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Pterygodermatites (Paucipectines) hymanae n. sp. (Rictulariidae) collected from the Incan shrew opossum, Lestoros inca, from Peru is described herein. These nematodes show a subapical, slightly dorsal oral opening and a laterally compressed buccal capsule with 2 conspicuous lateral walls and a dorsal wall. Each lateroventral wall possesses 4 relatively large denticles, and the dorsal wall has 6 denticles. Females are characterized by a conspicuously large postvulvar 37th spine, which may reach 1 mm. This is the first record of endoparasites in the Incan shrew opossum and the fifth species of Pterygodermatites recorded in New World marsupials.

A description is provided for Gracilioxyuris agilisis n. g., n. sp. found in the cecum of Gracilinanus agilis Burmeister, 1854 (Gardner, 2005) (Didelphidae) in Brazilian Pantanal. The new species can be distinguished from Didelphoxyuris thylamisis by a dome-shaped anterior end, a weakly developed cephalic vesicle, males with no postcloacal ornamentation, and operculate eggs with 3 longitudinal ridges. Gracilioxyuris n. g. is characterized by a small and apical oral opening and double-crested lateral alae. Males possess an area rugosa as a ventral, keellike elevation with transverse striations, 4 pairs of genital papillae, the first and second pairs of which are adanal, and a third minute pair just posterior to cloacal aperture; the last pair are at the caudal end with no tail tip. Females possess a thick muscular vagina, a didelphic genital tract, and operculated eggs with ridges.

The development and growth of a feather star Decametra tigrina from Notojima Island, Japan, is reported. This is the first record describing the complete development, from early embryos to juveniles, in the family Colobometridae. Their larval development was observed to progress independently from the adults, and was similar to other feather star species. Embryos hatched as uniformly ciliated gastrulae, which turned into doliolaria larvae when four narrow circumferential ciliated bands were formed. Skeletal ossicles began to form inside the doliolaria larvae, which subsequently settled to the substrate, proceeding to the cystidean stage. The protrusion of the arms from the oral opening marked the beginning of the pentacrinoid stage. About 45 days after hatching, they autotomized their stalks and became juvenile comatulids with arms about 6 mm long. These early juveniles apparently differ from the adults in morphological characters, such as having no pairs of tubercles or spines on the dorsal of their cirrals, and no proximal pinnules except for the first pinnule (P1). Both features are prominent in adults and are used for the classification of D. tigrina. Morphological differences between juveniles and the adults may also occur in other feather star species. A revision of the classification of comatulids, which considers morphological changes with growth, is required.

Forensic dentistry plays an essential role in personal identification procedures. An adequate interincisal space of cadavers with rigor mortis is required to obtain detailed dental findings. We have developed intraoral and two directional approaches, for myotomy of the temporal muscles. The intraoral approach, in which the temporalis was dissected with scissors inserted via an intraoral incision, was adopted for elderly cadavers, females and emaciated or exhausted bodies, and had a merit of no incision on the face. The two directional approach, in which myotomy was performed with thread-wire saw from behind and with scissors via the intraoral incision, was designed for male muscular youths. Both approaches were effective to obtain a desired degree of an interincisal opening without facial damage.

A new genus Loveninema gen. n., with two new species L. tubulosa gen. n., sp. n. and L. unicornis gen. n., sp. n. is de-scribed from bottom sediments collected in Skagerrak off the west coast of Sweden. Loveninema gen. n. is unique amongother genera of Plectida by possessing a midventral labial projection located on the ventral edge of the oral opening andprotruding anteriorly. Other diagnostic characters include: sclerotised labial framework in the shape of a conoid ring withthree projections extending posteriorly: one mid-dorsal, one left-subventral and one right-subventral; papilliform outer la-bial and cephalic sensilla; amphidial fovea a transverse slit located anterior to cephalic sensilla bases; excretory pore open-ing on the ventral side of the labial region; pharynx uniformly muscular, cylindrical; female reproductive systemdidelphic, amphidelphic; male reproductive system monorchic, with reflexed testis; spicules present; gubernaculum pres-ent or absent; either alveolar or tubular supplements present in males, absent in females; caudal glands and spinneret pres-ent. L. tubulosa gen. n., sp. n. is particularly characterised by the 0.66–1.12 mm long body; short midventral labialprojection; straight vagina without sclerotisations; male without alveolar and with 12–15 tubular supplements, 15.0–21.5µm long spicules, and with gubernaculum. L. unicornis gen. n., sp. n. is particularly characterised by the 0.65–0.98 mmlong body; long midventral labial projection; straight vagina without sclerotisations; male with up to 20 alveolar and without tubular supplements, 11.5–14.0 µm long spicules, and without gubernaculum.

