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Deep Eutectic Liquids (DELs) fall among the rapidly evolving discoveries of the 21

The presence of chlorogenic acid (CGA) not only imparts a characteristic flavour to foods but also makes them useful against chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes, especially diabetes mellitus and asthma.The present study was designed to develop a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and pragmatic method to analyse CGA in plant-based products by applying dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography under a diode array detector (RP-HPLC-DAD).The DLLME was carried out using Triton X-100 as a dispersant and ethanol as an extraction solvent, while method development and validation activities were performed on a Shimadzu 10-AT HPLC-DAD system equipped with C-18 columns as stationary phases.The well-resolved peak for the standard CGA was observed at 2.92 min for the mobile phase comprising 0.1% aqueous formic acid-ethanol (22:78 v/v) of pH 3.0 programmed under an isocratic flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The developed method was found to be linear (RThe developed assay was found to be a QuEChERS and pragmatic choice for the high-throughput analysis of CGA in plant-based products/foods. Finally, the analysis revealed the presence of an ample level of CGA in guava fruit in addition to coffee beans and black tea.

This study presents a pragmatic and easily scalable maceration-mediated liquid–liquid extraction (MMLLE) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)-based determination of Silybins from plant material (Curcuma longa L.). The processing of calibration standards revealed that the RP-HPLC method was linear over a concentration range of 1–100 μg/mL with regression coefficient (R2) > 0.9950, limit of detection 0.02 μg/mL and limit of quantification

This paper puts forward the application of non-ionic surfactant based maceration to mediate the liberation of conjugated phenolics from of spent black tea leaves (SBTL). The maceration conditions including Triton X-100 concentration, temperature, solvent composition, and pH were investigated at various levels to enhance the recovery of phenolic conjugates from SBTL. The optimum conditions embracing 2.8% (w/v) TX-100, 6.9 pH, 35 °C and 75% (v/v) aqueous methanol furnished an extract equal to 34.63 ± 0.15 g/100 g SBTL containing conjugated phenolics up to 267.84 ± 1.38 milligram gallic acid equivalent per g of extract. Moreover, SBTL extracts produced through Maceration Mediated Liquid–Liquid Extraction (MMLLE) were found to be good scavengers of free radicals (IC50 2.60 ± 0.21 μg mL−1) and oxidants (135.94 ± 0.02 μM Trolox Equivalents per g of extract). RP-HPLC-DAD characterization revealed the presence of esters of gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids as major conjugated constituents. Overall, MMLLE was found to be an intelligent and easily scalable technique for the recovery of conjugated phenolics from SBTL.

This contribution proposes an enzyme-assisted eco-friendly process for the extraction of non-extractable polyphenols (NEPPs) from black tea leftover (BTLO), an underutilized tea waste. BTLO hydrolyzed with various enzyme formulations was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvent (SC-CO2 + EtOH). A conventional solvent extraction (CSE) was performed using EtOH + H2O (80:20, v/v) for comparison purposes. The results revealed that hydrolysis of BTLO with 2.9% (w/w) kemzyme at 45 °C and pH 5.4 for 98 min improved the liberation of NEPPs offering 5-fold higher extract yield (g/100 g) as compared with non-treated BTLO. In vitro antioxidant evaluation and LC-MS characterization of extracts revealed the presence of phenolic acids (mainly caffeic and para-coumaric acid) of high antioxidant value. Scanning electron micrograph of the hydrolyzed BTLO samples indicated noteworthy changes in the ultrastructure of BTLO. Moreover, polyphenol extracts obtained by SC-CO2 + EtOH extraction were found to be cleaner and richer in polyphenols as compared to CSE. The devised enzyme-assisted SC-CO2 + EtOH extraction process in the present work can be explored as an effective biotechnological mean for the optimal recovery of antioxidant polyphenols.

The present study was planned to optimize and validate an expedient reverse-phase high chromatography (RP-HPLC) based protocol for the analysis of deferoxamine (DFO) and ferrioxamine (FO) in urinary execration of patients suffering β-thalassemia major. The optimized RP-HPLC method was found to be linear over the wide range of DFO and FO concentration (1-90 μg/mL) with appreciable recovery rates (79.64-97.30%) of quality controls at improved detection and quantitation limits and acceptable inter and intraday variability. Real-time analysis of DFO and FO in the urine of thalassemic patients (male and female) at different intervals of Desferal®(Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation) injection revealed DFO and FO excretion at significantly (p < 0) different rates. The maximum concentrations of DFO (76.7 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and FO (74.2 ± 3.25 μg/mL) were found in urine samples, collected after 6 h of drug infusion while the minimum levels of DFO (1.10 ± 0.12 μg/mL) and FO (2.97 ± 0.13 μg/mL) were excreted by patients after 24 h. The present paper offers balanced conditions for an expedient, reliable and quick determination of DFO and FO in urine samples.