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Context: Pelvic-drop exercises are often used to strengthen the gluteus medius (GM) muscle with the aim of increasing or prioritizing its recruitment. However, the effect of hip rotation on the performance of the action of the GM is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effect of hip rotation on the recruitment of the GM, tensor fasciae latae (TFL), and quadratus lumborum (QL). Method: Seventeen healthy subjects performed 2 sets of 4 repetitions of pelvic-drop exercise in random order with pelvic-drop lateral, medial, and neutral rotation of the hip. Main Outcome Measures: The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the GM, TFL, and QL was evaluated using surface electromyography. Results: There were significant increases in the activation of the GM with medial and neutral rotation compared with lateral rotation (P = .03, P = .01, respectively), and there was no difference between medial and neutral rotation (P = 1.00). There was no difference in EMG activity of the TFL and QL in any of the positions. The GM:TFL ratio was the same in all analyzed positions. Regarding the GM:QL ratio, there was a significant increase with medial rotation compared with lateral rotation (P = .02). Conclusions: Pelvic-drop exercises are more efficient for activating the GM when the hip is in medial rotation and neutral position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who are obese sustain very high foot pressures when standing, with potential consequences to their feet soles' cutaneous sensibility. In the current investigation, we performed a detailed assessment of foot sole sensibility in women with morbid obesity (n = 13; age = 38.85, SD = 8.09 years) status in comparison with leaner women (n = 13; age = 37.62, SD = 7.10 years). We estimated tactile feet sole sensibility through graduated monofilament light touch applied at several hotspots of both feet soles, covering the toes, metatarsal heads, midfoot internal and lateral arches, and heel. Intergroup comparisons per foot sole region indicated significantly lower sensibility for the group with morbid obesity under the fifth and third metatarsal heads, midfoot lateral and internal arches and heel. We found a large variation across the sole regions, with the lowest difference between the obese and lean groups observed under the hallux (18%) and the largest difference observed under the lateral arch of the midfoot (76%). Correlation analyses between body weight and sensibility scores revealed a significant positive correlation among participants who were leaner (r s = 0.56, p = 0.05) but not among participants who were obese (r s = –0.06, p = 0.83). Mainly, our results showed that morbid obesity was associated with significantly higher cutaneous sensibility thresholds, with large variability of the sensibility deficit across different regions of both feet soles. Due to its functional relevance for body balance control, reduced sensibility thresholds among women who are morbidly obese may have implications for stance stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 139 family caregivers in two community health center areas in the city of Belo Horizonte, located in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between level of care dependency and quality of life (QOL) of family caregivers. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Barthel Index for assessing patients' care dependency level, and the World Health Organization's Quality of Life–BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) for evaluating family caregivers' QOL were used. Patients' care dependency level was not significantly associated with family caregivers' QOL. However, the QOL decreased when family caregivers had chronic disease and were dependent on public health care services, and increased when they received caregiver education and practiced a leisure activity. These factors are modifiable or controllable; therefore, family health nurses have an important role in formulating strategies to support family caregivers, especially those related to health education aimed at health care, health promotion, control, and prevention of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to investigate the interaction between the climate indices precipitation concentration degree (PCD), precipitation concentration period (PCP), and oceanic patterns associated with drought disasters in the Northeast of Brazil (NEB). The average values of drought disasters were situated at the semi-arid zone, while the hotspots between 95 and 99% of significance were more centralized, particularly in the states of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Pernambuco, where significant areas were located. The PCD patterns showed that precipitation was concentrated in the north of this region and the wettest quarter happened from February to April, in accordance with PCP patterns. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) A showed evidence of the variability of PDC and PCP in relation to the well-known variability modes of the oceans. However, only two areas of NEB presented statistical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeast Brazil's semiarid region is characterized by water deficit. However, little is known about the trends in joint water loss by evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration) in the region. Thus, this study aimed to analyze indications on the linear trend of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in the monthly, annual, and interdecadal scales in irrigated agricultural areas in the microregions of Juazeiro, Bahia State (9° 24' S; 40° 26' W and 375.5 m), and Petrolina, Pernambuco State (09° 09' S, 40° 22' W, and 376 m). For this purpose, we used a set of daily meteorological data, collected from January 1, 1976, to December 31, 2014. Daily ET0 values were estimated by the FAO's Penman-Monteith equation (ET0PM). The main statistical tests used were the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test, the Sen test to detect the magnitude of the trend, and the Pettitt test to detect the start of the trend. For all tests, statistical significance was 5% and/or 1%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also applied to identify significant differences between the mean interdecadal values for each season. The results showed a significant decreasing trend for ET0 in both Juazeiro (α = 5%) and Petrolina (α = 1%), with declines of 14.5 mm/year (Juazeiro) and 7.7 mm/year (Petrolina) and that this trend started in 1996. Probably, the ET0 decrease was associated with the increase in the irrigated agricultural areas, and the lake formed upstream from the areas by the construction of Sobradinho Dam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of a multisensory exercise programme on the cognition and functionality of institutionalized older adults. Methods: Forty‐five volunteers were randomly allocated to 2 groups, the multisensory exercise programme (n = 24) and the control group that received no treatment (n = 21). The programme consisted of 3 50‐min sessions of progressive exercises per week for 16 weeks that challenged their strength, balance, coordination, multisensory stimulation, and flexibility in different tasks. Cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), balance (Berg Scale), mobility (Timed Up and Go), and functional performance (Physical Performance Test) were measured preintervention and postintervention. