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Anatomy teaching has been changing over the years, introducing technological methods especially after the pandemic period. An ongoing debate revolves around whether exclusive reliance on technology for anatomy classes, as opposed to traditional methods and face-to-face instruction, enhances knowledge acquisition. This study analyzed the knowledge perception of students from various semesters throughout the Veterinary Medicine course, comparing students who only had online classes with those who had face-to-face classes in Gross Anatomy of Domestic Animals. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed for voluntary and anonymous completion, and the responses were subsequently analyzed statistically. The results indicated that 11.5% of the students who took Anatomy remotely failed to apply the knowledge in other subjects, while no face-to-face learning student reported the same. Most students, both remote and face-to-face groups, remember the subject but review the content frequently. Regarding theoretical knowledge, the online group (80.8%) understood better as the course progressed, compared to 59.6% of the faceto-face group. The connection between Anatomy and other subjects was more highlighted by the face-to-face group (30.8%) compared to the online group (15.4%). Both groups agree that physical contact with anatomical specimens is essential; however, some believe that initial exposure through 3D images or photographs is feasible. We concluded based on this preliminary study that the initial interactions with the Anatomy field should include diversified pedagogical techniques with empathetic communication. The use of modern technological resources are allies in the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, after abstracting the contents, technology alone can effectively maintain and update anatomical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the collection of ferns and lycophytes in the Huasteca potosina of Mexico, a new species of Adiantum is described and illustrated. Adiantum aquismonense has morphological and anatomical features that distinguish it from Adiantum tricholepis and Adiantum feei. In particular, A. aquismonense has reddish-brown hairs and its geographical distribution tends towards the slope of the Gulf of Mexico. In contrast, A. tricholepis has hyaline hairs, and while A. feei has reddish hairs similar in color to those of the new species, they are shorter. All three species are found in Mexico. Anatomically, the fusion of vascular bundles of the petiole in A. aquismonense occurs distally in the petiole, whereas in A. tricholepis it occurs in the middle of the petiole. The spongy parenchyma of the leaves is more compact in A. tricholepis than in A. aquismonense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium humile Phil., is an extreme halophyte plant, endemic to Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, which grows between 2000 and 4000 m a.s.l. in saline wetlands environments. The aim of this work is to identify morpho-anatomical and histochemical adaptive characteristics of the vegetative organs of L. humile linked to its tolerance to extreme environments of high altitude saline wetlands, in order to evaluate its potential as source of metabolites with commercial value or as source of resistance genes related to abiotic stress tolerance. To carry out the analysis, during the period of February 2018, samples were obtained from plants belonging to 4 populations of the species (5 individuals per population) located at the departments of Antofagasta de la Sierra, Santa María and Ambato, province of Catamarca, Argentina. Leaf and stems were studied using histochemical tests, conventional histological preparations and optical microscopy. Different foliar tissues were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled to elemental X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (EDS). The leaves and stems of the analyzed populations showed uniform anatomical and histochemical features. It was stated for the first time that the succulence of the leaf is reached by the folding of the tissues evidenced in a tridimensional venation pattern. The presence of isolateral-radial mesophyll and aquifer parenchyma is highlighted as a unique feature characteristic for the species. The glandular trichomes and palisade parenchyma revealed complex contents of phenols, flavonoids, proteins, lipids, terpenes, and alkaloids; while the outer layer of the cuticles presented phenolic, terpenic and lipidic deposits. The EDS analysis showed crystalliferous idioblasts with high contents of Ca2+ and Na+. The stems exhibited hypodermis and air chambers formed in the cortical and medullary layers. These anatomical and histochemical characteristics of L. humile represent adaptive traits to saline high-altitude wetland environments. Its functionality in relation to the environment and its potential as source of resistance genes and metabolites interesting for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mammary gland has its embryological origin, later it differentiates histologically and anatomically; over time new findings have been discovered, as well as new terminology. The aim of this work was to describe the update on the morphological aspects of the mammary gland. A search for articles was carried out in different primary and secondary sources of scientific literature such as: Pubmed, Embase, WOS, Scopus, Scielo, obtaining 623 publications, 53 selected for review and 17 included. The breast has been updated in morphological aspects; the ducts are located close to the areola and the nipple where they open directly, the branches of the ducts are located close to the areola; the nipples have between 15 and 20 lobes, of which only 5-9 are true mammary duct orifices, there are no lactiferous sinuses, so the milk flows directly into the nipple, in terms of innervation of the breast they are innervated by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. The existing evidence demonstrates the need for permanent studies in the field of morphology, as described in this review article on the breast. In different aspects, such as terms, functions and structures. This information is important for undergraduate and postgraduate training, and its use in the clinic, identification of pathologies, lactation clinics, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Latinoamericana: AOL is the property of Acta Odontologica Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Salud Bosque is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The article proposes a method of plastination in pig's heart based on the use of polyurethane as the final material for forced impregnation, this research continues the tradition of finding and forming a different plastination method than that proposed and standardized by Gunther von Hagens. Objectives: With this work we aim to perform a plastination test with polyurethane in pig's heart as well as test polyurethane as a material for the plastination of pig hearts and identify the technique of plastination with polyurethane. Methods: New plastination materials were searched in databases with bases in the updates and searches that the GESS group has performed throughout its creation. finding that polyurethane by its chemical characteristics could become one of the materials to make a plastination viable. Results: The plastination was achieved with the technique proposed of a pig's heart, which acquired flexibility and duration characteristics over 1 year of post-plastination study Conclusions: Plastination with plastic polyurethane was a viable method for heart plastination, although it is recommended that it should be followed in the search for new materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wormian (sutural) bones are accessory small bones located on the skull. These bones consist of extra ossification centers around cranial sutures. This study was carried out in 28 dry human skulls with unknown age and sex in the Department of Anatomy, Cukurova University. The aim of the study was to investigate incidence and to determine morphologic and morphometric characteristics of wormian (sutural) bones. Total incidence of wormian bone presence was 42.86 % (n=12) and most of them were located on lambdoid suture (51.14 %). Wormian bones were seen at lambdoid suture at a rate of 62.5 %, occipito-mastoid suture 9.31 %, asterion 18.16 %, lambda 9.31 %, and were not seen on pterion, bregma, parietotemporal, sagittal and coronal sutures. Wormian bones were seen on left side at a rate of 65.62 % and 34.38 % on right side of skull. According to our study, wormian bone shapes were seen as quadrangular (56.26 %), triangular (15.62 %) and irregular (28.12 %). The mean values of wormian bones were as follows; vertical diameter: 12.29±4.48 mm and horizontal diameter: 10.93±4.39 mm. For cephalic index, the result of our study shows that most of our skulls with or without wormian bones belong to dolichocephalic group. Knowledge of variations and characteristics of skull is important for forensic medicine, anatomy, radiology and neurosurgery fields and for literature data or clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeis oleifera is an oleaginous palm tree native to America. The fruit contains unsaturated fatty acid extracted from the mesocarp. The species is mainly used in breeding programs of E. guineensis in development of interspecific hybrids with higher oil yield and resistance to lethal yellowing. E. oleifera is propagated by seed, which requires the adoption of methods for breaking dormancy and increasing the germination rate. However, there are no studies on the morphology and anatomy of the seed and its ergastic substances; knowing its structure makes it possible to improve planting methods and make them more effective. The aim of the present study was to describe the morpho-anatomy and histochemistry of the seed, characterizing it and contributing information that assists in understanding dormancy. In seeds collected in the experimental area of Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental (Amazonas), morpho-anatomical and histochemical analysis was conducted to detect metabolites (starch, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds). The seeds vary in shape, oblong and ovate. The embryo has an oblique embryonic axis, composed of root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem with three leaf primordia. Phenolic compounds were found throughout the seed coat; there are lipids, protein, and pectin in the embryo and endosperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present paper analyses the dialectal provenance of the Middle English version of Constantinus Africanus’ Venerabilis Anatomia (MS Wellcome 290, ff. 1r-41v). The methodology followed is based on the model supplied by the Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (McIntosh et al. 1986). For the purpose, a lemma-based list of the allographs in the manuscript has been used as the input for the LALME questionnaires. In addition, a linguistic analysis of the text corroborates the results obtained in the dialectal study. Título en español: “Sobre la procedencia de Venerabilis Anatomia de Constantino el Africano, en Wellcome Library, MS Wellcome 290 (ff.1r-41v)” Resumen: El presente estudio analiza los rasgos dialectales de la versión en lengua vernácula inglesa tardo-medieval del tratado Venerabilis Anatomia, de Constantino el Africano, alojado en Londres, Wellcome Library, MS Wellcome 290 (ff. 1r-41v). De acuerdo con la metodologóa propuesta en A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English (McIntosh et al. 1986), una lista de lemas, con sus respectivos alógrafos, ha servido como punto de partida para el análisis de las variantes ortográficas de naturaleza dialectal. Un análisis lingüístico del texto corrobora la adscripción dialectal propuesta.

