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Background and Objectives: Sonar data processing is used to identify and track targets whose echoes are unsteady. So that they aren't trusty identified in typical tracking methods. Recently, RLA have effectively cured the accuracy of undersea objective detection compared to conventional sonar objective cognition procedures, which have robustness and low accuracy. Methods: In this research, a combination of classifiers has been used to improve the accuracy of sonar data classification in complex problems such as identifying marine targets. These classifiers each form their pattern on the data and store a model. Finally, a weighted vote is performed by the LA algorithm among these classifiers, and the classifier that gets the most votes is the classifier that has had the greatest impact on improving performance parameters. Results: The results of SVM, RF, DT, XGboost, ensemble method, R-EFMD, T-EFMD, R-LFMD, T-LFMD, ANN, CNN, TIFR-DCNN+SA, and joint models have been compared with the proposed model. Considering that the objectives and databases are different, we benchmarked the average detection rate. In this comparison, Precision, Recall, F1_Score, and Accuracy parameters have been considered and investigated in order to show the superior performance of the proposed method with other methods. Conclusion: The results obtained with the analytical parameters of Precision, Recall, F1_Score, and Accuracy compared to the latest similar research have been examined and compared, and the values are 87.71%, 88.53%, 87.8%, and 87.4% respectively for each of These parameters are obtained in the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) orchards are threatened by papaya sticky disease (PSD) caused by PMeV viral complex, leading to significant losses in fruit quality and production decline. Secondary metabolites with potential antiviral activity may serve as disease progression markers aiding in early diagnosis and chromatographic approach can assist in this detection. Here, the molecular profiles of crude extracts from C. papaya leaves in the initial stage of development and postflowering stages, with and without PSD symptoms, were evaluated using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, reverse-phase, and ion-exchange chromatography. Analytical parameters and chromatographic-based results indicate quantitatively higher chromatographic peaks in the initial stage leaf extract compared to postflowering leaf extracts, potentially reflecting the plant's defense response against viral infection. This study aimed to identify biomarkers for PSD through the molecular profiling of C. papaya leaf extracts in different stages of the plant. Early disease detection using these biomarkers holds promise for reducing postharvest losses and ensuring fruit safety and quality for consumers allied to the existing diagnosis techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, magnetic copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via the Pechini sol-gel method and evaluated for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. PF600 and PF800 refer to the samples that were synthesized at 600 °C and 800 °C, respectively. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and EDX confirmed the successful formation of CuFe2O4 spinel structures, with crystallite sizes of 22.64 nm (PF600) and 30.13 nm (PF800). FE-SEM analysis revealed particle diameters of 154.98 nm (PF600) and 230.05 nm (PF800), exhibiting spherical and irregular shapes. HR-TEM analysis further confirmed the presence of aggregated nanoparticles with average diameters of 52.26 nm (PF600) and 98.32 nm (PF800). The PF600 and PF800 nanoparticles exhibited exceptional adsorption capacities of 377.36 mg/g and 322.58 mg/g, respectively, significantly outperforming many materials reported in the literature. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating monolayer adsorption and strong physisorption. The process was spontaneous, exothermic, and predominantly physical. Reusability tests demonstrated high adsorption efficiency across multiple cycles when desorbed with a 0.5 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, emphasizing the practical applicability of these nanoparticles. The inherent magnetic properties of CuFe2O4 facilitated easy separation from the aqueous medium using a magnet, enabling efficient and cost-effective recovery of the adsorbent. These findings highlight the potential of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, particularly PF600, for the effective and sustainable removal of Cd(II) ions from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel tyrosinase-based biosensor designed to simultaneously detect tyrosinase, tyrosine, L-DOPA, and L-DOPA quinone. The biosensor, designated as GCE/GNP/Cys/Chit/Tyrase, was developed by immobilizing tyrosinase on a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) that incorporates electrodeposited gold nanoparticles, cysteine, and chitosan. The morphology of the biosensor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical behaviors of the biosensor were explored in response to the target analytes. Key analytical characteristics were assessed, including linear range, sensitivity, selectivity, limits of detection and quantification, long-term stability, repeatability, reproducibility, electrochemically active surface area, and charge transfer behavior. The biosensor demonstrated a linear response range of 1–120 μM, with an impressive sensitivity of 200.4 mA.Lmol−1cm−2 and a detection limit of 27 μM. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the analytical features of tyrosinase-based biosensors. Additionally, the biosensor was applied to quantify dopamine in brain tissue, utilizing a calibration curve derived from the fabricated biosensor. The dopamine concentration measured in five Wistar rats was 35 ± 2.75 μM, reflecting the mean and standard deviation, respectively. These results confirm the biosensor's capability for accurately detecting this critical neurotransmitter in the brains of Wistar rats. This investigation underscores the potential of tyrosinase-based biosensors for diverse analytical applications in biological samples.