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t test and 2‐way ANOVA. Results: The multisensory exercise programme showed statistically significant improvements (p < .05) on cognition (effect size [ES]: 0.92), balance (ES: 0.77), mobility (ES: 0.51), and functional performance (ES: 0.86) as compared with the control group, which showed no statistical significant differences at the postintervention time point. Conclusions: The multisensory exercise programme improved the cognition and functionality of institutionalized older adults. The introduction of a motor and multisensory‐based approach in care routines may improve residents' health and engagement to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Beneficial effects of green tea (GT) polyphenols against obesity have been reported. However, until this moment the molecular mechanisms of how green tea can modulate obesity and regulates fat metabolism, particularly in adipose tissue, remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of GT extract in the adipose tissue of obese animals and its effect on weight gain, metabolism and function (de novo lipogenesis and lipolysis), and the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Methods and results: Male Wistar rats were treated with GT by gavage (12 weeks/5 days/week; 500 mg/kg of body weight), and obesity was induced by cafeteria diet (8 weeks). Here, we show that obese rats treated with GT showed a significant reduction in indicators of obesity such as hyperlipidemia, fat synthesis, body weight, and fat depots as compared to those treated with standard control diet. AMPK was induced in adipose tissue in rats that were treated with GT and likely restored insulin sensitivity, increased mRNA expression of GLUT4, reducing the concentrations of plasma and liver lipid content, also stimulating fatty acid oxidation in the same tissue. Importantly, repression of de novo lipogenesis in the adipose tissue, reduced lipid droplets in the liver, and the development of insulin resistance in diet-induced obese rats were accompanied by AMPK activation. Conclusion: Our study identified that metabolic changes caused by GT intake induced AMPK activation and modulate the expression of genes involved in metabolism, particularly in adipose tissue, thus offering a therapeutic strategy to combat insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Therapeutic high-frequency ultrasound, microcurrent, and a combination of the two have been used as potential interventions in the soft tissue healing process, but little is known about their effect on the immune system. Objective: To evaluate the effects of therapeutic high frequency ultrasound, microcurrent, and the combined therapy of the two on the size of the wound area, peritoneal macrophage function, CD4+ and CD8+, T lymphocyte populations, and plasma concentration of interleukins (ILs). Method: Sixty-five Wistar rats were randomized into five groups, as follows: uninjured control (C, group 1), lesion and no treatment (L, group 2), lesion treated with ultrasound (LU, group 3), lesion treated with microcurrent (LM, group 4), and lesion treated with combined therapy (LUM, group 5). For groups 3,4 and 5, treatment was initiated 24 hours after surgery under anesthesia and each group was allocated into three different subgroups (n=5) to allow for the use of the different therapy resources at on days 3, 7 and 14 Photoplanimetry was performed daily. After euthanasia, blood was collected for immune analysis. Results: Ultrasound increased the phagocytic capacity and the production of nitric oxide by macrophages and induced the reduction of CD4+ cells, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the plasma concentration of IL-1β. Microcurrent and combined therapy decreased the production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, CD4+-positive cells, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and IL-1β concentration. Conclusions: Therapeutic high-frequency ultrasound, microcurrent, and combined therapy changed the activity of the innate and adaptive immune system during healing process but did not accelerate the closure of the wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the acute cardiovascular responses during and after resistance exercise with and without whole-body vibration. Nineteen sedentary adults randomly performed one session of isometric squats without vibration and the same exercise with vibration. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured. SBP, DBP and HR were also measured for 20 min after the sessions. The exercise with vibration demonstrated significant values ​​(P< 0.05) for SBP (second to sixth sets), DBP (third to sixth sets) and SVR (second to sixth sets) compared with the exercise without vibration. After the sessions, the values ​​of SBP for both exercises were significantly lower than the respective resting values; with no difference between the sessions. In conclusion, exercise with vibration caused increases in SBP, DBP and SVR compared with exercise with no vibration in sedentary adults. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to verify the factorial and internal validity of the Brazilian version of Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2) and compare the main reasons for exercise training considering the contexts of health clubs and personal training. A total of 588 exercisers of Pelotas city / RS / Brazil (405 from health clubs and 183 from personal training) filled the EMI-2, which consists of 51 items grouped into 14 motives (factors) for exercise. The factorial validity of the EMI-2 was tested by conducting confirmatory factorial analyzes and the internal validity by computing Cronbach's alpha. To verify the effect of the context on the motives it was used the MANOVA test and calculated the effect-size. The results obtained support the EMI-2 original structure of 14 factors in this sample. There was a significant mul-tivariate effect of the context on the motives for exercising [Wilks' λ = 0.912, F(14, 573.000) = 3.9, p < 0.001, η² = 0.088]. The motives of "Pleasure", "Strength and Endurance", "Challenge", "Socialization", "Competition" and "Social Recognition" were significantly higher in the context of health clubs and the motives of "Agility" and "Prevention of Diseases" were significantly higher in the context of personal training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of topical retinoids to treat skin disorders and ageing can induce local reactions, while oral retinoids are potent teratogens and produce several unwanted effects. This way, efforts to explore complementary care resources should be supported. Based on this, we evaluate the antiageing effects of a supercritical CO2 extract from Bidens pilosa L. (BPE-CO2A) containing a standardized multicomponent mixture of phytol, linolenic, palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids. BPE-CO2A was assessed for its effects on human dermal fibroblasts (TGF-β1 and FGF levels using ELISA; collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan by colorimetric assays, and mRNA expression of RXR, RAR, and EGFr by qRT-PCR) and human skin fragments (RAR, RXR, collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan by immunohistochemical analysis). Levels of extracellular matrix elements, TGF-β1 and FGF, and EGFr gene expression were significantly increased by BPE-CO2A. The modulation of RXR and RAR was positively demonstrated after the treatment with BPE-CO2A or phytol, a component of BPE-CO2A. The effects produced by BPE-CO2A were similar to or better than those produced by retinol and retinoic acid. The ability to stimulate extracellular matrix elements, increase growth factors, and modulate retinoid and rexinoid receptors provides a basis for the development of preparation containing BPE-CO2A as an antiageing/skin-repair agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of antagonist passive static stretching (AS) during the inter-set rest period on repetition performance and muscle activation. Ten trained men (22.4 ± 0.9 years) participated in this study. Two protocols were adopted: Passive recovery (PR) – three sets to repetition failure were performed for the seated row (SR) with two-minute rest interval between sets without pre-exercise stretching; AS – forty seconds of stretching was applied to pectoralis major prior to each set of SR. Significant increases in the number of repetitions were noted under AS compared with PR (p < 0.05). Significant increases on latissimus dorsi (p = 0.002) and biceps brachii (p = 0.001) muscle activity were noted inter-sets under the AS compared with the PR condition. Therefore, the AS adopted during the inter-set rest period may enhance repetition performance and activation of agonist muscles in an acute manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Vast numbers of plant species from northeastern Brazil have not yet been phytochemically or biologically evaluated. Aim of the study The goal of this work was to obtain, characterize and show the antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and acetone–water extracts of Libidibia ferrea, Parapiptadenia rigida and Psidium guajava. Materials and methods The plant material (100 g) was dried, and the crude extracts were obtained by using turbo-extraction (10%; w/v) with water or acetone:water (7:3, v/v) as the extraction solvent. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to screen the crude extracts for hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid) and condensed tannins (catechins). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar-diffusion and microdilution methods against Gram-positive strains ( Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis INCQS 00016, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and a clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) as well as Gram-negative strains ( Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enteritidis INCQS 00258, Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella pneumoniae ). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, a leukocyte migration model was used. Analgesic activity was determined by the hot plate test and the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 5%. Results Parapiptadenia rigida presented the highest amount of total polyphenols (35.82±0.20%), while the greatest catechin content was found in the acetone–water extract of Psidium guajava (EAWPg; 1.04 μg/g). The largest amounts of catechins were found in the aqueous extract of Libidibia ferrea (EALf; 1.07 μg/g) and the acetone–water extract of Parapiptadenia rigida (EAWPr; 1.0 μg/g). All extracts showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The aqueous and acetone–water extracts of Psidium guajava showed the greatest inhibition zones in the agar diffusion tests. In the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the most susceptible Gram-positive bacterium was Staphylococcus epidermidis and the most susceptible Gram-negative bacterium was Shigella flexneri . EAPg and EAWPg showed the greatest MIC values. All extracts were significant inhibitors of leukocyte migration ( p <0.05). Using the writhing test, significant analgesic activity was found for EAPr (50 mg/kg), EAWPr (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and EAWPg (50 mg/kg) ( p <0.05). Conclusions Thus, the appropriate extraction procedure preserves the chemical components such as gallic acid and catechin, and showed antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the body composition and bone mineral density of elite Brazilian soccer players and compared its differences according to the player position. Eighty-two soccer players competing at Brazilian first division were split according to their field positions: Goalkeepers (GK, n= 10), Backfielders (BF, n= 10), Lateral-midfielders (LM, n= 15), Central-midfielders (CM, n= 25), Forwards (FW, n= 22), and a Control Group (CG, n= 72) of university students. To estimate fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), percentage of body fat (%FM), fat free mass of legs (FFM-Legs) and bone mineral density (BMD), a DEXA was selected. The positions LM (10.5 ± 5.2), CM (9.7 ± 4.0) and FW (9.9 ± 4.4) had lower values of FM and %FM than the GK (17.3 ± 6.0) and the control group (15.0 ± 5.3). Compared to the other positions, FFM was higher in the GK (68.2 ± 10.9) and BF (64.6 ± 6.8) (p< 0.05). All the soccer players were different from the CG (p< 0.05). Soccer players have an FFM, FFM-Legs and BMD significantly higher and FM and %FM lower than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose The evidence of the benefits from regular physical activity to hypertensives is based on dry land training studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effect of aquatic exercise with dry land training on hypertensive women. Methods This is a randomized controlled study with 52 post-menopausal hypertensive women. The patients were randomly allocated in three groups: water aerobic training group ( n = 19), dry land aerobic training group ( n = 19) and a non-intervention control group ( n = 14). The training protocol was performed by 12 weeks. Results There were no differences among the three groups concerning basal blood pressure (BP) and biochemical variables. In water group, there was a statistically significant reduction of systolic BP from 136 ± 16 mm Hg at zero week to 124 ± 18 mm Hg at 11th week and 124 ± 15 mm Hg at 12th week. In dry land training group, there was a statistically significant reduction of systolic BP from 138 ± 15 mm Hg at zero week to 125 ± 10 mm Hg at 7th week, 127 ± 10 mm Hg at 10th week and 126 ± 9 mm Hg at 12th week. The control group presented no change in any of the assessed variables. No changes were carried out in any antihypertensive medications during study. Discussion This is a randomized controlled study that demonstrates the antihypertensive efficacy of aerobic aquatic exercise. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research which was conducted to compare the cardiorespiratory responses of young women at first ventilatory threshold (VT1), second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and at maximum effort (MAX) who performed water aerobic exercises or used a treadmill. Researchers evaluated 20 women. They found that at MAX intensity, oxygen uptake was higher with the treadmill than with water aerobics.

This study investigated maximal and submaximal performance (power output) and physiological responses (oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate concentration) of eight male rowers to two different incremental tests to exhaustion performed either in a rowing ergometer without (regular) or with the slide, as well as to a 2000 m race simulation, conducted in a randomized order. Peak oxygen uptake (O2peak) was statistically higher (3.4%) in the regular test (5.18 ± 0.44 L.min−1) compared with the slide condition (5.01 ± 0.37 L.min−1;P= 0.005). Time for the on-water race simulation was significantly correlated with the slope of theO2-power relationship in the slide condition (r= –0.73,P= 0.043) andO2peakduring the test in the slide condition was correlated to meanO2at the on-water race simulation (r = 0.78; P = 0.024). Thus, the use of the slide is more beneficial than the regular test when evaluating rowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of two dietary patterns in which carbohydrates and proteins were eaten mostly at lunch or dinner on body weight and composition, energy metabolism, and biochemical markers in overweight/obese men. Methods: Fifty-eight men (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 30.8 ± 2.4 kg/m) followed a covert hypocaloric balanced diet (−10 % of daily energy requirements) during 8 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: control diet (CT); diurnal carbohydrate/nocturnal protein (DCNP); and nocturnal carbohydrate/diurnal protein (NCDP). Main analyzed outcomes were weight loss, body composition, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and glucose/lipid profile. Results: In all groups, a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and fat mass (kg and %) was verified, without differences between groups. Interestingly, within group analyses showed that the fat-free mass (kg) significantly decreased in NCDP and in CT after 8-week intervention, but not in DCNP. A detrimental increase in fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA) was verified only in DCNP, while NCDP and CT groups presented a non-significant reduction. Moreover, significant differences between DCNP and the other groups were detected for fasting insulin and HOMA. After the adjustments, NCDP presented a significantly higher DIT and energy expenditure after lunch, compared with DCNP, but after dinner, there were no differences among groups. Conclusion: Eating carbohydrates mostly at dinner and protein mostly at lunch within a hypocaloric balanced diet had similar effect on body composition and biochemical markers, but higher effect on DIT compared with control diet. Moreover, eating carbohydrates mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner had a deleterious impact on glucose homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research is presented that examined the effects of a 21-week competitive season on 34 child soccer players' salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) response and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms. The study found that the demands of training and competition affected the children's mucosal immune responses.