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I sought to distinguish between sexes and age classes of the Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis), as well as to clarify the historical migration pathways and breeding distribution of the species. Discriminant function analysis revealed that sexes significantly differed in bill and tail length, with bill length the best predictor of sex. I found no significant seasonal discrimination in measurements among individuals, nor did I find any difference between early and later Northeastern fall migrants (i.e., primarily adults vs. primarily juveniles). Breast marking shape and extent of white on throat were uncorrelated with other plumage characteristics, whereas pale abdomens and wide, paler margins of wing covert feathers correlated with low density of breast markings. Individuals with pale abdomens and heavily spotted backs also had wide margins of wing covert feathers. Back spotting was the only significant plumage character related to sex, with heavy spotting predominating among females and light spotting predominating among males. I found few clear seasonal differences in plumage among specimens, although dorsal ground color may have averaged darker on spring specimens. Moreover, more lightly back-spotted individuals tended to occur in later fall, which suggested that these birds were juveniles. The existence of individuals with few Y-shaped breast markings appeared to represent one end of a range of plumage conditions that exhibited no clear relationship to age, sex, or geographic location. Mapping locations of museum specimens clarified details of migration pathway extent, provided evidence of migratory concentration spots, and provided additional evidence that Alaska once possessed a breeding population. Examining dates of last collection indicated that populations collapsed below levels at which birds were regularly located after the first decade of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of variables such as age, height, ethnicity and sex are extremely important to the identification of biological findings, especially in accidents with fatal victims. The diagnosis of sex can be 100 % certain for cases in which the skeleton is complete and in a good state of conservation, the individual is an adult and the morphometric variables of the population to which the individual belongs are known.: The aim of the present study was to perform a morphometric evaluation of the proximal femur and compare measurements between males and females. Sixty pairs of femurs were acquired from the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. The bones were measured with the aid of the ImageJ software program and the following variables were compared between bones from male and female cadavers: DFH - diameter of femoral head on the craniocaudal and sagittal axes; DFN - diameter of femoral neck on the craniocaudal and sagittal axes; FNL - femoral neck length; ILL - intertrochanteric line length. The morphometric variables had the following mean values in the male bones: DFH-craniocaudal axis - 45.10 ± 0.35 mm; DFH-sagittal axis - 48.27 ± 0.35 mm; DFN-craniocaudal axis - 33.21 ± 0.40 mm; DFN-sagittal axis - 29.96 ± 0.05 mm; FNL - 31.71 ± 0.05 mm; ILL - 66.47 ± 0.59 mm. The mean values for the female bones were as follows: DFH-craniocaudal axis - 40.68 ± 0.20 mm; DFH-sagittal axis - 42.61 ± 0.20 mm; DFN-craniocaudal axis - 29.11 ± 0.03 mm; DFN-sagittal axis - 26.05 ± 0.04 mm; FNL - 31.10 ± 0.04 mm; ILL - 60.80 ± 0.41 mm. With the exception of the femur neck length, all variables measurements were significantly larger (p < 0.0001) on the male bones. The present findings demonstrate that the femur bone, particularly the proximal portion, exhibits important sexual dimorphism and has high potential for forensic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mental foramen is (MF) an important anatomical landmark that has clinical significance during dental treatments such as placing dental implants or endodontic treatment of mandibular premolars. The location and morphology of mental foramen varies among populations. The aim of this study is to determine the range of variations in the anatomical location and shape of mental foramen. This is a retrospective study conducted using panoramic radiographic (OPG) data of patients. A total of 498 panoramic radiographic images showing erupted lower premolars and first molars were included. All OPGs data were sorted in six study groups and analyzed statistically. The majority of cases (57 %) showed the presence of MF in line with the long axis of 2nd premolar. Only 3.2 % of MFs were in line with the long axis of first premolar. The shape of MF was round in majority (40 %) followed by oval shape (35.7 %). Irregular shape mental foramens were observed in 24.3 % of cases. The p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The anatomical location of mental foramen varies between first premolar to first molar. In terms of shape, the mental foramen ranged from round/oval to irregular. Although, the position and shape varied with age of the patient, there is no predictable correlation between the age and position or shape of mental foramen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of anatomy is linked and is part of the evolution of medical sciences, as well as part of the struggle of materialist conceptions about the structure of the human body against the idealistic and dogmatic. Through the different epochs or centuries the tendency to look for the new was imposed, where the evolution and the development of the progressive thought of any science, in this case the one of the anatomy. from the most remote Jurassic time, next to the ancient world with the Greeks, the ancient Rome of Claudius Galen, the middle and contemporary age of the Renaissance with Davinci and Vesalius; the modern age of Harvey and Malpighi, as well as the nineteenth century considered the "modern period" of anatomy, where the descriptive view of Galeno and architectural Vesalius is extended by a tissue anatomical understanding and comparative type. Entering a twentieth century, having discovered and described all the organs and anatomical structures of the human body. It is the beginning of a technological career for the visualization of structures or organs of human beings in vivo. And at the end of the century with the plastination of the German Gunther Von Hagens. Up to the present moments of the 21st century with the vertiginous development of computer science where its applications cover all fields of knowledge, as well as in the education system. With the birth of virtual reality techniques used to construct three-dimensional images, from those obtained by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, with the anatomic software that enable virtual dissection towards learning a "living anatomy" a dynamic anatomy, that is, based on the two realities, both virtual and real. History in the teaching of human anatomy has been linked to observational aspects based on the dissection of human corpses, this has been the most widely used method in the history of medicine for the achievement of the fundamental objective. Then it can be expressed as a conclusion without fear of error and with all the certainty, that after having made a synthesis about the history of anatomy, that it began, almost, with the creation of man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomic differences are found between human males and females. These characteristics of sexual dimorphism vary across populations and have important implications for the study of human evolution. Researchers have employed anthropological tools for the characterization of human cadavers in different states of decomposition using complete skeletons, isolated bones or even bone fragments. The aim of the present study was to differentiate males and females based on morphometric aspects of human tibias from the Brazilian population. Sixty pairs of adult human tibias were obtained from bone collection of the Anatomy Sector of the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology of the Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. Ten measurements were made on the joint face of the tibial plateau: Anteroposterior diameter of the joint surface of the medial condyle (APM), Transverse diameter of the joint surface of the medial condyle (TM), Anteroposterior diameter of the joint surface of the lateral condyle (APL), Transverse diameter of the joint surface of the lateral condyle (TL), Anterior transverse measure of inter-condyle area (ATI), Posterior transverse measure of inter-condyle area (PTI), Middle transverse measure of inter-condyle area (MTI), Anteroposterior measure of inter-condyle area (API), Anterior measure of intercondyle area (AI) and Posterior measure of inter-condyle area (PI). The median morphometric values for the males' proximal tibia were: APM - 4.707 ± 0.406; TM - 3.024 ± 0.307; APL -4.023 ± 0.414; TL - 3.405 ± 0.323; ATI - 3.365 ± 0.425; PTIc - 1.788 ± 0.307; MTI - 1.167 ± 0.279; API - 5.140 ± 0.377; AI - 2.865 ± 0.249 and PI - 2.297 ± 0.344. The median morphometric numbers for the female's proximal tibia were: APM - 4.334 ± 0.317; TM - 2.702 ± 0.298; APL - 3.549 ± 0.382; TL - 2.991 ± 0.281; ATI - 2.818 ± 0.307; PTI - 1.555 ± 0.222; MTI - 1.054 ± 0.262; API - 4.596 ± 0.303; AI - 2.565 ± 0.21; PI - 2.031 ± 0.225. All parameters measured showed values significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the male's proximal tibia. The findings demonstrate sexual dimorphism in this leg bone, which can be used with considerable reliability for scientific and forensic purposes. The results of these studies can be useful in cases where other methods are not applicable, increasing the range of options for forensic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae) is a small to medium-sized tree that usually occurs on the floodplains of the Paraná River and it is an important food source for the local inhabitants. The fruit itself is consumed in natura, and juices and sweets are made from it. The purpose of this study was to describe morphological and structural aspects of fruits and seeds of this species in order to classify the fruit type and the pulpy layer which involves the seeds. The material analyzed consisted of ovary and fruits in different stages of development, collected from five plants from Aurélio Island, Baía River (MS, BR) and the description was done according to standard procedures in anatomy. The fruit is a yellowish-orange spherical berry ("bacóide" type). The smooth, coriaceous skin consists of the lignified exocarp. The endocarp cell layers are derived from the activity of an adaxial meristem that undergoes radial elongation. The edible sweet white pulp is formed by the endocarp, as well as the spongy mesocarp, in which the secretory ducts lose their function. The unitegmic anatropous ovules develop into anatropous exalbuminous seeds with a collapsed and undifferentiated testa. The embryo is hypocotylar. The features here described generally occur in Clusioideae-Garcinieae and Symphonieae.Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae) é árvore de pequeno a médio porte frequente na Planície de Inundação do Alto Rio Paraná e de importância na alimentação das populações ribeirinhas, sendo consumida in natura e na forma de sucos e doces. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever aspectos morfológicos e estruturais dos frutos e sementes dessa espécie como contribuição à classificação do tipo de fruto e da porção carnosa e comestível que envolve as sementes. Ovários e frutos, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento foram coletados de cinco espécimes de uma população localizada na ilha do Aurélio, rio Baía (MS, BR) e processados segundo técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. O fruto é bacóide, esférico, de coloração amarelo-alaranjado. A casca é lisa e coriácea, constituída pelo exocarpo lignificado. O endocarpo é derivado da atividade de um meristema adaxial, cujas células alongam-se radialmente. A polpa tem coloração branca, comestível, de sabor doce, de origem principalmente endocárpica, mas é constituída também por parte do mesocarpo esponjoso, cujos ductos perdem a funcionalidade. Os óvulos anátropos e unitegumentados originam sementes também anátropas, exalbuminosas, com testa colapsada. O embrião é hipocotilar. Os caracteres aqui descritos de maneira geral são comuns a Clusioideae-Garcinieae e Symphonieae.