In stomatogenesis of Bursellopsis a new circumoral kinety as well as three brush rows have to be formed in the opisthe. The formation of these structures occurs in a stomatogenic field of six to twelve somatic kineties. These stomatogenic kineties can be separated into two groups: a left one of three to seven kineties, forming the brush primordia, and a right one of three to five kineties, forming the primordia of the circumoral kinety. Between both groups the presumptive oral opening develops. In the stomatogenic kineties forming the brush primordia, dikinetids develop by kinetosome proliferation. These dikinetids arrange side by side into three horizontal rows. By an excessive kinetosome proliferation in the somatic kineties lying left to these rows the whole organelle gets vertically orientated later on in stomatogenesis. In the right group of stomatogenic kineties short fragments, consisting of dikinetids, develop. These fragments undergo a clockwise circular migration around the presumptive oral opening. By joining head to tail they arrange into the circumoral kinety. The primordia of the brush and of the circumoral kinety originate in front of only a few somatic kineties on the ventral side of the cell ("merotelokinetal stomatogenesis"). The apical ("prostome") position of the oral apparatus is the result of the cell division and has to be considered as secondary. The term "prostome" is therefore not correct in a phylogenetic view. According to the "merotelokinetal" type of stomatogenesis a sister group relationship of the prorodontid and some colpodid ciliates is assumed.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the condylar position in the maximum mouth opening in a group of individuals with and without temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) using corrected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was analyzed the MRIs of 200 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of 100 adults (25 males and 75 females). The images protocol of the MRIs were in corrected sagittal plane T1, with the patient kept at a maximum mouth opening without pain. All the images were obtained parallel to the Frankfurt plane. The images were split by two lines parallel to the upper base of the image which was obtained parallel to the Frankfurt plane, tangential to the articular tubercle and the condyle of each TMJ, and set along the discrepancy of the condylar position on both sides and the position with regard to the articular tubercle. The discrepancy was 45% overall, the most common condylar position types were 5 and 6 on the right and left sides in both the male and female TMJ patients. In this regard, the highest mean values were found for the maximum mouth opening. Our results support the hypothesis that the condylar position is not directly related to the magnitude of the oral opening.

The somatic and buccal infraciliature of Lagynus elegans are described, and aspects of its division and conjugation are reported. Its somatic infraciliature is made up of 37–46 meridianal kineties composed of isolated kinetosomes that have thick and long kinetodesmal fibers. In the anterior zone of the cell, the circumoral infraciliature can be observed: it is composed of short, slightly oblique kinetal segments, which are formed of three kinetosomes each. The brosse of this species consists of 3 or 4 groups that possess 4 to 6 ciliated kinetosomes each; these kinetosomes lack kinetodesmal fibers. On the apical pole of the cell, surrounding the oral opening, a crown of nematodesmata is observed; these nematodesmata are connected to each other by a fibrillar structure. Taking into account these features, we propose that this genus be transferred from the order Prostomatida to a new family, Lagynidae, of the order Prorodontida.

We examined the relationship between commonly measured features of cranial muscle activity and the magnitude of sub-and superambient pressure measured inside the buccal cavity of the striped burrfish Chilomycterus schoepfi during inflation behavior. Buccal pressure was recorded simultaneously with electromyographic (EMG) records of activity from three expansive-phase muscles (levator operculi, levator pectoralis and hyohyoideus abductor) and three compressive-phase muscles (adductor mandibulae, protractor hyoideus and protractor pectoralis) in eight individuals. We quantified EMG activity in approximately 30 inflation cycles per fish by measuring the burst duration, rectified integrated area, intensity of activity (area divided by duration) and onset time relative to the onset of subambient pressure at the beginning of the cycle. Multiple regressions were calculated separately for data from each fish to investigate the relationships between pressure and EMG variables. The percentage of variation in minimum buccal pressure or area under the subambient pressure curve explained by the multiple-regression models ranged among individuals from approximately 52 to 84 %. The regression models accounted for more variation in peak pressure and the integrated area of superambient pressure; r2 ranged from 76 % to 97 %. The strong relationship between EMG activity and superambient buccal pressure suggests that the latter is probably a direct function of the strength of compressive-muscle contraction. In contrast, the magnitude of subambient pressure is a complex function of the area of the oral opening and the rate of buccal expansion, factors that do not appear to be as directly indicated by the degree of muscle activity.