Sensors play a critical role in the detection and monitoring of various substances present in our environment, providing us with valuable information about the world around us. Within the field of sensor development, one area that holds particular importance is the detection of small molecules. Small molecules encompass a wide range of organic or inorganic compounds with low molecular weight, typically below 900 Daltons including gases, volatile organic compounds, solvents, pesticides, drugs, biomarkers, toxins, and pollutants. The accurate and efficient detection of these small molecules has attracted significant interest from the scientific community due to its relevance in diverse fields such as environmental pollutants monitoring, medical diagnostics, industrial optimization, healthcare remedies, food safety, ecosystems, and aquatic and terrestrial life preservation. To meet the demand for precise and efficient monitoring of small molecules, this summary aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in sensing and quantification strategies for various organic small molecules including Hydrazine, Glucose, Morpholine, Ethanol amine, Nitrosamine, Oxygen, Nitro-aromatics, Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Antibiotics, Pesticides, Drugs, Adenosine Triphosphate, Aromatic Amine, Glutathione, Hydrogen Peroxide, Acetone, Methyl Parathion, and Thiophenol. The focus is on understanding the receptor sensing mechanism, along with the electrical, optical, and electrochemical response. Additionally, the variations in UV–visible spectral properties of the ligands upon treatment with the receptor, fluorescence and absorption titration analysis for limit of detection (LOD) determination, and bioimaging analysis are discussed wherever applicable. It is anticipated that the information gathered from this literature survey will be helpful for the perusal of innovation regarding sensing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double-flank measurement is the most commonly used method for full inspection of mass-produced gears and has high measurement efficiency, but it cannot obtain the analytical parameters and is not helpful enough to evaluate the NVH performance of the gears. Based on the double-flank rolling tester with a new principle, a simulation method for double-flank measurement and a solving method for analytical parameters are proposed. Using the simulation method, the double-flank measurements without random error can be obtained through the collision detection algorithm. The solving method uses the iteration to obtain the minimum rolling length of each position of the tooth surface, then obtains the analytical parameters of the gear. In the experiments, the difference between the profile deviations obtained by the solving method and superimposed in the simulation method is less than 0.03 μm. The experiment results have verified the correctness of the simulation method and the solving method. These methods can greatly improve the value of double-flank measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract2-Benzanine, also recognized as isoquinoline or benzo pyridine, acts as a weak tertiary base with diverse biological and pharmacological effects. These include potential activities against Parkinson’s disease, antimalarial, anti-HIV, insect growth, anticancer, antibiotic, antileukemic properties, and the ability to serve as a chiral ligand scaffold. In this study, the B3LYP technique and the basis set 6-311++G(d, p) were employed for both computational and experimental examinations of isoquinoline using density functional theory (DFT). The findings revealed that isoquinoline possesses a dipole moment of 2.004 D and rotational constants (GHz) of 3.101, 1.22, and 0.875. Various tests, including IR, UV–visible, HNMR, and binding energies, corroborated the experimental results. Analyzing the computed energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) at −5.581 eV and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) at 1.801 eV indicated the stability of isoquinoline, with an energy gap of 3.78 eV. The electron polarizability and chemical hardness values were found to be 1.89 and 0.529, respectively. Drug-likeness tests suggest that isoquinoline could function as an antibiotic, given its similarity in effects to other compounds such as isoquinoline, quinolone, debrisoquine, palmatine, columbamine, and jatropine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Total reflection X-ray Fluorescence technique is increasingly popular for its simplicity and rapid elemental screening. This study evaluates the various analytical parameters including spectroscopic resolution, absolute sensitivity, relative element sensitivity, lowest limits of detection, accuracy and precision of the Total reflection X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer. This evaluation is conducted using quartz and acrylic sample carriers with mono and multi-element standards. Notably, the quartz sample carrier demonstrated excellent values of spectroscopic resolution, absolute sensitivity, the lowest limits of detection, a recovery rate of 90–110% and a coefficient of variation of 3–6% for the quantified elements from mono and multi-element standards. These findings underscore the robust analytical capability of the Total