Campomanesia xanthocarpa (guabirobeira) é espécie arbórea, heliófita, ocorrendo desde o estado de Minas Gerais até o Rio Grande do Sul. Visando descrever a morfologia e anatomia da plântula, sementes foram coletadas e plantadas, utilizando-se vermiculita como substrato. Plântulas foram coletadas para análise morfológica desde a protrusão da radícula até a fase em que são emitidos os primeiros pares de eofilos. Para a análise anatômica foram coletadas plântulas com sete, 30 e 60 dias após a germinação. As amostras foram fixadas em glutaraldeído (1%) + formaldeído (4%), incluídas em historesina, seccionadas em micrótomo, e montadas de forma permanente. A plântula é epígea, fanerocotiledonar, com paracotilédones e eofilos simples, opostos. Nas plântulas com sete dias observa-se o início da formação do câmbio e as de 30 dias já apresentam crescimento secundário. O paracotilédone e o eofilo apresentam características morfoanatômicas semelhantes. O hipocótilo é o principal órgão de reserva, contendo grãos de amido, especialmente nas plântulas com sete dias. Foram registradas glândulas e células secretoras em todos os órgãos, exceto na raiz. A epiderme dos paracotilédones, eofilos e hipocótilo apresenta tricomas tectores unicelulares. Idioblastos com cristais são comuns no mesofilo do paracotilédone e do eofilo.Campomanesia xanthocarpa ("guabirobeira") is a heliophytic tree species that occurs from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul. To describe the morphology and anatomy of the seedling, seeds were collected and planted in a vermiculite substrate. Seedlings were collected for morphological analysis from the root emergence stage to that where the first eophyll pairs emerge. For anatomical analysis, seedlings were collected 7, 30 and 60 days after germination. The samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde (1%) + formaldehyde (4%), embedded in historesin, sectioned by microtome, and mounted on a permanent slide. The seedling is epigeous, phanerocotylar with simple, opposite paracotyledons and eophylls. In 7-day-old seedlings, cambium formation begins and, 30 days after root emergence, the seedlings show secondary growth. The paracotyledons and eophylls have similar anatomical and morphological characteristics. The hypocotyl is the main storage body, containing starch grains, especially in 7-day-old seedlings. Glands and secretory cells occur in most organs excluding the root. The epidermis of the paracotyledons, eophylls and hypocotyl has simple, unicellular trichomes. Idioblasts with crystals are common in the mesophyll.