A new species of the subgenus Pseudacrobeles is described from apple orchard in Tehran province (Iran). Pseudacrobeles (Pseudacrobeles) iranicus sp. nov. is characterized by its body length (0.47–0.56 mm in females and 0.45 mm in male) and lateral field that includes three incisures fading out anterior to the phasmid in females and reaching almost to the tail terminus in males. It is further characterized by the lip region with six separate lips, and by labial probolae that are present as low ridges connecting the tips of adjacent lips and continued towards oral opening in a hexaradiate disc-shape, but by the absence of cephalic probolae; the pharyngeal corpus is cylindrical and 2.2–3.4 times longer than the isthmus, the excretory pore at the level of the isthmus; the spermatheca is 20–39 µm long, the postuterine sac is 0.9–1.6 times the corresponding body diameter long; the female tail is conical-elongate (64–75 µm, c=7.3–8.0, c'=5.0–5.6), with phasmids at 36–38% of its length, and the male tai...

Pentastomids are a group of peculiar parasitic arthropods, often referred to as tongue worms due to the resemblance of some species to a tongue. Linguatula arctica is the sinus worm of the reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ), being the only pentastomid to have a direct life cycle and an ungulate as a definite host. Here, the surface structures and internal anatomy of adult L. arctica are described as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sinus worms were collected in the winter 1991-92 in Finnish Lapland. Paranasal cavities of about 80 reindeer were examined and 30 sinus worms were found. The sinus worms had typical Linguatula sp. morphology, being paddle-shaped, transparent, pale yellow, dorsoventrally flattened and pseudosegmented with a long tapering end. Present at the anteroventral part of the cephalothorax was an oral opening with a large, conspicuous, head-like papillar structure. Bilaterally, on both sides of this opening, was a pair of strong curved hooks. The cephalothorax and abdomen had a segmented appearance, as they showed distinct annulation. There was a small cup-shaped sensory organ present at the lateral margin on each annula. The posterior edge of each annula was roughened by tiny spines projecting backwards. Throughout the cuticular surface, small, circular depressions that represented the apical portion of chloride cells. The genital opening of the male was located medioventrally between the tips of the posterior pair of hooks, and that of the female posteroventrally and subterminally. In both sexes, the genital opening was bilaterally flanked by papillar (in males) or leaf-like (in females) structures. One copulating couple was present, with the male attached to the posteroventral part of the female with its anteroventral hooks and papillae. Several structures typical of arthropods and other pentastomids were identified. Because SEM allows only surfaces to be studied, the morphology and especially the sense organs of L. arctica remain obscure. Transmission electron microscopy should be employed to gain more information about this fascinating creature and its origin. Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Elektronimikroskooppinen tutkimus poron kielimadosta ( Linguatula arctica ) Pentastomida (matoayriaiset) ovat ryhma erikoisia parasiitteihin kuuluvia niveljalkaisia. Niita kutsutaan usein kielimadoiksi, silla monet ryhmaan kuuluvista lajeista ovat muodoltaan kielimaisia. Linguatula arctica , poron kielimato, on poron nenaonteloon liittyvissa sivuonteloissa elava loinen. Se on ainoa tunnettu matoayriainen, jolla on sorkkaelain paaisantana ja suora (ilman vali-isantaa tapahtuva) elamankierto. Tassa tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin L. arctica -loisen pinta- ja sisarakenteita pyyhkaisyelektronimikroskoopin avulla. Loiset kerattiin Suomen lapista talvella 1991–92. Nenan sivuontelot tutkittiin loisten varalta noin 80 porosta, ja niista loydettiin yhteensa 30 kielimatoa. Kielimatojen ulkonako oli tyypillinen Linguatula -suvun loisille. Ne olivat melanmuotoisia, lapikuultavia, vaalean kellertavia, litteita, ne vaikuttivat jaokkeisilta ja niilla oli pitka loppua kohden kapeneva hanta. Suu sijaitsi vatsapuolella lahella etupaata, ja suuhun liittyneena oli selvasti erottuva