Objective: to compare the ability and performance of Basic Activities of Daily Living of dependent elderly individuals cared for in a geriatric healthcare center. Method: cross-sectional, observational study with quantitative approach. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was applied in 109 elderly individuals cared for in a geriatric healthcare center. Of these, 60 individuals were classified as dependent in the case of basic activities of daily living described according to the International Classification of Functionality, Disability and Health (ICF). The process of triangulation reinforced reliability of data, which included information provided by patients and caregivers and that contained in medical files and objective assessment. Results: the average age was 81.0±7.1 with a predominance of women. The difference between ability and performance was statistically significant (p<0.05) in most daily tasks. Conclusion: the contribution of this study in using ICF was semi-quantitatively interpreting its qualifiers, which enabled more objective comparisons and inferences, and revealed a clear distance between the performance and ability of these individuals in most of the assessed activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses changes in repeated-sprint ability performance in elite handball players following high-intensity, heavy load postactivation potentiation half-squat conditioning exercises. Faster sprint times were found in subjects with prior conditioning exercises than those performing only warm-up exercises, suggesting a relationship between muscular strength and power and sprint performance in high-intensity intermittent sports.

The article discusses research conducted to compare the effects passive warm-up (PW), whole-body vibration (WBV), and control (C) had on high-intensity performance during sprint cycle exercise. Researchers evaluated six men. They found that peak power, relative power, relative work, time of peak power, and pedaling cadence were significantly higher in the WBV compared with that for C and that WBV was an effective way to increase in performance during sprint cycle exercise.

Abstract: A stimulatory effect of apigenin-6-C-β-fucopyranoside (1) on glucose uptake was observed when rat soleus muscle was incubated with 1, 10 and 100μM of this flavonoid glycoside. The presence of specific insulin signaling inhibitors, such as wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), RO318220, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), and HNMPA(AM)3, an insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity inhibitor showed that apigenin-6-C-β-fucopyranoside triggers different metabolic pathways in skeletal muscle. The oral administration of crude extract, fractions and isolated flavonoids (apigenin-6-C-β-fucopyranoside (1) and apigenin-6-C-(2″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-fucopyranoside (2)) from Averrhoa carambola leaves exhibited a potential hypoglycemic activity in hyperglycemic normal rats. Additionally, both flavonoids significantly increased the muscle and liver glycogen content after an acute treatment. The results indicate that A. carambola can be regarded as a potent antihyperglycemic agent with insulin secretagogue and insulin mimetic properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate and compare partial range of motion vs. full range-of motion upper-body resistance training on strength and muscle thickness (MT) in young men. Researchers evaluated 40 male subject. They found that while muscle strength and MT can be improved with both full and partial resistance training, full resistance may lead to greater strength gains.

The purpose of this study was to compare repetition maximum performance and ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise sessions conducted at a low intensity (i.e., 20RM) and in different exercise orders. Twenty-one recreationally trained men performed two total body resistance exercise sessions in opposite orders; each exercise was performed for three sets with 2 minutes passive rest between sets and exercises. The results indicated significantly greater total repetitions for each exercise when performed near the beginning of a sequence and for the first set of each exercise, irrespective of the sequence. The ratings of perceived exertion, however, were not significantly different between sequences. In conclusion, repetition maximum performance for resistance exercise sessions conducted at a low intensity is significantly different based on exercise order. Therefore, when performing high repetitions with relatively low intensity loads, exercises should be prioritized based on individual needs and sports-specific movement patterns for greater volume and potential for the desired neuromuscular adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on research which was conducted to compare the internal load responses (session rating of perceived exertion [RPE] and salivary cortisol) in players between simulated and official basketball matches (SM and OM). Researchers evaluated 10 players. They found that there was a greater magnitude of cortisol and session RPE responses after OM as compared with that after SM.

Aim The aim of this 5-years longitudinal study was to investigate the pattern and rate of periodontal attachment loss ( PAL) progression in an urban population in South Brazil. Methods In 2001, a multistage probability sampling strategy was used to derive a representative sample of 1,465 dentate individuals from Porto Alegre, Brazil. Five years later, 697 dentate individuals (294 M/403 F, mean age: 37.9 ± 13.3) were available for follow-up. PAL was assessed by calibrated examiners using a full-mouth protocol. Estimates of proximal PAL progression and standard errors ( SE) are reported. Results Fifty-six per cent ( SE: 1.9) and 36% ( SE: 1.8) of subjects showed PAL progression ≥3 mm affecting ≥2 and ≥4 teeth respectively. PAL progression ≥3 mm was mostly localized affecting 3.8 ( SE: 0.2) teeth and 5.7 ( SE: 0.3) sites. Annual PAL progression was, on average, 0.3 mm ( SE: 0.01). Significant differences in PAL progression were observed according to age, gender, race and socioeconomic status. PAL progression increased with age reaching the highest progression rate in the 40-49 years cohort, and then decreased in older age groups. PAL progression was consistently higher among males and non-Whites than females and whites. Conclusion A large proportion of this urban Brazilian sample was affected by PAL progression underscoring the need for health promotion initiatives aiming at preventing progression of destructive periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the long term, acute patellar dislocations can result in patellar instability, with high recurrence rates after nonoperative treatment.Purpose: To compare the results of operative (reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament [MPFL]) versus nonoperative treatment of primary patellar dislocation.Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.Methods: Thirty-nine patients (41 knees) (mean age, 24.2 years; range, 12-38 years) with acute patellar dislocation were randomized into 2 groups. One group was treated nonoperatively with immobilization and physiotherapy, the other was treated surgically with MPFL reconstruction; both groups were evaluated with minimum follow-up of 2 years. The Kujala questionnaire was applied to assess pain and quality of life, and recurrence was evaluated. Pearson χ2 or Fisher exact test was used in the statistical evaluation.Results: The statistical analysis showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the nonoperative group (70.8), when compared with the mean value of the surgical group (88.9; P = .001). The surgical group presented a higher percentage of “good/excellent” results (71.43%) on the Kujala score when compared with the nonoperative group (25.0%; P = .003). The nonoperative group presented a large number of recurrences and subluxations (7 patients; 35% of cases), whereas there were no reports of recurrences or subluxations in the surgical group.Conclusion: Treatment with MPFL reconstruction using the patellar tendon produced better results, based on the analyses of posttreatment recurrences and the better final results of the Kujala questionnaire after a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Propolis has long been used as a popular folk medicine by various ethnic groups due to its wide spectrum of alleged biological and pharmaceutical properties including anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory functions. All these can be linked to the modulation of immune function. Therefore, it will be relevant for us to find out whether there is any novel compound that can account for such action and the mechanism involved. Aim of the study: We investigated the immune modulating effect of Brazilian green propolis (PBrazil) and its constituent Artepillin C (Art-C) by using mixed leukocytes reaction. Materials and methods: The cytotoxic effect of Art-C on non-tumorigenic human liver cell line miHA and non-tumorigenic human kidney cell line HK-2 as well as human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by XTT cell proliferation assay. The effect of PBrazil and Art-C on T cell proliferation and activation were determined by using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and by CD25 expression, respectively. Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins such as IL-2, IL-17 were measured by intracellular cytokine staining and IL-10 was measured by ELISA. The effect of PBrazil and Art-C on regulatory T cells (Treg) induction was determined by the Foxp3 expression. The apoptotic effect of these compounds on CFSE labeled alloreactive T cells was measured by using Annexin V. Results: Using mixed leukocytes reaction we demonstrated for the first time that both Art-C and PBrazil significantly inhibited the alloreactive CD4 T cell proliferation, activation, and suppressed the expressions of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17 in these alloreactive CD4 T cells. The inhibitions of Art-C and PBrazil on CD4 T cells were not due to direct cytotoxic effect on PBMC or inducing regulatory T cells differentiation. Both Art-C and PBrazil were found to selectively induce apoptosis in proliferating T cells. The anti-proliferative effect of Art-C and PBrazil were reversible and were also applied to the activated T cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results indicated that Art-C and PBrazil can suppress alloreactive CD4 T cell responses in vitro, suggesting that Art-C could be used as a potential immunosuppressant, either solely or as adjunct agent in treating graft versus host disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

AbstractCurrently, there is renewed interest in plant-based medicines and functional foods for the prevention and cure of obesity and its associated risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. In the search for potential anti-obesity compounds from natural sources, the effects of ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely found in medicinal herbs and fruits, was evaluated for its effects on blood glucose, lipids, and abdominal fat deposition in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Adult male Swiss mice treated or not with UA (0.05%, 50 mg/L, in drinking water) were fed HFD for 15 weeks. A sibutramine (SIB)-treated group (0.05% in drinking water) was included as the positive control. Weekly body weights and food and water consumption were measured, and at the end of the study period, the levels of blood glucose and lipids, the plasma hormones insulin, ghrelin, and leptin, and the abdominal fat accumulation were analyzed. Mice treated with UA and fed HFD showed significantly (P<.05) decreased body weights, visceral adiposity, and levels of blood glucose and plasma lipids relative to their respective controls not fed UA. Also, a significant increase was observed in plasma leptin with a decrease in ghrelin, as well as of amylase and lipase activities. The SIB-treated group also manifested effects similar to those of UA except for the blood glucose level, which was not different from the HFD control. These findings suggest that UA ameliorates abdominal adiposity and decreases the levels of blood glucose and plasma lipids in mice and thus manifests an anti-obesity potential through absorptive and metabolic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. (Loganiaceae) is one Brazilian native medicinal species described in the first edition of the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia in 1929. This medicinal plant, popularly known as “quina-quina”, “quina-branca” or “casca aromatica was very commonly used in folk medicine in tea form obtained from the bark and/or leaves as tonic, antipyretic, antimalarial and mainly against diseases of the liver, spleen and stomach. Aim of the study: Previous study already characterized the gastroprotective action of this species The aim of the present study is to elucidate the mechanism of the healing process mediated by the methanolic extract (ME) and their enriched alkaloid fraction (EAF) from Strychnos pseudoquina in chronic gastric ulceration induced by 5% acetic acid in rats, an experimental model that accurately reflects human gastrointestinal disease. Material and methods: The ME and EAF was administered orally in a single dose (based on previously study of dose–response curve) for 14 days after chronic ulceration was induced in rats. The healing effect of ME and EAF was evaluated by macroscopic and morphometric analyses, immunohistochemical assay (PCNA and SOD) and anti-Helicobacter pylori effect was evaluated by in vitro assay. Results: Our results demonstrated that EAF significantly reduced border internal (42%) and external (38%) lesion area (mm2) by macroscopic analyses (P <0.05). Animals treated with EAF stimulated some proliferative factors by increasing the height of epithelial regenerative area and the expression of PCNA-positive nuclei. The number of vessels in gastric mucosa of rats treated with EAF reveals an expressive increase (4 times more than vehicle treatment) of vessels that stimulate cells proliferation in the healing region. These results suggest that the recovery of vascularization of the ulcerated area is involved in the healing action of alkaloid fraction of Strychnos pseudoquina. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 75μg/ml from EAF showed an effective in vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori action of this fraction. EAF also was quite effective in the process of SOD release that is an important protective factor against bacterial agents. The efficacy of EAF was accomplished safely without presenting any alteration of toxicological parameters during 14 day of treatment. Conclusions: The expressive gastric healing effect by increasing cellular proliferation together with expression of SOD activity and antibacterial action against Helicobacter pylori confirm the efficacy of this species in heal gastric mucosa and these results are a important contribution to the knowledge of a crude drug presents at the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia since 1929. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Alchornea glandulosa has traditionally been used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of immune-inflammatory diseases and as an antiulcer agent to heal gastric ulcer and gastritis. Angiogenesis is a complex multistep process that consists of proliferation, migration, and anastomosis of endothelial cells and has a major role in the development of pathologic conditions, such as inflammatory diseases. To investigate a possible link between the anti-inflammatory activities and antiangiogenic effects of A. glandulosa ethyl acetate fraction (AGF), this study examined which features of the angiogenic process could be disturbed by this fraction. The antiangiogenic activity of AGF was determined in vitro by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and capillary-like structures formation were addressed. To elucidate the mechanism of action, nuclear factor κB (NFκB), a transcription factor implicated in these processes, was also evaluated in HUVEC incubated with AGF. A significant decrease in proliferation, a relevant increase in apoptosis, and a strong reduction in invasion capacity (as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine, terminal deox- ynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling, and double-chamber assays, respectively) were observed. AGF also led to a drastic reduction in the number of capillary-like structures formed when HUVEC were cultured on growth factor-reduced Matrigel-coated plates. In addition, incubation of HUVEC with AGF resulted in reduced NFκB activity. These findings emphasize the antiangiogenic potential of AGF and support its therapeutic use for disorders that involve excessive angiogenesis, such as chronic inflammation and tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of concentric with eccentric muscle actions on the resulting level of damage to connective tissues by urinary concentration of hydroxyproline. Twenty-one male volunteers were divided into control group (CG), experimental concentric group (ECG), and experimental eccentric group (EEG). The measures of hydroxyproline were performed at three times: pretest, fourth week, and posttest. Biceps curl and chest press exercises also were performed with three sets of 10 repetitions two times per week for both experimental groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference between pretest of the CG and pretest of the ECG (p = 0.002), and between pretest and posttest for the EEG (p = 0.029). Therefore, this study concluded that the level of damage to the connective tissue is greater when exercises involving eccentric muscle actions are performed. The continuity of training, however might reduce this damage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The leaves of Hancornia speciosa Gomes are popularly used in Brazil to treat diabetes and hypertension. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide and their incidences are increasing in Brazilian population. The present study aimed to investigate the hypotensive effect and the mechanism of action of Hancornia speciosa Gomes. Methods: A fraction of the ethanolic extract of leaves from Hancornia speciosa (SFH) was obtained and standardized by its content on rutin, bornesitol and quinic acid. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of normotensive mice was measured by tail pletismography. SFH was given orally and SBP was monitored for 5h. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity of SFH (1mg/kg) or captopril (10mg/kg) was measured by colorimetric methods. Serum nitrite levels were measured by spectrophotometry. Results: SFH induced a dose-dependent hypotensive effect in normotensive mice. The serum activity of ACE and the level of angiotensin II were significantly reduced by SFH and by captopril. Administration of SFH induced a significant increase on plasmatic level of nitrites and the systemic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by L-NAME (20mg/kg) reduced the hypotensive effect of SFH. Conclusions: The present work demonstrated that Hancornia speciosa has a potent hypotensive effect in normotensive mice. The inhibition of ACE leading to reduction on angiotensin II and increase on NO levels might account for the hypotensive effect. These results support the use of Hancornia speciosa by traditional medicine as antihypertensive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Oral Diseases (2011) , 515-521 The present study evaluated the relationship between periodontal disease and its clinical variables in Brazilian non-diabetic pregnant women (C), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). A periodontal exam was performed in one hundred and sixty-one pregnant women (GDM:80; T1DM:31; C:50) by a single-blinded calibrated examiner who recorded plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding index (BI), gingival margin location (GM), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth mobility index (MI). The medical variables were age, pregestational body mass index (pre-BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA). The GI, GM, PD, CAL, BOP, and MI were significantly higher ( < 0.01) among GDM and T1DM than for C. The PI was higher in GDM and similar between C and T1DM. The Adjusted Final Model for medical variables to evaluate the effects of groups on periodontal parameters confirmed these results. The presence of periodontal disease was significantly higher in Brazilian diabetic pregnancies (GDM and T1DM) when compared to non-diabetic pregnant women (C). The degree of periodontal disease was similar between the GDM and T1DM groups. Age, pregestational BMI, and HbA were factors related to CAL development in these two types of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are substantial evidences suggesting that probiotics can protect the gastrointestinal tract against inflammatory or infectious episodes. The effects of oral treatment with viable or heat-killed cells of Saccharomyces boulardii ( Sb) on bacterial translocation, intestinal permeability, histological aspect of the ileum, and some immunological parameters were evaluated in a murine intestinal obstruction (IO) model. Results: Bacterial translocation and intestinal permeability in the IO group were significantly higher when compared to a Sham group ( p < 0.05). Pretreatment with both viable and heat-killed S. boulardii prevented these increases, and the data obtained for IO + Sb and IO + heat-killed Sb groups were similar to those observed in the Sham group ( p > 0.05). Histological analysis showed preservation of the ileum mucosa in mice that received both forms of the yeast when compared to the lesions observed in the IO group. The levels of serum interleukin (IL)-10 and intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were higher in the animals that received both yeast treatments when compared to those from IO and Sham groups. Conclusion: Oral treatment with viable or heat-killed cells of S. boulardii maintained intestinal integrity and modulated the immune system in a murine IO model, preventing bacterial translocation and intestinal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients with breast cancer (BC) undergoing systemic chemotherapy, cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common problem that can negatively impact quality of life. Guarana ( Paullinia cupana) is a plant native to the Amazon basin that has been used as a stimulant since pre-Columbian times. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of guarana extract on fatigue, sleep quality, anxiety, depression symptoms, and menopause in a group of BC chemotherapy patients. Patients and methods: Patients with progressive fatigue after their first cycle of chemotherapy were randomized to receive either guarana 50 mg by mouth twice daily (32 patients) or placebo (43 patients) for 21 days. After a 7-day washout period, patients were crossed over to the opposite experimental arm. All patients were evaluated on days 1, 21, and 49. The primary endpoint was the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) questionnaire score, and secondary endpoints were the results of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Endocrine Symptoms (FACT-ES), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, Chalder Fatigue Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: Guarana significantly improved the FACIT-F, FACT-ES, and BFI global scores compared to placebo on days 21 and 49 ( p < 0.01). The Chalder Scale improved significantly on day 21 ( p < 0.01) but not on day 49 ( p = 0.27). Guarana did not produce any Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grades 2, 3, or 4 toxicities and did not worsen sleep quality or cause anxiety or depression. Conclusions: Guarana is an effective, inexpensive, and nontoxic alternative for the short-term treatment of fatigue in BC patients receiving systemic chemotherapy. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to evaluate their generalizability to chronic CRF and to other types of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

lthough anxiety disorders and headaches are comorbid conditions, there have been no studies evaluating the prevalence of primary headaches in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The aim of this study was to analyze the lifetime prevalence of primary headaches in individuals with and without GAD. A total of 60 individuals were evaluated: 30 GAD patients and 30 controls without mental disorders. Psychiatric assessments and primary headache diagnoses were made using structured interviews. Among the GAD patients, the most common diagnosis was migraine, which was significantly more prevalent among the GAD patients than among the controls, as were episodic migraine, chronic daily headache and aura. Tension-type headache was equally common in both groups. Primary headaches in general were significantly more common and more severe in GAD patients than in controls. In anxiety disorder patients, particularly those with GAD, accurate diagnosis of primary headache can improve patient management and clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this 12-month prospective study was to assess the adjunctive effect of smoking cessation in non-surgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: Of the 201 subjects enrolled from a smoking cessation clinic, 93 were eligible and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and concurrent smoking cessation treatment. Periodontal maintenance was performed every 3 