(Heliocarpus popayanensis Kunth (Malvaceae) tolera a hipoxia do substrato?) A espécie Heliocarpus popayanensis é muito utilizada em recomposição florística de áreas degradadas, cujo solo pode apresentar hipoxia. Considerando esses aspectos, este trabalhovisou avaliar resposta desta espécie ao alagamento. Indivíduos com 70 dias foram submetidos a substrato drenado(D) e alagado (A) por 30 e 60 dias e a alagado, 30 dias, e a drenado mais 30 dias (A/D). Foram determinados os comprimentos da raiz principal e do caule, a área foliar e o número de folhas, a biomassa e a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) de raízes, caules e folhas e o conteúdo nutricional das folhas. Até 60 dias de alagamento houve redução percentual média na biomassa (38%), na TCR (77%) e área foliar (24%), além de redução no diâmetro do caule e da raiz (70%) e na lignificação de célulasfloemáticas. Nenhuma alteração anatômica ocorreu nas folhas, mas houve redução na concentração dos nutrientes N, P, K, Fe, Cu e B. Portanto, em condições experimentais, Heliocarpus popayanensis sobrevive a períodos de alagamento, provavelmente pelas alteraçõesmorfoanatômicas. A raridade desta espécie em área alagável deve estar relacionada com outras etapas do ciclo de vida, como germinação das sementes ou estabelecimento de plântulas e juvenis em competição com outras espécies.The species Heliocarpus popayanensis is used on floristic recomposition of degraded areas, wich’s soil might present hypoxy. Considering these aspects, this studies evaluates this species answers to flooding. Young plants were submitted to drained and flooded substract for 30 and 60 days, then flooded for 30 days and then drained for more 30 days. Main root and stem length, area and number of leaves, biomass and relative growth rate of roots, stems and leaves and the nutritional content of leaves were determined. Until 60 days of flooding there was a percentual reduction in biomass (38%), in RGR (77%) and in the area of leaves, including reduction in root and stem’s diameter (70%), and in the lignification of floematic cells. There was no anatomic alteration in leaves, but there wasreduction of nutrients concentration (N, P, K, Fe, Cu, B). Therefore, young plants of the species Heliocarpus popayanensis survive to the flooding period considered above, probably due to anatomical and morphologic alterations. The rarity of this species in flooded area isprobably related to other stages of the life cycle, such as seeds germination or competition with other species in the environment.

Asteraceae possui cerca de 23.000 espécies e Vernonieae tem sua maior representatividade no Brasil, sendo Vernonia o maior gênero da tribo. Devido à ampla ocorrência nos Cerrados, V. platensis foi selecionada para a realização deste trabalho, que objetiva descrever a morfoanatomia e o desenvolvimento do pericarpo e da semente desta espécie, comparando os resultados com a literatura. O material coletado foi processado segundo técnicas usuais. O ovário é ínfero, bicarpelar, sincárpico, unilocular, com um óvulo anátropo, unitegumentado, tenuinucelado, formado em placentação basal. A parede ovariana é homogênea, com células mais densas perifericamente. O tegumento possui três regiões, destacando-se evidente endotélio. Na maturidade, a maioria das camadas colapsa, mantendo-se as fibras mesocárpicas externas; o pápus duplo persiste formado por células lignificadas. A semente madura apresenta testa restrita a uma faixa de células colapsadas; o endosperma é celular, persistindo residualmente na maturidade, e o embrião exibe eixo hipocótilo-radícula axial, espesso e curto. Em apenas 40% das cipselas maduras analisadas, há sementes completamente desenvolvidas. As observações deste trabalho corroboram pesquisas anteriores com Asteraceae, mas destaca-se o papel nutritivo do tegumento no desenvolvimento seminal e a baixa produção de sementes em V. platensis.The Asteraceae comprises approximately 23,000 species and Vernonieae is best represented in Brazil; Vernonia is the largest genus in this tribe. Due to occurrence in extensive areas of Cerrado, Vernonia platensis was selected for this work that aims to describe the morphology, anatomy and development of the pericarp and seed of this species, comparing the results with the literature. The collected material was processed by conventional techniques. The ovary is inferior, bicarpellate, syncarpous, unilocular with a single anatropous ovule, unitegmic, tenuinucelate, attached in a basal placenta. The ovary wall is homogenous with dense cells peripherally. The integument has three zones, with a conspicuous endothelium. At maturity, most layers collapse, only the outer mesocarp fibers remaining; the double pappus persists and has lignified cells. The mature seed has a testa composed of collapsed cells; the endosperm is cellular, residual at maturity, and the embryo has a thick, short, and axial embryo axis. Completely developed seeds were found in only 40% of the mature cypselae evaluated. Our observations corroborate previous research with Asteraceae; we call attention to the nutritive role of the seed coat in seed development, and the low production of seeds in V. platensis.

