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El proyecto se ejecutó en el corregimiento de Leticia, una de las zonas más importantes de Montería en la producción de leche y que se caracteriza por sus malos indicadores, generando esto brechas tecnológicas en comparación con otros sistemas ganaderos. Con la implementación de las escuelas de campo, estrategia de educación no formal, se generó un ambiente de aprendizaje entre productores y técnicos. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de dicha intervención educativa en buenas prácticas de ordeño, sobre la salud de la ubre y la calidad microbiológica de la leche en fincas de pequeños productores de Montería, Córdoba, Colombia. La recolección de la información de campo se desarrolló en tres fases: pretest, donde se hizo una encuesta y una primera toma de muestras; intervención, donde se efectuó una capacitación mediante escuelas de campo en diferentes protocolos y postest, donde se hizo una evaluación final mediante una encuesta y una segunda toma de muestras para valorar la sanidad de las ubres y la calidad microbiológica; todas estas mediciones se analizaron en un laboratorio certificado. Mediante un estudio analítico, se recolectaron 144 encuestas y 144 muestras de leche cruda en el pretest, de igual manera sucedió en el postest, y los datos fueron procesados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial en el software Infostat. Como resultado, las variables células somáticas y mesófilos fueron menores en el postest. El acompañamiento técnico permitió implementar buenas prácticas de ordeño y vincular a pequeños productores con mercados formales de la cadena láctea.

Background and Aim: In 2016, the tilapia-producing farms in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, had witnessed outbreaks of disease with clinical signs compatible with those caused by the tilapia lake virus (TiLV). This study was conducted to confirm the presence of TiLV in some fish farms in the department of Córdoba. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in seven farms using a non-random sampling method from July 2016 to December 2017. A total of 66 fish, including 33 healthy fish and 33 fish with clinical signs, were caught, from which 178 tissue samples of spleen, liver, and brain were collected. RNA was extracted from each organ using TRIzol®. cDNA was synthesized using a retrotranscriptase and a universal amplification primer. The polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers specific to TiLV, in which the primers were amplified in a 491 bp region in segment 3 of TiLV, and the amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method. Results: Of the seven farms surveyed, 3 (42.85%) had TiLV in the collected fish. Of the 66 collected fish, 18 (27.27%) were infected with TiLV. The virus was detected in the brain (64.3%, 18/28), spleen (61.9%, 13/21), and liver (35.7%, 10/28). The sequences were recorded in GenBank with the codes MH338228, MH350845, and MH350846 . Nucleotide homology analyses revealed that this study's circulating strains exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain (GenBank KU751816.1). Conclusion: This is the first official report of TiLV in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The circulating strains detected in this study exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain.

Background and Aim: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus that causes encephalitis with a high impact on public health in Latin America. However, only in Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mexico have found antibodies in VEEV in bats, using immunohistochemistry, the sensitivity and specificity are improved; thus, it is better for demonstrating natural infection in bats as potential hosts. This study aimed to determine the presence of VEEV in tissues of frugivorous bats. Materials and Methods: A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sampling was carried out in 12 localities of Córdoba and Sucre area of the Colombian Caribbean. Two hundred and eighty-six bats were captured using fog nets, and the specimens according to taxonomic keys were classified. According to the Ethics Committee of the University of Córdoba, the bats were treated with analgesics and anesthetics. Blood samples were taken and then euthanized to obtain tissues and organs which were preserved in liquid N2 at –196°C. A portion of each organ was fixed in 10% buffered formalin for the detection of antigens by immunohistochemistry. Several pathological anatomy analyses were performed to determine the histological characteristics of tissue lesions of frugivorous bats naturally infected with the VEEV. Results: Of the 286 bats captured, 23 species were identified. In samples of the brain, spleen, and lung of two frugivorous bats (2/286=0.70%) Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira lilium, the presence of VEEV was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: A fragment of the nsP4 non-structural protein gene corresponding to the alphavirus was amplified. Two samples were positive (2/286=0.70%) in frugivorous bats; A. planirostris (code GenBank: MG820274) and S. lilium (code GenBank: MG820275). The present study showed the first molecular evidence and cellular evidence (histopathology and immunohistochemistry) of natural VEEV infection in frugivorous bats in Colombia; these bats could be a host of this zoonosis.