reflection X-ray Fluorescence technique for multi-trace elemental analysis. This research article not only provides practical and straightforward guidelines for handling Total reflection X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer but also confirms the practicality and effectiveness of the sample carriers for rapid and reliable elemental screening applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double-flank measurement is the most commonly used full inspection method on the shop floor. However, the double-flank measurement method cannot measure analytical parameters such as pitch deviations and profile deviations, and this limitation is a pain point in the field of gear measurement. This paper studies the measurability of the analytical parameters of gears based on the results of double-flank measurement, proposes the definition of measurable area, and gives the relationship between the size of the measurable area and the number of teeth and the pressure angle and the gear error. Digital simulation methods were used to conduct measurement experiments on gear analytical parameters. In the experiments, the measurability of the analytical parameters of gears with various typical profile deviations in the double-flank measurement process was verified and analyzed. The test results show that not all profile deviations are unmeasurable in the process of double-flank measurement, but there exists a profile region in which the analytical parameters of the gear can be measured accurately. The size of the measurable area of the profile is mainly determined by the number of teeth and pressure angle of the gear, while the pitch deviations are always measurable under normal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, amorphous and crystalline novel products based on Zr, Mg, and Mn were facilely fabricated through the Pechini sol–gel procedure using inexpensive chemicals and an uncomplicated apparatus. Also, these products showed high efficiency as novel adsorbents in getting rid of basic fuchsin dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent, which was fabricated before calcination, was abbreviated as KE. In addition, the adsorbents, which were created at 500 and 700 °C, were designated as KE500 and KE700, respectively. The created adsorbents were characterized using high-level transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), N2 adsorption/desorption analyzer, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The XRD showed that the KE adsorbent is amorphous, whereas the KE500 and KE700 adsorbents are mixtures of ZrO2, MgMn2O4, and Mg(Mg0.333Mn1.333)O4 nanostructures. The HR-TEM exhibited that the KE adsorbent consists of very fine irregular shapes, whereas the KE500 adsorbent contains quasi-spherical particles with a mean diameter of 45.16 nm. Furthermore, the HR-TEM exhibited that the KE700 adsorbent consists of polyhedral shapes with a mean diameter of 76.28 nm. Furthermore, the BET surface area of the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents is 67.85, 20.15, and 13.60 m2/g, respectively. Additionally, the elimination of basic fuchsin dye by the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents is exothermic, physical in nature, and follows the pseudo-first-order as well as Langmuir equations. Further, the maximum uptake capabilities of the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents toward basic fuchsin dye are 239.81, 174.83, and 93.19 mg/g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biosensor based on glutamate oxidase (GluOx) was developed to measure glutamate concentration. The main function of this type of biosensor is related to the structure and catalytic activity of GluOx. Since radiofrequency, as the widest spectrum of electromagnetic fields, can affect the catalytic activity and structure of GluOx, in this study, the effect of these fields on the analytical parameters of the fabricated biosensor was investigated. To build the biosensor a sol-gel solution of chitosan and native GluOx were prepared and then immobilized on the surface of the platinum electrode. Similarly, to investigate the effect of radiofrequency fields on the analytical parameters of the biosensor, instead of the native GluOx, irradiated GluOx was used to build the biosensor. To evaluate the biosensor responses, cyclic voltammetry experiments were performed and voltammograms were considered as biosensor responses. To determine the analytical parameters including detection limit, linear range, and saturation region of the responses, calibration curves were drawn for each of the biosensors. Also the long-term stability and selectivity of the fabricated biosensor were evaluated. Thereafter, the optimum pH and temperature for each of these two biosensors were examined. The results showed that radiofrequency waves harmed the detection and response of biosensors in the saturation region, while they had little effect on the linear region. Such results could be due to the effect of radiofrequency waves on the structure and function of glutamate oxidase. In general, the results indicate that when a glutamate oxidase-based biosensor is used to measure glutamate in radiofrequency fields, corrective coefficients for this type of biosensor should be considered to accurately measure glutamate concentration.