Hanleya brachyplax Simone & Jardim in Rios, 2009 is described in detail. The species occurs off the southeastern and south coast of Brazil (São Paulo and Santa Catarina states) in depths from 250 to 408 m. It differs from its congeners in having uniform white valves; wide intermediate valves; the tail valve with straight profile in the antemucronal area, and a concave postmucronal surface; and a cream-colored girdle, covered by non-articulated spines. An anatomical investigation was also performed, showing the main muscle groups; the presence of gills in the posterior third of the pallial groove; auricle with six orifices; a very flat kidney, restricted to the posterior half of the animal; and a simple esophageal region. The odontophore has a single pair of long cartilages. The buccal musculature is also described.Hanleya brachyplax Simone & Jardim in Rios, 2009 é descrita em detalhes. A espécie ocorre entre as costas Sul e Sudeste do Brasil (Estados de São Paulo e Santa Catarina) em profundidades de 250 a 408 m. Se diferenciando das espécies do mesmo gênero por apresentar valvas uniformemente brancas; valvas intermediarias largas; valva anal com a região antemucronal reta e região postmucronal suavemente concava; cinturão creme, revestido de espinhos não articulados. Um estudo anatômico foi realizado, evidenciando os principais grupos musculares; restrição dos filamentos branquiais à região posterior da cavidade palial; aurículas com seis orifícios; rim achatado e restrito a porção posterior do animal; região esofágica simples. O odontóforo composto por um par de cartilagens simples. Musculatura da massa bucal é também descrita.

O presente estudo objetivou verificar a existência de um padrão do desenvolvimento pós-seminal em Poaceae. Para tanto, foram estudadas as seguintes espécies: Olyra humilis Nees (Bambusoideae); Axonopus aureus P. Beauv. e Paspalum polyphyllum Nees ex Trin. (Panicoideae); Chloris elata Nees e Eragrostis solida Desv. (Chloridoideae). Procurou-se também comparar as estruturas da plântula de Poaceae com as demais monocotiledôneas. As espécies estudadas são plantas perenes, rizomatosas, cespitosas e apresentam cariopses de tamanhos diferentes. Apresentam sementes albuminosas; embrião lateral, diferenciado, com raiz endógena (adventícia); cotilédone dividido em hiperfilo (escutelo), bainha reduzida e hipofilo (coleóptilo); coleorriza (raiz primária reduzida) e mesocótilo (eixo localizado entre o escutelo e coleóptilo). A presença de epiblasto (folha embrionária) foi observada em Olyra humilis, Chloris elata e Eragrostis solida. O desenvolvimento pós-seminal é semelhante nas espécies estudadas e forma um padrão em Poaceae. Primeiramente, observa-se a emissão da coleorriza, que cresce no sentido geotrópico positivo, seguida do coleóptilo e plúmula que crescem em sentido contrário, a partir do desenvolvimento do mesocótilo. As primeiras folhas são semelhantes às folhas definitivas (metafilos) das espécies, exceto em Olyra humilis, que são modificadas em catafilos e podem ser interpretadas como caráter basal em Bambusoideae. Raiz primária reduzida (coleorriza) e hipofilo modificado em coleóptilo são considerados caracteres derivados em Poaceae, quando comparados com as demais monocotiledôneas.This work has aimed to verify the existence of a pattern of the post-seminal development in Poaceae. Thus, Olyra humilis Nees (Bambusoideae); Axonopus aureus P. Beauv. e Paspalum polyphyllum Nees ex Trin. (Panicoideae); Chloris elata Nees e Eragrostis solida Desv. (Chloridoideae) have been studied. Besides, it was compared the structures of Poaceae seedlings with those of other monocotyledons. All are perennial, rhizomatous, and cespitous species whose caryopses differ in size. They all present albuminous seeds, lateral and differentiated embryos, with endogenous embryonic (adventitious) root, cotyledons divided into hyperphyll (scutellum), reduced sheath and hypophyll (coleoptile); coleorhiza (reduced primary root); and mesocotyl (axis between the scutellum and the coleoptile). The presence of epiblasts (embryonic leaves) was noticed in Olyra humilis, Chloris elata and Eragrostis solida. Since the post-seminal developmental of all the studied species is similar, it represents a pattern in Poeaceae. The coleorhiza, which shows positive geotropism, grows first, followed by the coleoptile and the plumule, in the opposite direction, which form from the mesocotyl development. In all species, the first leaves are similar to the definitive ones (metaphyll) except Olyra humilis, where they are converted into a cataphyll - probably interpreted as a basal character in Bambusoideae. The reduced primary root (coleorhiza) and the hypophyll, which is modified into a coleoptile, are considered derived features in Poaceae, when compared with the other monocotyledons.

The fern Blechnum sprucei grows in Mesoamerica (Costa Rica) and South America, from Colombia to Bolivia, SE and centre of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. It is a distinctive, somewhat vulnerable, mostly orophilous species. Fresh and dry herbarium material was used for this study. Herbarium material for anatomical studies comes from CTES, BA, LP, MA, SI and UC (Holmgren et al.1990). Selected representative specimens are additionally cited after taxonomic treatment of the species. Dry material was restored with aqueous 4:1 butil cellosolve. Pinnae were cleared with aqueous 6% NaOH, then coloured with aqueous 1 % TBO (Gurr 1966). Hand made transverse sections of young and adult stipes, and costae were done in fresh and restored herbarium material. Venation and epidermal patterns were analyzed in basal, apical and medium pinnae, but only the latter were illustrated. The size and density of stomata were measured in medium pinnae from all studied samples, values shown are the average of 25 measures per sample; sizes are expressed as minimum, media and maximum length x width, in µm, and density as minimum, media and maximum number of stomata / mm². Spores were studied with SEM, mounted on metal stubs with double sided tape, covered with gold under vacuum and photographed with a Jeol /EO JSM 6360 (15 KV) SEM. Spores were also studied with light microscope, mounted in DePex (DePex mounting medium, Gurr, BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole BH15 1TD, UK) and measured using an ocular micrometer. Measurements are based on a minimum sample of 100 spores taken from different specimens. Sizes are expressed as the longest equatorial diameter/ polar diameter, in µm. Gametophytes were studied from material collected in the subtropical forest of Tucumán Province, Argentina. Spore samples for cultures were taken from single sporophytes kept dry at room temperature since the date plants were collected. Gametophytes were grown under fluorescent light. Multispore cultures were established on mineral agar. Percentage of germination was recorded for a random sample of 50 spores from each of the two plates, every three days until there was no further increasing. Gametophytes were stained with chloral hydrate acetocarmine. The species has large sporophytes, suberect, scaly rhizomes, and dimorphic fronds with short, scaly stipes and lanceolate to elliptic sterile laminae. The rachises can grow indefinitely as radicant axis that vegetatively multi-plicate the plants. Pinnae are lanceolate, herbaceous, with crenate and papillose margins, superficially scaly and hairy, peciolulate, with free, visible veins regularly once furcated near the costa, ending in large, active hydathodes. The broadly elliptic fertile laminae bear distant pinnae, with vegetative tissue reduced to the portion that supports the indusium and the continuous coenosorus; terminal indefinite rachis, not proliferous, may be present. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2027-2040. Epub 2008 December 12.El helecho Blechnum sprucei crece en Mesoamérica (Costa Rica) y Sudamérica, desde Colombia a Bolivia, SE y centro de Brasil, Paraguay y Argentina. Es una especie característica, algo vulnerable y orófila. Se estudiaron caracteres exomorfológicos de especimenes provenientes de distintos puntos de su gran área de distribución. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un detallado análisis de los modelos epidérmicos jóvenes y maduros, del indumento de la lámina y los ejes, y de la organización vascular en los estipes y costas. Se han estudiado por primera vez la morfología esporal, el desarrollo de los gametófitos, que resultaron cordados y pelosos, y su expresión sexual. Presenta esporófitos grandes, suberectos, con rizomas escamosos y frondas dimórficas, con estipes cortos y escamosos y láminas estériles de lanceoladas a elípticas. El raquis puede crecer indefinidamente como un eje radicante que multiplica las plantas vegetativamente. Las pinnas son lanceoladas, herbáceas, con márgenes crenados y papilosos, y la superficie escamosa y pelosa. Son pecioluladas, con venas libres y visibles, regularmente furcadas cerca de la costa, terminando en hidatodos grandes y activos. Las láminas fértiles son anchamente elípticas y portan pinnas distales; presentan tejido vegetativo reducido a la porción que soporta el indusio y el cenosoro continuo. Pueden presentar raquis indefinidos, pero no prolíferos.

