health of broiler chickens.

ABSTRACT. The present study evaluated the effect of feed additives containing Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on egg production and blood parameters of laying hens during post-peak production. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized design with 224 hens (80 weeks old). The hens were randomly distributed to 4 treatments and 7 replications. The treatments included T0 (basal feed), T1 (basal feed + 0.25% additive), T2 (basal feed + 0.5% additive), T3 (basal feed + 1% additive). Feed intake was recorded daily, body weight was determined weekly, and blood was collected on day 35 of the experiment. The variables measured included feed intake, feed conversion ratio, hen day production, egg weight, yolk index, albumin index, eggshell thickness, yolk color, and complete blood counts. Results showed that hen-day production decreased (P0.05) as the level of additives increased in the feed. Dietary inclusion of additive at 0.25% increased (P0.05) eggshell thickness. The feed conversion ratio tended (P=0.08) to be better in hens receiving additives at 0.25%. Compared to control, additive at 0.5% decreased (P0.05) red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and red blood cell distribution width-coefficient variation (RDW-CV) of laying hens. In conclusion, novel feed additives containing A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and S. cerevisiae, particularly at 0.25% of the diet improved hen day egg production, eggshell thickness, and feed conversion ratio. (Pengaruh novel feed additive terhadap produksi telur dan parameter darah ayam petelur pasca puncak produksi) ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pengaruh imbuhan pakan yang mengandung filtrat buah belimbing wuluh, dedak gandum dan S. cerevisiae terhadap produksi telur dan parameter darah ayam petelur selama pasca produksi puncak. Penelitian dilaksanakan berdasarkan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) menggunakan 224 ekor ayam petelur (umur 80 minggu). Ayam-ayam tersebut didistribusikan ke 4 kelompok perlakuan dan 7 ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut meliputi T0 (pakan basal), T1 (pakan basal + aditif 0,25%), T2 (pakan basal + aditif 0,5%), T3 (pakan basal + aditif 1%). Konsumsi pakan dicatat setiap hari, bobot badan ditimbang setiap minggu dan darah diambil pada hari ke-35 penelitian. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian meliputi konsumsi pakan, rasio konversi pakan, produksi telur harian, berat telur, indeks kuning telur, indeks albumin, ketebalan cangkang telur, warna kuning telur dan profil darah lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hen day production menurun (P0,05) seiring dengan peningkatan level aditif dalam pakan. Aditif pakan pada level 0,25% meningkatkan ketebalan cangkang telur (P0,05). Rasio konversi pakan cenderung lebih baik (P=0,08) pada ayam petelur yang menerima aditif sebesar 0,25%. Dibandingkan dengan kontrol, aditif 0,5% menurunkan RDW-SD dan RDW-CV (P0,05) ayam petelur. Sebagai kesimpulan, imbuhan pakan yang mengandung filtrat buah belimbing wuluh, dedak gandum dan S. cerevisiae khususnya pada level 0,25% meningkatkan produksi telur ayam, ketebalan cangkang telur dan rasio konversi pakan.

To ensure the long-term viability of broiler farming, producers must address a number of issues, including rising feed costs, a ban on antibiotic growth promoters, and growing consumer awareness of chemical residues in broiler chicken meat. Fruit peel is a waste with no commercial value, but due to its high nutritional content, particularly in terms of energy, it has the potential to be used as an alternative feed source for broiler chicks. Fruit peel also contains a number of nutraceutical compounds that have the potential to be added to feed or used as natural supplements for broiler chickens due to their antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant properties. Fruit peels have high fiber content and antinutritional and toxic components that may interfere with broiler digestion and physiological function, so they should be used cautiously in broiler production. Various processes, including fermentation, extraction, distillation, and combining with other active components, such as enzymes, may be used to optimize the use of fruit peels in broiler production. This review examines the use of fruit peel and its effects on broiler growth and health.

Background and Aim: Natural feed additives are important for broiler sustainability during the post-antibiotic era. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of the dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus casei-fermented mixture of red rice and aromatic ginger (FERMIX) on growth, blood profiles, intestinal bacterial content, and morphological measurements of broilers. Materials and Methods: Two hundred broiler chicks were allotted to four groups with five replications, including CONTROL (chicks provided with basal feed), FERMIX025 (basal feed supplemented with 0.25% FERMIX), FERMIX050 (0.50% FERMIX), and FERMIX100 (1.00% FERMIX). FERMIX is an anaerobic fermentation product from a mixture of red rice flour and aromatic ginger using L. casei. Blood, organs, digesta, and carcass were collected on day 35. Results: Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) across treatments. FERMIX at 0.5% increased (p

Background and Aim: In the post-antibiotic era, consumer demand for healthy and safe meats has prompted poultry producers to seek alternative effective feed additives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel natural feed additive based on a mixture of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth rate, internal organ weight, and breast meat characteristics of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 1-day-old chicks were divided into one control (CNTRL; feed without additives) and three treatment groups: NOV25, feed with 2.5 g/kg novel additive; NOV50, feed with 5.0 g/kg novel additive; and NOV100, feed with 10 g/kg novel additive. The body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly. On day 35, the chickens from each group were slaughtered, and their internal organs and breast meat samples were collected. Results: The BW of broilers in NOV100 was greater (p=0.016) than that in the other groups. The FCRs in the treatments groups were lower (p