The objective was to evaluate the physicochemical, microbiological quality, somatic cell count and presence of inhibitors in raw milks in the department of Sucre. 150 samples of raw milk from six storage centers or processing plants from three subregions of the department of Sucre (Sabanas, San Jorge and Gulf of Morrosquillo) were taken using a descriptive cross-sectional study. 25 samples in each collection center that correspond to 25 producers from the different subregions of the department were taken. Microbiological and physiochemical parameters and udder health were determined of a total of 50 samples for each subregion. The data obtained were analyzed according to accepted standards in Colombia. For the most part of the physicochemical parameters, were within the accepted values established in decree 616 of 2006 and decree 1880of 2011(protein ≥2.9%, fat ≥3.0%, density (15oC) ≥1.030, TS ≥11.30, SNF ≥8.30). The count of colony forming units (CFU/mL) in the different subregions was greater than 600,000 CFU/mL. The somatic cell count (SCC/mL) was greater than 500,000 SCC/mL. In 8% of the sampled milks showed presence of inhibitors. Overall, the raw milk had good physicochemical quality but, the microbiological quality and health of the udder were poor, which requires immediate implementation of programs in order to obtain high quality hygienic milk.

Mediante la prueba California para Mastitis(CMT), se evaluaron 4.260 cuartos pertenecientesa 1.065 vacas en 15 fincas manejadas bajo el sistema doble propósito en el municipio de Montería (Córdoba) Colombia, las fincas fueron escogidas mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. De los cuartos con reacciones trazas hasta casos subclínicos y clínicos, se tomó una muestra de leche para aislar los microorganismos involucrados en la mastitis bovina. El 11.30% (n=480) de los cuartos fue positivo para mastitis subclínica. El 92.21% de los aislamientos involucró microorganismos infecciosos. Staphylococcus aureus , fue aislado en el 87.56% y se convirtió en el principal patógeno aislado. Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos (SCN) fueron aislados en el 0.3%. Streptococcus agalactiae fue aislado en el 2.10% de las muestras, Streptococuss uberis aislado en el 3.60%. Corynebacterium bovis se aisló en el 2.10%. Se puedeconcluir que Staphylococcus aureus fue el principal agente etiológico, siendo sensible a los antibióticos más usados en programas de prevención y control de la mastitis bovina en el sistema de producción doble propósito, en el municipio de Montería.Mediante o teste do California Mastites Test (CMT), foram avaliados 4260 quartos pertencentes a 1065 vacas em 15 fazendas que laboram no sistema carne e leite no município de Montería (Córdoba, Colômbia), seleccionadas no sistema de amostragem não probabilístico. Dos quartos com traços, de casos subclínicos e clínicos, foi tomada uma amostra de leite para isolar os microorganismos envolvidos namastite bovina. O 11.30% (n=480) dos quartos foram positivos para mastite subclínica. O 92.21% dosi solados apresentaram microorganismos infecciosos. Staphylococcus aureus , foi isolado no 7.56% e foi reconhecido como o principal patógeno isolado. Foram isolados nas amostras: Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos (0.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (2.10%), Streptococcus uberis (3.60%) e Corynebacterium bovis (2.10%). O Staphylococcus aureus foi o principal agente etiológico e foi sensível aos antibióticos usualmente usados nos programas de prevenção e controle de mastite bovina nos sistemas de duplo aptidão no município de Montería.The prevalence of bovine mastitis was evaluated in 4.260 udder quarts from 1.065 cows located in 15 cattle farms managed as dual purpose systems (beef and dairy) in Monteria (Cordoba, Colombia). The farms were chosen using a non-random probability sampling design. To isolate the microorganisms involved in mastitis, milk samples were taken from the quarts with trace reaction, as well as from sub-clinical or clinically affected quarts. A high percentage (92.21%) of isolated samples included infectious organisms. The main pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (87.56% of samples), while Streptococuss uberis,Corynebacterium bovis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (SCN) were found in 3.60, 2.10, 2.10, and 0.3% of samples, respectively. We conclude that Staphylococcus aureus, the main etiological agent, is sensitive to antibiotics commonly used in the prevention and control of mastitis on dual purpose systems in this region.