Herein, we depict that the consequential nickel/nickel oxide‐reduced graphene oxide (Ni/NiO‐rGO) hybrid materials synthesized by sol‐gel approach can give as competent electrocatalyst for oxidative determination of ethanol in alkaline condition. Ni/NiO‐rGO based electrochemical sensor shows rapid and highly sensitive linear sweep voltametric (LSV) response to ethanol at an ultra‐low oxidation potential of 0.33 V vs. SCE. Moreover, the electrochemical sensor demonstrates highly stable (current and potential) also with low charge transfer resistance confirmed from chronoamperometic (i‐t) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) data respectively towards ethanol oxidation at Ni/NiO‐rGO hybrid interface confirms its acitivity over individuals i. e. Ni/NiO nanoparticles and rGO. Moreover, linear increase in current density upto 100 μM concentration of ethanol and for the scan rates in the range of 10–100 mV/s with positive shift in potential confirms ethanol oxidation is diffusion controlled process. The selective analysis of electrochemical response for ethanol in benadryl sample with same oxidation potential of ethanol beverages with enhanced ethanol oxidation potential for determination of ethanol concentration into benadryl sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists seek to synthesize new catalysts with simple methods to treat water pollution from organic dyes using photocatalytic degradation technology. In this technology, when light falls on the catalyst, the produced hydroxyl free radicals convert the dye into non-toxic gases such as CO2 and H2O. So, in this work, copper oxalate/cobalt oxalate/manganese oxalate (Abbreviated as P1) and copper oxide/cobalt manganese oxide/manganese oxide (Abbreviated as P2) new nanocomposites were fabricated via precipitation of Cu2+/Co2+/Mn2+ solution using oxalic acid and ignition of precipitate at 550 °C for 4 hrs, respectively. Some tools, involving X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectrophotometer, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), nitrogen gas sorption analyzer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), were used for characterizing the fabricated nanocomposites. The EDX spectra confirmed that the P1 composite consist of C (26.28 %), oxygen (46.66 %), manganese (7.27 %), cobalt (7.59 %), and copper (12.20 %). Also, the P2 composite consist of oxygen (8.23 %), manganese (31.34 %), cobalt (27.19 %), and copper (33.24 %). A transmission electron microscope shows that the P1 and P2 composites consist of polyhedral and spherical shapes with an average diameter of 28.13 and 14.37 nm, respectively. The BET surface area, average pore size, and total pore volume of the P1 composite are 29.0725 m2/g, 2.0749 nm, and 0.0302 cc/g, respectively. Besides, the BET surface area, average pore size, and total pore volume of the P2 composite are 58.1088 m2/g, 1.6087 nm, 0.0467 cc/g, respectively. 60 mg of the synthesized nanocomposites completely decompose 60 mL of 15 mg/L of malachite green dye solution within 20 min in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and UV light. The synthesized catalysts outperformed many other catalysts published in previous studies.

Electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells are finding an ever-increasing practical application due to several advantages. Biosensors are miniature measuring devices, which can be used for on-the-spot analyses, with small assay times and sample volumes. Biofuel cells have dual benefits of environmental cleanup and electric energy generation. Application of nanomaterials in biosensor and biofuel-cell devices increases their functioning efficiency and expands spheres of use. This review discusses the potential of nanomaterials in improving the basic parameters of bioelectrochemical systems, including the sensitivity increase, detection lower-limit decrease, detection-range change, lifetime increase, substrate-specificity control. In most cases, the consideration of the role of nanomaterials links a certain type of nanomaterial with its effect on the bioelectrochemical device upon the whole. The review aims at assessing the effects of nanomaterials on particular analytical parameters of a biosensor/biofuel-cell bioelectrochemical device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our work, analcime has a crystallite size of 90.54 nm was synthesised using the hydrothermal method in the presence of urea as organic structure-directing agent. Then, Mn(II) ions were removed from aqueous media using the synthesised analcime sample. Some analytical parameters affecting the removal of Mn(II) ions were studied such as contact time, pH, concentration, and temperature. The results of the effect of contact time confirmed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was the best for describing the adsorption process. Also, the equilibrium time and optimum pH were 60 min and 6.5, respectively. Besides, the results of the effect of concentration confirmed that the Langmuir isotherm was the best for describing the adsorption process where the maximum adsorption capacity was 81.169 mg/g. Moreover, the results of the effect of temperature