paamainen uloke. Suuaukon tuntumassa, suuaukon molemmilla puolilla oli pari voimakkaasti kehittyneita kynsimaisia koukkurakenteita. Kielimadon ulkopinta koostui annulaarisista rakenteista, mista johtuen se vaikutti jaokkeiselta. Loisen sivuissa, kunkin jaokkeen reunassa, oli tuntoelin, joka nakyi pyyhkaisyelektronimikroskoopilla kuppimaisena syvennyksena. Jaokerenkaiden takareuna oli pienten, taaksepain suuntautuneiden kitiinipiikkien karhentama. Koko ulkopinnan alueella nahtiin pienia, pyoreita painautumia, joiden todettiin olevan loisen pintaan avautuva karkiosa niin kutsutuista kloridisoluista. Koiraskielimadon sukuaukko sijaitsi vatsapuolella takimmaisen koukkuparin karkien tasolla, naaraan vastaavasti vatsapuolella lahella takapaata. Seka koiraalla etta naaraalla nahtiin sukuaukon molemmissa reunoissa ulokkeet, jotka koiraalla olivat nystymaiset ja naaraalla lehtimaiset. Tutkitussa materiaalissa todettiin yksi paritteleva kielimatopari. Tutkimuksessa voitiin tunnistaa useita niveljalkaisille ja matoayriaisille tyypillisia rakenteita. Koska pyyhkaisyelektronimikroskoopin avulla voidaan tutkia ainoastaan pintarakenteita, erityisesti tuntoelimien rakenteista saatu informaatio jai pinnalliseksi. Lapivalaisu- eli transmissioelektronimikroskoopin avulla tasta kiehtovasta eliosta ja sen alkuperasta olisi mahdollista saada lisaa tietoa. Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: En elektronmikropisk studie av renens bihalemask ( Linguatula arctica ) Pentastomiderna ar en grupp egendomliga, parasitiska ledfotingar ofta beskrivna som tungmaskar beroende pa att nagra arter ar tunglika. Linguatula arctica ar renens ( Rangifer tarandus ) bihalemask, den enda pentastomid som har en direkt livscykel och ett klovdjur som slutvard. Nedan beskrivs ytstrukturer och inre morfologi av konsmogna L. arctica sedda med skanningelektronmikroskop (SEM). Bihalemaskarna insamlades vintrarna 1991 och 1992 i Finlands Lappland. De paranasala haligheterna pa ca 80 slaktade renar undersoktes och 30 bihalemaskar upptacktes. Bihalemaskarna hade for Linguatula arterna typisk morfologi. De var paddelformade, delvis genomskinliga, svagt gulaktiga, tillplattade och skenbart segmenterade med en lang smal bakkropp. Pa framkroppens undre sida fanns en munoppning med ett stort tydligt huvudliknande utskott. Pa bada sidor om denna oppning fanns ett par starka krokta hakar. Framkroppen och bakkroppen hade ett segmenterat utseende, emedan ytan hade tydlig annulation. Det fanns sma koppformade kanselorgan pa sidan av varje annula. Bakkanten av varje annula var forsedd med sma bakat riktade taggar. Hela ytan (kutikulan) var full av sma, runda fordjupningar, som var den synliga delen av kloridcellerna. Hanens genitaloppning var pa undre sidan mellan det bakre paret av hakarna och honans i spetsen pa bakkroppen. Genitaloppningen hos hanen hade lateralt papiller och honans bladlika strukturer. Ett kopulerande par dar hanen hade fast sig med hakar och papiller vid honans bakkropp observerades. Flera strukturer karakteristiska for ledfotingar och pentastomider identifierades. Emedan endast ytor kan studeras med SEM forblir morfologin, speciellt kanselorganens, okand. Undersokningar med transmissionselektronmikroskop borde goras for att fa mer information om denna fascinerande varelse och dess ursprung.

General features observed on the surface of Philophthalmus megalurus and Philophthalmus gralli rediae include 2 rounded ambulatory buds, a tapered tail, a slitlike birth pore, and an oral opening surrounded by uniciliate sensory receptors. The tegument is folded in a ribbed pattern and is covered with small microvilli. The sensory receptors are concentrated on the lip of the oral opening but are less dense inside the buccal cavity. Both the birth pore and the buccal cavity are lined with a honeycomblike surface that may support the structural integrity of these highly extensible orifices. Major differences between the 2 species were noted in the structure of the sensory receptors. In P. megalurus they have flexible cilia that originate from a bulbous tegumental base. Receptors of P. gralli rediae are less dense, appear to have rigid cilia, and lack a bulbous base. In general P. megalurus rediae resemble more closely rediae of the philophthalmid Parorchis acanthus than they do those of P. gralli.