This study evaluated the impact of fermentation with Chrysonilia crassa on nutritional composition and antioxidative activity of the mixture of cassava pulp and selected leaves meal. Cassava pulp (60 g) was mixed thoroughly with 35 g leaves meal of either cassava, M. Oleifera, or L. leucocephala, and inoculated with Chrysonilia crassa starter (5 g). The mixture was aerobically incubated for 3 days at room temperature and analyzed for the proximate composition, gross energy, true protein, antioxidant activity, and amino acid content. The fermented products showed higher crude protein, ether extract, ash, and gross energy but lower fibre content than unfermented cassava pulp. Both leaves meal supplementation and fermentation increased the true protein content of cassava pulp. Superior antioxidant activities and higher amino acids were observed in the fermented products than raw cassava pulp. In conclusion, supplementation of leaves meal in conjunction with Chrysonilia crassa-fermentation improved the nutritional values and antioxidant potential of cassava pulp.

The steady increase in the price of protein feed ingredients and the retraction of antibiotics from diets has encouraged nutritionists to search the alternatives for protein source and functional feedstuffs that can substitute the role of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. With crude protein of 24-30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80% and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%, seed from ripe papaya may be exploited as the alternative protein feed ingredient for poultry. Moreover, the growth promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities may confirm the potential of papaya seed as a functional feedstuff that could replace the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed on poultry. This review provides the updates on the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth-promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry.

Aim: The study investigated the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemical parameters, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Four hundred Lohmann broiler chickens were distributed to four groups of diets including CONT (corn-soybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with 0.1% zinc bacitracin), FERM (diet containing 20% FCPMO), and FERB (diet containing 20% FCPMO and added with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis). At days 4, 14, and 19, the chicks were vaccinated using commercial Newcastle disease-infectious bursal disease (ND-IBD), IBD, and ND vaccines, respectively. At day 35, blood was sampled and digesta was obtained from the ileum and caecum. Furthermore, the duodenal segment was obtained. Results: The BACI, FERM, and FERB groups had higher (p0.05) on cecal volatile fatty acids production. Conclusion: Feeding FCPMO improved immune responses, antioxidative status, and physiological conditions, but had less effect on the intestinal ecology of broilers.

Previously, fermentation has been associated with methods that improve the nutritional value of unconventional feed ingredients for broilers. In recent decades, the fermentation process has been employed to produce functional feeds that have the potential to improve broiler gastrointestinal tract microecology, health and production performance. Some of the functional ingredients found in fermented feed include lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lactic acid and other organic acids, and appear to play major roles in determining the beneficial effects of fermented feed on broiler gut health and performance. Unlike the pig, the available literature on broiler fermented feed is still rather limited. This review describes recent advances in the use of fermented feed (on the basis of conventional and unconventional feed ingredients) in broilers. Similarly, this review also shows that additional research is necessary to exploit fermented feed as a viable food source in broiler nutrition. Keywords: Broiler, Fermented feed, Growth performance, Gut health, Immunity

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with multi-strain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals on the hematological parameters and selected intestinal microbiota populations in the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Indonesian indigenous crossbred chicks were raised for 10 weeks. The chicks were distributed to one of four groups, i.e., chicks receiving basal diet without any additive (CONT), chicks receiving basal diet with 0.04% of zinc bacitracin (AGP), chicks receiving basal diet with 0.01% of commercial probiotic Bacillus subtilis preparation (PROB1), and chicks receiving basal diet with 0.5% of multi-strain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals (PROB2). Blood was collected on the week 8, while the internal organs and eviscerated carcasses were collected on the week 10. Results: PROB2 tended (p=0.09) to have a lower body weight (BW) compared to CONT chicks. Feed conversion ratio was higher (p

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals to the broiler chicken diets on their growth performance, hematological parameters, and carcass traits. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and eighty-eight Lohmann 1-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four groups, i.e., control (without additional supplementation) and three experimental treatments where basal diet was enriched by 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1% of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals, respectively. Blood sampling was conducted on day 28, while the selected organs and eviscerated carcasses were collected on day 42. Results: Dietary supplementation did not affect (p>0.05) the final body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. Supplementation by 0.1% and 0.5% of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals reduced (p≤0.05) heart relative weight of broilers. Dietary supplementation tended (p=0.07) to increase the relative weight of ileum and pancreas of broilers. Supplemented birds had lower (p≤0.05) numbers of leukocytes and eosinophils compared to unsupplemented birds. There were tendencies that supplementation of multistrain probiotics in combination with vitamins and minerals resulted in lower (p=0.07) counts of lymphocytes and heterophils when compared with no supplementation. Supplementation by 0.5% of multistrain probiotics in combination with vitamins and minerals resulted in lower (p≤0.05) serum concentration of uric acid when compared with control. There was no significant effect of dietary supplementation on carcass traits, pH, and drip loss of broiler breast muscles. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of commercial broiler feeds with 0.5% of multistrain probiotic preparation in combination with vitamins and minerals was potential to improve digestive functions and physiological status of broiler chickens.