confirmed that the removal of Mn(II) ions was exothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this approach, vanadium pentoxide nanorods (V2O5 NRs) were prepared by utilizing a facile wet‐chemical approach (WCA) in an alkaline phase at low temperatures then applied to detect acetylcholine. Various optical techniques, such as Ultra‐Violet spectroscopy (UV‐Visible), Fourier Transform Infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Emission Microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (XEDS) and X‐ray Photo‐electron Spectroscopy (XPS) were applied to analyse the V2O5 NRs for structural, optical, functional, morphological and elemental analyses. Adjustment of the light weight fabrication of NRs onto Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited sensitive and selective acetylcholine sensor probe. Based on the stable current‐voltage relationship, analytical sensing parameters like sensitivity, Linear dynamic range (LDR), Limit of detection (LOD), Limit of quantification (LOQ), durability and interference measurement of the fabricated sensor (GCE/V2O5 NRs/BPM) for acetylcholine detection were evaluated and reported in this paper. Here, Nafion was used as a binding polymer matrix (BPM) for the fabrication of flat GCE with V2O5 NRs. Acetylcholine calibration curve was found to be linear throughout in a broad range of concentration of target acetylcholine analyte. Calibration curve was employed to calculate the sensing parameters such as sensitivity (101.27 nAμM−1cm−2), LOD down to 11.58 pM, LOQ (38.60 pM) and LDR (100 pM∼100 μM) of the developed GCE/V2O5 NRs/BPM sensor probe. The use of the facile WCA method for the synthesis of low‐dimensional V2O5 NRs is a good strategy for developing an un‐doped nano‐material based sensor for enzyme‐free bio‐molecule recognition and detection via this electrochemical approach. The developed (GCE/V2O5 NRs/BPM) sensor probe could be used to selectively detect acetylcholine in real biological samples by electrochemical method with satisfactory outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, crosslinking polymerization of chitosan with glutaraldehyde in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles was utilized for the synthesis of chitosan/glutaraldehyde/zinc oxide as a novel composite. The fabricated composite was characterized using some tools such as SEM, XRD, TGA, and BET. The successful formation of the chitosan/glutaraldehyde/zinc oxide composite was evidenced through the appearance of one broad XRD peaks at 2θ = 23.50°. Besides, the obvious destruction of the crystalline structure of zinc oxide has confirmed the successful formation of the composite. The FE-SEM images displayed that the surface of chitosan/glutaraldehyde/zinc oxide composite was wrinkled and rough, while the chitosan was dense and smooth, indicating important change in the morphology of the chitosan/glutaraldehyde/zinc oxide composite owing to the crosslinking of glutaraldehyde with chitosan and incorporation of ZnO. The BET surface area, average pore radius, and total pore volume of the chitosan/glutaraldehyde/zinc oxide composite are 32.50 m2/g, 39.36 Å, and 0.06 cc/g, respectively. The synthesized composite was operated for the efficient removal of eriochrome black T dye from aqueous media where its adsorption capacity is 1201.42 mg/g. The adsorption process of eriochrome black T dye obeys the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model. Also, the adsorption process of eriochrome black T dye is endothermic, chemical, and spontaneous. The analytical influences that achieved the highest % removal of eriochrome black T dye are observed at pH 2, contact time = 140 min, and temperature = 318 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel applications using a portable and wireless sensor system (e-nose) for the wine producing industry—The recognition and classification of musts coming from different grape ripening times and from different grape varieties—Are reported in this paper. These applications are very interesting because a lot of varieties of grapes produce musts with low and similar aromatic intensities so they are very difficult to distinguish using a sensory panel. Therefore the system could be used to monitor the ripening evolution of the different types of grapes and to assess some useful characteristics, such as the identification of the grape variety origin and to prediction of the wine quality. Ripening grade of collected samples have been also evaluated by classical analytical techniques, measuring physicochemical parameters, such as, pH, Brix, Total Acidity (TA) and Probable Grade Alcoholic (PGA). The measurements were carried out for two different harvests, using different red (Barbera, Petit Verdot, Tempranillo, and Touriga) and white (Malvar, Malvasía, Chenin Blanc, and Sauvignon Blanc) grape musts coming from the experimental cellar of the IMIDRA at Madrid. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) have been used to analyse the obtained data by e-nose. In addition, and the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) method has been carried out to correlate the results obtained by both technologies.