Miracidia of the eyeflukes Philophthalmus megalurus and Philophthalmus gralli contain a preformed larval stage that was identified as a redia by electron microscopy and, on living forms, by the presence of ambulatory buds and an oral opening. This redial stage escaped and actively moved about when the miracidium stopped swimming in pond water. No redial escape was observed in NaCl solutions even though miracidia became immobile, but escape was noted in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) after 7 hr of exposure. When miracidia were placed in RPMI-1640 and Eagle's minimum essential medium, rediae escaped much earlier than in pond water and HBSS. Redial escape in vitro will provide a good source of material to initiate cultures of this larval stage.

Xustrostoma margarettae n. gen., n. sp. (Rhigonematidae; Nematoda) is described from the posterior intestine of a sphaeroteroid (Glomerida) diplopod from Madagascar. Xustrostoma n. gen. resembles Rhigonema in that the anterior end of the oesophagus has a jawlike apparatus consisting of one dorsal and two subventral cuticular pieces. In Rhigonema the three pieces are similar and have irregular knoblike and toothlike excrescences on their luminal surfaces; the oral opening is subtriangular. In Xustrostoma the dorsal piece differs from and projects further anteriorly than the subventral pieces; the subventral pieces are similar and asymmetrical. Luminal surfaces of the three pieces bear many rows of tiny spines; the oral opening is dorsoventrally elongate. The Shaeroteroidea are tropical and subtropical members of the Glomerida, an order which differs fundamentally from other diplopod orders; this perhaps explains their unique rhigonematid fauna.

Nemhelix bakeri n.gen., n.sp. (Cosmocercinae), from the genital tract of Helix aspersa Miiller (Helicidae) in France, is described. The new genus is characterized by a rounded oral opening without lips. The authors presume that the Cosmocercinae arose in amphibians and became parasites of molluscs secondarily and that the two species became molluscan parasites independently.

Somatic and buccal infraciliature ofColeps amphacanthus Ehrenberg 1833 were studied by light and electron microscopy. The somatic kineties are composed of monokinetids and 2 dikinetids at the anterior end of each kinety. The monokinetids are associated with postciliary microtubules at triplet 9, a kinetodesmal fiber at triplet 5 and 7 and nearly radially arranged transverse microtubules at triplet 4. The associated fibrillar systems of the posterior kinetosome of the dikinetids are like those of the monokinetids. The anterior kinetosome is associated with transverse microtubules at triplet 4 and one or few postciliary microtubules at triplet 9. The anterior kinetosome bears only a short cilium. The oral ciliature is composed of a kinety of nearly circumorally arranged paroral dikinetids and 3 adoral organelles at the ventral left side of the oral opening. Nematodesmata arising from the oral ciliature form the major component of the cytopharyngeal apparatus which is lined by microtubular ribbons of postciliary origin. The buccal cavity is surrounded by oral papillae which often contain toxicysts.

Summary Cortical ultrastructure of C. vermiforme is characterized by a) a well developed alveolar layer, b) a thick epiplasm, c) a transverse fibrous spur which arises in the vicinity of the kinetosome triplet Ko. 3 and accompanies the transverse microtubules, d) the presence of 2 longitudinal microtubules extending through the longitudinal ectoplasmic ridges. There are 3 buccal organelles on the left side of the oral opening. Each organelle is composed of 3 rows of cilia, the kinetosomes of which are interconnected by filamentous material. It is only the right row of kinetosomes of each membraneile which is associated with a broad band of postciliary microtubules. The right oral organelle is a stichodyad. A scuticus is present in the tomont and a scutico-hook appears in the 2 tomites. All these characters enable us to assign C. vermiforme to the Scuticuliatida and more precisely to the Loxocephalidae.

Aporcedorus filicaudatus n. gen., n. sp. and one new species each of the genera Laimydorus Siddiqi, 1969 and Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1969 are described from India. The new genus Aporcedorus is assigned to the family Aporcelaimidae Heyns, 1965 because its oral opening is dorso-ventrally slit-like and the odontostyle has a large aperture but it differs from all the existing genera of this family in having a long filiform tail. Laimydorus dhanachandi n. sp. has 2.6-3.0 mm long body, truncated lip region with thick cuticle, 21-25 μm long attenuated odontostyle, 40-42 μm long spicules, and 15-16 closely packed but non-contiguous ventromedian supplements. Eudorylaimus himalus n. sp. has 1.1-1.3 mm long body, low and flattened lip region, 21-23 μm long attenuated odontostyle, DN far removed from DO, and short conoid tail with 'saccate bodies'. Males were not found in A. filicaudatus or E. himalus.