Mediante la prueba del California Mastitis Test (CMT), se evaluaron 11.416 cuartos pertenecientes a 2.854 vacas de 40 fincas especializadas en la producción de leche en el altiplano cundiboyacense, escogidas mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. De los cuartos positivos (reacciones desde trazas hasta casos clínicos) se tomó una muestra de leche para aislar los microorganismos involucrados en la mastitis bovina. El 34.40% (3.931) de los cuartos fueron positivos al CMT. El 49.01% de los aislamientos involucraron microorganismos infecciosos. Staphylococcus aureus, fue aislado en el 29.09% y se convirtió en el principal patógeno encontrado. Streptococcus agalactiae aislado en el 6.84% de las muestras. Las infecciones mixtas representaron el 1.2% y la asociación más frecuente fue la de Staph. aureus y Strep. agalactiae. Los Staphylococcus coagulasa positivos (SCP), diferentes al Staph. aureus se encontraron en el 4.04% de las muestras y en realidad no se tiene mucha información sobre ellos. Los Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos (SCN) fueron aislados en el 11.75%. Strep. uberis fue aislado en el 5.74% y Strep. dysgalactiae en el 2.62%. Corynebacterium bovis fueron aislados en el 8.44% y el Corynebacterium pyogenes en el 5.92%. El Staph. aureus esta siendo propagado por la realización de malas prácticas ganaderas en la implementación de programas de prevención y control de agentes infecciosos y por presentar múltiples factores de virulencia.Com a utilização do teste California Mastitis Test (CMT), foram avaliados 11.416 quartos pertencentes a 2.854 ubres de vacas de 40 fazendas especializadas na produção de leite no altiplano cundiboyacense. Os locais foram selecionados mediante seleção ao ocaso não probabilístico. Dos quartos positivos (reações desde traças ate casos clínicos) foi analisada uma amostra de leite para isolar os microorganismos envolvidos nas mastites bovinas. O 34.40% (3.931) dos quartos foram positivos ao CMT. O 49.01% dos isolados involucraram microorganismos infecciosos. Staphylococcus aureus foi isolado nos 29.09% e apresenta o principal patógeno encontrado. O Streptococcus agalactiae foi isolado nos 6.84% das amostras. As infecciones combinadas apresentaram o 1.2% e a relação mais freqüente foi Staph. aureus e Strep. agalactiae. Os Staphylococcus coagulasa positivos (SCP), diferentes ao Staph. aureus foram determinados no 4.04% das amostras, onde não existe muita informação sobre eles. Os Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos (SCN) foram isolados nos 11.75%. Streptococcus uberis foi isolado nos 5.74% e Strep. dysgalactiae nos 2.62%. Corynebacterium bovis foi isolado nos 8.44% e o Corynebacterium pyogenes nos 5.92%. O Staph. aureus, agente infeccioso esta sendo propagado pela realização de mas práticas na cria de gado com a implementação de programas de prevenção, controle e apresentação de múltiplas fatores de virulência.Using the Californian Mastitis Test (CMT), 11.416 udder quarts belonging to 2.854 cows from 40 milk production specialized farms of the cundiboyacense plain, selected at random, were evaluated. Of the 3.931 positive quarts (from reaction trace to clinical cases), a milk sample was taken in order to isolate the microorganisms involved in bovine. The 34.44% for the quarter were positive al CMT, the 49.01% involved infectious microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogenic agent with 29.09% of the total isolations. Contrary to the normal indications from the temperate areas where Streptococcus agalactiae has been reported as the main pathogen with more than 50% of prevalence, in this study it was isolated in only 6.84% of the samples. Mix infections represented 1.2% and the most frequent association was between Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae. The coagulase positive Staphylococci (different to Staph. aureus) were found in 4.04% of the sample. The coagulase negative Staphylococci were isolated in 11.75% of the samples. Isolates of Strep. uberis, Strep. dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Corynebacterium poygenes, were found in 5.74, 2.62, 8.44, and 5.92% of the samples, respectively. The main pathogen found in this study was the S. aureus, an infectious agent that is being propagated by conducting poor farming practices in implementing prevention and control programs.

