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Background: The management of pediatric trauma with trans-arterial embolization is uncommon, even in level 1 trauma centers; hence, there is a dearth of literature on this subject compared to the adult experience. Objective: To describe a single-center, level 1 trauma center experience with arterial embolization for pediatric trauma. Materials and methods: A retrospective review was performed to identify demographics, transfusion requirements, pre-procedure imaging, procedural details, adverse events, and arterial embolization outcomes over a 19-year period. Twenty children (age 4.5 months to 17 years, median 13.5 years; weight 3.6 to 108 kg, median 53 kg) were included. Technical success was defined as angiographic resolution of the bleeding-related abnormality on post-embolization angiography or successful empiric embolization in the absence of an angiographic finding. Clinical success was defined as not requiring additional intervention after embolization. Results: Seventy-five percent (n=15/20) of patients required red blood cell transfusions prior to embolization with a mean volume replacement 64 ml/kg (range 12–166 ml/kg) and the median time from injury to intervention was 3 days (range 0–16 days). Technical success was achieved in 100% (20/20) of children while clinical success was achieved in 80% (n=16/20). For the 4 children (20%) with continued bleeding following initial embolization, 2 underwent repeat embolization, 1 underwent surgery, and 1 underwent repeat embolization and surgery. Mortality prior to discharge was 15% (n=3). A post-embolization mild adverse event included one groin hematoma, while a severe adverse event included one common iliac artery pseudoaneurysm requiring open surgical ligation. Conclusions: In this single-center experience, arterial embolization for hemorrhage control in children after trauma is feasible but can be challenging and the clinical failure rate of 20% in this series reflects this complexity. Standardization of pre-embolization trauma assessment parameters and embolic techniques may improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Priapism is defined as involuntary, prolonged penile erection caused by factors other than sexual arousal, and is classified as either low-flow or high-flow. Embolotherapy is an accepted form of therapy in adults with high-flow priapism. Because the differences in etiology, management and outcome are significant, accurate and timely diagnosis is imperative.Objective: The purpose of this report is to present our experience with embolotherapy for treatment of high-flow priapism in three children.Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective study. During an 18-month period, three boys ranging in age from 6 to 15 years presented with priapism. All three children were treated with embolotherapy.Results: All three children were successfully treated with angiography and embolotherapy. One boy had a presentation that initially raised the possibility of low-flow priapism. No complications occurred, and to date all children are able to maintain normal erections.Conclusion: Subselective transcatheter embolization is the procedure of choice for high-flow priapism. In cases where priapism persists despite adequate therapy, angiography might be useful to exclude high-flow disease. In children with high-flow priapism, selective occlusion of the penile arteriovenous fistula led to detumescence and normal erectile function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]