Se estudió la morfología de las semillas y la anatomía de la cubierta seminal en cinco especies venezolanas del género Calliandra, con la finalidad de establecer similitudes y diferencias entre estos taxa, para su utilización como criterio taxonómico. Se analizaron caracteres morfológicos de valor taxonómico; entre ellos la forma y el tamaño de la semilla, así como anatómicos tales como espesor de las diferentes regiones, la ubicación de la línea lúcida y el tamaño relativo de los espacios intercelulares en la hipodermis. Con los resultados se realizaron análisis de agrupamiento por medio de la función de análisis discriminante. Diez caracteres cuantitativos, y tres caracteres cualitativos, resultaron informativos para la separación de especies.Seed morphology and anatomy of the seed coat in five species of Calliandra (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) from Venezuela. Calliandra is an exclusively Neotropoical genus with 135 described species. There are 30 species in Venezuela. We studied seed morphology and the seed coat anatomy of five species: Calliandra riparia Pittier, Calliandra glomerulata Karsten var. glomerulata, Calliandra magdalenae (DC.) Benth. var. magdalenae, Calliandra surinamensis Benth. and Calliandra falcata Benth., to establish simililarities and differences amongst taxa for taxonomic characterization. Of the evaluated characters, 10 quantitative characters and 3 qualitative characters were selected as the most informative for the separation of species. Seed morphological characters of taxonomic value are form and size. Thickness of the light line, number of layers and space between the osteosclereids constitute distinctive characters. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1075-1086. Epub 2008 September 30.

Banisteriopsis e Diplopterys apresentam em conjunto aproximadamente 100 espécies e ocorrem em todo o continente americano, especialmente na América do Sul. Pouco se conhece sobre a estrutura dos órgãos reprodutivos de Malpighiaceae e este trabalho objetiva analisar morfoanatômica e ontogeneticamente sementes de B. campestris, B. oxyclada, B. stellaris e D. pubipetala. Os óvulos são suspensos, subcampilótropos, bitegumentados e crassinucelados. O tegumento interno é mais curto que o externo, que forma a micrópila. O nucelo é muito amplo e se projeta pela micrópila, ficando em contato direto com o obturador funicular, estrutura menos conspícua em D. pubipetala. As sementes de Banisteriopsis e Diplopterys são pequenas, amarelo-escuras, com paquicalaza; na maturidade, o envoltório seminal encontra-se colapsado, distinguindo-se apenas a exotesta com compostos fenólicos e resíduos da vascularização; são sementes exalbuminosas e o embrião preenche toda a cavidade seminal; tem eixo embrionário reto e curto, com cotilédones carnosos bem desenvolvidos. A reserva embrionária é composta basicamente por lipídeos, havendo pequenos grãos de amido dispersos; muitas drusas também são observadas. A estrutura e desenvolvimento das sementes estudadas são muito semelhantes entre si e às demais Malpighiaceae já descritas. Constituem novos registros para a literatura a presença de obturador e de paquicalaza em Malpighiaceae.Banisteriopsis and Diplopterys together have ca. 100 species and occur throughout the Americas, especially in South America. The structure of the reproductive organs of Malpighiaceae is poorly known, so this work aims to analyze the morphology, anatomy and ontogeny of the seeds of B. campestris, B. oxyclada, B. stellaris and D. pubipetala. The ovules are suspended, subcampylotropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The inner integument is shorter than outer, and only the latter constitutes the micropyle. The nucellus is very large and projects through micropyle, coming in contact with the funicular obturator which is less conspicuous in D. pubipetala. Banisteriopsis and Diplopterys have small, dark yellow pachychalazal seeds; at maturity, the seed coat collapses, and only the exotesta with phenolic compounds and vascular residues can be distinguished; the seeds are exalbuminous and the embryo fills the seminal chamber; it has a short, straight embryo axis, with well-developed fleshy cotyledons. The embryo reserve is composed basically of lipids, with small, scattered starch grains; many druses are also observed. Structure and development of these seeds are very similar to one another and to other Malpighiaceae already described. This is the first report of obturator and pachychalaza in Malpighiaceae.