La leptospirosis, es una zoonosis de carácter reemergente, de distribución mundial y con diversa sintomatología, de gran incidencia en las regiones tropicales, donde los reservorios suelen ser animales domésticos y salvajes que excretan por la orina el microorganismo y son la fuente de contaminación para humanos y otros animales, siendo un serio problema de salud pública. También es considerada como enfermedad profesional por su alto riesgo de exposición. En el humano, la sintomatología de la infección es variada y en muchos casos pasa desapercibida. El objetivo general fue conocer la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos de Leptospira interrogans (sensu lato) y por medio de un estudio epidemiológico transversal en 62 trabajadores de granjas porcinas en tres municipios del medio Sinú, se recolectaron muestras de sangre y la realización del MAT se implementó con 14 serogrupos. La seroprevalencia en los trabajadores fue del 75,81% y los serogrupos que presentaron las mayores frecuencias fueron: Canicola, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae y Grippothyphosa.

Por medio de un estudio epidemiológico transversal en la Sabana de Bogotá y los valles de Ubaté y Chiquinquirá, se evaluó el funcionamiento de 37 equipos de ordeño mediante la realización de las pruebas estáticas y dinámicas; el diagnóstico de mastitis bovina fue realizado en 2854 vacas en ordeño. El modelo de regresión logística determinó cuales factores estaban asociados con la presencia o ausencia de mastitis bovina. La colocación de las unidades de ordeño sin la admisión de aire, el cumplimiento de la relación entre el número de unidades de ordeño y el diámetro de la tubería de pulsación fueron priorizados como factores de protección. La inadecuada eficiencia del regulador, el resbalamiento de las unidades de ordeño y un mal funcionamiento de los pulsadores se consideraron como factores de riesgo. Se determinó que el factor de riesgo que más esta contribuyendo a la presencia de mastitis bovina es el sobreordeño, definido como ordeño en seco, sobremanipulación de las unidades de ordeño, masaje sobre las ubres o la combinación de todas las anteriores formas, consideradas estas últimas prácticas como aspectos indeseables en una excelente rutina de ordeño.It was evaluated the performance of 37 milking machines throughout at transverse epidemiological study at the Bogotá savannah and the Ubate and Chiquinquirá Valleys, Colombia. Equipment function was evaluated by means of static and dynamic tests and mastitis diagnosis was accomplished on 2854 milking cows. The logistic regression model determined those factors associated with the presence or absence of bovine mastitis. Placing the milking machines without air intake, execution between the number of milking units and the pulsing piping diameter were considered of high priority as protecting factors. The regulator inefficiency, the machine sliding and breaking down of pulsimeters were considered as risk factors. It was determined either the overmilking (defined as in dry milking), the milking - machine overload, the under massages and all combinations of these practices, as the most undesirable aspect within and outstanding milking routine.

An important condition in dairy processing plant is to obtain materials of excellent physicochemical and microbiological quality to reduce public health risks. High counts of mesophilic show contamination and lack of good manipulation in milking and milk conservation. Coliforms are a demonstration of contamination with fecal material. The norms in Colombia establish the mesophilic count as standard of microbiological quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality and health of the udders, in raw milk from dual purpose farms, supplying three milk processing plants in Cordoba (Colombia). 149 raw milk samples were collected of tree processing plants in Cordoba department. Physicochemical parameters set out in Decree 616 of 2006 were determined and aerobic mesophilic, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and somatic cell count were established too. The variables obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SAS. The physicochemical parameters were within the normal range but averages of mesophilic and somatic cells counts were high, which allows conclude that the physicochemical quality is good, but there are shortcomings in the microbiological quality and in the udder health, and is on the farms devoted to milk production where must be implemented and certified excellent management and prevention practices.

Summary Background: the worldwide trend in agro industries is to optimize food quality and obtain safe products for human consumption. It is important to produce milk with excellent physicochemical and microbiological quality to reduce public health risks. Objective: to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of milk and udder health in northwest Colombia, through the raw milk received at a leading dairy plant in Valledupar (Colombia). Methods: a non-probability sampling and a crosssectional study were conducted. Raw milk samples from 186 beef and milk (dual purpose) farms were collected. Physicochemical parameters, mesophilic and somatic cell counts were determined. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SAS software. Results: physicochemical parameters were within the normal range in accordance with Colombian Decree No. 616 of 2006. The average mesophilic and somatic cell count was 305,279 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, and 523,207 somatic cells (SC)/mL, respectively. Sixty-eight percent of the farms had somatic cell counts greater than 200,000 SC/mL, which is the threshold for bovine mastitis. Conclusion: physicochemical quality of milk was good, but there were shortcomings in microbiological quality and udder health. Therefore, efforts are required to prevent this problems and to implement excellent management practices in the farms.