SEM observations of adult Caenorhabditis briggsae females showed differences between young and old nematodes. In young nematodes the cuticle was generally smooth, whereas in old ones it was wrinkled. Deirids were located at the level of the excretory pore in the lateral field. They were distinct in young nematodes but indistinct in old ones. The oral opening was formed by six lips, which were closed in old nematodes and open in young ones. The vulva possessed two semi-circular lips and was bordered by two lateral flaps. These lips were smooth in young specimens and wrinkled in old ones. Cryofractures of old nematodes showed cavities in the intestinal epithelium corresponding to areas in which age pigment granules normally occur. No such cavities were seen in young nematodes.

Capillospirura Skrjabin, 1924 (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae) is redefined on the basis of a study of specimens from old world sturgeons. It can be distinguished from the closely related Ascarophis van Beneden, 1870 by a bidentate plate-like structure which arises from the anterolateral wall of the buccal cavity. Capillospirura is also characterized by narrow pseudolabia with a ridge-like apex, submedian labia, and sublabia in subdorsal and subventral quadrants of the oral opening. Three species are assigned to Capillospirura: C. ovotrichuria Skrjabin, 1924 and C. argumentosa (Skrjabina, 1966) n. comb. (= Ascarophis argumentosus) from old world sturgeons and C. pseudoargumentosa (Appy and Dadswell, 1978) n. comb. (= Caballeronema pseudoargumentosus) from a new world sturgeon. The value of cephalic structure in cystidicolid taxonomy is discussed.

Pseudascarophis kyphosi n.gen., n.sp. (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae) is described for specimens collected from the stomach of Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskål) from the southeast coast of Japan. The new genus is distinguished from all other genera of Cystidicolidae by its oral structure (presence of four submedian, longitudinally directed, digitiform processes in the buccal cavity projecting slightly beyond the oral opening; smooth margined mouth; absence of submedian labia and sublabia; and unique shape of the medial region of the pseudolabia) and numbers of caudal papillae in the male (3 pairs preanal, 7 pairs postanal).

Summary A description is given of the life cycle and the infraciliature of a new histophagous member of the genus Prorodon, P.aklitolophon.Its infraciliature was studied by means of the dry silver technique of Klein , the Chatton and Lwoff silver impregnation and the pyridinated silver-carbonate-method of Fernandez-Galiano .It was found that these three methods lead to clearly different results which could only be interpreted correctly with the help of comparative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In most places the somatic cortex has monokinetids with either one or two parasomal sacs, only the most anterior kinetids grouped around the oral opening consist of ciliated dikinetids.The so-called “dorsal brush” consists of dikinetids, here only the anterior kinetosomes bear a non-clavate cilium which is shorter and slightly thinner than the somatic cilia. The biometric data of P.aklitolophon are given and the new species is compared with other hitherto described Prorodon species.Being aware of the rather unsatisfactory situation of the taxonomy in the genus Prorodon an attempt of a new classification is made showing how the structural organization of the dorsal brush might be used to establish 4 subgroups in a future revision of the genus Prorodon.

Indiana roselyneae n.sp. is proposed for an oxyuridan from Madagascan Gryllotalpoidea studied and referred to Indiana gryllotalpae Chakravarty, 1943 by Bain (Bain, O. 1985. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 40:659–676). This species is most similar to Indiana coimbatoriensis Latheef and Seshadri, 1972 in that spines in the lateral region are markedly larger than adjacent spines. It differs from this latter species by the following: enlarged spines form two rather than three longitudinal rows; the cephalic umbraculum does not extend beyond the isthmus; and the vulva is located more posteriorly on the body. The cephalic umbraculum in Indiana consists of two circles of six elements each: an anterior circle arising from lip-like structures surrounding the oral opening consisting of one dorsal, one ventral, and four sublateral elements, and a posterior circle consisting of two subventral, two subdorsal, and two lateral elements.