months. Full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth was performed by a calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Furthermore, expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews based on a structured questionnaire were performed in order to collect demographic and smoking data. Results: Of the 93 eligible subjects, 52 remained in the study after 1 year. Of these, 17 quit smoking and 35 continued smoking or oscillated. After 1 year, only quitters presented significant clinical attachment gain (p=0.04). However, there were no differences between the groups regarding clinical attachment level, probing depth, bleeding on probing and plaque index after 1 year (p>0.05). Conclusion: Smoking cessation promoted clinical attachment gain in chronic periodontitis subjects from a smoking cessation clinic after 1 year of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral Diseases (2011) , 420-426 Is there a relationship between enamel defects and early childhood caries? A total of 275 children participated in a cohort study from birth to 54 months of age. Enamel defects were determined by the development defects enamel index and dental caries was registered according to the WHO criteria. Data were analyzed using descriptive, analytical techniques, multivariate analysis, and evidence-based tools as number needed to harm (NNH). In the follow up, 224 children were still in the study, 81.3% presented at least one tooth with enamel defect and 44.2% had dental caries. An association was found between enamel defects and dental caries ( P = 0.0091). Multivariate analysis showed that night bottle-feeding, absence of fluoride and enamel defects were predictors of dental caries at 18 months ( P < 0.05). Enamel defect was the only statistically significant variable to influence the development of caries at 24, 30, 36, and 42 months. At 48 months, the use of fluoride toothpaste had effect on the decrease of caries ( P < 0.05). The NNH for enamel defects in relation to dental caries was 3.0, at 24 months and 5.0 at 54 months. Enamel defect is a predisposing factor for ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim of the study: Hyptis pectinata Poit (Lamiaceae) is grown in the northeastern regions of Brazil and is popularly known as “sambacaitá” or “canudinho”. It is extensively used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, bacterial infections, pain, and cancer. Materials and methods: Hyptis pectinata essential oil (EO, 10, 30, and 100mg/kg, p.o.) and the reference drugs morphine (5mg/kg, p.o.) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 200mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated using models for analgesia (acetic acid-induced contortions and hot plate) or inflammation (formalin-induced licking response and the subcutaneous air-pouch model). To elucidate the EO''s mechanism of action, animals were pre-treated with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1mg/kg, i.p.), the cholinergic antagonist atropine (1mg/kg, i.p.), or l-nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 3mg/kg, i.p.) 30min prior to the oral administration of the EO. Results: The EO significantly inhibited the number of writhings and the time the animals spent licking their formalin-injected paws (second phase). The EO, at doses of 30 and 100mg/kg, increased baseline measurements and area under the curve measurements in the hot plate model, respectively. The administration of naloxone reversed the antinociceptive effect of the EO in the hot plate model. l-NAME significantly reversed the effects of the EO in the contortions and hot plate models. Atropine completely reversed the antinociceptive activity of the EO in all models. Additionally, the EO inhibited the inflammatory process induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, exudate volume, protein concentration, and inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, IL-6, and TNF-α) produced in the pouch. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the Hyptis pectinata essential oil exhibits antinociceptive effects, likely mediated by opioid and cholinergic receptors, and anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of nitric oxide and PGE2 production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abanto J, Carvalho TS, Mendes FM, Wanderley MT, Bönecker M, Raggio DP. Impact of oral diseases and disorders on oral health-related quality of life of preschool children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 39: 105-114. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S The presence of oral diseases and disorders can produce an impact on the quality of life of preschool children and their parents, affecting their oral health and well-being. However, socioeconomic factors could confound this association, but it has not been yet tested at this age. To assess the impact of early childhood caries (ECC), traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and malocclusions on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children between 2 and 5 years of age adjusted by socioeconomic factors. Parents of 260 children answered the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) (six domains) on their perception of the children's OHRQoL and socioeconomic conditions. Two calibrated dentists (κ > 0.8) examined the severity of ECC according to dmft index, and children were categorized into: 0 = caries free; 1-5 = low severity; ≥6 = high severity. TDI and malocclusions were examined according to Andreasen & Andreasen (1994) classification and for the presence or absence of three anterior malocclusion traits (AMT), respectively. OHRQoL was measured through ECOHIS domain and total scores, and poisson regression was used to associate the different factors with the outcome. In each domain and overall ECOHIS scores, the severity of ECC showed a negative impact on OHRQoL ( P < 0.001). TDI and AMT did not show a negative impact on OHRQoL nor in each domain ( P > 0.05). The increase in the child's age, higher household crowding, lower family income and mother working out of home were significantly associated with OHRQoL ( P < 0.05). The multivariate adjusted model showed that the high severity of ECC (RR = 3.81; 95% CI = 2.66, 5.46; P < 0.001) was associated with greater negative impact on OHRQoL, while high family income was a protective factor for OHRQoL (RR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.87, 0.99; P < 0.001). The severity of ECC and a lower family income had a negative impact on the OHRQoL of preschool children and their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the distribution of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and to study risk indicators for chronic periodontitis in a large population-based sample of adolescents and young adults from south Brazil. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study used a subset of data from a larger survey representative of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The sample consisted of 612 individuals (291 males/321 females) aged 14-29 years. Full-mouth, six sites per tooth clinical examinations were performed by calibrated periodontists. Chronic periodontitis was defined as CAL ≥ 3 mm affecting two or more teeth. Aggressive periodontitis cases were excluded from the analysis. Results: CAL ≥ 3 and ≥ 5 mm affected 50.4% and 17.4% of subjects and 9.7% and 1.1% of teeth, respectively. Prevalence of chronic periodontitis ranged between 18.2% and 72.0% among subjects 14--19 and 24--29 years old, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age [odds ratio (OR)52.6, 95% confidence interval (CI)51.7-3.9 and OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 3.7-14.0 for 20-24 and 25-29 years old, respectively], low socioeconomic status (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4-- 2.7), heavy smoking (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1-2.7) and larger amounts of calculus (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2-3.2) were significantly associated with chronic periodontitis. Conclusion: This population of adolescents and young adults had a high prevalence of chronic periodontitis, and its presence was associated with age, socioeconomic status, smoking and calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the effect of nonverbal auditory training on reading and phonological awareness tasks in children with dyslexia and the effect of age in relation to post-training learning considering the ages from 7 to 14. Methods: In experiment 1, one group with dyslexia (total = 12) was trained and compared with a group of untrained dyslexic subjects (total = 28). In experiment 2, the performance of the trained dyslexic group (total = 18) was compared at three different moments: 2 months before, at the beginning, and at the end of training. Training was carried out for 2 months using a computer program responsible for training discrimination skills. Results: The group receiving nonverbal auditory training demonstrated significant improvements (mainly for the group from 7 to 10 years old), not only in the nonverbal auditory skills trained (p < 0.001), but also in phonological awareness syllable tasks (synthesis, segmentation, manipulation and syllable transposition) in experiment 1 (p < 0.003), and phonemic tasks (p < 0.001) and text reading (p < 0.001) in experiment 2. Conclusion: The results suggest a link between verbal and nonverbal skills, in addition to corroborating studies regarding the existence of a critical learning period. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim of the study: Previous studies have shown that the extracts obtained from Tropaeolum majus L. exhibit pronounced diuretic properties. In the present study, we assessed whether the hypotensive and/or antihypertensive mechanism of hydroethanolic extract (HETM), semi-purified fraction (TMLR) obtained from T. majus and the flavonoids isoquercitrin (ISQ) and kaempferol (KPF) can be mediated by their interaction with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Methods and methods: Firstly, to evaluate changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), different groups of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were orally and intraduodenally treated with HETM (10–300mg/kg) and TMLR (12.5–100mg/kg) and intravenously treated with ISQ and KPF being later anesthetized with ketamine (100mg/kg) and xylazine (20mg/kg). The left femoral vein and the right carotid artery were isolated, and polyethylene catheters were inserted for ISQ and KPF (0.5–4mg/kg) administration and blood pressure recording, respectively. The plasmatic ACE activity was evaluated to indirect fluorimetry, in serum samples after orally treatment with HETM, TMLR, ISQ and KPF. Results: The oral administration of the HETM and its TMLR significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the MAP in both normotensive and SHR. In addition, these preparations significantly decreased the MAP for up to 3h after the administration of the extract. Additionally, the intravenous administration of ISQ, but not KPF, decreased MAP in rats. Otherwise, neither the extracts nor ISQ affected the heart rate. The oral administration of the HETM, TMLR or ISQ reduced ACE activity in serum samples at 90min after administration. Finally, the intravenous administration of ISQ caused a significant reduction in the hypertensive response to angiotensin I, but not angiotensin II in normotensive rats. Conclusion: Our results show that the hypotensive effects caused by the HETM, as well as by its TMLR, may be associated with the high levels of the flavonoid ISQ found in this plant. In addition, ISQ-induced hypotension in rats is an event dependent on the inhibition of angiotensin II generation by ACE. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Leaves from Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) are popularly used for healing wounds. Its antileishmanial properties are established in experimental animals, and its active flavonoid components have been identified. Aim of the study: In this study, we attempted to standardize the extract from K. pinnata leaves by evaluating the influence of season of harvest, sunlight exposure and method of extraction on antileishmanial flavonoids content. Materials and Methods: HPLC–DAD-MS was used to identify and quantify the active antileishmanial flavonoids in different extracts. ANOVA test for analyses of variance followed by the Tukey test of multiple comparisons were used in the statistical analysis. The antileishmanial potential was assessed by the activation of nitric oxide production by murine macrophage using the Griess method. Results: We demonstrated that active flavonoids were significantly more abundant when the leaves were collected in the summer, and that aqueous extraction at 50°C allowed the highest flavonoid extraction. The benefit of sunlight exposure was confirmed in plants cultivated under direct sunlight when compared with those that grown under shade. Under sunny conditions the yield of the most active antileishmanial favonoid quercitrin was increased by 7-fold. All aqueous extracts tested were capable to enhance the macrophage nitric oxide production. However, hot aqueous extract from leaves collected in summer exhibited the higher activity, in agreement with HPLC–DAD–MS analysis tendency. In addition, with the aim of reducing the individual chemical variations of the plant constituents and optimizing the production of the active extract, it was obtained in vitro monoclonal KP specimens that were easily adapted to field conditions and were able to produce antileishmanial flavonoids. Conclusion: Our study reports the better conditions of cultivation, harvest and extraction protocol for obtaining a K. pinnata extract exhibiting the highest antileishmanial activity. Additionally, we propose the flavonoids quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and quercitrin, as satisfactory chemical markers for standardization purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aim: This study compared the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from well-controlled and poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis, before and after periodontal therapy. Material and Methods: Eighteen well-controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels 48%) and 20 poorly controlled (glycated haemoglobin levels 48%) diabetic subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapy. GCF sampling and clinical periodontal parameters were assessed before, 3 and 6 months post-therapy. Total amounts and concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-23 in the GCF were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The levels of IL-17 were higher in poorly than in well-controlled subjects (p<0.05), whereas the levels of IFN-γ were increased in well- compared with poorly controlled subjects at all experimental groups (p<0.05). In addition, IL-4 levels were lower in well- than poorly controlled diabetic subjects at baseline (p<0.05). There were no differences between groups for TNF-α and IL-23 at any time points (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate a predominance of pro-inflammatory T-helper type 1 (Th1)- or Th17-cytokines in sites of chronic periodontitis from type 2 diabetic subjects, according to their glycaemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epidemiological data suggest that calcium intake may influence lipid metabolism. It is unknown whether this influence also occurs in individuals with HIV/AIDS. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary calcium, dairy food intake and metabolic parameters in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 individuals with HIV/AIDS. Calcium intakes and food group consumption were determined by a food 24-h dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire, respectively. The level of physical activity was determined with the international physical activity questionnaire and metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (2001). Student’s t-test, one-way analysis of variance and chi-square were used to compare the groups. Results: The mean (SD) calcium intake was 559.5 (298.84) mg day−1 and dairy food consumption was 1.73 (0.78) servings per day. Dietary calcium intake below 700 mg day−1 had greater waist circumference, body mass index (BMI) but not significant and higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) ( P < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ( P = 0.07). Dairy food consumers (>2 servings per day) showed lower BMI ( P < 0.01), waist circumference ( P = 0.05), SBP and DBP ( P < 0.05). There was a significant association between calcium intake, MS and hypertension. The odds ratio for MS was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–3.32] and for hypertension was 2.25 (95% CI = 1.44–4.44). Only 21% of the individuals were categorised in the moderate/intense physical activity level. Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that a dietary pattern with higher proportion of calcium and fruits/vegetables may protect against abdominal obesity and hypertension in HIV-infected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]