The proposal here presented, which constitutes a part of works in progress, is based on the dialogical theory of language and includes an integrated treatment of the strictest textual-linguistic plan (the so called textual materiality) and of the broader enunciative plan. In this regard, the specific interest of the proposal is to present parameters for a discursive-linguistic work that consider, at the same time, the word in the language system (the level of meaning) and utterances effectively produced (the level of sense) for examining how meanings in the language system are appropriated by discourses and serve to establish senses in enunciations. This conception is based on the idea that words have not a given-for-all sense, but acquire sense precisely in the contexts of use, in which there happen interactions involving specific interlocutors, in activity spheres, and by means of speech genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this work was to investigate, in a systematic way, the influence of the controlled modulation of the particle size distribution of a representative solid sample with respect to the more relevant analytical parameters of the Direct Solid Analysis (DSA) by Total-reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) quantitative method. In particular, accuracy, uncertainty, linearity and detection limits were correlated with the main parameters of their size distributions for the following elements; Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ba and Pb. In all cases strong correlations were finded. The main conclusion of this work can be resumed as follows; the modulation of particles shape to lower average sizes next to a minimization of the width of particle size distributions, produce a strong increment of accuracy, minimization of uncertainties and limit of detections for DSA-TXRF methodology. These achievements allow the future use of the DSA-TXRF analytical methodology for development of ISO norms and standardized protocols for the direct analysis of solids by mean of TXRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenic represent a very interesting group of aromatic substances. They occur in aromatic grapevine cultivars and create muscat and flower aromas. In 2013, their contents as well as contents of other aromatic substances were determined in juices made of the Moravian Muscat cultivar after 5, 12 and 24 of maceration. Pedigree: Muscat Ottonel x Prachtraube. As Control, fresh juice analysed immediately after the pressing was used. The aim of this experiment was to find out which terpenic compounds are present in grapes of this cultivar and which length of maceration would be the most suitable for making wine. Attention was paid also to levels of monoterpens, phenols, ethyls, alcohols and acids as well as to basic analytical parameters. Results of a chemical analysis indicated that an optimum is the maceration of grapes for 24 hours because after this time interval the highest amount of terpenic substances was released. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) can overcome drawbacks associated with oral drug delivery, by defeating natural physiological principles. Various gastroretentive technologies have been developed in the past, but few of them achieved commercial success. Numerous mechanisms like floating, sinking, effervescence, swelling, bioadhesion, magnetic, etc. have been proposed over the years. At present, the polymeric swellings monolithic systems are popular. Dual working technology would be a possible way to overcome drawbacks associated with different GRDDS. Before development of a drug product, the principles of scale-up and process validation must be considered to improve the quality and market availability of GRDDS. Knowledge of all regulatory aspects will help deliver a product to the market within a reasonable time-frame and in a cost-effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fe 3 O 4 -Ti 3 AlC 2 Max Phase has been synthesized used magnetic solid phase extraction of trace metals. • All the parameters that effect extraction efficiency were determined and optimized. • Certified reference materials were used for method validation. • The method was applied to water and food samples. In this work, we report the preparation of Fe 3 O 4 -Ti 3 AlC 2 max phase impregnated with 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo-5-(diethylamino) phenol) and its implementation for the extraction of cadmium, lead and cobalt from water and food samples. Blended Fe 3 O 4 -Ti 3 AlC 2 max phase impregnated with 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo-5-(diethylamino) phenol) was characterized using different instrumental techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area analyser (SAA), energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-rays diffraction (XRD) for surface morphology, surface region, elemental composition, functional group and crystallinity, respectively. Factors that impact the % recoveries of analyte i.e pH, sample volume, vortex time, desorption condition and matrix impact were optimized. Analytical parameters like limit of detection (LOD) (Cd: 0.093 µg/L, Pb: 0.297 µg/L, Co: 0.223 µg/L), limit of quantifications (LOQ) (Cd: 0.310 µg/L, Pb: 0.992 µg/L, Co: 0.744 µg/L) preconcentration factors (PF) (Cd = Pb = Co: 40), enrichment factors (EF) (Cd: 39.8, Pb: 39, Co: 40) and relative standard deviation (RSD) (Cd: 3.8, Pb: 5.98, Co: 4.0) were determined under optimized trial conditions. The proposed strategy was tested using certified reference materials like TMDA-64.3 natural water and tobacco leaves (INCT-OBTL-5) for trace metal analysis. The developed strategy was also applied effectively to natural water samples and food samples using the standard addition method with good recovery results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists seek to synthesize new catalysts with simple