Cannulation of salivary gland main excretory duct at its oral opening is routinely used for collecting fluid, in situ, from the luminally perfused duct, or saliva from the stimulated gland. For perfusion of the main excretory duct, in situ, or for saliva collection, rat submaxillary gland is often the organ of choice, since electrolyte transport occurs at high rates both in the whole gland and in the main excretory duct. Recently, it has been reported that there is a pouchlike dilatation of the main excretory duct at its oral end, and that this dilatation may serve as a fluid reservoir. Because of possible effects of such a reservoir on measurements of electrolyte transport by the whole gland or the main duct segment, the size and form of the reservoir have now been examined. For this, techniques of histology, radiography, and microcatherization were employed. It was found that, while the functional volume of the reservoir exceeds that of the main duct proper, the time needed for displacement of reservoir fluid by perfusate or saliva would probably be only on the order of 1–3 min at higher rates of saliva or perfusate flow. Therefore, if adequate allowance is made for equilibration time, collection of saliva or luminal perfusate by oral cannula seems justified.

The anterior and posterior attachment organs of three species of monogeneans, Diclybothrium armatum Leuckart, 1835, Neodiscocotyle carpioditis Dechtiar, 1967, and Mazocraeoides olentangiensis Sroufe, 1958, were examined in whole-mount light-microscope preparations, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bothria with openings of gland cells were identified anterior to the oral opening in D. armatum, but sucker-like units evident in light microscopy were not seen by SEM in N. carpioditis and M. olentangiensis as these are apparently internal developments. Holdfast units of the opisthaptor of the three species are of three distinct forms: spring-like clamps in D. armatum, muscular clamps in M. olentangiensis. and suckers with sclerotized rims in N. carpioditis. Hooks in the opisthaptor appendage of D. armatum all function to form a C-shaped double-pronged hook unit. Two of the three pairs of hooks in the posterior end of M. olentangiensis project slightly from the body, while the third pair in this species and the single pair of hooks in N. carpioditis are entirely internal, probably non-functional and vestigial.

During the past several years the authors have taken an occasional specimen of a trematode from the urinary tract of various species of birds from the southeastern section of the United States. These trematodes were tentatively identified as belonging to the genera Tanaisia Skrjabin, 1924, and Tamerlanih Skrjabin, 1924, family Eucotylidae Skrjabin, 1924, and were held in reserve for further study. Lately, however, the authors have had occasion to make more extensive and concentrated surveys of the parasites of birds from two rather widely separated localities, one in Texas, conducted by the junior author, and the other in North Carolina and Virginia, conducted by the senior author. The results of these collections have revealed the presence of urinary tract irnhabiting flukes in 28 specimens of birds belonging to 13 species, 8 families and 3 orders. A total of 120 specimens of the 13 species of birds has been examined for these trematocles. A summary of the incidence of infection in these bird hosts for this particular group of trematodes is given in Table I. The family Eucotylidae was proposed by Skrjabin (1924) for the reception of the genera Eucotyle Cohn, 1904, Tanaisia Skrjabin, 1924, and Tamerlania Skrjabin, 1924. Since the erection of the family Eucotylidae, three additional genera, Ohridia and Lepidopteria, proposed by Nezlobinsky (1926) and Proshystera, proposed by Korkhaus (1930), have been created for the reception of urinary tract inhabiting flukes and placed in this family. As outlined by Skrjabin the family Eucotylidae was characterized as follows: Medium-sized monostomes with subterminal oral opening, pharynx, and intestinal ceca extending posteriorly to near caudal end of body. Esophagus present or absent. Genital opening behind bifurcation of ceca. Cirrus sac absent. Seminal vesicle and ovary in advance of testes; testes extracecal or intracecal, diagonal to each other or at same level, in second third of body length. Vitellaria lateral to ceca, beginning a short distance behind anterior end of body or at level of testes, generally commencing at same level and terminating at same level. Uterus forming crisscross coils in descending, reaching

The pharyngeal airway has become an indispensable part of the anesthetist's equipment. Heretofore, various forms have been made of metal; but metal airways are all more or less traumatizing, even when carefully used, frequently producing cut or bruised lips, chipped or broken teeth, or lacerations of the pharyngeal mucosa. The airway herewith depicted is made of rubber and is sufficiently soft and flexible not to traumatize yet amply rigid to maintain an open oropharyngeal air passage under all conditions. Its flexibility permits it to conform to the varied oropharyngeal curves in different individuals. The metal insert extends into the airway for about 2 cm. from the oral opening and prevents collapse of the rubber between the teeth. 520 North Bedford Drive.