Plântulas de Cybistax antisyphilitica (ipê-verde), espécie arbórea que ocorre no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram estudadas morfoanatomicamente e citogeneticamente. As plântulas são eudicotiledôneas, fanerocotiledonares e epigéias. Suas sementes apresentam alas hialinas, assimétricas e de textura papirácea. A raiz é axial com tecido epidérmico irregular. O hipocótilo é verde, glabro e apresenta os elementos do xilema em diferenciação. Os cotilédones são verdes, foliáceos, reniformes, com mesofilo heterogêneo, epiderme pilosa e feixes vasculares colaterais. Os eófilos são glabros, peciolados, de filotaxia oposta, dorsiventrais, hipoestomáticos e possuem mesofilo heterogêneo e assimétrico. Não há diferenças anatômicas significativas entre os eófilos e os metáfilos. O sistema vascular do pecíolo dos metáfilos dispõe-se em forma de ferradura. A espécie apresenta número cromossômico mitótico 2n = 40 com comprimento cromossômico geral médio de 1,042 µm ± 0,140 e amplitude variando de 0,58 µm até 1,60 µm.Seedlings of Cybistax antisyphilitica ("ipê-verde"), a tree species found in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were studied as regards morphology, anatomy and cytogenetics. The seedlings are eudicotyledonous, phanerocotylar, epigeous and the seeds have hyaline, asymmetric, paper-textured expansions. The root system is axial with irregular epidermal tissue. The hypocotyl is green, glabrous and has differentiated xylem elements. The cotyledons are green, foliaceous, kidney-shaped, with heterogeneous mesophyll, pilose epidermis and collateral vascular bundles. The eophylls are petiolate, glabrous, with opposite phyllotaxy, dorsiventral, hypostomatic and with heterogeneous, asymmetric mesophyll. There are no significant anatomical differences between eophylls and metaphylls. The metaphyll petiole vascular system is shaped like a horseshoe. The species has a mitotic chromosome number 2n = 40 with average overall chromosome length of 1.042 µm ± 0.140 and width varying from 0.58 µm to 1.60 µm.

The redescription of Hiatella meridionalis (d’Orbigny, 1846) is provided as first attempt to improve the systematics of the genus in the regions of Atlantic and western Pacific. This reanalysis is based on specimens collected in the vicinity of the type localities and is based on detailed morphology of samples that some researches consider a single, wide ranging species. From the morphological characters, the more interesting are: a high quantity of papillae at incurrent siphon; the retractor muscles of siphon divided in two bundles; the small size of the palps; the muscular ring in the stomach; and the zigzag fashion of the short intestinal loops. These characters distinguish the species from the other hiatellids so far examined. Type material of the species was examined, by first time illustrated, and the lectotype is designated.A redescrição de Hiatella meridionalis (d’Orbigny, 1846) é realizada como primeiro passo na melhoria da sistemática do gênero das regiões atlântica e pacífica oeste. Esta re-análise é baseada em espécimes coletados nas vizinhanças da localidade tipo e em morfologia detalhada de amostras que alguns pesquisadores consideram pertencer a uma única espécie de ampla distribuição. Dos caracteres anatômicos, os mais interessantes são: uma grande quantidade de papilas no sifão inalante; o músculo retrator dos sifões dividido em duas porções; o tamanho pequeno dos palpos; um anel muscular transversal no estomago; e um padrão em zigzag no curto intestino. Estes caracteres distinguem a espécie dos demais hiatelídeos até então examinados. Os sintipos da espécie foram também examinados e pela primeira vez ilustrados; o lectótipo é designado.

Laboratory tests with seed of Calendula officinalis and Anethum graveolens to describe morphology and anatomy components such as humidity content in balance (CHB) in different atmospheres to get appropriate conservation of the germsplasm to determine physiological behavior in short seed storage to evaluate and to stablish an appropriate methodology for germination, were carried out. The morphological and anatomical description allowed to specify and to illustrate the organs and internal structures of the seed in detail. Also this procedure was important to clarify certain aspects that were managed in wrong way with these species like to confuse the fruit with the seed. It was possible to reach CHB in different atmospheres with artificial drying using the methodology of drying curves with sílica gel in relations of weight-sílica- seed of 10:1, 7:1 and 5:1, besides recommending a method and appropriate relations to conserve the germplasm. The ortodoxal physiological behavior of the seeds of this species was determined. Germination tests were carried out under different methodologies and materials that statistically didn't show influence on the germination of the seeds. For practical purposes, the sowing methodology in Petri dishes with absorbing paper was recommended. Also this methodology was achieved to identify and to illustrate normal and abnormal plants and seeds of this species that died. .En semillas de caléndula Calendula officinalis y de eneldo Anethum graveolens, se realizaron la descripción morfológica y anatómica y mediciones del contenido de humedad en equilibrio (CHE). La descripción morfológica y anatómica permitió precisar e ilustrar detalladamente los órganos y tejidos internos de la semilla, además, clarificar aspectos en la definición de semilla pura de caléndula. Se elaboraron curvas de secado y se midió el CHE en diferentes ambientes de secamiento artificial, obtenidos con la metodología de curvas de secado con sílica gel en relaciones de peso sílica-semilla de 10:1, 7:1 y 5:1, además de identificar un método y una relación adecuados para la conservación del germoplasma. Se determinó el comportamiento fisiológico ortodoxo en almacenamiento a corto plazo de las semillas de estas especies. Las diferentes metodologías y sustratos no mostraron diferencia significativa sobre la germinación de las semillas; por facilidad se propone la siembra en cajas Petri con papel absorbente. Además, se logró tipificar e ilustrar plántulas normales, anormales y semillas muertas.

En semillas de caléndula Calendula officinalis y de eneldo Anethum graveolens , se realizaron la descripción morfológica y anatómica y mediciones del contenido de humedad en equilibrio (CHE). La descripción morfológica y anatómica permitió precisar e ilustrar detalladamente los órganos y tejidos internos de la semilla, además, clarificar aspectos en la definición de semilla pura de caléndula. Se elaboraron curvas de secado y se midió el CHE en diferentes ambientes de secamiento artificial, obtenidos con la metodología de curvas de secado con sílica gel en relaciones de peso sílica-semilla de 10:1, 7:1 y 5:1, además de identificar un método y una relación adecuados para la conservación del germoplasma. Se determinó el comportamiento fisiológico ortodoxo en almacenamiento a corto plazo de las semillas de estas especies. Las diferentes metodologías y sustratos no mostraron diferencia significativa sobre la germinación de las semillas; por facilidad se propone la siembra en cajas Petri con papel absorbente. Además, se logró tipificar e ilustrar plántulas normales, anormales y semillas muertas.Laboratory tests with seed of Calendula officinalis and Anethum graveolens to describe morphology and anatomy components such as humidity content in balance (CHB) in different atmospheres to get appropriate conservation of the germsplasm to determine physiological behavior in short seed storage to evaluate and to stablish an appropriate methodology for germination, were carried out. The morphological and anatomical description allowed to specify and to illustrate the organs and internal structures of the seed in detail. Also this procedure was important to clarify certain aspects that were managed in wrong way with these species like to confuse the fruit with the seed. It was possible to reach CHB in different atmospheres with artificial drying using the methodology of drying curves with sílica gel in relations of weight-sílica- seed of 10:1, 7:1 and 5:1, besides recommending a method and appropriate relations to conserve the germplasm. The ortodoxal physiological behavior of the seeds of this species was determined. Germination tests were carried out under different methodologies and materials that statistically didn't show influence on the germination of the seeds. For practical purposes, the sowing methodology in Petri dishes with absorbing paper was recommended. Also this methodology was achieved to identify and to illustrate normal and abnormal plants and seeds of this species that died.