methods to treat water pollution from organic dyes using photocatalytic degradation technology. In this technology, when light falls on the catalyst, the produced hydroxyl free radicals convert the dye into non-toxic gases such as CO 2 and H 2 O. So, in this work, copper oxalate/cobalt oxalate/manganese oxalate (Abbreviated as P 1) and copper oxide/cobalt manganese oxide/manganese oxide (Abbreviated as P 2) new nanocomposites were fabricated via precipitation of Cu2+/Co2+/Mn2+ solution using oxalic acid and ignition of precipitate at 550 °C for 4 hrs, respectively. Some tools, involving X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectrophotometer, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), nitrogen gas sorption analyzer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), were used for characterizing the fabricated nanocomposites. The EDX spectra confirmed that the P 1 composite consist of C (26.28 %), oxygen (46.66 %), manganese (7.27 %), cobalt (7.59 %), and copper (12.20 %). Also, the P 2 composite consist of oxygen (8.23 %), manganese (31.34 %), cobalt (27.19 %), and copper (33.24 %). A transmission electron microscope shows that the P 1 and P 2 composites consist of polyhedral and spherical shapes with an average diameter of 28.13 and 14.37 nm, respectively. The BET surface area, average pore size, and total pore volume of the P 1 composite are 29.0725 m2/g, 2.0749 nm, and 0.0302 cc/g, respectively. Besides, the BET surface area, average pore size, and total pore volume of the P 2 composite are 58.1088 m2/g, 1.6087 nm, 0.0467 cc/g, respectively. 60 mg of the synthesized nanocomposites completely decompose 60 mL of 15 mg/L of malachite green dye solution within 20 min in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and UV light. The synthesized catalysts outperformed many other catalysts published in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel applications using a portable and wireless sensor system (e-nose) for the wine producing industry--The recognition and classification of musts coming from different grape ripening times and from different grape varieties--Are reported in this paper. These applications are very interesting because a lot of varieties of grapes produce musts with low and similar aromatic intensities so they are very difficult to distinguish using a sensory panel. Therefore the system could be used to monitor the ripening evolution of the different types of grapes and to assess some useful characteristics, such as the identification of the grape variety origin and to prediction of the wine quality. Ripening grade of collected samples have been also evaluated by classical analytical techniques, measuring physicochemical parameters, such as, pH, Brix, Total Acidity (TA) and Probable Grade Alcoholic (PGA). The measurements were carried out for two different harvests, using different red (Barbera, Petit Verdot, Tempranillo, and Touriga) and white (Malvar, Malvasía, Chenin Blanc, and Sauvignon Blanc) grape musts coming from the experimental cellar of the IMIDRA at Madrid. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) have been used to analyse the obtained data by e-nose. In addition, and the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) method has been carried out to correlate the results obtained by both technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We compared the differential pulse voltammetric performance of various chemically modified graphenes (CMGs) to those of glassy carbon (GC) and edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG), using a biologically important analyte, uric acid. Analytical parameters of sensitivity, linearity, repeatability and selectivity were considered. Graphite oxide, graphene oxide, chemically reduced graphene oxide, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TR-GO) were studied. TR-GO showed the highest sensitivity and selectivity, but among the poorest linearity and reproducibility. The other CMGs generally demonstrated more sensitive but less selective and reproducible responses than GC and EPPG. These results will enhance our understanding of the applicability of CMGs in biosensing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Determination of the main phytosterols (Ps, β-sitosterol and campesterol) and cholesterol precursors (desmosterol and lathosterol) in human serum using a simple GC-FID method has been validated. Direct saponification, without lipid extraction, sterols extraction, and further derivatization was applied to samples prior to GC analysis. To evaluate the method, a pool of serum samples from eight healthy women was used. Good linearity ( r>0.99) was found in the assay range: β-sitosterol (0.99-17.82 µg/mL), campesterol (0.14-10.8 µg/mL), desmosterol (0.17-2.6 µg/mL), and lathosterol (0.6-5.97 µg/mL). Limits of detection (ng/mL) were: 86 (β-sitosterol), 42 (campesterol), 4 (desmosterol), and 44 (lathosterol). Accuracy, estimated by recovery assays (%), were: 113 (β-sitosterol), 114 (campesterol), 111 (desmosterol), and 102 (lathosterol). Within and between precision values (%), expressed as the relative SD (RSD), were: 2.6 and 8.1 (β-sitosterol), 1.6 and 7.2 (campesterol), 2.1 and 7.9 (desmosterol), and 4.1 and 5.8 (lathosterol), respectively. The developed methodology allowed fast (1-day analysis) and reliable quantification of sterols in serum, required a small volume of sample and reduced use of solvents. It therefore could be used in clinical assays for the determination of serum sterols, as in evaluating the pharmacological response to lipid-lowering agents, and in assessing biological responses to Ps-enriched diets. Practical applications: This methodology allows fast and reliable quantification of sterols in serum, requiring a small volume of sample and reduced use of solvents. It can be used as a routine method for the quantification of phytosterols and cholesterol