This research was conducted to determine the amount of lactic acid bacteria and coliform inside the caecum and ileum of broilers. 240 days old chicks broiler (DOC) with 42.015 ± 0.219 g average body weight were used in this research as an experimental objects. The chicks broiler were treated with 0.04% antibiotics and 1% Spirulina plantensis as a prebiotic under different interval ingestion. This experiment was constructed under completely random design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 repetition. The treatment that was applied were T0 (Poultry feed + 0.04% Zinc bacitracin), T1 (Poultry feed + 1% throughout 7 days), T2 (Poultry feed + 1% throughout 21 days), and T4 (Poultry feed + 1% throughout 35 days). The parameter measurements conducted in the 32nd day with random sampling from each experiments. Total amount of lactic acid and coliform from each samples were observed and the variance was with 5% accuration. The result showed the total amout of Coliform in ileum was significantly different (P

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of duration feeding of Spirulina platensis as a prebiotic in ration on the red blood cells of broiler chickens. The material used in this study was 240 day old chick (DOC) with average of initial weight 42.015 ± 0.219 g. The experiment was designed based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treated treatments were T0 (Feed Basal + 0.04% Zinc Bacitracin), T1 (Basal diet + 1% Spirulina platensis for 7 days administration), T2 (Basal diet + 1% Spirulina platensis for 21 days of administration) and T3 (Feed Basal + 1% Spirulina platensis for 35 days of administration). Measured variables include total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, percentage of hematocrit, and erythrocyte index values (MCV, MCH, MCHC). Data were analyzed by variance test (F test) and if there was a significant difference then continued with Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that there was significant differences (P 0.05) between treatments on hemoglobin levels, hematocrit percentage, and erythrocyte index values (MCV, MCH, MCHC). It concluded that the feeding of Spirulina platensis for 35 days in ration can reduce total broiler erythrocytes and feeding S. platensis as a prebiotic given for 7 or 21 days of administration gives the same result as giving AGPs (Antibiotics Growth Promoters) seen from the broiler's red blood profile.

This study aimed to assess the effect of boiled turmeric water on the number of leukocyte and differentiation leukocyte of broilers. The study was conducted in Oktober - November 2016. The material used was 200Day Old Chick (DOC) of broiler with initial weight 41.48 ± 0.99 g. Feed used was a commercial feed with code B-11S to phase stater and BR-1AJ for the finisher phase and turmeric. The design used in this study was completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replicates containing 8 DOC in each. The treatment consisted of T0 (100% water), T1 (75% water + 25% boiled turmeric water), T2 (50% water + 50% boiled turmeric water), T3 (25% water + 75% boiled turmeric water), T4 (100% boiled turmeric water).The results showed that boiled turmeric water give significantly affect the percentage of lymphocytes and eosinophils (P0,05). The conclusion from this study is that the boiled turmeric water in the drinking water of broilers was able to improve white blood profile, that indicated by the number of leukocyte and percentage of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Keywords: Turmeric, leuycocyte, differential leucocyte, broiler

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding Acremonium charticola-fermented cassava pulp (AC-FCP) on the intestinal microbial ecology and hematological indices of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 male Lohman day-old-chicks were randomly allotted to one of the four experimental diets including control diet, control diet + antimicrobials (neomycin; 300 mg/kg diet), diet containing AC-FCP (16 g/100 g diet) or diet containing AC-FCP + antimicrobials. At day 28, the birds from each pen were blood sampled, sacrificed and immediately the internal organs were removed and weighed. Digesta were obtained from the ileum and cecum. Results: Birds fed AC-FCP had lower (p

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of cassava pulp fermented with Rhizopus oryzae on the total leucocyte and differential leucocyte and its influence on the health of broiler chickens. The study was conducted in July-September 2015. The material used was 275 DOC of broiler with average of initial weight 55 g. Ration ingredient used were corn, rice bran, soybean meal, fish meal, poultry meat meal and fermented cassava pulp. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) comprised of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment ration consist of T0 (control ration), T1 (8% cassava pulp without fermentation), T2 (8% cassava pulp fermented with Rhizopus oryzae), T3 (16% cassava pulp fermented with Rhizopus oryzae) and T4 (24% cassava pulp fermented with Rhizopus oryzae). The result of the study showed that there was no influence among treatments (P>0,05) of the use of cassava pulp fermented with Rhizopus oryzae in ration to total leucocyte and differential leucocycte. It is concluded that cassava pulp fermented with Rhizopus oryzae in ration is potential to substitute the use of corn in ration without compromising the health and amount of total leucocyte and differential leucocyte. Keywords: Rhizopus oryzae, leuycocyte, differential leucocyte, broiler