The syndrome of coronary-subclavian steal is defined as the reversed blood flow in a coronary artery by means of a grafting of the left internal mammary artery toward the middle-distal subclavian, and occurs due to severe stenosis or total occlusion of the proximal portion of the latter. It is a disease with significant morbidity with possible complications such as thrombosis, anoxia and death. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review of the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome. a bibliographic review was carried out through the databases SciELO, Pubmed, Bireme and Google Scholar. The symptoms, medical history and especially the pulse and pressure difference between arms makes us think of the subclavian steal syndrome. The examination with color Doppler ultrasound and arteriography are an important tool in the diagnosis. It was observed that the treatment is surgical removal with stenosis or arterial occlusion. Furthermore, there are few programs for prevention and early diagnosis of this disease. It was found that the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome is a disease little known high mortality if not diagnosed and treated properly. Thus, one may conclude that, routine preventive examination in patients with blood pressure change becomes necessary for early detection of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se evaluaron características ultraestructurales de la lámina y la bráctea de la hoja, así como de las ramas, de plantas adultas de Guadua paniculata recolectadas en Costa Rica. Sus características ultraestructurales diagnósticas incluyen el patrón celular de la zona adaxial de la lámina foliar, los largos tricomas unicelulares de la superficie abaxial, los más numerosos tricomas auriculares, agrupados en número de 17, el patrón de cera cuticular y las bandas de estomas rodeadas de papilas céricas.Sections of leaf lamina, leaf sheath and branches of adult Guadua paniculata collected in Costa Rica, were studied ultrastructurally. Diagnostic ultrastructural characteristics include the cellular pattern of the adaxial zone in the leaf blade; the large unicellular trichomes of the abaxial area, the more numerous auricular trichomes, grouped in number of 17, the pattern of cuticular wax and the bands of stomata surrounded by ceric papillae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(Suppl. 2): 29-34. Epub 2006 Dec. 01.

Simpulopsis promatensis e S. gomesae, duas novas espécies para São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, são descritas. São apresentadas a conquiliologia, conquiliometria e morfologia das partes moles, incluindo mandíbula, rádula, sistemas reprodutor e palial.Simpulopsis promatensis and S. gomesae, two new species from São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil are described. Conchology, conchiliometry and soft-part morphology, including jaw, radula, reproductive and pallial systems are provided.

Se estudió la ultraestructura anatómica de la lámina y la vaina de la hoja, así como de la bráctea del culmo, de Guadua angustifolia var. bicolor, por medio del microscopio electrónico de barrido. Se encontraron similitudes con otras guaduas: estomas de alto domo, células largas con paredes sinuosas y células de sílice. Son propios de la var. bicolor el patrón estomático en la zona abaxial de la hoja cerca de la vaina, con la presencia de gran cantidad de tricomas ganchudos y sin papilas; las brácteas de color café dorado que cubren los culmos y tienen tricomas papilares que cubren el haz; y el abundante número de tricomas auriculares, en grupos de 12.The anatomy of several parts of Guadua angustifolia var. bicolor was analyzed and characterized under a scanning electron icroscope. any similarities ere observed with other Guadua species, particularly the presence of high dome stomata, of large cells with sinuous walls and of silica cells. Specific bicolor characteristics include (1) a different stomatal pattern in the adaxial zone of the leaf base (close to the sheath); (2) the abundance of hook-sshaped trichomes without papilla; (3) the distinctive golden brown color of the bract that covers the culm (caused by papillar trichomes that cover the adaxial sheath); and (4) the size of the groups of auricular trichomes (formed by 12 trichomes). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(Suppl. 2): 13-19. Epub 2006 Dec. 01.

Se evaluaron ultraestructuralmente secciones de la lámina de la hoja, vaina de la hoja y rama, de una planta adulta de Guadua macclurei. Las brácteas del culmo carecen de setas orales. En la superficie adaxial de la lámina foliar se observó un patrón celular diferente al de otras especies de este género. Además, hay tricomas tricelulares y bandas de estomas de alto domo muy ordenadas y evidentes, característica que la podría diferenciar de otras especies en el género. Esta es la primera descripción microscópica de esta especie.We studied the ultrastructure of sections of leaf lamina, leaf sheath and branches of an adult plant of Guadua macclurei. Culm sheaths lack fimbriae (oral setae). The adaxial section of the leaf lamina has a particular cellular pattern, previously unreported in this genus. The tricellular trichomes, and the evident and ordered bands of high dome stomata may be useful for taxonomic purposes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first microscopic description of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(Suppl. 2): 35-42. Epub 2006 Dec. 01.

Se realizó un estudio anatómico ultraestructural, con microscopio electrónico de barrido, de partes vegetativas y florales de Guadua amplexifolia de Costa Rica, la cual se caracteriza por presentar culmo sólido en la sección basal y un pequeño lumen en la zona distal. Las características más evidentes fueron las células epidérmicas con papilas oblicuas operculadas en las paleas, la gran cantidad de papilas céricas formando rosetas en la sección adaxial de a lámina foliar, la abundancia de células de sílice en la lema, los numerosos tricomas de la pálea y lema; y la abundancia de almidones en el tejido parenquimatoso. Las hojas midieron 7-16 cm de largo y 3 cm de ancho, mientras que en trabajos previos se informaron 16-24 cm de largo y 3-5 cm de ancho para esta especie.We used a scanning electron microscope to study the ultrastructure of vegetative and floral parts of Guadua amplexifolia from Costa Rica, a bamboo characterized by a solid culm in the base and a small lumen in the distal part. The most evident characteristics were: epidermic cells with operculated-oblique papillae in the palea, the great amount of ceric papillae forming rosettes in the adaxial section of the leaf blade, the abundance of silica cells in the lemma, the numerous trichomes of the palea and lemma, and the abundance of starch in the parenchymatous tissue. Leaves in the particular genotype under study were 7-16 cm long and 3 cm width, while previous studies reported 16-224 cm long and 3-5 cm width for the species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(Suppl. 2): 21-28. Epub 2006 Dec. 01.

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