precursors in clinical assays, and it is also suitable for monitoring biological responses to health-promoting phytosterol-enriched diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reports on the electroanalytical parameters of single – (SWCNT), double – (DWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) compared with the standard, well defined surfaces of glassy carbon (GC) and edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes. Such parameters include repeatability, sensitivity and linearity of the analytical response, and selectivity of the materials using differential pulse voltammetry in two important biological compounds; uric acid and guanine. In terms of repeatability, all CNTs demonstrate extremely poor RSD values; only those for GC and EPPG are deemed analytically acceptable. The final parameter, selectivity, demonstrated that in both uric acid and guanine, some CNTs showed the lowest peak width; however they had an exceptionally high RSD compared with GC. One might wonder whether it is worth using CNTs at all when glassy carbon can give considerably more consistent results. This is an especially pressing issue for the real world, such as in industrial applications of electrochemical sensors, where the reliability is absolutely crucial. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Poor flavor in tomato fruit is a serious consumer concern. It could be said that tomato flavor has declined as variety selection and tomato production has placed emphasis on yield, fruit size, firmness, disease resistance, and processing performance and not on aspects of organoleptic fruit quality. Consumers frequently associate recent varieties with a lack of flavor, although such an association has not been proven. We have reviewed the scarce available literature on the influence of recent genetic improvement on quality attributes of tomato. As a case study, we have analyzed several parameters related to fruit quality in some traditional Spanish cultivars and commercial F1 hybrids of tomato. Organic acids and sugars were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sodium (Na), potassium (P), and phosphorus (K) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Levels of respiration and ethylene production were measured, and fruit firmness was determined using a texture analyzer. All determinations were performed at two maturity stages, representing two frequent consumption stages. Differences between traditional cultivars and hybrids were found for respiration rates, ethylene production, P and K fruit contents. We also found important differences between “old” and “modern” cultivars for their organic acids profile. All cultivars showed similar levels of malic and succinic acids, but the modern hybrids showed a ∼⃒75% higher content of citric acid. This could be due to the F1 hybrids carrying chromosomal segments recently introgressed from wild Lycopersicon species. The influence of recent genetic improvement on quality attributes of tomato fruit is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the optimal choice of algorithmic filter and the evaluation of smoothing effects in voltammetry is studied. The basic idea of the optimization is an investigation of the improvement of the calibration and the recovery functions parameters during denoising process. The evaluation routine yields the answer in numerical form and may be used for the best filter selection. In order to show how the proposed criterion operates, it was applied to the simulated curves which were peak shaped and distorted by noise of different type and amplitude. Results were compared to the other method based on difference between true and denoised signal. The described tool may be applied for the automatic signal processing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The Poly6 yield criterion is analytically calibrated without any optimization method under associated flow rule. • Two types of calibrations are used: 1) the shear flow stress and the r b value; 2) the stresses under σ xx = 2 σ yy and 2 σ xx = σ yy. • The first calibration is very similar to the reported optimization-based calibration for Yoshida 2013 criterion and the second calibration method is close to Yld2000-2d prediction. • Both methods of calibrating the analytical Poly6 yield criterion are shown to describe the r-value and uniaxial yield stress directionalities accurately. • The proposed analytical method can be conveniently used for sheet metal forming simulation. The present work mainly focuses on the analytical determination of anisotropic parameters for Poly6 yield criterion, which is mathematically equivalent to Yoshida2013 yield function. The parameters of Poly6 yield criterion are expressed with the r-values and yield stresses without any optimization method, which has been successfully applied for highly anisotropic materials. The Poly6 yield criterion is analytically calibrated using two different methods under associated flow rule; i.e, 1) the shear flow stress and r b value and 2) the stresses under σ xx = 2 σ yy and 2 σ xx = σ yy. The first type of analytical calibration from shear stress and r b value is compared with the Yoshida2013 yield criterion whose parameters are obtained from an optimization process, which shows that they are equivalent for describing stress and strain distributions. The yield loci of FCC materials predicted from the second method is similar to Yld2000-2d. Both methods of calibrating the analytical Poly6 yield criterion are shown to describe the r-value and uniaxial yield stress directionalities. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed analytical methods are verified through the selected FCC and BCC materials. The ability to describe the evolutions of materials' anisotropic behaviors with the proposed analytical Poly6 has been verified by applying it to AA5182-O. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]