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Historically, traditional crossbreeding schemes have predominated in oat breeding. In vitro culture techniques seek to expedite the breeding process and enhance selection efficiency. Maximum yields are achieved from hybrid plants produced by crossing pure (homozygous) lines with the desired traits. Homozygous lines can be produced through conventional breeding methods, which are time-consuming and costly. Alternatively, the production of homozygous lines can be accelerated by producing doubled haploid (DH) plants derived from (haploid) male gametophytes or their microspores (androgenesis). This method condenses the various stages required for producing homozygous lines in a single generation, resulting in significant time and cost savings. These and other advantages render androgenic DHs the preferred choice in numerous important crops where any of the various in vitro experimental techniques (anthers culture or isolated microspores culture) are well-established. However, in the case of oat (Avena sativa L.), an efficient plant regeneration method remains not very effective compared to the most common cereals, possibly due to the known recalcitrance of this cereal to in vitro culture. This review presents the methods through anther and microspore cultures utilized in the production of oat DHs revealing the crucial factors influencing the efficiency of this method in oat (Avena sativa L.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant in vitro cultures have been a crucial component of efforts to enhance crops and advance plant biotechnology. Traditional plant breeding is a time-consuming process that, depending on the crop, might take up to 25 years before an improved cultivar is available to farmers. This is a problematic technique since both beneficial qualities (such as pest resistance) and negative ones (such as decreased yield) can be passed down from generation to generation. In vitro cultures provide various advantages over traditional methods, including the capacity to add desirable characteristics and speed up the development of new cultivars. When it comes to oat (Avena sativa L.), the efficient method of plant regeneration is still missing compared to the most common cereals, possibly because this cereal is known to be recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In this review, an effort has been made to provide a succinct overview of the various in vitro techniques utilized or potentially involved in the breeding of oat. The present work aims to summarize the crucial methods of A. sativa L. cultivation under tissue culture conditions with a focus on the progress that has been made in biotechnological techniques that are used in the breeding of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars 'Bingo' and 'Chwat' were used to compare the embryogenesis competence of another culture. Despite the embryo-like structures obtained from both tested cultivars, only 'Chwat' produced green plantlets, which confirmed the cultivar dependency. 'Chwat' produced the highest number of embryo-like structures and green plantlets (0.7/100 anthers and 0.1/100 anthers, respectively). The embryo-like structure formation also depended on cold pretreatment combined with Cu2+, Zn2+, or Ag+ ion supplementation, which was applied during the tiller pretreatment or added to the induction media. The highest number of embryo-like structures (2.1/100 anthers) were observed on anthers derived from the tillers kept in a 50% Hoagland medium with the addition of 10 µM of CuSO4. In turn, the induction media supplemented with the ions Cu2+, Zn2+, or Ag+ increased neither the number of embryo-like structures nor the green plantlet production compared to the control conditions. However, such ion applications turned out to be most effective when the induction medium was enriched with 25 µM of AgNO3 and left to obtain the highest number of embryo-like structures and green plantlets (0.8/100 anthers and 0.2/100 anthers, respectively). Therefore, more attention should be paid to the possibilities of adjusting the media nutrient composition, as this may be the only way to significantly increase the efficiency of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]